anatomy and physiology chapter 1 - introduction to anatomy and physiology part 1

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb

Chapter 1The Human Body:

An Orientation

Performance Objectives

Define Anatomy and Physiology. Describe the relationship between

structure and function. Define basic directional terms. Describe the anatomical position. Describe the major cavities of the

body.

Performance Objectivescontinued

Describe the levels of organization of the body and give major characteristics of each level.

List the organ systems. Define homeostasis and explain why it

is important. Describe the negative-feedback system

and the positive-feedback system and their relationship to homeostasis.

Performance Objectivescontinued

Name and describe the three major planes of the body or organ.

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1

The Human Body – An OrientationThe Human Body – An Orientation


• Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

• Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

2a

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study


• Gross Anatomy

• Large structures

• Easily observable

Figure 1.1

2b

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study


• Microscopic Anatomy

• Very small structures

• Can only be viewed with a microscope

Figure 14.4

3

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.1

4

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview


• Integumentary

• Forms the external body covering

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Figure 1.2a

5



• Skeletal

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b

6



• Muscular

• Allows locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Figure 1.2c

7



• Nervous

• Fast-acting control system

• Responds to internal and external change

• Activates muscles and glands

Figure 1.2d

8



• Endocrine

• Secretes regulatory hormones

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Metabolism

Figure 1.2e


Slide 1.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Cardiovascular

• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

• Oxygen

• Carbon dioxide

• Nutrients

• WastesFigure 1.2f

10



• Lymphatic

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

11



• Respiratory

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h

12



• Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible material

Figure 1.2i

13



• Urinary

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

• Water

• ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j

14



• Reproductive

• Production of offspring

Figure 1.2k

15

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions


• Maintain Boundaries

• Movement

• Locomotion

• Movement of substances

• Responsiveness

• Ability to sense changes and react

• Digestion

• Break-down and delivery of nutrients

16a



• Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body

• Production of energy

• Making body structures

• Excretion

• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

16b



• Reproduction

• Production of future generation

• Growth

• Increasing of cell size and number

17a

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs


• Nutrients

• Chemicals for energy and cell building

• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

• Oxygen

• Required for chemical reactions

17b

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs


• Water

• 60–80% of body weight

• Provides for metabolic reaction

• Stable body temperature

• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

18

HomeostasisHomeostasis


• Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

• Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

19a

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis


• The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

• Receptor

• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

• Sends information to control center

19b

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis


• Control center

• Determines set point

• Analyzes information

• Determines appropriate response

• Effector

• Provides a means for response to the stimulus

20a

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms


• Negative feedback

• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

• Works like a household thermostat

Feedback Mechanisms

Positive Feedback Increases the original stimulus to push

the variable farther In the body this occurs only in blood

clotting and child birth

The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy


• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

• Exact terms are used for:

• Position

• Direction

• Regions

• Structures

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms


Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms


Table 1.1 (cont)

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks


• Anterior

Figure 1.5a

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks


• Posterior

Figure 1.5b

Body PlanesBody Planes


Figure 1.6

Body CavitiesBody Cavities


Figure 1.7