anatomy and physiology chapter 1 - introduction to anatomy and physiology part 1
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb
Chapter 1The Human Body:
An Orientation
Performance Objectives
Define Anatomy and Physiology. Describe the relationship between
structure and function. Define basic directional terms. Describe the anatomical position. Describe the major cavities of the
body.
Performance Objectivescontinued
Describe the levels of organization of the body and give major characteristics of each level.
List the organ systems. Define homeostasis and explain why it
is important. Describe the negative-feedback system
and the positive-feedback system and their relationship to homeostasis.
Performance Objectivescontinued
Name and describe the three major planes of the body or organ.
Hint: Begin to study material now! Good students often review a chapter over 20 times before taking exams! If uncertain how to study, ask me for directions of SQR3!
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Slide 1.1
The Human Body – An OrientationThe Human Body – An Orientation
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
Slide 1.2a
Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Figure 1.1
Slide 1.2b
Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small structures
• Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4
Slide 1.3
Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.1
Slide 1.4
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering
• Protects deeper tissue from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
Slide 1.5
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides muscle attachment for movement
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b
Slide 1.6
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
Slide 1.7
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and external change
• Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d
Slide 1.8
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• WastesFigure 1.2f
Slide 1.10
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
Slide 1.11
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
Slide 1.12
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
Slide 1.13
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j
Slide 1.14
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reproductive
• Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k
Slide 1.15
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Maintain Boundaries
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Slide 1.16a
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Slide 1.16b
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
Slide 1.17a
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
Slide 1.17b
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
Slide 1.18
HomeostasisHomeostasis
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Slide 1.19a
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
• Sends information to control center
Slide 1.19b
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Slide 1.20a
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
• Works like a household thermostat
Feedback Mechanisms
Positive Feedback Increases the original stimulus to push
the variable farther In the body this occurs only in blood
clotting and child birth
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Slide 1.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 1.1 (cont)
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
Body PlanesBody Planes
Slide 1.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.6
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Slide 1.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.7
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