adt training animal health - cropwatch.unl.edu

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ADT TrainingAnimal Health

Richard F. Randle, DVMBeef Extension Veterinarian

University of Nebraska-Lincoln

The Health Program

• To decrease likelihood of a devastating outbreak within a population of animals.

• Effects are mild or subclinical in nature if a pathogen (germ) is introduced into the herd.

Goal

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The Health Program

• Increase Immunity

• Limit or prevent transmission

• Reduce or eliminate the agent

The Health Program• Biosecurity

– Reduces the likelihood of introducing a new disease from external sources.

• Biocontainment– Reduces the spread and severity of

infectious disease already on the farm.

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Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program

Immunity

• Focus on young-stock– Young calves ( birth – 3 months)

– weaning-age calves (6-8 months)

– replacement heifers

– young bulls

Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program

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• Focus on young-stock– Young calves ( birth – 3 months)

• Effects of colostral immunity

Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program

Colostral Immunity

passive active

Time (months)

0 3 5

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• Focus on young-stock– Young calves ( birth – 3 month)

• Clostridial diseases– 2-way, 5-way, 7-way, 8-way– Blackleg– Malignant edema– Black disease– Sordelli– Enterotoxemia

Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program

• Focus on young-stock– Replacement heifers, bulls

• Focus on reproductive diseases– Viral (IBR, BVD)

– Bacterial (Lepto, Vibrio)

• IDEAL – 2 vaccinations between weaning and breeding

Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program

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• Adult animals– Cows

• Focus on reproductive diseases– Viral (IBR, BVD)

– Bacterial (Lepto, Vibrio)

– Bulls• Same as adult cows

• IDEAL – annual vaccinations between calving and breeding

Herd Health Strategy:The Herd Vaccination Program

Types of Viral Vaccines

• MLV vaccines–Quicker Immunity

–Longer Immunity

–Good CMI

–Less Reaction

–Careful Handling

–Side Effects

• Killed Vaccines–Slower Immunity

–Shorter Immunity

–Poor CMI

–More Reaction

–Careful Handling

–Side Effects

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MLV Precautions• Keep Refrigerated.

• Do Not Expose to Direct Sunlight.

• Use Shortly after Reconstitution.

• Do Not Use in Syringes Contaminatedwith Cleaning and Disinfectant Residues.

Injection Site Locations - Yes/No

YesNo

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Intramuscular injection

from: Penn State, College of Agricultural Sciences, Special Circular 306

16g. or 18g.

1”-1 1/2” needle

Skin Muscle

Subcutaneous tissue

Subcutaneous injection

16g. or 18g. 1” needleSkin

Muscle

Subcutaneous tissue

from: Penn State, College of Agricultural Sciences, Special Circular 306

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The Health Program• Biosecurity

– Reduces the likelihood of introducing a new disease from external sources.

• Biocontainment– Reduces the spread and severity of

infectious disease already on the farm.

Biosecurity…and the Farm Visitor

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Protecting your personal health

Preventing disease transmission

Concerns about

farm visits

Salmonella

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Shiga-toxin

producing

Escherichia

coli (STEC)

Campylobacter

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Biosecurity

Actions to prevent the spread of infectious agents

Between herds

Within herds

BIOSECURE AREAHelp keep our

livestock healthy

Please report to the office

BEFORE ENTERING

the premises

• Where have you been?

• Where do you want to go?

• What do you need to do to get there?

BIOSECURE AREAHelp keep our

livestock healthy

Please report to the office

BEFORE ENTERING

the premises

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Previous livestock exposure-24 hr. rule

Getting there

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Sanitation and hygiene

Cleaning and disinfection:

PhysicalChemical

target organismconcentrationcontact time

Thermal/UV

Cleaning and disinfection

• Clorox–½ to 1 oz per gallon of water

• Contact time–30 seconds minimum

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Clean-up

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Clean-up

Internal Parasites in Cattle

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MSD Agvet - US Cattle Parasite Control Program

Life Cycle of Roundworms In Cattle

Signs of parasitism

• Weight loss

• Rough hair coat

• Diarrhea

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Pasture Contamination:Factors Determining

• Climatic effect

• Level of egg shedding• Stocking rate

• Grazing patterns

Control & PreventionDewormers

Four classes of anti-parasite drugs

1) Imidazothiazoles

Levamisole Levamisole

Levasole

Prohibit

Totalon

Tramisol

Adult worms only

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Control & PreventionDewormers

Four classes of anti-parasite drugs

Morantel Rumatel

2) Tetrahydropyrimidines Adult worms only

Control & PreventionDewormers

Four classes of anti-parasite drugs

3) Benzimidazoles (white pastes)

Albendazole Valbazen

Fenbendazole Panacure

Safe-Guard

Oxfendazole Synanthic

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Control & PreventionDewormers

Four classes of anti-parasite drugs

4) Macrocyclic lactones

Doracectin Dectomax

Eprinomectin Ivomec Eprinex

Ivermectin Double Impact

Ivomec

TopLine

Moxidectin Cydectin

Control & PreventionDewormers

How classes differ

Benzimidazoles are short-acting -animal can become reinfected within days

Macrocyclic lactones remain active for 4 to 6 weeks, killing all parasites that are ingested during that time

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External Parasites

Parasite Control - External

• Flies

• Lice

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Two General Groups of Flies

• Biting FliesHorn fliesStable fliesHorse fliesSmall gnats

• Non-biting FliesFace fliesHouse flies

Fly Control• Several insecticides for control

Ear tags, dust bags, oilers, sprays…

• Several delivery systems

Avermectins

Pyrethroids

Organophosphates Possible Resistance

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Lice Control

• Large populations of lice cause intense itching

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Lice Control

• Lice are most prevalent in the late fall, winter, and early spring

Lice Control

• Sucking LiceFeed by piercing the animals skin with sharp mouth parts

Drink blood

Loss of blood reduces weight gain

Irritation hinders feeding activities

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Lice Control• Biting LiceFeed by biting and chewing

Feed on hair, scabs, and skin excretions

Irritate the skin with claws and mouthparts

Irritation hinders feeding activities

Lice Control• Organophosphate and pyrethroids are

effective against adults

• Injectable avermectins are effective against sucking lice (but not biting lice)

• Pour-on avermectins are effective against sucking & biting lice

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Physical Examination of Cattle

Indications:

• When an individual animal requires examination to allow diagnosis and treatment for an illness

• Examination of a representative sample of animals to investigate a herd outbreak of disease

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Procedure:

• Develop a systematic procedure for performing a complete physical examination– Personalized

– Prevents omission of important information

– Enables easier recall of abnormal findings

Physical Examination

• Observe 1st from a distance– Demeanor

– Level of alertness

– Responsiveness

– Segregation from herdmates

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Visual Observation:

• Proprioception

• Strength

• Lameness

• Head and neck position

• Udder symmetry

• BCS

Rumination Rate

• Listen, count and record the primary and secondary rumen contractions over two full minutes– Mid Left

Paralumbar Fossa

• Normal 1-2 per Minute

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Direct Heart Rate, Rhythm and Sounds

• Left side– Intercost

al Spaces 3-5

– Behind the elbow

– Normal Rate?• 48-84

Adults• 70-100

Calves

Respiratory Rate and Lung Sounds

• Rate can be evaluated by observation of chest excursions– Normal 26-50

• Sounds (triangle)– Crackles– Wheezes– No sounds

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Peripheral Lymph Nodes

• Prescapular

• Prefemoral

• Supramammary

• Parotid

• Submandibular

Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion

• Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion– “Pinging”

• Entire Abdomen

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Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion

• Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion– “Pinging”

• Entire Abdomen

Left limbs and Udder

• Swelling of the limbs? – Fore and Rear

• Palpate left quarters of the mammary gland– Heat

– Hardness (swelling)

– Edema

– Teat lesions

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Proceed to Right Side

Heart Sounds

• Right AV Valve Area– 3rd to 5th

Intercostal Space

• Murmurs?

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Respiratory System

• Mirror Image of Left Thorax– Crackles– Wheezes– No sounds

Peripheral Lymph Nodes

• Prescapular

• Prefemoral

• Supramammary

• Parotid

• Submandibular

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Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion

• Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion– “Pinging”

• Entire Abdomen

Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion

• Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion– “Pinging”

• Entire Abdomen

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Examination of the Head

• Eyes– Enophthalmus– Exophthalmus– Discharge– Corneal Opacity– Lenticular Opacity– Scleral Injection– Pupillary Light

Response– Masses

Examination of the Head

• Nares– Discharge

• Unilateral/Bilateral

– Plaques

– Erosions

– Hemorrhage/ Epistaxis

– Flaring

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Examination of the Head

• Oral Cavity– Dentition

– Erosions

– Vesicles

– Masses

– Blunted Oral Papillae

Diseases of Special Interest

• Vesicular Diseases– Foot and Mouth Dicease (FMD)

– Vesicular Stomatitis (VS)

– Malignant Catahhral Fever (MCF)

– Enzootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)

– Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)

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Diseases of Special Interest

Diseases of Special Interest

• Zoonotic Diseases– Tuberculosis

– Brucellosis

– Q Fever

– Anthrax

– Rabies

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Antibiotic Use

Benefits

Cautions

Antibiotics labeled for use in cattle

• Penicillin

• Ampicillin

• Amoxicillin

• Ceftiofur

• Erythromycin

• Oxytetracycline

• Chlortetracycline

• Spectinomycin

• Tilmicosin

• Tylosin

• Enrofloxacin

• Tulathromycin

• Florfenicol

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Follow Label Directions

• Dosage rate

• Route of administration

• Withdrawal for meat and milk

Dosage Rate

• Weight of animal (lbs or kgs)

• Drug dosage (mg/lb or mg/kg)– From bottle of text source

• Drug concentration (mg/ml)– From bottle

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Dosage Rate

Weight of animal X drug dose = total drug needed

Total drug needed ÷ drug concentration = volume of drug

500 lbs X 5 mg/lb = 2500 mg

2500 mg ÷ 50 mg/ml = 50ml

Conversion pounds to kilograms ---- lbs ÷ 2.2 = kgs

227.25 kgs X 11 mg/kg = 2500 mg

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Contacts

Richard Randle, DVM, MSBeef Extension Veterinarian

Dept. of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences

107 VBS

P.O. Box 830905

Lincoln, NE 68583-0905402.472.0446rrandle2@unl.edu

David R. Smith, DVM, PhDDipl. ACVPM (Epidemiology)Extension Dairy / Beef VeterinarianDept. of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences

126D VBS

P.O. Box 830905

Lincoln, NE 68583-0905

(402) 472-2362

FAX: (402) 472-9690

dsmith8@unl.edu