alterations of the gi tract. clinical manifestations of gi dysfunction anorexia vomiting...

Alterations of the GI TractAlterations of the GI Tract

Clinical Manifestations of GI Clinical Manifestations of GI Dysfunction Dysfunction

AnorexiaVomitingConstipationDiarrheaGI Bleeding

Disorders of Motility Disorders of Motility Dysphagia

◦Defined as difficulty swallowing, and can result from mechanical obstruction or a functional disorder that impairs esophageal motility.

Disorders of Motility Disorders of Motility Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

(GERD)◦GERD “is the reflux of chyme from the

stomach to the esophagus” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1458).

Disorders of Motility Disorders of Motility Hiatal Hernia

◦A type of diaphragmatic hernia in which the upper portion of the stomach herniates up through the diaphragm into the thorax (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1459).

Disorders of Motility Disorders of Motility Pyloric Obstruction

◦Defined as the narrowing or blocking of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1460).

Disorders of Motility Disorders of Motility Intestinal Obstruction and Ileus

◦“Caused by any condition that prevents the normal flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen or failure of normal intestinal motility in the absence of an obstructing lesion” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1460).

GastritisGastritisTwo Types

◦Acute◦Chronic

Peptic Ulcer Disease Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)(PUD)Three Types

◦Duodenal Ulcers◦Gastric Ulcers◦Stress-Related Mucosal Disease

Postgastrectomy Syndrome

Peptic Ulcer Disease Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)(PUD)Duodenal Ulcers

◦Greatest frequency of any PUD.◦Possible association with type “O”

blood.

Duodenal Ulcer

Peptic Ulcer Disease Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)(PUD)Gastric Ulcers

◦Occur in populations between ages 55-65

◦One fourth as common as duodenal ulcers

◦Symptoms similar to duodenal ulcers.

H. pylori

Peptic Ulcer Disease Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)(PUD)Stress Related Mucosal Disease

◦Acute peptic ulcer disease associated with physiologic stress.

◦Three Categories Ischemic Ulcers Curling Ulcer Cushing Ulcer

Peptic Ulcer Disease Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)(PUD)Postgastrectomy Syndromes

◦Dumping Syndrome◦Alkaline Reflux Gastritis◦Afferent Loop Obstruction◦Diarrhea◦Weight Loss◦Anemia

Malabsorption SyndromesMalabsorption SyndromesPancreatic insufficiencyLactase DeficiencyBile Salt Deficiency

Inflammatory Bowel Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseDiseaseFive Types

◦Ulcerative Colitis◦Crohn’s Disease◦Diverticular Disease of the Colon◦Appendicitis◦Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Inflammatory Bowel Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseDiseaseUlcerative Colitis

◦“Chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa and extends proximally from the rectum into the colon” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1471).

Inflammatory Bowel Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseDiseaseCrohn’s Disease

“An idiopathic inflammatory

disorder that affects any part

of the [GI] tract from the

mouth to the anus” (McCance,

K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers,

V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1473).

Inflammatory Bowel Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseDiseaseDiverticular Disease of the Colon

“Herniations or saclike outpouchings of the mucosa through the muscle layers of the colonic wall” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1474).

Two Types Diverticulosis (Asymptomatic) Diverticulitis (Symptomatic)

Inflammatory Bowel Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseDiseaseAppendicitis

◦“An inflammation of the vermiform appendix, which is a projection from the apex of the cecum” (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1475).

Inflammatory Bowel Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseDiseaseIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)◦ Is a nonspecific disorder describing an inflammation of the GI tract related to life circumstances behaviors or dietary intolerances.

Disorders of NutritionDisorders of NutritionObesityAnorexia NervosaBulimia NervosaStarvation

Disorders of NutritionDisorders of NutritionObesity

◦Defined as having a body mass index greater than 30 (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1477).

Disorders of NutritionDisorders of NutritionAnorexia Nervosa

◦An obsessive compulsive psychiatric disorder revolving around weight and food intake (McCance, K.L., Huether,

S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1480).

Disorders of NutritionDisorders of NutritionBulimia Nervosa

◦More common than anorexia nervosa.◦Affects the same population◦Body weight remains near normal with aspirations of weight loss (McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E., Brashers, V.L., & Rote, N.S., 2010, p 1481).

Disorders of NutritionDisorders of NutritionStarvation

◦Short Term◦Long Term

The EndThe End