6/22/05 bpp stakeholder meetingprocess profiles1 copper source loading estimates (process profiles)...
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6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 1
Copper Source Loading Estimates (Process Profiles)
Physical & ChemicalCharacterization of
Wear Debris (Clemson University)
WaterQuality
Monitoring (ACCWP)
Steering Committee, Scientific Advisory Team, andStakeholder Involvement Process (Sustainable Conservation)
AirDepositionModeling
(AER)
WatershedModeling
(U.S. EPA)
BayModeling (URS)
Final ReportData Assessment
Conclusions
Air Deposition
Monitoring (SFEI)
Representative Sample of Brake PadWear Debris
(BMC/Link Test Labs)
BPP Technical Studies BPP Technical Studies
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 2
Source Loading Estimates Source Loading Estimates to Watershedto Watershed
• Copper released from brake lining wear
• Copper released from non-brake sources
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 3
Copper Released from Brake Copper Released from Brake Lining WearLining Wear
brake lining wear
to air (EFair)
to road(EFroad-dir)
to vehicle
to road(EFroad-ind)
to publicly-owned
treatment works (EFPOTW)
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 4
Air Emission FactorAir Emission Factor
Calculated three ways:
1. Composition/Wear Approach
2. Composition/Existing Emission Factor Approach
3. Tunnel Studies
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 5
Advantages of Using Tunnel Advantages of Using Tunnel Study DataStudy Data
• Releases measured from fleets in service
• Representative of thousands of vehicles during actual (not simulated) use
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 6
PartitioningPartitioning
brake lining wear
to air (EFair)
to road(EFroad-dir)
to vehicle
to road(EFroad-ind)
to publicly-owned
treatment works (EFPOTW)
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 7
Emission FactorsEmission Factors
Release Category
Emission Factor
Estimation Approach
Calculated Result (mg copper/km)
Standard Uncertainty in
Calculated Result (mg copper/km)
Airborne emission factor
Tunnel study 0.58 0.07
Roadway emission factor
Partitioning/airborne emission factor
0.5 0.2
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 8
Veh
icle
Mile
s T
rave
led
Veh
icle
Mile
s T
rave
led
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 9
Results for the Brake Pad Results for the Brake Pad Releases of Copper in the San Releases of Copper in the San Francisco Bay Area WatershedFrancisco Bay Area Watershed
Copper released, kg/y
Standard uncertainty in
copper released, kg/y
Airborne copper released
50,000 10,000
Copper released to roadways
40,000 20,000
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 10
Veh
icle
Mile
s T
rave
led
Veh
icle
Mile
s T
rave
led
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 11
Results for Brake Pad Releases of Results for Brake Pad Releases of Copper in the Castro ValleyCopper in the Castro Valley
Watershed Watershed (amounts in kg copper/y)
Interstate 580 Surface Streets
Release to air 170 100
Standard uncertainty in release to air
100 10
Release to roadway 160 90
Standard uncertainty in release to roadway
60 30
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 12
Questions?Questions?
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 13
Air Emission Factor ComparisonAir Emission Factor Comparison
Emission Factor Estimation Approach
Calculated result (mg Cu/km)
Standard uncertainty in
calculated result (mg Cu/km)
Passenger car - composition/wear 0.5 0.2
Passenger car - composition/emission factor 0.4 0.2
MDV - composition/wear 0.7 0.4
MDV - composition/emission factor 0.48 0.09
HDV - composition/wear 0.3 0.2
HDV - composition/emission factor 0.2 0.1
All vehicles – tunnel study/particle size distribution
0.58 0.07
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 14
Standard UncertaintyStandard Uncertainty
• Estimated for each value used in calculations• Standard deviation used if possible• More likely to be able to predict a potential
range of possible values and estimate a standard uncertainty based on that
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 15
Benefits of Developing Benefits of Developing Standard UncertaintyStandard Uncertainty
• Allows for a standard uncertainty in results to be calculated
22 2
1 21 2
R nn
f f fu u u u
x x x
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 16
Benefits of Developing Benefits of Developing Standard Uncertainty (cont’)Standard Uncertainty (cont’)
• Calculating confidence intervals:
e.g. a 95% confidence interval the range of values that includes the result plus or minus two times the standard uncertainty
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 17
Copper Source Loading Estimates (Process Profiles)
Physical & ChemicalCharacterization of
Wear Debris (Clemson University)
WaterQuality
Monitoring (ACCWP)
Steering Committee, Scientific Advisory Team, andStakeholder Involvement Process (Sustainable Conservation)
AirDepositionModeling
(AER)
WatershedModeling
(U.S. EPA)
BayModeling (URS)
Final ReportData Assessment
Conclusions
Air Deposition
Monitoring (SFEI)
Representative Sample of Brake PadWear Debris
(BMC/Link Test Labs)
BPP Technical Studies BPP Technical Studies
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 18
Copper Released from Copper Released from Non-Brake SourcesNon-Brake Sources
• Architectural copper• Copper in pesticides• Copper in fertilizer• Copper released from industrial facilities• Copper in domestic water discharged to
storm drains
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 19
Concepts CommonConcepts Commonto All Release Categoriesto All Release Categories
• Develop separate estimates for each environmental compartment (soil/air/surface water/storm water/bay waters)
• Population and land use values were used to determine how releases within political boundaries are assigned to each watershed
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 20
1992 NLCD Land Use in the San Francisco Bay Area Watershed
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 21
Architectural CopperArchitectural Copper
• Estimate surface area of copper roofs, copper gutters, and roofs with composite shingles containing copper biocide
• Apply emission factors that are based on surface areas
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 22
Architectural CopperArchitectural CopperReleases in the Bay AreaReleases in the Bay Area
• Estimated total release from architectural copper is 1,500 kg/y
• These releases are directly to storm drains; even in residential applications, these features are almost always hard-piped to storm drains
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 23
• Pesticides applied to soil in urban areas
• Agricultural applications to soil
• Algaecide treatment of surface waters
• Pool, spa, and fountain algaecides
• Wood preservatives
• Antifouling coatings
PesticidePesticide
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 24
Pesticides Applied to Soil in Pesticides Applied to Soil in Urban AreasUrban Areas
• Used adjusted statewide values for sales and use
• Total adjusted sales less adjusted agricultural use, antifouling coating use, algaecide use, use as root killer, and use in pressure-treated lumber is estimated statewide urban application to soil
• Apportioned to the watersheds based on population
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 25
Pesticide Releases to Urban Pesticide Releases to Urban Soil in the Bay AreaSoil in the Bay Area
• Total estimated Bay area release of copper from copper-based pesticides to soil in urban areas is 100,000 kg in 2003
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 26
Agricultural Applications to SoilAgricultural Applications to Soil
• Based on adjusted reported use in the eight counties
• Apportioned to the watersheds based on agricultural land use area
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 27
Agricultural Releases to Soil in Agricultural Releases to Soil in the Bay Areathe Bay Area
• Total estimated Bay area releases of copper from copper-based pesticides to soil in agricultural areas is 12,000 kg in 2003
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 28
Algaecide Treatment of Algaecide Treatment of Surface WatersSurface Waters
• Reported adjusted uses to nonagricultural water areas in the eight counties assumed to occur at the shoreline of the bays
• Reported adjusted uses in agricultural areas (apportioned by land use) and estimated uses in non-agricultural rights of way, recreation areas, and public health (apportioned by population) are assumed to be applied to surface waters
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 29
Algaecide Surface Water Algaecide Surface Water Releases in the Bay AreaReleases in the Bay Area
• Estimated copper in algaecide applications to shoreline waters are 1,900 kg/y
• Adjusted copper in reported agricultural water area algaecide applications are 100 kg/y
• Estimated copper in algaecide applications in non-agricultural rights-of-way, recreation areas, and public health are 1,200 kg/y
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 30
Pool, Spa, and Fountain Pool, Spa, and Fountain AlgaecidesAlgaecides
• Estimate the state-wide algaecide use of copper in copper-based algaecides by adding up reported uses to water along with a portion of sales for algaecide products whose uses are not reported
• Pool, spa, and fountain use estimated as total algaecide use less adjusted reported use as algaecide
• Assumed that 5% of copper used in pool, spa, and fountain algaecides is released to storm drains
• Apportioned to the watersheds based on population
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 31
Pool, Spa, and Fountain Pool, Spa, and Fountain Algaecide Releases in the Bay Algaecide Releases in the Bay
AreaArea
• Estimated releases of copper in pool, spa, and fountain algaecides to storm drains are 2,200 kg/y
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 32
Copper Released from Pressure-Copper Released from Pressure-Treated LumberTreated Lumber
• Based on nationwide use of copper in pressure-treated lumber (13 million kg/y)
• An estimated 5.5 million kg/y of copper in pressure-treated lumber leaches out
• Assume that 25% of copper leached from pressure-treated lumber is not susceptible to runoff
• Releases are to soil• Apportioned to the watersheds based on
population
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 33
Copper Released from Copper Released from Pressure-Treated Lumber in Pressure-Treated Lumber in
the Bay Areathe Bay Area
• Estimated releases of copper from pressure-treated lumber are 72,000 kg/y
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 34
Copper inCopper inAnti-Fouling CoatingsAnti-Fouling Coatings
• Estimate surface area of boats berthed in the bay
• Apply emission factors that are based on surface area
• Releases are directly to bay waters
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 35
Copper Released from Anti-Copper Released from Anti-Fouling Coatings to Bay WatersFouling Coatings to Bay Waters
• Estimated releases of copper from anti-fouling coatings are 9,000 kg/y
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 36
• Based on reported statewide farm and non-farm fertilizer use by fertilizer category coupled with copper concentrations in various fertilizer categories
• Assumed that 25% of farm use was tilled into soil and not available for runoff
• Releases are to soil• Farm use apportioned to the watersheds based
on land use area; non-farm use based on population
FertilizersFertilizers
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 37
Copper Released from Copper Released from Fertilizers in the Bay AreaFertilizers in the Bay Area
• Estimated releases of copper from fertilizer use are 9,000 kg/y
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 38
• Industrial air emissions
• Industrial runoff
Industrial FacilitiesIndustrial Facilities
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 39
Copper Released in Industrial Copper Released in Industrial Air Emissions in the Bay AreaAir Emissions in the Bay Area
• Based on TRI data
• Releases are to air
• Eleven facilities reported air releases of 359 kg copper in 2003
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 40
Copper Released in Industrial Copper Released in Industrial Runoff in the Bay AreaRunoff in the Bay Area
• Estimate industrial land use area in each watershed
• Apply an emission factor that is based on industrial land use area
• Releases are direct to storm drains
• Estimated releases of copper in industrial runoff are 1,300 kg/y
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 41
• Based on a per-person emission factor that is in turn based on copper concentrations in domestic tap water and the volume of domestic water that is released to storm drains
Domestic Water Discharged to Domestic Water Discharged to Storm DrainsStorm Drains
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 42
• Estimated releases of copper in domestic water discharged to storm drains are 510 kg/y
Copper Released in Domestic Copper Released in Domestic Water Discharged to Storm Water Discharged to Storm
Drains in the Bay AreaDrains in the Bay Area
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 43
• Estimated releases of copper to soil are 200,000 kg/y
• Estimated releases of copper to air are 359 kg/y
• Estimated releases of copper to Bay waters are 11,000 kg/y
• Estimated releases of copper to surface waters and storm drains are 6,900 kg/y
Overview of Results: Copper Overview of Results: Copper Released from Non-Brake Released from Non-Brake Sources in the Bay AreaSources in the Bay Area
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 44
• Fossil fuel combustion• Wood burning• Vehicle fluid leaks• Exposed conducting wire used to power public
transit systems• Runoff from landfills
Sources Not Included in this Sources Not Included in this InventoryInventory
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 45
Questions?Questions?
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 46
Architectural CopperArchitectural CopperEmission FactorsEmission Factors
Feature
Emission Factor,
kg copper/m2/y
Standard Uncertainty in Emission Factor,
kg copper/m2/y
Copper roofs 0.0018 0.0005
Roofs with copper-impregnated composite shingles
0.0002 0.0001
Copper gutters 0.004 0.001
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 47
Estimating Pesticide Estimating Pesticide Releases to Urban SoilReleases to Urban Soil
Type of Use
In California, kg copper in
2003
Adjusted Sales 3,700,000
Adjusted Use in Agriculture, Excluding Application to Water Areas
2,000,000
Estimated Use as Marine Antifouling Coating 660,000
Estimated Use as Algaecide 350,000
Adjusted Use for Pressure-Treating Lumber 35,000
Estimated Use as Root Killer 20,000
Estimated Release to Urban Soil 700,000
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 48
Adjusted Reported Agricultural Adjusted Reported Agricultural Uses in the Bay Area CountiesUses in the Bay Area Counties
County kg copper in 2003
San Mateo 120
Santa Clara 1,800
Alameda 110
Contra Costa 6,900
Solano 130
Napa 1,200
Sonoma 9,000
Marin 16,000
Total 36,000
6/22/05 BPP Stakeholder Meeting Process Profiles 49
Surface Water Algaecide Use in Surface Water Algaecide Use in the Bay Area Countiesthe Bay Area Counties
(values in kg copper)
County
Estimated Use as AlgaecideUse in Nonagricultural Rights of Way, Recreation Areas, and Public
Health
Adjusted Reported Use in
Nonagricultural Water Area
Adjusted Reported Use in
Agricultural Water Area
Alameda 10 0 0
Santa Clara 0 5 0
San Mateo 0 580 0
Contra Costa 1000 0 0.91
Solano 0 850 0
Sonoma 63 430 0
Napa 360 0 0
Marin 0.45 0 120
TOTAL 1,500 1,900 120
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