5.1 (a) (b) (c) sea anemonejelly fishhydra a b cd efg50 mv 20 ms
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5.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
Sea anemone Jelly fish Hydra
A B C D
E F G 50 mV
20 ms
5.2
Helminthoida
Helminthopsis
Gyrolithes
Cochlichnus
Gordia
Regular meandering without crossing
Planolites
Irregular meandering without crossing
Spiraling
Meandering sinusoidally
Irregularly meandering and crossing
Simple straight
Second-order meanders
First-order meanders
Irregular
Straight
Ear
ly
Cam
bria
n
Pre
cam
bria
n
5.3
Water pik
Siphon nerve
Abdominal ganglion
Genital nerve
Pericardial nerve
Branchial nerve
Gill
Siphon
Stimulating and recording electrodes
5.4
SiphonMantle shelf
Gill
Int. II
L22
L23
L16
Polysynaptic
Monosynaptic
SN1 SN2 SN3 SN4 SN5 SN6 SN7 SN8
L7 LDG1 LDG2 L9G1 L9G2 RDG
5.5
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
5.6
Antenna tap
Do-si-do
Retreat
Strike/Rip
Meral spread
No agonistic behavior
Wresling
5.7
Reflex Chain
Motorneurons
Stretchreceptors
contracted relaxed
Antagonist muscles
Central Pattern Generator
CNS
CPG
contracted relaxed
Antagonist muscles
CNS
5.8
M CPGs
CPGs
CPGs
M
M
Buccal ganglion Cerebral ganglion
Buccal mass
Lip muscles
5.9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 3 6 9 12 15
Res
pons
e S
tren
gth
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5
Strong
Weak
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5
Res
pons
e S
tren
gth
ISI = 60 s
ISI = 10 s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Res
pons
e S
tren
gth
600 Hz
200 Hz
400 Hz
600 Hz
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(1)(2)
(3)
(2)
(4) (5)
(6)
(7)(8)
(9)
DS DS
Habituation Trials
Resting period
Resting period
Resting period
5.10
0
20
40
60
80
0 5 10 15 20
Trials
Me
an
Re
spo
nse
Sco
reWith DS
Without DS
DS
5.11
Stimulus generator
Time-date generator
Video cassette recorder
Petri plate holder
Micromanipulator stand
Microscope
C. elegans
Video monitor
Antagonistic reflex systems mediate forward and backward locomotion in response to a tap stimulus.
Head Tail
Before habituation:ALM and AVMPLM
AVM and ALMBackward motion
PLMForward motion
(a)
(b)
5.12
Siphon Head
SNSN
IN
IN
L7
Gill
5.13
Interneuron
Serotoninand other
neurotransmitters
Axo-axonic synapse
L7
Sensory neuron from siphon
Membrane proteins
Adenylate cyclase
cAMP
PKC
PKA
Closes K+ channels
Opens Ca++ channels
Mobilization of vescicles
Spike broadening
Short-term sensitization
Dishabituation
5.14
One-day retention
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 2 4 6 8 10
Trials
Me
dia
n D
ura
tion
of
Sip
ho
n W
ithd
raw
al (
s).
One-week retention
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 2 4 6 8 10
Trials
Sensitization
Control
Three-week retention
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 2 4 6 8 10
Trials
5.15
Dolabrifera
Bursatella
Dolabella
Aplysia
Akera
BullaIncreased
excitability
Spike broadening
Loss of both:Increased excitability
Spike broadening
5.16
Bodysurface
Bodysurface
Bodysurface
Effector
Effector
Effector
Lower invertebrates
Higher invertebrates
Vertebrates
Plastic Excitatory
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