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2014 Storage Developer Conference. © Insert Your Company Name. All Rights Reserved.
Advanced Barium Ferrite Tape Technologies
Osamu Shimizu and Hitoshi Noguchi FUJIFILM Corporation
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Contents
Comparison of storage devices for archive. Overview of the evolution of tape technology. Metal Particulate (MP) technology. Barium ferrite (BF) technologies. Latest demonstration of 85.9 Gbit/in2 (equivalent
to 154TB per cartridge) and future. Summary.
2
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Contents
Comparison of storage devices for archive. Overview of the evolution of tape technology. Metal Particulate (MP) technology. Barium ferrite (BF) technologies. Latest demonstration of 85.9 Gbit/in2
(equivalent to 154TB per cartridge) and future. Summary.
3
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved. 4
Capacity Trends – Linear Tape & HDD
Enterprise
LTO 3.5"HDD INSIC roadmap
Tech. Demo.
1TB MP
8 TB BF
35 TB BF
154 TB BF
4
http://www-03.ibm.com/support/techdocs/atsmastr.nsf/5cb5ed706d254a8186256c71006d2e0a/82f67152325e844985257960005866fa/$FILE/IBM%20TS1140%20Technology%20White%20Paper%2011%20October%202011%20Final%20v3.pdf http://www.oracle.co.jp/events/jpm120809/materials/20120809-10_StorageSumit_A-2.pdf http://www.lto.org/technology/index.html http://www.insic.org/news/2012Roadmap/12index.html
2000 2005 2015 2020
Future
0.1
1
10
100
1000
2010
Year
Cap
acity
[TB
]
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Capacity Trends – Linear Tape & Optical Disk
5
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
Cap
acity
[GB
]Linear TapeOptical Disk
CD-R
DVD-R
BD-RBDXL
http://www.insic.org/news/2012Roadmap/12index.html http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/201403/14-0310E/
Plots for future are from
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
HDD 15K rpm inner
Blu-ray 12X
HDD 15K rpm outer
T10000C
LTO-6
DVD 16X
TS1140
Transfer rate (MB/s) http://home.jeita.or.jp/upload_file/20130924142035_HeGRhaN95v.pdf
Transfer rate comparison
6
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Error rate comparison
http://remedio.tv/diversos/pctita_arquivos/PanasonicSlimBluRayBurner.htm "Tape: Comparison of LTO and Enterprise", Instrumental, Inc. http://www.instrumental.com, April 19, 2013 http://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/support-content/documentation/product%20manuals/en-us/enterprise/Savvio/10K.5/100628563f.pdf http://www.spectra.com/pdfs/lto_ultrium.pdf https://www.spectralogic.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.displayFile&DocID=2513
System Hard error rate SATA consumer HDD 1E-14 SATA enterprise HDD 1E-15 Enterprise SAS/FC HDD 1E-16 LTO Tape system 1E-17 Enterprise Linear Tape 1E-19 ~ 1E-20
7
All data written on the tapes are always verified by the reader just after writing.
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Contents
Comparison of storage devices for archive. Overview of the evolution of tape technology. Metal Particulate (MP) technology. Barium ferrite (BF) technologies. Latest demonstration of 85.9 Gbit/in2
(equivalent to 154TB per cartridge) and future. Summary.
8
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Area
l Rec
ordi
ng D
ensi
ty (G
bpsi
)
1990 2000 2010
0.01
10
1
0.1
100 MP Technology in 1980’s
Substrate Film
Magnetic Layer 3-5um
250nm (Particle size) Ra: 7<nm
Overview of evolution of tape technology
9
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Area
l Rec
ordi
ng D
ensi
ty (G
bpsi
)
1990 2000 2010
0.01
10
1
0.1
100
Substrate Film
Magnetic Layer
MP Technology
Overview of evolution of tape technology
10
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Area
l Rec
ordi
ng D
ensi
ty (G
bpsi
)
1990 2000 2010
0.01
10
1
0.1
100
MP Technology
ATOMM Technology in 1990’s
Substrate Film
Non Magnetic Layer
0.2-0.3um
100nm (Particle size) Ra: 4-6nm
Overview of evolution of tape technology
11
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Area
l Rec
ordi
ng D
ensi
ty (G
bpsi
)
1990 2000 2010
0.01
10
1
0.1
100
Substrate Film
Magnetic Layer Substrate Film
Non Magnetic Layer
MP Technology
Overview of evolution of tape technology
12
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Area
l Rec
ordi
ng D
ensi
ty (G
bpsi
)
1990 2000 2010
0.01
10
1
0.1
100
MP Technology
NANOCUBIC Technology in 2000’s
Substrate Film
50-100nm
35-45nm (Particle size) Ra:2-4nm
Overview of evolution of tape technology
13
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Area
l Rec
ordi
ng D
ensi
ty (G
bpsi
)
1990 2000 2010
0.01
10
1
0.1
100
Substrate Film
Magnetic Layer Substrate Film
Non Magnetic Layer
Substrate FilmMP Technology
Overview of evolution of tape technology
14
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Area
l Rec
ordi
ng D
ensi
ty (G
bpsi
)
1990 2000 2010
0.01
10
1
0.1
100
MP Technology Substrate Film
50-100nm
10-20nm (Particle size) Ra:1-2nm
Barium Ferrite Technology in 2010’s
Overview of evolution of tape technology
15
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Area
l Rec
ordi
ng D
ensi
ty (G
bpsi
)
1990 2000 2010
0.01
10
1
0.1
100
Substrate Film
Magnetic Layer Substrate Film
Non Magnetic Layer
Substrate Film
Substrate Film
MP Technology
Overview of evolution of tape technology
16
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Contents
Comparison of storage devices for archive. Overview of the evolution of tape technology. Metal Particulate (MP) technology. Barium ferrite (BF) technologies. Latest demonstration of 85.9 Gbit/in2
(equivalent to 154TB per cartridge) and future. Summary.
17
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Thinner magnetic layer
Thinner magnetic layer makes signal resolution higher, resulting in the achievement of higher linear density.
MP technology
18
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
ATOMM Technology Thickness (t) 110nm Deviation (δ) 25nm δ/t 23%
NANOCUBIC Technology Thickness (t) 60nm Deviation (δ) 6nm δ/t 10%
Under layer
Under layer
Magnetic layer
Magnetic layer
Thickness variation of magnetic layer is negligibly small by NANO-coating technology.
MP technology
19
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Smoother surface profile
Smoother surface reduce the spacing between head and media, resulting in the significant increase of the signal output at higher linear density region.
MP technology
20
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Creates very smooth tapes by NANO-dispersion technology,
ATOMM Technology (LTO-1) Ra:5.2nm
NANOCUBIC Technology (LTO-5) Ra:2.6nm
MP technology
21
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Thinner tape
Thinner tape makes longer tape windable in a same size of cartridge.
MP technology
22
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Smaller magnetic particles
Smaller magnetic particles are essential to a higher recording density .
MP technology
23
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Increasing the magnetic coercivity while reducing the particle size down to 3,000 (nm3).
MP technology 3000
2500
2000
1500
Coe
rciv
ity (O
e)
2010 2005 2000 1995 1990
Year
24
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Capacity increase in MP media have been achieved by making…. Thinner magnetic layer, Smoother surface profile, Thinner (i.e. longer ) tape, Smaller magnetic particles, and Higher coercivity.
MP technology
Barium ferrite (BF) technology must be developed.
However, reducing particle volume less than 2,800 nm3 without decreasing coercivity could not be achieved.
25
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Contents
Comparison of storage devices for archive. Overview of the evolution of tape technology. Metal Particulate (MP) technology. Barium ferrite (BF) technologies. Latest demonstration of 85.9 Gbit/in2
(equivalent to 154TB per cartridge) and future. Summary.
26
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
MP BF Particle Shape
Acicular
Hexagonal platelet shaped Origin of magnetic energy
Shape anisotropy Magneto-crystalline anisotropy
Material FeCo alloy BaO(Fe2O3)6 Oxide
Passivation layer Required Not Required
Passivation layer
magnetization axis
The magnetic property of barium ferrite particle is NOT affected from its shape. The barium ferrite particle does NOT need the passivation layer because it is oxide. The size of barium ferrite particle can be reduced with maintaining high coercivity.
BF Technology - Particle
27
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Particle Volume (nm3)
Coe
rciv
ity (O
e)
Reducing the particle size less than 2,800 (nm3) declined the magnetic coercivity, which is very important to keep the data, resulting in the saturation of capacity increase with metal particles
MP
BF Technology - Particle
28
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Particle Volume (nm3)
Coe
rciv
ity (O
e)
Coercivity of barium ferrite particles is independent of their size. Smaller particles can be utilized for higher capacity.
MP
BF
BF Technology - Particle
29
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Latest MP Volume: 2850 nm3
coercivity: 2380 [Oe]
BF Volume: 1600 nm3
coercivity: 2400 [Oe]
Even though the volume of barium ferrite shown above is 45 % smaller than the latest MP, their coercivity can be maintained.
TEM image of fine Barium ferrite particles
BF Technology - Particle
30
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Barium ferrite particles can be oriented perpendicularly while MP are oriented longitudinally.
MP tape
BF tape (highly oriented)
BF tape (non-oriented)
Particle Orientation BF Technology - Particle
31
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
SEM Image of tape surface
Barium ferrite particles are well isolated and packed in the high density.
Latest MP tape BF Tape
BF Technology - Particle
32
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Barium ferrite media are stable even in the very hot and humid conditions.
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Particle volume [nm 3 ]
Ms
degr
adat
ion(
%)
Temp=60 ゚ C RH=90% Period=30 days
MP
BF
BF Technology - Stability
33
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Barium ferrite media are stable even in the corrosive atmosphere (Battelle Class II, 14 days).
14 days -50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 Particle volume [nm 3 ]
Ms d
ecre
asin
g ra
tio [%
]
MP
BF
Battelle Class II ConditionCl2 concentration 10 ppb
NO2 concentration 200 ppbH2S concentration 10 ppbRelative humidity 70 % Temperature 30 ℃
Battelle Class II ConditionCl2 concentration 10 ppb
NO2 concentration 200 ppbH2S concentration 10 ppbRelative humidity 70 % Temperature 30 ℃
Battelle Class II ConditionCl2 concentration 10 ppb
NO2 concentration 200 ppbH2S concentration 10 ppbRelative humidity 70 % Temperature 30 ℃
BF Technology - Stability
34
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Initial After exposure
BF
MP
Barium ferrite media are stable even in the corrosive atmosphere (Battelle Class II, 14 days).
BF Technology - Stability
35
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Error Rate does not degraded even in very hot environment (65 C) for more than 1 year(3x107 sec).
BF Technology - Stability
36
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05 1.E+07 1.E+09
Time (sec)
BE
R24 ℃65 ℃
day month year 10year
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Comparison of COF of LTO-6 media. All four samples are sold as LTO-6 media, and we obtained them from the market.
BF Technology - durability
0.27
0.31
0.35
0.39
0.43
2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Surface Roughness, Ra [nm]
Coe
ffici
ent o
f fric
tion
BF
MP
LTO-6 tape
37
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SNR [dB]
Byte
Err
or R
ate
BF-LTO6 w/ Worn Head MP-LTO6(Vender A) w/ Worn Head MP-LTO6(Vender B) w/ Worn Head MP-LTO6(Vender C) w/ Worn Head
BF-LTO6 w/ New Head MP-LTO6(Vender A) w/ New Head MP-LTO6(Vender B) w/ New Head MP-LTO6(Vender C) w/ New Head
Head degradation will not affect to BER of BF media
SNR margin for BF
BF Technology - Drive life
BF with new head
BF with worn head
MP with new head
MP with worn head
38
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Contents
Comparison of storage devices for archive. Overview of the evolution of tape technology. Metal Particulate (MP) technology. Barium ferrite (BF) technologies. Latest demonstration of 85.9 Gbit/in2
(equivalent to 154TB per cartridge) and future. Summary.
39
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved. 40
Capacity Trends – Linear Tape & HDD
40
http://www-03.ibm.com/support/techdocs/atsmastr.nsf/5cb5ed706d254a8186256c71006d2e0a/82f67152325e844985257960005866fa/$FILE/IBM%20TS1140%20Technology%20White%20Paper%2011%20October%202011%20Final%20v3.pdf http://www.oracle.co.jp/events/jpm120809/materials/20120809-10_StorageSumit_A-2.pdf http://www.lto.org/technology/index.html http://www.insic.org/news/2012Roadmap/12index.html
Enterprise
LTO 3.5"HDD INSIC roadmap
Tech. Demo.
1TB MP
8 TB BF
35 TB BF
154 TB BF
Future
0.1
1
10
100
1000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Year
Cap
acity
[TB
]
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Super narrow reader 90nm reader width GMR head
High precision actuator for track following 87nm tracking margin
High moment writer Cox-Fe100-x high moment thin film
Advanced Error correction code Iterative Reed-Solomon
Advanced perpendicular BF media 1,600 nm3 BF with perpendicular orientation
Key technologies used in the demonstration
41
Demonstrated by IBM and FUJIFILM
This work was done in collaboration with IBM Research - Zurich
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Super narrow reader
LTO-6 Track pitch = 4,750 nm
Reader width ~ 3,000 nm
SEM image of GMR reader
Reader Width = 90nm
85.9 Gbit/in2 demonstration Track pitch = 177nm
Reader width = 90nm
42 Presented at TMRC2014 F2, pp.79-80, Aug. 2014 Details will be published in IEEE Transaction on Magnetics Vol. 51, No. 1 in January 2015.
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Track margin =177 nm – 90 nm = 87 nm
High precision actuator for track following
85.9 Gbit/in2 demonstration Track pitch = 177nm
Reader width = 90nm
43 Presented at TMRC2014 F2, pp.79-80, Aug. 2014 Details will be published in IEEE Transaction on Magnetics Vol. 51, No. 1 in January 2015.
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
High moment writer
Gap: 150 nm
Ni45Fe55 CoxFe100-x
Ni45Fe55 Al2O3
Coil CoFe: 200 nm
182 235 263 29413
14
15
16
17
18
19
Coercivity (kA/m)
SN
Ra
(dB
)
Std WriterHM Writer
Coercivity (Oe) 2300 3000 3300 3700
44 Presented at TMRC2014 F2, pp.79-80, Aug. 2014 Details will be published in IEEE Transaction on Magnetics Vol. 51, No. 1 in January 2015.
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Advanced error correction code
C1 ECC Decoder
C2 ECC Decoder
Read channel
C2 Parity
Data
C1 P
arity 45
Presented at TMRC2014 F2, pp.79-80, Aug. 2014 Details will be published in IEEE Transaction on Magnetics Vol. 51, No. 1 in January 2015.
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
10 -20
10 -15
10 -10
10 -5
10 0
channel byte error rate
byte
err
or ra
te
N1=240 t1=5 N2=192 t2=12
undec C1-o1 C2-o1 C1-o2 C2-o2 C2-o3
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Particle Volume (nm3)
Coe
rciv
ity (O
e)
Coercivity of barium ferrite particles is independent of their size. Smaller particles can be utilized for higher capacity.
MP
BF
Advanced perpendicular oriented BF media
85.9Gb/in2
demo
46 Presented at TMRC2014 F2, pp.79-80, Aug. 2014 Details will be published in IEEE Transaction on Magnetics Vol. 51, No. 1 in January 2015.
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Latest demonstration System parameter LTO-6 Latest demo Linear density kbit/in 385 600 Track density kT/in 5.3 143 Areal density Gbit/in2 2.06 85.9 Tape length % 100 148 Capacity TB 2.5 154
Tape parameter LTO-6 Latest demo Magnetic particle size nm3 1,900 1,600 Surface roughness nm 2.0 0.8 Details of this demonstration will be published in IEEE Transaction on Magnetics Vol.
51, No. 1 in January 2015. 47
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Future Tape System beyond 300 TB
Smaller barium ferrite particles. down to 1,000 nm3 (1,600 nm3 was used for 154 TB).
More advanced reader technology. TMR reader (GMR reader was used for 154 TB).
More advanced channel technologies.
Technologies which will be used
Technologies which may be applicable (for much beyond 300 TB) Energy assisted recording. Single pole write head with soft under layer.
– Technologies to be used in late 2020s or 2030s –
48
2014 Storage Developer Conference. © FUJIFILM Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Summary The Capacity of magnetic tape cartridge has been
increased by reducing, Particle volume, Magnetic layer thickness, Surface roughness, and Total tape thickness.
Increasing cartridge capacity using MP with keeping long term stability becomes difficult because MP no longer can reduce their particle size without reducing coercivity.
BF particles are very promising and technologies corresponding to 154 TB per cartridge was demonstrated, which will be launched in several years.
Tape has come back as the highest capacity storage since 2011 by applying BF technology and the current highest capacity of tape system is 8.5TB.
Some of the technologies to be required for over 154 TB have already been developed and they will be used for over 300 TB tape cartridges.
49
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