& beyond the ideological struggle soviet & eastern bloc nations [“iron curtain”] us...
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& Beyond
WHAT IS THE COLD WAR?
The Ideological StruggleSoviet &
Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron
Curtain”]
US & the Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-wide Communism
GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear proliferation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist & command economy vs. Democratic & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. - Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Established 1945
Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe develop as buffer between Democracies of Western Europe
Truman Doctrine [1947]
1. Civil War in Greece.
2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.
3. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.CONTAIN COMMUNISM
Marshall Plan [1948]
1. “European Recovery Program.”
2. Secretary of State, George Marshall
3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.
4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].
Provide aid to Europe & prevent the spread of COMMUNISM
Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Communist takeover of China in 1949
Creates 2nd world power that is
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U.S.S.R.
} Albania
} Bulgaria
} Czechoslovakia
} East Germany
} Hungary
} Poland
} Rumania
Korean War -1950-53 • A divided Korea led to war,
separated family members, and cost a million lives, including 48,000 Americans.
• Created divided Korea: North (Communist) South (Democratic)
Vietnam War -1963-1972 • Three million people died in
the Vietnam War, including 58,000 Americans.
• Communist -supported North defeated US-supported South
The Cold War was very costly in
lives.
Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the
technological edge!
Berlin Wall (1961)• Divided the city into communist
East Berlin and free (democratic) West Berlin
• Historic symbol of Communism• Taken down in 1989
Cuban
Rev
olut
ion
• Fidel Castro led a communist takeover of Cuba• Feared U.S. b/c of close proximity• Bay of Pigs Invasion - U.S. attempted to remove
Castro• U.S. trained Cuban refugees, failed due to U.S. not providing air
support
Video
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
• U.S. demanded Soviet nuclear missiles be removed from Cuba
• Created a 13 day standoff between U.S. and U.S.S.R.
• Closest the world has ever come to nuclear war
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Conflicts of the Cold War• Nicaragua (1979)
– Contra’s (U.S. Supported) vs. Sandinistas (Communist Supported)
– Iran/ Contra Affair
• Afghanistan (1979)– Soviet attempt to take over Afghanistan with
communism & military– Defeated by Tribal Rebels (U.S. Supported)
• El Salvador (1982)– Revolution between dictatorships and socialist
backed guerillas. – U.S. supported military dictatorships
Soviet Communismvs.
Chinese Communism
Link
Soviet Communism vs. Chinese Communism
Political Systems and their characteristics:
1. Theocracy – Government run by religious leaders
2. Absolute Monarchy – Ruler w/ complete authority
3. Democracy – Government in which the people hold the power
4. Republic – Government where officials are chosen by the people
5. Oligarchy – Government where the ruling power belongs to a few people
6. Limited Monarchy – Government where a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s power
7. Totalitarianism – Government where a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens’ lives
Factors that led to Communism in China
Japanese Imperialism extreme devastation of Chinese cities and the
economy by the Japanese invasion during WW II
Bayonetting practice
Public executions
Live human dissections
Japanese Aggression1931 - 1945
Japanese Aggression1931 - 1945
Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai
Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai
The Japanese Invasion 1937
The Japanese Invasion 1937
Japanese Bayonet Practice
Japanese Bayonet Practice
Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted
by Japanese Soldiers
Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted
by Japanese Soldiers
Beheadings Took Place in Public!
Beheadings Took Place in Public!
Chinese Prisoners Were Often
Beheaded & Displayed
Chinese Prisoners Were Often
Beheaded & Displayed
UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections
UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections
Factors that led to Communism in China
Communist Revolution, 1946-1949
A civil war between Mao Zedong’s Communist Red Army and Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) national forces at the end of WWII
Soviet Union supported the Red Army (Mao)
U.S. supported the Nationalist Army (Chain Kai-shek)
The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949
The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949
Factors that led to Communism in China
Mao defeated the nationalists in 1949 Established a Communist government on the mainland
The Nationalist retreated to Taiwan
Communists took over Tibet in 1950
Great Leap Forward, 1958
Great Leap Forward, 1958► 5 year plan to increase
agriculture and industry
► Communes groups of people who live &
work together property held in common had production quotas
► Failed due to poor quality of products & poor weather hurt agriculture
Communist China Under Mao
Communist China Under Mao
► Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society
► Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place
► Schools shut down & students revolted
► Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers
Communism Comparisons
Soviet: Proletariat (worker)
Revolution
Five-Year Plan(s)
Great Purges
Industrialization
Chinese:
Peasant Revolution
Great Leap Forward
Red Guards
Agrarian Society
Soviet vs. Chinese
Contributing factor: Extreme devastation of cities and the economy by Japanese
invasion during WWII
Chinese
Soviet vs. Chinese
Contributing factor: inequality of the classes, famine, and devastation during
WWI.
Soviet
Soviet vs. Chinese
One-party totalitarian state
Both
Soviet vs. Chinese
Civil War between Communists and Nationalist
Both
Soviet vs. Chinese
Proletariat (worker) revolution
Soviet
Soviet vs. Chinese
Communist government established in 1949
Chinese
Soviet vs. Chinese
Peasant revolution
Chinese
Soviet vs. Chinese
Five-Year Plan
Soviet
Soviet vs. Chinese
Great Leap Forward
Chinese
Soviet vs. Chinese
Great Purges
Soviet
Soviet vs. Chinese
Red Guards
Chinese
Soviet vs. Chinese
Took over Tibet in 1950
Chinese
Soviet vs. Chinese
Collectivization: the pooling of resources to increase efficiency
Both
Soviet vs. Chinese
Industrial Economy
Soviet
Soviet vs. Chinese
Agrarian (agriculture) society
Chinese
Soviet vs. Chinese
Maintained control over satellite states in Central an Eastern Europe
Soviet
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