1 general botany نبات عام biob 101 نبت 101 dr. trabelsi souad chapter 2 : plant taxonomy...

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GENERAL BOTANY عام نبات BIOB 101 101نبت

Dr. TRABELSI SOUAD

Chapter 2 : Plant Taxonomy

First year / second semester

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

العربية المملكة

السعودية

التعليم وزارة

العالي

طيبة جامعة

كلية العلوم واآلداب بينبع

قسم األحياء

أحياء تخصص

دقيقة

ه 1431/1432

Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia

Ministry Of Higher Education

Taibah University

Faculty of Science and Arts-Yanbu

Biology Department

Microbiology Branch

2010/2011

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General Botany BIOB 101

PLANTS TAXONOMYTaxonomy : The of science tbranch hat classifies life into groups.

Carolus Linnaeus pioneered the grouping of organisms based on two

parts scientific names using Latin: binomial

nomenclature. This classification was based on

physical similarities and differences.

Today, taxonomic classification is much more complex and takes into

account cellular types and organization,

biochemical similarities, and genetic similarities.

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General Botany BIOB 101

Linnaeus published the first edition

of Systema Naturae in the year

1735. He outlines his ideas for the

hierarchical classification of the

natural world, dividing it into:

animal kingdom (Regnum animale),

plant kingdom (Regnum vegetabile),

mineral kingdom (Regnum lapideum).

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Title page of the 1758 edition of Linnaeus's Systema Naturæ

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General Botany BIOB 101

Living organisms

3 DOMAINSBacteria

Archea

Eukarya

6 KINGDOMSEubacteria

Archeabacteria

Protista

Fungi

Animalia

Plantae

Actual classification of living organisms

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General Botany BIOB 101

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Classification of living organisms

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Kingdoms are divided into groups called phylums

Phylums are subdivided into classes

Classes are subdivided into orders

Orders are subdivided into families

Families are divided into genera

Genuses contain closely related species

2. Plants Taxonomy General Botany BIOB 101

Levels of classification :

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General Botany BIOB 101

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General Botany BIOB 101

The plant kingdom includes nonvascular and vascular plants. * Nonvascular plants (NonTracheophyta) lack a water-conducting system of tubular cells (called xylem tissue), and do not have true roots, stems and leaves. Like algae and fungi, the plant body of some nonvascular plants is often called a thallus. Nonvascular plants are called Bryophytes, including the mosses and liverworts. * The vast majority of the plant kingdom are vascular (Tracheophyta) , with tubular, water-conducting cells called xylem tissue. Like a microscopic pipeline system, they are arranged end-to-end from the roots to the leaves. Unlike nonvascular plants, they have true roots, stems and leaves.

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General Botany BIOB 101

More primitive vascular plants that reproduce by spores, but without seeds, are called pteridophytes, and include the 4 phyla: Psilophyta (whisk ferns), Lycophyta (club mosses), Sphenophyta (horsetails), and Pterophyta (ferns). Seed-bearing vascular plants are called spermatophytes and include the primitive gymnosperms (Naked seeds) (with immature seeds or ovules naked and exposed directly to pollen) and the more advanced angiosperms (with ovules enclosed in an ovary that ripens into a fruit). Gymnosperms include the 4 phyla Cycadophyta (cycads), Ginkgophyta (maidenhair tree), Gnetophyta (mormon tea & the bizarre South African Welwitschia), and the Coniferophyta (conifers). The angiosperms are placed in the single phylum Anthophyta which includes all the flowering plants and 90 percent of all the plant kingdom.

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Plants classificationPlants

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General Botany BIOB 101

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Plant kingdom classification

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Gymno-sperms

Pterido-phytes AngiospermsBryophytes

The four major groups of plants

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General Botany BIOB 101

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Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)

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General Botany BIOB 101

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Pterophytes Phylum Pterophyta Ferns Horsetails

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General Botany BIOB 101

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Gymnosperms Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers) .

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General Botany BIOB 101

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Angiosperms Phylum Anthophyta (flowering plants)

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General Botany BIOB 101

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

ICBNThe International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name that is accepted worldwide. The value of a scientific name is that it is an identifier; it is not necessarily of descriptive value, or even accurate.

2. Plants Taxonomy