academic outcomes of 4-year university freshman cohorts: a comparison of dual enrollees &...
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Academic Outcomes of 4-Year University Freshman Cohorts:
A Comparison of Dual Enrollees & Advanced Placement (AP) Credit Recipients
Shoumi Mustafa and Paula ComptonMay 2014
Sample breakdown:In freshman
cohorts, 22.9% have AP tests, 7.3% have
dual enrollment credit, and another 2.5% have both. The remaining 67.3% do not have either AP
tests or dual enrollment credit.
Differences:Higher ability, family
income and urban proportions
characterize AP test-takers. Dual
enrollees have smaller income,
lower ACT scores, and higher rural representations.
Outcomes:Students with AP tests achieve the highest academic
outcomes in college. They are followed by dual enrollees,
and students without either AP or
dual enrollment credit in that order.
Numbers, characteristics and outcomes:AP, dual enrollee and others compared
Groups and definitions• Advanced Placement (AP) credit recipients:
– Freshman 4-year university main campus students with scores of 3, 4 or 5 in Advanced Placement tests.
• Dual enrollees (DE):– Freshman 4-year university main campus students who had
completed college courses while being enrolled in high schools.• Both AP & dual enrollment credit recipients (AP & DE):
– A small group of freshman 4-year university students who received both AP and dual enrollment credit.
• Students without accelerated learning (Others):– A very large group of freshman 4-year university main campus
students; they do not have either AP or dual enrollment credit.
Freshman FY2007-08 to FY2001-12 cohorts: Numbers
Only APCredit(AP)
Only dual enrollment credit
(DE)
Both AP & dual enrollment credit
(Both)
Without AP or dual enrollment credit
(Others)
Number Number Number Number
FY2007-08 7,222 1,807 635 23,383
FY2008-09 7,210 2,226 810 23,223
FY2009-10 7,739 2,476 864 22,541
FY2010-11 8,219 2,798 980 22,506
FY2011-12 8,292 2,991 977 22,281
FY2007-08 to FY2011-12 cohorts
38,682 12,298 4,266 113,934
Freshman FY2007-08 to FY2001-12 cohorts: Sample composition
Others*: 67.3%
AP: 22.9%
*Note: Others refer to students without AP or dual enrollment.
Gender, age and ethnicities compared:AP, DE, Both and Others
Summaries of gender, age and ethnicities:AP, DE, Both and Others
• Gender:– AP : 50-50 gender split– DE: Almost 60% female– Both: 50-50 gender split– Others: 50-50 gender split.• Age: No difference among the groups• Ethnicity:– AP : 84.9% White, 3.3% Black, 4.7% Asian.– DE : 77.9% White, 12.1% Black, 1.6% Asian.– Both : 86.9% White, 2.7% Black, 5.0% Asian.– Others : 71.4% White, 14.9% Black, 1.5% Asian.
Income, ability and schools compared:AP, DE, Both, and Others
Summaries of income, ability & communities: AP, DE, Both and others
• Family income:– AP: $119,534; DE: $80,993; Both: $110,185; Others: $79,318
• ACT scores:– AP: 27.3; DE: 23.0; Both: 27.8; Others: 20.8
• School communities:– AP : Urban 58.0% (high income - 50.4%, high poverty - 7.6%)
Rural 8.9% (high income - 7.2%, high poverty – 1.7%)
– DE : Urban 56.1% (high income - 34.0%, high poverty 22.1%)
Rural 28.3% (high income - 21.0%, high poverty – 7.3%)
– Both : Urban 71.2% (high income - 54.6%, high poverty 16.6%)
Rural 17.0% (high income - 13.0%, high poverty – 4.0%)
– Others : Urban 50.5% (high income – 32.8%, high poverty 17.7%)
Rural 14.5% (high income - 10.2%, high poverty – 4.3%)
Outcome Comparisons:GPA, attempted hours, completion rates
Summaries of outcomes: Comparisons• Grade Point Average (GPA):– AP test-takers (AP) : 3.24
– Dual enrollees (DE) : 2.75
– Students with both AP & dual enrollment (Both) : 3.38
– Students without AP or dual enrollment (Others) : 2.42
• Number of attempted hours:– AP test-takers (AP) : 32.1
– Dual enrollees (DE) : 29.1
– Students with both AP & dual enrollment (Both) : 32.3
– Students without AP or dual enrollment (Others) : 27.7
• Proportion of completed hours:– AP test-takers (AP) : 94.4%
– Dual enrollees (DE) : 84.8%
– Students with both AP & dual enrollment (Both) : 94.5%
– Students without AP or dual enrollment (Others) : 79.0%
Outcome comparison stable over time:Grade Point Average
3.24 3.26 3.24 3.24 3.22
2.82 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.74
3.32 3.30 3.30 3.28 3.23
2.42 2.45 2.39 2.37 2.45
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Gra
de P
oin
t A
vera
ge: (1
-4)
AP DE Both Others
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
08
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20
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20
08
20
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20
11
20
12
AP: Advanced Placement credit recipients; DE: Dual enrollment credit recipients;Both: Students with AP & DE credit;; Others: Students without AP or DE credit.
AP, DE, Both and OthersFirst-Year Grade Point Average (GPA)
Outcome comparison stable over time:Number of attempted hours
32.1 32.2 32.1 32.0 31.9
29.0 29.2 29.2 29.1 28.9
32.5 32.5 32.7 32.2 31.8
27.9 27.9 27.7 27.6 27.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
Attem
pte
d H
ou
rs
AP DE Both Others
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
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08
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20
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AP: Advanced Placement credit recipients; DE: Dual enrollment credit recipients;Both: Students with AP & DE credit;; Others: Students without AP or DE credit.
AP, DE, Both and OthersNumber of Attempted Hours in the First Year
Outcome comparison stable over time:Proportion of completed hours
94.3 94.5 94.6 94.5 94.3
86.4 85.1 84.8 83.9 84.3
94.1 94.5 94.8 94.8 94.1
78.8 79.8 79.2 78.2 78.8
0.000
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
Cou
rse
com
ple
tion
rate
AP DE Both Others
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
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12
20
08
20
09
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12
AP: Advanced Placement credit recipients; DE: Dual enrollment credit recipients;Both: Students with AP & DE credit;; Others: Students without AP or DE credit.
AP, DE, Both and OthersProportion of Completed Hours in the First Year
What do we learn?Sample composition and characteristics
• Composition:– AP credit recipients account for 22.9% of freshman cohorts.– Dual enrollees occupy 7.2% of the cohorts.– Another 2.5% of the freshman cohorts have both AP and dual enrollment
credit.– Overall, accelerated learning credit is available for a third of the freshman
cohort. The remaining 67.3% of freshman students do not have such credit.
• Characteristics: Gender, income, ability and urban-rural characteristics are the major differences between AP and DE groups.– AP has a 50-50 gender split although almost 60% of DE are female.– Relative to DE, the AP group has higher average family income ($40,000
more), higher average ACT scores (27.3 to 23.0) , and higher representation of affluent urban communities (50.4% to 30.4%).
What do we learn?Academic outcome comparison
• Students with AP credit and those with both AP and dual enrollment credit achieve the highest average outcomes.– AP – GPA (3.24), attempted hours (32.1), completion rate (94.4%).– DE – GPA (2.75), attempted hours (29.1), completion rate (84.8%).– Both – GPA (3.38), attempted hours (32.3), completion rate (94.5%).– Others – GPA (2.42), attempted hours (27.7), completion rate (79.0%).
• Time trend: The averages are stable over time as well.
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