acknowledging and all that you are willing to not know ... · and all that you are willing to not...
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3/31/2017
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GregoryP.Hanley.Ph.D.,BCBA‐D
Acknowledgingessentialsandallthatyouarewillingtonotknowwhenfunctionallyanalyzingbehavior
APBA2017Formoreinformationandmaterials,goto:
www.practicalfunctionalassessment.com
Functionalassessment
process todeterminethevariablesinfluencingproblem
behavior
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SomeAssumptions
Problembehaviorisanoperant
Certainsituationspotentiatecertainconsequences
GoalofaFunctionalAssessmentIdentifytheconsequencesthatmaintainproblembehavior
Identifythesituationsthatevokethebehavior
Inordertotreatproblembehavior
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FunctionalAssessmentProcess
FunctionalAnalysisObservewhilemanipulating
IndirectAssessmentInterview
DescriptiveAssessmentObserve
Discovery Demonstrationand
Bewaryofincontrovertibletruths.
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“Allmodelsarewrong;someareuseful.”
Box &Draper,1987,p.424
DefiningfeaturesoftheStandardFunctionalAnalysis
Multiple test conditions
Uniform test conditions
Isolated test contingencies
Reinforce dangerous behavior only
Toy-play control condition
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Problem Behavior
Per Minute
Sessions
Exampleofastandardfunctionalanalysis
Howdoweknowthisisthestandardfunctionalanalysis?
(Jessel,Hanley,Ghaemmaghami,2016)
1965‐2000(Hanleyetal.,2003)
64%SFAs1out3withmodifications
2001‐2012(Beaversetal.,2014)
85%SFAs1outof7withmodifications
Multiple test conditions
Uniform test conditions
Isolated test contingencies
Reinforce dangerous behavior only
Toy-play control condition
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IstheStandardFunctionalAnalysisEffective?
Doesitleadtoadifferentiatedanalysis?
Literaturereviews:Hanleyetal.(2003): 94%Beaversetal.(2014): 92%
Caseseries:Hagopianetal.(2014): 47%Slatonetal.(2016): 44%
IstheStandardFunctionalAnalysisEffective?
Doesitleadstolargertreatmenteffects?
Campbell(2003)HigherPZD whenRxwasbasedon“EFA”
But,theselargereffectswerealmostexclusivelyobtainedwhen:‐‐researchersimplementedthetreatments‐‐incontrolledsettings‐‐underrichschedulesofreinforcement‐‐forshortperiodsoftime
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IstheStandardFunctionalAnalysisEffective?
Notonestudyshowingasocially‐validatedoutcomeinarelevantsettingwhenimplementedbyarelevantperson
whenastandardfunctionalanalysiswasused
Apparentsolutiontoineffectiveness:
Excessiveelaboration
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Elaborationofthestandardfunctionalanalysis(SFA)
PriortoaSFAFormalDescriptiveassessments
PreferenceassessmentsDemandAssessments
Manualsoutliningextensiveteam‐basedprocessesFollowingafailedSFA
SlightandsystematicdeviationsfromtheSFAcoreproceduresFollowingafailedSFA‐basedtreatment
StimulusavoidanceassessmentsMorepreferenceassessmentandreinforcer assessments
DespitetheExcessiveElaborationoftheStandardFunctionalAnalysis…
Notonestudyshowing…
…apractical,sociallyvalidoutcomeinarelevantcontext
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“Sinceallmodelsarewrong,thescientistcannotobtaina‘correct’onebyexcessiveelaboration.
Justastheabilitytodevisesimplebutevocativemodelsisthesignatureofgreatsciencesooverelaborationisoftenthemarkofmediocrity.”
GeorgeBox,1976,p.792
ResearchtopracticegapPossiblereason:
Becausetheoutcomesaremediocre
evenwhentheprocessiselaborate
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Functionalanalysishasbeenaroundforapprox.50years(e.g.,Lovaas etal.,1965;Sailoretal.,1968)
Standardfunctionalanalyseshavebeenaround34years(Iwataetal.,1982)
Over300studiescontainingover500standardfunctionalanalyseshavebeenpublished(Jesseletal.,2016)
Yet,55to65%ofpractitionersrecentlysurveyedreportedneverconductingafunctionalanalysis(Oliveretal.,2016;Roscoeetal.,2015)
Interview-informed Synthesized Contingency
Analysis
IISCA
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StandardFunctionalAnalysisMultiple test conditions
Uniform test conditions
Isolated test contingencies
Reinforce dangerous behavior
Toy-play control condition
Interview-Informed Synthesized Contingency AnalysisSingle-test condition
Individualized test conditions
Synthesized contingencies
Reinforce precursors to and dangerous behavior
Test-matched control
Sessions
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
1
2
3
4
Escape/Tangible/Attention
Zeke
Pro
blem
Beh
avio
r pe
r m
in
AnIISCA
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1.Anopen‐endedinterviewisalwayspartoftheprocess
Primarygoalsaretoidentify:
a) co‐occurringtopographiesb) events/interactionsthatappeartoroutinelyevokeproblembehavior
c) interactionsthatfollowproblembehaviorandarereportedtostopit
Interviewsallowfordiscoverieswhichcanthenbeverified(ornot)intheIISCA
SomeImportantAspectsoftheIISCA
2.Wesynthesize multiplecontingenciesintoonetestcondition
whichcontingenciesandthespecificmaterialsandinteractionsareinformedbytheinterview
SomeImportantAspectsofourApproach
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Whymightproblembehavioroccur?Singlecontingencies:1. Attentionortoys(social‐positivereinforcement)2. Escape/avoidance(social‐negativereinforcement)3. Sensory/non‐social(automaticreinforcement)
Combinatorialcontingencies:1. Attentionand Toys2. Escapeto toys3. Escapeto toysandattention4. Escapeto automaticreinforcement5. Compliancewithmands6. Escapetoaccesstorituals,preferredconversations7. Etc…..
Whysynthesize?
1. Seemstoemulatetheecologybetter
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Whysynthesize?
1. Seemstoemulatetheecologybetter
2. Isolatedcontingenciessometimesdonotcontrolbehaviorwhereassynthesizedcontingenciesdo.
• Calletal.,2005• Dolezal & Kurtz,2010• Hanleyetal.,2014• Ghaemmaghamietal.,2016• Muelleretal.,2005• Slatonetal.,2016• Slatonetal.,2016
0
1
2
3
4
Tangible /Attention
AnalystMother
AnalystMother
Analyst
Gail
Pro
blem
Beh
avio
r pe
r M
in
0
1
2
3
4
Tangible
Sessions
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0
1
2
3
4
Test
Control
Meltdowns Col 46
Attention
CaseExample(Gail,3yo,dx:PDD‐NOS)Analyst:NicholasVanselowSetting:ClinicArticle:Hanleyetal.,2014
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www.practicalfunctionalassessment.com
0
2
4
6
8TestControl
Food,attention
Addison
AttentionTangible (food)Control
0
2
4
6
8
10
Escape totangibles,attention
Jay
Control
AttentionTangibleEscape
0
2
4Escape tocompliance withrequests
Franklin
EscapeRequestsControl
4
IISCA Decoupled IISCASynthesized Isolated SynthesizedType of
contingency
Pro
blem
beh
avio
r pe
r m
in
Slatonetal.,2016
Whysynthesize?
1. Seemstoemulatetheecologybetter
2. Isolatedcontingenciessometimesdonotcontrolbehaviorwhereassynthesizedcontingenciesdo
3. Doingsoleadstoeffectiveaction—meaningfultreatmenteffects
– Hanleyetal.,2014,Santiagoetal.,2016;Ghaemmaghamietal.,2016
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0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
Com
plex
FC
Rpe
r m
in
0
1
2
3
4
Reinforcem
ent (%)0
20
40
60
80
100P
robl
em B
ehav
ior
per
min
0
1
2
3
4
Sessions
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Res
pons
e to
In
stru
ctio
ns (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Treatment Extension
1 2
Compliance
Noncomp.
Levels3
BL FCT + EXT Denial and Delay Tolerance TrainingSimple FCR Complex FCR
Zeke
Sim
ple
FCR
per
min
Tol
eran
ce R
espo
nse
per
min
Response Chaining
fromSantiagoetal.,JADD,2016
Treatment:
Unpredictableandintermittentreinforcementof
communication,toleration,andcompliance
Implementedbyrelevantcaregiversinrelevantcontextswhoimposerelevantandhistoricallychallengingroutines
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Someotherreasonablequestions:
HaveIISCAsbeenreplicated?(I.e.,Dotheyhavegenerality?)
Yes.
FromJessel,Hanley,&Ghaemmaghami
(JABA,2016) 0
4
8
12 Will
TestControl
Wayne Allen Kat (Cxt 1)Sam
0
2
4
6 Jack (Cxt 1) Keo
Kristy Jim
Roxy
0
2
4
6 Alex (Cxt 2) Chris
Jeff Zeke Kat (Cxt 2)
0
1
2
3
4 Mike Mitch
Gary Jian Earl
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
Paul Dan
Alex (Cxt 1) Beck
Sid
2 6 10
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
Lee
2 4 6
Steve
1 3 5
Jesse
1 3 5
Carson
1 3 5
Jack (Cxt 2)
Sessions
Pro
blem
beh
avio
r pe
r m
in
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Hastheprocessbeensociallyvalidated?Yes.
HavesociallyvalidatedtreatmentsbeendevelopedfromtheIISCA?
Yes.Havesociallyvalidatedeffectsbeenachieved
fromtheIISCA?Yes.
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BeonthelookoutinJABA forthisstudybyDr.JoshuaJessel&colleagues:
AchievingSociallySignificantReductionsinProblemBehaviorfollowingtheInterview‐InformedSynthesizedContingencyAnalysis:
ASummaryof25OutpatientApplications
Baseline Treatment0
2
4
6
N = 25
p < .001
Pro
blem
beh
avio
r pe
r m
in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
You found the recommended treatment acceptable
You are satisfied with the amount ofimprovement seen in problem behavior
You are satisfied with the amountof improvement seen in
communication skills
You found the assessment andtreatment helpful to your home situation
Notacceptable/satisfied/helpful
Highlyacceptable/satisfied/helpfulCaregiver Rating
But,didn’tDr.FisherjustpublishanarticleinJABAshowingtheIISCA’swerealwaysincorrect?
ComparisonsofsynthesizedandindividualreinforcementcontingenciesduringfunctionalanalysisWayneW.Fisher,BrianD.Greer,PatrickW.Romani,&AmandaN.Zangrillo2016
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FromFisheretal.,2016DifferentiationSFA:4of5IISCA:4of5
Escape to Tangibles & Attention
Escape / Tangible
Irrelevanceofacontingencyishardtoprove.
Genericfunctionscanbeeasilymoderatedinanalyses.(seeHanley,Piazza,&Fisher,JABA,1997)
Therearenopuretestsofcontrolbysinglereinforcers,especiallytangibles.
Thetruthcanbefoundin
effectiveaction‐Differentiatedanalysis‐Efficiencyofandcontrolinanalysis‐Meaningfultreatmenteffects
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Slaton,Hanley,&Raftery(JABA,2017,issue2;nowavailableviaEarlyView)
IISCAvs.StandardAnalysis
0
1
2TestControl
Escape to tangiblesand attention
Tangible
Ignore/Alone
PlayEscape
Attention
0
1
2
3Escape to tangiblesand attention
1 2 3 4 50
1
2
3Escape totangibles
5 10 15
Diego
Mason
Riley
Pro
blem
beh
avio
r pe
r m
in
Sessions
IISCA Standard IISCA
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IISCAvs.StandardAnalysis
0
1
2
Escape topredictableschedule
ControlTest
EscapePlay
AttentionTangible
Alone
1 2 3 4 5
0
1
2Escape to tangibles,stereotypy, andattention
5 10 15 20 250
2
4
6
8
3Escape to tangibles
Prob
lem
beh
avio
r pe
r m
in Kyle
Jonah
IISCA Standard
Sessions
IISCAvs.StandardAnalysisIgnore/Alone
EscapeTangible
Play
Attention
0
2
4 Escape totangiblesand attention
0
2
4Escape to rituals
2 4 60
1Escape to tangibles
5 10 15 20
Pro
blem
beh
avio
r pe
r m
in
Sessions
IISCA Standard
Dylan
Emily
Chloe
Jeff
0
2
4
ControlTest
Escape totangibles
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TreatmentComparisonResults
0
1
2
3
4
5
FCR
BL FCT + EXTEscape totangibles,attention
Problembehavior
BL FCT + EXTEscape
5 100
1
Escape totangibles
BL FCT + EXT
5 10
Attention
BL FCT + EXT
IISCA- based treatment Standard-based treatmentP
robl
em b
ehav
ior
per
min
Sessions
Emily
Jeff
TreatmentComparisonResults
5 10 15 20 25
0
2
4
6
Escape torituals
BL FCT + EXT
5 10 15 20 25
EscapeBL FCT + EXT
0
1
2
3Escape totangibles
Escape
Tangibles
IISCA- based treatment Standard-based treatment
Pro
blem
beh
avio
r pe
r m
in
Sessions
Chloe
Dylan
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Thesupposedproblem(s)withtheIISCAImprecision1. Donotknowthespecificoperantclasstowhichanyparticular
topographyofproblembehaviorbelongs.2. Donotknowwhethersomepart(s)ofthesynthesized
contingencyareirrelevant3. Donotknowwhetherbehaviorismaintainedbypos orneg sr4. Sometimescannotneatlydescribeorcompartmentalizethe
controllingvariables
Considertheeffectiveactionwithoutknowingthesethings
ImprecisionisnotUniquetotheIISCA
PartlysynthesizedcontingenciespopulateallSFAconditions(beonlookoutforreviewpaperbyJ.Slaton)
ThesupposedprecisionofaSFAisanillusion
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“Allmodelsarewrong;thepracticalquestionis
howwrongdotheyhavetobetonotbeuseful.”
Box &Draper,1987,p.424
RecognizetheHistoricalSignificanceoftheStandardFunctionalAnalysis
• Movedusfrombehaviormodificationtobehavioranalysis– Taughtusourprofessionalhumility
• Inspiredustotranscenddescriptionandpredictiontocontrol– Allowedustobescientificpractitioners
• Showedushowtocreatestableandcontrolledbaselines– Allowedustodiscoverandenhancetreatments
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Multiple test conditions
Uniform test conditions
Isolated test contingencies
Reinforce dangerous behavior only
Toy-play control condition
Toachievethehumanepromiseofafunction‐basedtreatmentandasociallyvalidoutcome
Fromafunctionalanalysis:
WhatmustIknow?WhatdoInotneedtoknow?
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ThatwhichImustknowviamyfunctionalanalysis:
ThatIcanreliablyturnproblembehavioroffwiththepresentationofthereinforcers
ThatIcanreliablyturnproblembehavioronwiththepresentationoftheevocativeevents
Andthatthereinforcers andevocativeeventswereidentifiedbyotherpeoplerelevanttothebehaver
ThatwhichIdonotneedtoknowviamyfunctionalanalysis:
ThesingleoperantfunctionofeachproblembehaviorWhetherproblembehaviorismaintainedbypositiveornegativereinforcement(seeMichael,Behaviorism,1975)Whethersomeelementofasynthesizedcontingencyisa“true”contingencyormerelya“falsepositive”
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ThatwhichIdonotneedtoknowviamyfunctionalanalysis:
ThesingleoperantfunctionofeachproblembehaviorWhetherproblembehaviorismaintainedbypositiveornegativereinforcement(seeMichael,Behaviorism,1975)Whethersomeelementofasynthesizedcontingencyisa“true”contingencyormerelya“falsepositive”WhetherIcanneatlycompartmentalizetheoperationintheanalysisintoatidygenericclassofreinforcement
(e.g.,socialpositive,socialnegative,attn,tang,esc,etc.)
TheoriginalgoldstandardGeneralandsociallyvalidatedbehaviorchange
byrelevantpeopleinrelevantcontextsBaer,Wolf,&Risley,1968
Iachieveit:bybeingabletoturnonandoffproblem
behaviorinananalysisinformedbycaregivers
IachieveitwithanIISCA
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Formoreinformationgoto:www.practicalfunctionalassessment.com
ManythankstomyPracticalFunctionalAssessmentResearchandPracticegroup:
NickVanselow,SandyJin,LauraHanratty,JoanaSantiago,
MahshidGhaemmaghami,JoshuaJessel,JessicaSlaton,
RobinLanda,ChristyWarner,ShannonWard, TanyaMouzakes
AdithyanRajaraman,EllenGage,HollyGover,&KelseyRuppel
www.practicalfunctionalassessment.com
For some of the latest research in the IISCA at APBA:
Time and Place: 10:00-11:30 Room:
Chair: Dr. Jessica Slaton
Presenters: J. Slaton, A, Rajaraman, K. Ruppel, & R. Landa
Symposium Title: On the Validity and Generality of the Interview-Informed Synthesized Contingency Analysis (IISCA)
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