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CHIDA ATO AMASHITA ERADA

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Sendai District Meteorological Observatory, Japan Mete-

Mitigation, JMA, Miyaji, Ichinomiya, Aso, Kuma-

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kusatsu, Gunma

Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Kyoto University,

steaming ground, Ice Box Calorimetry, IR thermometer, heat-discharge rate, ground surface temperature

The heat balance model can be used to readily calculate the total heat-discharge rate through steaming ground

based on the distribution of surface temperature obtained by an infrared radiation (IR) thermometer. This

method is convenient ; however, the model involves some critical assumptions and large uncertainties. With the

aim of developing a simple method for reliable measurements of the total heat-discharge rate, we carried out field

experiments at the geothermal field of Yoshioka hot springs, Aso volcano, Japan. To directly measure the

heat-discharge rate at each measurement site, we used Ice Box Calorimetry (IBC), which can be used to measure

the combined conductive and convective heat-discharge rate, (W/m ), from the ground surface, based on the

time required to melt ice housed within an aluminum box placed on the ground. At the same time, we used an

IR thermometer to measure the ground-surface temperature, ( ), at each site. Our observations revealed the

relationship between the heat-discharge rate anomaly ( ) and the temperature anomaly (

), where and were the average ground-surface temperature and the average heat-discharge rate outside the

geothermal area, respectively. Although the obtained data show a degree of scatter, the value of increases

almost linearly with consistent with the heat balance model : , where is the proportional

coe cient, which is estimated to be (W/m / ) from the least squares method. We consider that this

empirical relationship is applicable in obtaining accurate estimates of the total heat-discharge rate from steaming

ground. To assess the reliability of the linear relation and determine appropriate values of it would be

necessary to conduct additional accurate, simultaneous observations of and at sites on many di erent

volcanoes and under various meteorological conditions. Furthermore, we carried out measurements when the

ground surface was wet due to rainfall. As a result, we obtained of W/m , larger than the value obtained

with a dry ground surface. This experiment suggests that the presence of rainwater enhances heat convection,

including latent heat, near the ground surface.

:

orological Agency (JMA), Gorin, Miyagino-

ku, Sendai , Japan. Kawayo, Minami-Aso, Kumamoto , Japan.

:

Fukuoka District Meteorological Observatory, JMA, Present address. Volcanic Fluid Research Center,

Oohori, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka , Japan.

, Japan.

Aso Local Cooperative O ce for Volcanic Disaster Corresponding author : Higashi Uchida

e-mail : h-uchida@met.kishou.go.jp

moto , Japan.

Higashi U , Takahisa S , Takatsugu Y and Akihiko T

An Empirical Relationship between Ground-surface Temperature and Heat-discharge Rate on

Steaming Ground: Field Experiments Using IR Thermometer and Ice Box Calorimetry

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Fig. . (a) Example of the placement of ice boxes at the site X . To measure Ice Box A was placed on

the ground surface. To estimate we placed Ice Box B on a thermal insulation mat close to the original

measurement site (A). (b) Infrared image of the area around Ice Box A. The ground-surface

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data collected within the geothermal field. The

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Benseman, R.F. ( ) The calorimetry of steaming ground

(Seki-

(Oppen-

of heat flux from steaming ground. ,

207

.

Terada ( )

W m C

, m ( ) (

IBC )

W m

m

m

heimer and Rothery, ) IBC

m

IBC

in thermal areas. , .

( )

.

( )oka and Yuhara, ) IBC

.

Harris, A.J.L. and Maciejewski, A.J.H. ( ) Thermal

surveys of the Vulcano Fossa fumarole field :

evidence for fumarole migration and sealing.

, .

( )

CCD-ROM V .

Ice Box Calorimetry ; IBCHochstein, M.P. and Bromley, C.J. ( ) Measurement

.

Hetty Triastuty

( )

.W m Italiano, F. and Nuccio, P.M. ( ) Volcanic steam

Geothermics,

C

et al.

C

Q T

Q Q Q T T

T T Q

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C

C

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Q TJ. Geophys. Res.,

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J. Volcanol.

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the western slope geothermal zone of Aso volcano, Japan :

Matsushima, N. ( ) Mathematical simulation of magma-

monitoring of volcanoes by satellite.

sensing. development of a new geothermal field in .

208

output directly measured in fumaroles : the observed var- surface. , .

iations at Vulcano Island, Italy, between and . ( )

, . .

Terada, A., Kagiyama, T. and Oshima, H. ( ) Ice Box

hydrothermal activity associated with the eruption Calorimetry : a useful method for estimating heat dis-

of Usu volcano. , . charge rates through steaming ground.

Oppenheimer, C.M.M. and Rothery, D.A. ( ) Infrared , .

( )

, .

Sekioka, M. ( ) Proposal of a convenient version of the V .

heat balance technique estimating heat flux on geother- Terada, A. and Sudo, Y. ( ) Geothermal activity within

mal and volcanic fields by means of infrared remote

, . submitted.

Sekioka, M. and Yuhara, K. ( ) Heat flux estimation in

geothermal areas based on the heat balance of the ground

J. Geol. Soc., London,

Memoirs of the National Defense Academy Japan, Geo-

J. Geophys. Res.,

Bull. Volcanol.,

Earth Planets Space, Earth Planets

Space,

thermics,

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