21101283 transmission planning mod 4

Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 13FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

3.1 Appendix3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

Appendix

Network Planning - Appendix

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Objectives

� To be able to understand the modulation concepts.

� To be able in an example to calculate the unavailability objectivedue to the equipment failures.

� To be able to understand the general concepts of the M.21xx series and the differences between G.821/826 and M.21xx recommendations.

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Table of Contents

Switch to notes view! Page

1 Refresh on modulation concepts 7Modulation Concepts 8BB Transmission 10Bandwidth Formula 11Modulated Signal Spectrum 122-PSK 174-PSK 2016-QAM 2216-TCM 27Performances Versus Noise 30Exercise 31Main Modulation Types Characteristics 32Thermal Noise (C/N versus BER) 33Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes 37Roll-off calculation example 39Blank Page 40

2 Equipment unavailability 41Introduction 43Unavailability objective 44Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) 47Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) 50

3 M.21xx-series Recommendations 51End of Module 54

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Table of Contents [cont.]

Switch to notes view!

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1 Refresh on modulation concepts

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Modulation Concepts

� Why modulation?

� Modulation is necessary to occupy RF narrow bandwidth!

� Without modulation (BB transmission) the occupied bandwidth is:

where: fb = bit rateα = roll-off factor

( )α12fBw b +=

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BB Transmission [cont.]

Ideal Transmission Channel

Att. = constant

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BB Transmission

Real Transmission ChannelAtt. = Kost.Att.

Tx Att. =

Att. = Kost.Att.

Att. =

T TT T

fb = Bit rate frequency

2fc 2=fbfc

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Bandwidth Formula

α = 1.0 α

α= 1.0α= 0.3

α= 0.1

0 < α < 1

+fC +2fC

Antisymmetrical Freq. Responce

acRoll Off = =

Ideal Freq. Responce

-T-2T-3T-4T 0 +T +2T +3T +4T

Bw = Bw = fb

Bw = (1+ )

-fc +fc

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Modulated Signal Spectrum

70 MHz

Bw = 2fc

fc 70+fc

7070-fc

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2-PSK [cont.]

2 PSK Modulator

2 PSK Demodulator

DIFF.DEC.

100111

IF signal

DIFF.ENC.

100111

IF signal

PostConversion

Filter

2 PSKMixer

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2-PSK [cont.]

2-PSK Waveforms - Modulator

DATA IN

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

CARRIER

IF OUTPUT

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2-PSK [cont.]

2-PSK Waveforms - Demodulator

DATA OUT

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

CARRIER

IF INPUT

DEMODULATED SIGNAL

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2-PSK [cont.]

Absolute Coding Differential Coding

0 = B 0 = No change in the phase of the carrier1 = A 1 = 180° change in the phase of the carrier

1Switch

A A B B A B B A

0 1 0 1 1 0 1

B A B B A B B A

1 1 0 1 1 0 1

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BTF Binary Transversal Filter (digital filter)

A/5T/5

A/2T/5

A/5T/5

A/10T/5

fN-fN-2fN

fN(1+ ) 2fN

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4-PSK [cont.]

4-PSK Modulator1 0

DIFFER.

ENCODER

PostConvertion

Filter

2 PSKMixer

0010111

2 PSKMixer

RFBranching

Filter

Bw = fb (1+ ) Bw= fs (1+ )

2 PSK fs = fb

4 PSK fs = fb2 22

8 PSK = 3 23

16 PSK = 4 24

B (10) A (00)

C(11) D (01)

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4-PSK [cont.]

Differential Coding

Switch

11 10 01 11 01 01

= No change

01 = -90° changeTX C

A (00)

10 01 11 01 0100

RX B B B C BC10 = +90° change

11 = -180° change

001001110101.........

D (01)

B (10)

C (11)

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4-PSK Demodulator

2 PSKMixer

BTF2 PSKMixer

IF DIFFER.

DECODER

X1DecisionCircuit

DecisionCircuit

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16-QAM [cont.]

16-QAM Modulator

0100 1110

1 1 +3V

1 0 +1V

0 1 -1V

0 0 -3V

IFDIFFER.

ENCODER

2RX1 X1

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16-QAM

16-QAM Demodulator

IF DIFFER.

DECODER

DecisionCircuit

X1X1X1

Y2Y2Y2

Y1Y1Y1

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16-TCM [cont.]

16-TCM Modulator

DIFFER.

CONVOL.

2RX1 X1

MAPPING

ENCODER

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16-TCM [cont.]

16-TCM Demodulator

DIFFER.DECODER

DecisionCircuit

X1X1X1

Y2Y2Y2

Y1Y1Y1

VITERBIDECODER

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16-TCM [cont.]

TCM Principles - State Diagram (Example with 8-TCM)

CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODER

b c0 / 0

0 1S0 S1

b c0 / 1

b c1 / 0

b c1 / 1

b c1 / 0

b c0 / 0

b c0 / 1

b c1 / 1

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16-TCM [cont.]

TCM Principles - Mapping (Example with 8-TCM)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 0 0 0 1 1 1

b 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0c

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16-TCM

TCM Principles - Trellis Diagram (Example with 8-TCM)

T0 T1 T2 T3

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Performances Versus Noise [cont.]

= Carrier

N = Noise B

Threshold

Errors depend of the distance between two points.

We have "ERROR" if N > C N > 1

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Performances Versus Noise [cont.]

2 PSK and 4 PSK have the same performance versus noise, but for this reason is never used 2 PSK due to its double bandwidth

Two DifferentThreshold

22 = 0.7

If the Noise (N) is:

you have error

N > 0.7

ModulationType

ErrorCondition

N > 0.7

Bandwidth

(-3dB)

SymbolFreq. (fs)

Noise Power (N) = Amplitde x Bandwidth

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Performances Versus Noise

DEMODULATORIF data

DETECTORERROR

SN = 13.5 dB

SN = 18.6 dB

SN = 20.5 dB

16 QAM

SN = 26.5 dB

64 QAM

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Exercise

Why is used the 16 QAM modulation and not the 16 PSK?

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Main Modulation Types Characteristics

16 QAM

64 QAM

Modulation type

Position of Vectorial modulationstates (levels) at equal peakpower (Cmax)

Peak-to-Mean power ratio (dB)

R/2 R/3 R/4 R/6Nyquist Bandwidth (Bny)Symbol frequency (S)(R = Binary information capacity)

2 3 4 6Modulation efficiency (bit/sec/Hz)(Theoretical)

S/N (dB)(Theoretical at BER = 10-6)

13.5 18.6 20.5 26.5

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Thermal Noise (C/N versus BER)

1 1 0 (normalized)2 PSK

v σ C/N (20log v/σ)Mod.

1 0.70 +3.1 dB4 PSK

1 0.38 +8.4 dB8 PSK

1 0. 19 +14.2 dB16 PSK

0.7 0.23 +9.7 dB16 QAM

0.6 0.10 +15.6 dB64 QAM

0.6 0.047 +22.1 dB256 QAM

16 QAM

Phase leveldecisionthreshold

Q8 PSK

б = noise voltagev = carrier peak voltage

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Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes [cont.]

Bit/s(Hz)

10 15 20 25 W (dB)

BER = 10-6QAM

16 QAM 16 PSK

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5 W(dB)

10 15 20 25

16QAM 16PSK

2PSK4PSK

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Comparison of different modulation schemes(Theoretical W and S/N values at 10-6 BER; calculated values may have slightly different assumptions)a) Basic modulation scheme

(1) As an example, errorcorrection with redundancy (r)of 6.7% is used for calculationin this Table.

System Variants W(dB)

S/N(dB)

NyquistBandwidth (bn)

FSK 2-state FSK with discriminator detection 13.4 13.4 B3-state FSK (duo-binary) 15.9 15.9 B4-state FSK 20.1 23.1 B/2

PSK 2-state PSK with coherent detection 10.5 10.5 B4-state PSK with coherent detection 10.5 13.5 B/28-state PSK with coherent detection 14.0 18.8 B/316-state PSK with coherent detection 18.4 24.4 B/4

QAM 16-QAM with coherent detection 17.0 20.5 B/432-QAM with coherent detection 18.9 23.5 B/564-QAM with coherent detection 22.5 26.5 B/6128-QAM with coherent detection 24.3 29.5 B/7256-QAM with coherent detection 27.8 32.6 B/8512-QAM with coherent detection 28.9 35.5 B/9

Basic modulation schemes with FECQAM 16-QAM with coherent detection 13.9 17.6 B/4*(1+r)with 32-QAM with coherent detection 15.6 20.6 B/5*(1+r)

block 64-QAM with coherent detection 19.4 23.8 B/6*(1+r)codes (1) 128-QAM with coherent detection 21.1 26.7 B/7*(1+r)

256-QAM with coherent detection 24.7 29.8 B/8*(1+r)512-QAM with coherent detection 25.8 23.4 B/9*(1+r)

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Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes

B) Coded modulation scheme

System Variants W(dB)

S/N(dB)

NyquistBandwidth (bn)

BCM (2) 16 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition) 15.3 18.5 B/3.7580 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition) 23.5 28.4 B/688 BCM - 6D (QAM. One step partition) 23.8 28.8 B/696 BCM - 4D (QAM. One step partition) 24.4 29.0 B/6128 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition) 23.6 28.2 B/6

TCM (3) 16 TCM - 2D 12.1 14.3 B/332 TCM - 2D 13.9 17.6 B/464 TCM - 4D 18.3 21.9 B/5.5128 TCM - 2D 19.0 23.6 B/6128 TCM - 4D 20.0 24.9 B/6.5512 TCM - 2D 23.8 29.8 B/8512 TCM - 4D 24.8 31.1 B/8.5

MLCM (4) 32-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 14.1 18.3 B/4.564-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 18.1 21.7 B/5.5128-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 19.6 24.5 B/6.5

(1) The bit rate B does not include code redundancy.(2) The block code length is half the number of the BCM signal dimensions.(3) The performances depend upon the implemented decoding algorithm.

In this example, an optimum number is used.(4) In this example, convolutional code is used for lower 2 levels and block codes are used for the third level to

give overall redundancies as those of 4D-TCM. Specially redundancies on the two convolutional codedlevels are 3/2, 8/7 and 24/23 on the block coded third level.

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Roll-off calculation example [cont.]

Example 1Available bandwidth = 40 MHzTransmitted stream = 34 Mbit/sModulation type = 2 PSKRoll-off = ?

BW = fb (1+α)40 = 34 (1+ α)a = 40/34-1 = 0.05

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN fb and fs AS FUNCTION OF THE MODULATION TYPE

2 PSK fs = fb fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 34 MHz4 PSK fs = fb/2 fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 17 MHz8 PSK fs = fb/3 fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 11.3 MHz16 QAM fs = fb/4 fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 8.5 MHz

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Roll-off calculation example

Example 2Available bandwidth = 20 MHzTransmitted stream = 140 Mbit/sModulation type = ?

BW = fb/nn = fb/BW = 140/20 = 7

27 = 128 128 QAM with α = 028 = 256 256 QAM with α = 1

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Blank Page

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2 Equipment unavailability

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Introduction [cont.]

Unavailability = Part of the time in which the link is out of order.

Where:

MTTR = Mean Time To Repair

MTBF = Mean Time Between Failures

MTBFMTTRMTTRU

Equipment unavailability

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Introduction

By supposing:

Failures statistically independent

MTTR << MTBF

UNAVAILABILITY OF SERIES BLOCKS

U1-2 = UA + UB

UNAVAILABILITY OF PARALLEL BLOCKS

U1-2 = UA • UB

A B1 2

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Unavailability objective

EQUIPMENT UNAVAILABILITY OBJECTIVE

for HRDP (L = 2500 km) is supposed to be 1/3 of the total unavailability:

Ueq. < 0.1% = 0.001

The HRDP consists of 9 switching sections (section length = 280 km approx.)

For one-direction of the link only:

Ueq.s1 < 55.10-6

4eq.eq.s 101.1

U −•≤=

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Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) [cont.]

Suppose that a radio section consists of:

� 1 Tx Terminal

� 1 Rx Terminal

� 5 Repeaters (egual each other)

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Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) [cont.]

1+0 radio section: 6 hops, 5 repeater stations

Mod. Tx

Z'Rx Dem

Mod Tx Rx Dem

L = 50 km L = 50 km

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Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0)

UTx Term. = UTerm. Mod + UTx + UPSU

URep. = URx + URep. Dem + URep. Mod + UTx + UPSU

URx Term. = URx + UTerm. Dem + UPSU

Unavailability of the non-protected section (uni-directional) (points Z-Z’):

US(1+0) = UTx Term + 5 • URep. + URx Term

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Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) [cont.]

� TS = Tx part of the switching system, the failure of which causes the total unavailability of the section.

� RS = Rx part of the switching system, the failure of which causes the total unavailability of the section.

� Lp = Part of the switching system, the failure of which doesn’t allow the regular operation of the switching system.

� MTBFs = Global MTBF of the switching system “series” part.

� MTBFp = Global MTBF of the switching system “parallel” part.

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Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) [cont.]

1+1 radio section: 6 hops, 5 repeater stations

Mod. Tx

Z'Rx Dem

Mod Tx Rx Dem

L = 50 km L = 50 km

Mod. Tx

Z'Rx Dem

Mod Tx Rx Dem

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Unavailability of a protected section (1+1)

Global unavailability of the 1+1 protected section:

The section is unavailable due to:

� failures of the 2 channels

� failure of the “series” part of the switching system

� failure of a channel and of the “parallel” part of the switching system

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0.5ηUUηUUU 01sparser2

01s11s ≅++= +++ •

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3 M.21xx-series Recommendations

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General concepts [cont.]

Differences between Recommendations G.821/G.826 and the M.21xx series start with their different origins:

� G-series Recommendations are from ITU-T Study Group 13 (General networkissues);

� M-series are from Study Group 4 (Network Maintenance and TMN).

Main differences:

� G.821/G.826 define long-term performance objectives to be met.

� G.821/G.826 require very long test intervals (one month).

� The M-series Recommendations are particularly useful when bringing-into-service new transmission equipment. They are intended to assure that the requirements of the G series are met in every case.

� As a general rule, the requirements of the M-series are tougher than those of the G-series.

� For practical reasons, the M.21xx-series Recommendations allow short test intervals.

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General concepts [cont.]

Media independent (ITU-T)

� M.2100 for PDH paths sections and transmission systems

� M.2110 how to apply M.2100 and M.2101 for BIS (Bring-Into-Service)

� M.2120 how to apply M.2100 and M.2101 for maintenance

� M.2101 for SDH paths and multiplex section

Radio specific (ITU-R)

� F.1330 for parts of international PDH and SDH paths and sections.

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End of Module

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