1)solid waste disposal and management
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SOLID WASTE DISPOSALAND MANAGEMENT
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Urbanisation
People livingin urban areasin the World -
1985 41%
2015 60%
Of the urbanpopulation68% will beliving incities of lowincome andlower middleincomecountries
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Environmental Pollution Disposal of Wastes A major
problem faced in all towns and
cities Consequence Grave public health
risk
Need of the hour
Proper wastedisposal using scientific means andappropriate technology
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Terminology Solid Waste dry refuse wastes
which are solid
Includes House refuse vegetable and animal waste,
ashes, rubbish, debris etc
Trade refuse from factories, business and
commercial centres, slaughter houses etc Street refuse - empty packets, bottles, tree
leaves and street sweepings etc
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Terminology Consists of
Garbage All sorts of putrescible organic wastes Ashes incombustible waste products
Rubbish Non putrescible wastes excluding ashes Dust
Made up of both organic or combustiblematter and inorganic or mineral or noncombustible matter
Quantity and composition of refuse variesfrom place to place and from season to season Depends on the type of town, standard of
living of the people, habits etc Average Indian Town 0.4 to 0.5 kg/
capita/day
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Sources of Solid Wastes Domestic or Residential Food, Paper,
Packaging Materials, Glass, Metal, Ash, HazardousMaterials Like Batteries etc
Commercial(Shops, Hotels, Markets, Offices etc) Food, Paper, Packaging Materials, Glass, Metal, Ash,Hazardous Materials
Industrial Metals, Plastics, Oils, Process Wastes,Hazardous Wastes
Construction Soil, Concrete, Wood, Steel,Plastics, Glass
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Municipal Solid Waste Refuse from households, non-
hazardous solid wastes from
industrial, institutional, andcommercial establishments (includinghospitals), market waste, yard waste,and street sweepings
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Municipal Solid Waste
Generation and Composition
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Municipal Solid Waste
Generation
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Municipal Refuse
Generation
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Percapita MSW Generation in the USA
1.6kg/person/day
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MSW Generation Rates
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Composition of MSW
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MSW Composition - Delhi
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MSW Composition - Madras
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Biodegradable vs Non-biodegradable Wastes in MSW
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MSW Disposal andManagement
Includes collection, transfer, treatment,recycling, resource recovery, anddisposal of MSW
Actors and Partners Households, Communities, and Other
Service Users NGOs
Local Self Government State Governments Private Sector Enterprises External Aid Agencies
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Calicut City
Area - 82.67 sq. km.
Population 4,36,527 (2001 census)
Houses 70,000
Wards 51
Flats
100Activity Predominantly Residential
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MSW in Calicut City
Quantity - 350 tonnes/day
Per capita Generation- 800g/day
Main source - Households
Other sources - Markets, Hospitals,Commercial Establishments
Vegetable markets - 40-50 t/day
Construction - 20 t/day
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MSW in Calicut City
Biodegradable Wastes - 70%
Recyclable Wastes - 15%
Inert - 10-15%
Others - 0-5%
Calorific Value - 800 to 1100 Kcal/kg Moisture Content - 55%
C:N Ratio - 40
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Prevalent Practices and Deficiencies in
SWM Schemes in Developing Countries
No segregation at source
No system for primary collection of solid wastes. Wasteis thrown all round. Uncontrolled littering NIMBYsyndrome
Temporary storage in open bins very unhygienic waste is littered all round the bin
Bins are not regularly cleared
Dumping of solid wastes in drains blockage, mosquitobreeding
Throwing wastes into water bodies
Wastes from markets and slaughter houses are notproperly disposed of
Open burning of wastes
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Prevalent Practices and Deficiencies inSWM Schemes in Developing Countries
Mixing infectious wastes from hospitals and hazardouswastes with municipal solid wastes
Rats and flies breed in waste dumps Spread of diseases and outbreak of epidemics Leachate from dumps pollute groundwater Plastic wastes Construction/ demolition wastes Street sweeping timing, methods, tools inadequate Transportation system grossly inadequate
Collection schedule is not notified Processing and treatment of waste unscientific. Pre
and post processing rejects dumped at the disposal siteitself
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Prevalent Practices and Deficiencies inSWM Schemes in Developing Countries
Financial management is very poor
Landfills are rather dumps
No community participation No system for monitoring
Provisions of the legislation are not compliedwith
Inadequately trained staff
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What is Required
Rehabilitation and modernisation ofexisting systems
Creating public awareness on theimportance of maintaining thesurroundings neat and its closeinterrelation with public health
Enhancing the sense of responsibility and
capacity of the local people and personnelof the local bodies
Implementing a system that it financiallyand technologically feasible and socially
acceptable
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A Good MSW Disposal System
Segregated handling and storage of wastes atthe source
House to house collection of wastes Transferring the wastes to the transfer
station or community bins
Secondary collection and transport to thedisposal sites
Recycling and reusing whatever is possible
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Source Separation in the Kitchen
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Bins for Separation at Source
Municipal Solid Wastes Biodegradable Non biodegradable
Recyclable Hazardous Others
Green - Biodegradable
White - Recyclable Red - Domestic Hazardous Black - Others
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Five Phases of MSWCollection
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Collection Vehicles with CanSnatchers
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Disposal of Refuse
Open burning
Dumping into the sea
Sanitary Landfills
Incineration
Composting
Ploughing in fields
Hog feeding
Grinding and discharging into sewers
Salvaging
Fermentation and biological digestion
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Open burning
Not an ideal method in the presentday context
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Dumping into Sea
Possible only in coastal cities
Refuse shall be taken in barges
sufficiently far away from the coast(15-30 km) and dumped there
Very costly
Not environment friendly
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Sanitary Landfilling
Simple, cheap, and effective
A deep trench (3 to 5 m) is excavated
Refuse is laid in layers Layers are compacted with some
mechanical equipment and covered withearth, levelled, and compacted
With time, the fill would settle Microorganisms act on the organic
matter and degrade them
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Sanitary Landfilling
Decomposition is similar to that incomposting
Facultative bacteria hydrolyze complexorganic matter into simpler water solubleorganics
These diffuse through the soil where fungiand other bacteria convert them to carbon
dioxide and water under aerobic conditions Aerobic methanogenic bacteria utilize the
methane generated and the rest diffusesinto the atmosphere
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Sanitary Landfilling
Too much refuse shall not be buried firehazard
Moisture content not less than 60% for good
biodegradation Refuse depth more than 3m danger of
combustion due to compression of bottomlayers hence should be avoided
Refuse depth is generally limited to 2m
Temperature in the initial stages ofdecomposition as high as 70 degree C then drops
Reclaimed areas may be used for other uses
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Engineered Landfills
Bottom of the trench is lined withimpervious material to prevent the
leachate from contaminatinggroundwaters
A well designed and laid out leachatecollection mechanism is to be provided
Leachate so collected is treated andthen disposed of
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.A Typical Sanitary Landfill
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A Typical Sanitary Landfill
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Components of a TypicalLandfill
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MSW Landfill Gas
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Incineration
A method suited for combustiblerefuse
Refuse is burnt Suited in crowded cities where sites
for land filling are not available
High construction and operationcosts
Sometimes used to reduce the
volume of solid wastes for land filling
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Incineration
Primary chamber designed tofacilitate rapid descication of moistrefuse and complete combustion of
refuse and volatile gases A ledge or drying hearth is provided for
this purpose Secondary chamber between the
primary chamber and the stacktemperatures above 700 degree C
All unburnt and semiburnt material arecompletely burnt here
An Incinerator
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An Incinerator
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Waste to Energy Combustors
Incinerators Refuse was burnedwithout recovering energy exhaust
gas is very hot
exceeds theacceptable inlet temperature forelectrostatic precipitators used forparticulate emission control
Modern combustors combine solidwaste combustion with energy recovery
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Combustors
Storage pit for storing and sortingincoming refuse
Crane for charging the combustion box
Combustion chamber consisting of bottomgrates on which combustion occurs
Grates on which refuse moves
Heat recovery system of pipes in whichwater is turned to steam
Ash handling systems
Air pollution control systems
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Combustors
Grates Provide turbulence so that theMSW can be thoroughly burned, moves
the refuse down, provides underfire airto the refuse through openings in it (toassist in combustion as well as to coolthe grates)
Operating temperature of combustors ~980 to 1090 degree C
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A Typical MSW Combustor
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A Typical MSW Combustor
Grates
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Grates
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Grates
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Composting
Similar to sanitary landfilling Yields a stable end product good soil
conditioner and may be used as a base
for fertilizers Popular in developing countries Decomposable organic matter is
separated and composted Methods
Open window composting Mechanical composting
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Composting
Open window composting Refuse is placed in piles, about 1.5m high and 2.5m
wide at about 60% moisture content Heat build up in the refuse piles due to biological
activity temperature rises to about 70 degree C Pile is turned up for cooling and aeration to avoid
anaerobic conditions Moisture content is adjusted to about 60% Piled again temperature rises to about 70 degree C The above operations are repeated After a few days (~ 7 to 10 weeks) temperature
drops to atmospheric temperature indication ofstabilisation of compost
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Composting
Mechanical composting
Process of stabilisation is expedited
by mechanical devices of turning thecompost
Compost is stabilised in about 1 to 2weeks
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Composting
Methods used in India
Indore method aerobic brick pits 3 x 3 x 1 m upto 8-12 weeks materials are turned regularly inthe pits and then kept on ground for about 4-6weeks 6 to 8 turnings in total
Bangalore method anaerobic earthen trenches10 x 1.5 x 1.5 m left for decomposition takes 4
to 5 months
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Vermicomposting
Ideal for biodegradable wastes fromkitchens, hotels etc
At household level, a vessel or tray
more than 45 cm deep, and 1 x 0.60mmay be sufficient
A hole shall be provided at one end inthe bottom for draining the leachate out
into a tray or vessel Lay a 1 thick layer of baby metal or
gravel at the bottom of the tray
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Vermicomposting
Above that lay an old gunny bag ora piece of thick cloth, a layer of
coconut husk upside down over itand above that a 2 thick layer ofdry leaves and dry cow dung
(powdered) Lay the biodegradable waste over
it
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Vermicomposting
Introduce good quality earthwormsinto it (~ 10 g for 0.6 x 0.45 x
0.45 m box) If the waste is dry, sprinkle water
over it daily
Rainwater should not fall into thetray or vessel or box
Keep it closed
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Vermicomposting
If the box is kept under bright sunearthworms will go down and compost
can be taken from the top Compost can be dried and stored
Continue putting waste into the box
Add little cow dung at intervals
Do not use vermiwash directly. Dilute inthe ratio 1:10 before use
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Disposal by ploughing into fields
Not very commonly used
Not environment friendly in
general
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Disposal by hog feeding
Garbage is fed to animals like hog,swines etc
Raw feeding may lead to diseases inthese animals
Hence garbage may be heated upto 100degree C as a precaution before feeding
to kill disease causing bacteria
Not very popular
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Grinding and discharging intosewers
Not common in India
Refuse is ground well in grinders
and then fed into sewers Disposal of garbage into sewers
BOD and TSS increases by 20-30%
Disposal of residual refuse still aproblem
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Salvaging
Materials like paper, metal, glass,rags, certain types of plastic etc
can be salvaged, recycled, andreused
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Fermentation or BiologicalDigestion
Garbage is placed in air tight sealedtanks for about 10 days and then in the
presence of air for about 15-20 days Digested refuse a good soil
conditioner
Leachate from the tank may be
recirculated for keeping the garbagewet for proper digestion
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Future Strategy
Biodegradable Waste convert tocompost
Recycle whatever is possible Hazardous wastes dispose it by
suitable methods
Landfill or incinerate the rest
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The Key to SWM
The Three RsReduce
Refuse
Recycle
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