amnesia what is it?. memory proposed types of memory fact memory skill memory declarative...
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Proposed Types of Proposed Types of MemoryMemory
Fact memoryFact memory Skill memorySkill memory
DeclarativeDeclarative Non-declarative Non-declarative (Procedural)(Procedural)
MemoryMemory HabitHabit
ExplicitExplicit ImplicitImplicit
Knowing thatKnowing that Knowing HowKnowing How
Cognitive mediationCognitive mediation SemanticSemantic
Conscious recollectionConscious recollection SkillsSkills
ElaborationElaboration IntegrationIntegration
Autobiographical Autobiographical PerceptualPerceptual
RepresentationalRepresentational DispositionalDispositional
Vertical associationVertical association Horizontal associationHorizontal association
EpisodicEpisodic SemanticSemantic
AmnesiaAmnesia
Loss of memory ability - usually due Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brainvarious parts of the brain
AmnesiaAmnesia
Loss of memory ability - usually due Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brainvarious parts of the brain
Two broad categories:Two broad categories: RetrogradeRetrograde: loss of memories for : loss of memories for
events prior to damageevents prior to damage
AmnesiaAmnesia
Loss of memory ability - usually due Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brainvarious parts of the brain
Two broad categories:Two broad categories: RetrogradeRetrograde: loss of memories for : loss of memories for
events prior to damageevents prior to damage AnterogradeAnterograde: loss of ability to store : loss of ability to store
new memories of events after damagenew memories of events after damage
AmnesiaAmnesia
Short-term and sensory memory are Short-term and sensory memory are typically functionaltypically functional
AmnesiaAmnesia
Amnesia patients exhibit recency Amnesia patients exhibit recency effect but not primacy effecteffect but not primacy effect
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Causes of AmnesiaCauses of Amnesia
ConcussionConcussion MigrainesMigraines HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia EpilepsyEpilepsy Electroconvulsive shock therapyElectroconvulsive shock therapy Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal)Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal) Ischemic eventsIschemic events Drugs (esp. anesthetics)Drugs (esp. anesthetics) InfectionInfection PsychologicalPsychological Nutritional deficiencyNutritional deficiency
Amnesia - associated Amnesia - associated brain regionsbrain regions
Diencephalic amnesia - damage to Diencephalic amnesia - damage to the the medial thalamusmedial thalamus and and mammillary mammillary nucleinuclei
Amnesia - associated Amnesia - associated brain regionsbrain regions
Diencephalic amnesia - damage to Diencephalic amnesia - damage to the medial thalamus and mammillary the medial thalamus and mammillary nucleinuclei
Medial temporal lobe amnesia - Medial temporal lobe amnesia - damage to the damage to the hippocampal hippocampal formation, uncus, amygdalaformation, uncus, amygdala, and , and surrounding cortical areassurrounding cortical areas
Amnesia - associated Amnesia - associated brain regionsbrain regions
Diencephalic amnesia - damage to the Diencephalic amnesia - damage to the medial thalamus and mammillary nucleimedial thalamus and mammillary nuclei
Medial temporal lobe amnesia - damage Medial temporal lobe amnesia - damage to the hippocampal formation, uncus, to the hippocampal formation, uncus, amygdala, and surrounding cortical amygdala, and surrounding cortical areasareas
Other implicated regions include Other implicated regions include Anterior Lateral Temporal LobeAnterior Lateral Temporal Lobe and and Frontal LobesFrontal Lobes
Diencephalic AmnesiaDiencephalic Amnesia
Damage to the Damage to the medial thalamus medial thalamus and/or mammillary and/or mammillary bodiesbodies strokestroke
Korsakoff’s Korsakoff’s syndromesyndrome Caused by thiamine Caused by thiamine
deficiency as a deficiency as a result of chronic result of chronic alcoholismalcoholism
Korsakoff’s SyndromeKorsakoff’s Syndrome
The Lost MarinerThe Lost Mariner - What happened to - What happened to Jimmie? What was his life like?Jimmie? What was his life like?
Korsakoff’s Syndrome Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner)(The Lost Mariner)
Lesions to Medial ThalamusLesions to Medial Thalamus Results from chronic alcoholism and Results from chronic alcoholism and
consequent thiamine deficiencyconsequent thiamine deficiency
Korsakoff’s Syndrome Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner)(The Lost Mariner)
Lesions to Medial ThalamusLesions to Medial Thalamus Results from chronic alcoholism and Results from chronic alcoholism and
consequent thiamine deficiencyconsequent thiamine deficiency Severe anterograde amnesiaSevere anterograde amnesia
Korsakoff’s Syndrome Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner)(The Lost Mariner)
Lesions to Medial ThalamusLesions to Medial Thalamus Results from chronic alcoholism and Results from chronic alcoholism and
consequent thiamine deficiencyconsequent thiamine deficiency Severe anterograde amnesiaSevere anterograde amnesia Severe retrograde amnesia extending Severe retrograde amnesia extending
years before damageyears before damage
Korsakoff’s Syndrome Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner)(The Lost Mariner)
Lesions to Medial ThalamusLesions to Medial Thalamus Results from chronic alcoholism and Results from chronic alcoholism and
consequent thiamine deficiencyconsequent thiamine deficiency Severe anterograde amnesiaSevere anterograde amnesia Severe retrograde amnesia extending Severe retrograde amnesia extending
years before damageyears before damage Confabulation - make up stories to Confabulation - make up stories to
explain absence of memoryexplain absence of memory
Korsakoff’s Syndrome Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner)(The Lost Mariner)
Lesions to Medial ThalamusLesions to Medial Thalamus Results from chronic alcoholism and Results from chronic alcoholism and
consequent thiamine deficiencyconsequent thiamine deficiency Severe anterograde amnesiaSevere anterograde amnesia Severe retrograde amnesia extending Severe retrograde amnesia extending
years before damageyears before damage Confabulation - make up stories to Confabulation - make up stories to
explain absence of memoryexplain absence of memory Often unaware of their deficitOften unaware of their deficit
Medial Temporal lobe Medial Temporal lobe amnesiaamnesia
Hippocampus is most important site Hippocampus is most important site of damageof damage
H. M.H. M.
Patient H. M. - suffered from Patient H. M. - suffered from extreme epilepsyextreme epilepsy
H. M.H. M.
Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus)hippocampus) William Beecher Scoville and Brenda William Beecher Scoville and Brenda
Milner - late 1950’s Milner - late 1950’s
H. M.H. M.
Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus)hippocampus) William Beecher Scoville and Brenda William Beecher Scoville and Brenda
Milner - late 1950’sMilner - late 1950’s Severe anterograde amnesiaSevere anterograde amnesia
H. M.H. M.
Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus)hippocampus) William Beecher Scoville and Brenda William Beecher Scoville and Brenda
Milner - late 1950’s Milner - late 1950’s Severe anterograde amnesiaSevere anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia for 1 - 3 years Retrograde amnesia for 1 - 3 years
before surgery before surgery
H. M.H. M. Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of
medial temporal lobes (containing medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus)hippocampus) William Beecher Scoville and Brenda William Beecher Scoville and Brenda
Milner - late 1950’s Milner - late 1950’s Severe anterograde amnesiaSevere anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia for 1 - 3 years Retrograde amnesia for 1 - 3 years
before surgery before surgery Disconnection of autonomic responses Disconnection of autonomic responses
such as hunger/satiety and Galvanic such as hunger/satiety and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)Skin Response (GSR)
H. M.H. M.
Some aspects of memory were Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent)spared (at least to some extent)
H. M.H. M.
Some aspects of memory were Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent)spared (at least to some extent) Procedural memory was largely Procedural memory was largely
unaffected - amnesia was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memoryrestricted to episodic memory
H. M.H. M.
Some aspects of memory were Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent)spared (at least to some extent) Procedural memory was largely Procedural memory was largely
unaffected - amnesia was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memoryrestricted to episodic memory
Some implicit awareness of recent Some implicit awareness of recent eventsevents
H. M.H. M.
Some aspects of memory were Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent)spared (at least to some extent) Procedural memory was largely Procedural memory was largely
unaffected - amnesia was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memoryrestricted to episodic memory
Some implicit awareness of recent Some implicit awareness of recent eventsevents
Normal digit span (short-term Normal digit span (short-term memory) !memory) !
E. P.E. P.
Suffered acute viral disease in brainSuffered acute viral disease in brain Damage sustained in temporal lobes, Damage sustained in temporal lobes,
notably the hippocampusnotably the hippocampus
E. P.E. P.
Suffered acute viral disease in brainSuffered acute viral disease in brain Damage sustained in temporal lobes, Damage sustained in temporal lobes,
notably the hippocampusnotably the hippocampus Displays anterograde amnesiaDisplays anterograde amnesia
Short term memory intactShort term memory intact Lives in a permanent presentLives in a permanent present
E. P.E. P.
Suffered acute viral disease in brainSuffered acute viral disease in brain Damage sustained in temporal lobes, Damage sustained in temporal lobes,
notably the hippocampusnotably the hippocampus Displays anterograde amnesiaDisplays anterograde amnesia
Short term memory intactShort term memory intact Lives in a permanent presentLives in a permanent present
What else can we infer from the What else can we infer from the interview seen?interview seen?
Hypermnesia - S.Hypermnesia - S.
““Photographic” extreme memory Photographic” extreme memory ability (a mnemonist)ability (a mnemonist)
Hypermnesia - S.Hypermnesia - S.
““Photographic” extreme memory Photographic” extreme memory ability (a mnemonist)ability (a mnemonist)
Able to recall complex test stimuli Able to recall complex test stimuli
Hypermnesia - S.Hypermnesia - S.
S. used two “strategies” or abilities S. used two “strategies” or abilities typical of mnemonists:typical of mnemonists: Rich synesthesia-like quality to his Rich synesthesia-like quality to his
perception of stimuli - leads to stronger perception of stimuli - leads to stronger associative linksassociative links
Hypermnesia - S.Hypermnesia - S.
S. used two “strategies” or abilities S. used two “strategies” or abilities typical of mnemonists:typical of mnemonists: Rich synesthesia-like quality to his Rich synesthesia-like quality to his
perception of stimuli - leads to stronger perception of stimuli - leads to stronger associative linksassociative links
Vivid and elaborate mental imagery of Vivid and elaborate mental imagery of things he should rememberthings he should remember
Hypermnesia - S.Hypermnesia - S.
“ “ Even numbers remind me of Even numbers remind me of images. Take the number 1. This is images. Take the number 1. This is a proud, well-built man; 2 is a high-a proud, well-built man; 2 is a high-spirited woman; 3 a gloomy person spirited woman; 3 a gloomy person (shy, I don’t Know); 6 a man with a (shy, I don’t Know); 6 a man with a swollen foot...”swollen foot...”
Luria, A.R. The mind of a mnemonist. 1968
Luria, A.R. The man with a shattered world. 1972
AmnesiaAmnesia
What pattern of result can be seen across these patient’s cases? What does it suggest about memory systems?
Dissociation of Memory Dissociation of Memory SystemsSystems
Memory systems are “doubly-Memory systems are “doubly-dissociated”dissociated”
Dissociation of Memory Dissociation of Memory SystemsSystems
Memory systems are “doubly-Memory systems are “doubly-dissociated”dissociated” Patient H.M.’s lesion affected only Patient H.M.’s lesion affected only
episodic long-term memory - semantic episodic long-term memory - semantic and procedural memory were intact - and procedural memory were intact - short-term memory was intactshort-term memory was intact
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