amos 2010 - governança e governamentalidade

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Educao e PesquisaPrint versionISSN 1517-9702

Educ. Pesqui. vol.36 no.spe So Paulo Apr. 2010

http://dx.doi.o!/10.1590/S1517-97022010000"0000#

Governance and governmentality: relation andrelevance of two prominent social scientificconcepts for comparative education

Karin Amos

$%i&esit' o( )ue*i%!e%

+ai% ,os is po(esso o( Educatio% at the $%i&esit' o( )ue*i%!e%ea%'. She hods a doctoa de!ee i% ,eica% Studies $%i&esit' o(Eichsttt 19923 a%d has co%ducted a post-doctoa stud' 4a*iitatio%3 o%the eatio% o( educatio% a%d the co%stitutio% o( e*eship i% the %atio%acou%it' $%i&esit' o( a%6(ut 20023. . ,os has pu*ished 8ide'o% educatio%a topics such as: copaati&e a%d i%tecutua educatio% o%

the oe o( i%te%atio%a o!a%iatio%s o% educatio% poic' a%d o% the schoocaees o( i!a%t stude%ts. +ai% ,os is co-edito o( the ou%a Euopea%Educatio% ;EShape3< Eiehu%!s8isse%scha(tiche =e&ue +i%6hadt3

Abstract,!ai%st the *ac6!ou%d o( a cha%!i%! eatio% *et8ee% the state a%d >its> educatio% s'ste the pese%tco%ti*utio% (ocuses o% t8o co%cepts that ca% *e used as a%a'tica toos i% ode to a%a'e the cue%tta%s(oatio%s.>o&e%a%ce> is oe co%ce%ed 8ith tech%ica issues: 8ith i%stue%ts a%d odes pocedues a%d actos 8ith

thei co%steatio%s a%d (os o( coopeatio%. It (ocuses eseach o% questio%s such as: 8ho po&ides educatio%ase&ices 8hat is the eatio% *et8ee% pu*ic a%d pi&ate educatio% etc. It is aso &e' use(u i% i%&esti!ati%! theeatio% *et8ee% the &aious e&es o( a%a'sis a%d has po&e% paticua' use(u (o a% adequate theoeticau%desta%di%! o( the oe o( i%te%atio%a o!a%iatio%s i% shapi%! educatio%a poicies. Socioo!' a%d poiticascie%ce ae the t8o discipi%es ost poi%e%t' associated 8ith ea*oati%! the co%cept u%de &aiouspespecti&es. o&e%e%tait' o% the othe ha%d athou!h shai%! a%' chaacteistics 8ith !o&e%a%ce is aoucaudia% te co%ce%ed 8ith the !e%eatio% o( di((ee%t su*?ecti&ities thou!h tech%iques a%d odes o( ui%!a%d !uidi%! i% a% e%copassi%! se%se. o&e%e%tait' thus i%cudes i%&esti!atio%s o( the t'pica oucaudia%6%o8ed!e/po8e %exus. @oth pespecti&es ae *ou!ht to!ethe to discuss the ipicatio%s (o copaati&eeducatio%.

Keywords: o&e%a%ce A o&e%e%tait' A Educatio% poic' A oucaut A Educatio%a !o&e%a%ce.

o&e%a%ce a%d !o&e%e%tait' de%ote t8o co%cepts ooted i% di((ee%t discipi%a' a%d i%teectua taditio%s thatco%&e!e aou%d a coo% coe questio%: the po*eatics o( steei%! e!uati%! !o&e%i%! co%ducti%! etc. i%

cao e Pesquisa - Governance and governmentality: relation and r... http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1517-97022010000400003&scri...

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ode% societ' A 8ith e!ads to i%di&iduas o!a%iatio%s s'stes the state a%d societ' at a!e.

)he de*ate o% !o&e%a%ce ee!ed i% the poitica a%d socia scie%ces a%d (ocuses o% cha%!es i%6ed to %e8co%steatio%s o( the states eatio%s 8ith socia a((ais i% the *oadest se%se. I% this espect !o&e%a%ce ee!edas a %e8 te to a%a'e these cha%!es i% a %atio%-state co%text as 8e as i% i%te%atio%a eatio%s.

, succi%ct e%dei%! o( the oi!i%s a%d de&eope%ts o( the te i% the especti&e acadeic discipi%es i.e. i%socioo!' a%d poitica scie%ce has *ee% po&ided i% a shot pape *' =e%ate ;a'%t 200"< see aso 20093. )heeshe dei%eates the especti&e pespecti&es a%d chaacteistics o( the di((ee%t discipi%a' co%texts ioed i% thedi((ee%ces *et8ee% acto-ce%teed a%d i%stitutio%-ce%teed ea%i%!s< she aso ephasies that !o&e%a%ce a%d

steei%! ae %ot ide%tica co%cepts. She i%sists that !o&e%a%ce is *oade e%copassi%! %ot o%' %ao8questio%s o( steei%! *ut aso *oade issues o( e!uatio%. )he discussio% o( !o&e%a%ce is aso i%6ed to thecha%!i%! eatio%s *et8ee% the %atio%a a%d i%te%atio%a e&es 8hee the adoptio% o( the te !o&e%a%ce i%i%te%atio%a eatio%s (oo8s its o8% discipi%a' taditio%s. , a%da6 o( the use o( !o&e%a%ce i% this co%textcetai%' is the 1992 pu*icatio% *' =ose%au a%d Bepie o&e%a%ce 8ithout o&e%e%t: Cde a%d Bha%!e i%Dod Poitics 8hich ti!!eed a 8idespead co%ce% 8ith issues o( !o*a !o&e%a%ce. I% this co%textI%te%atio%a =e!ie )heo' shoud *e e%tio%ed =itt*e!e 199#< 4ase%ce&e et a. 19973 as 8e as itsappopiatio%s i% copaati&e educatio% Paeia do ,aa 2007< =adt6e 2003.

,s a !e%ea de(i%itio% o( !o&e%a%ce a disti%ctio% ca% *e ade *et8ee% a *oad a%d a %ao8 se%se. I% the *oadse%se !o&e%a%ce e(es to di((ee%t echa%iss epo'ed to *i%! ode to a popuatio% o( actos *' adaptatio%%e!otiatio% ode a%d o*edie%ce< i% a %ao8 se%se it e(es to the di((ee%t (os o( pupose(u acti%! o(coecti&e co%ce%s ;a'%t 2009 p. F3. )he %et8o6-i6e stuctues o( !o&e%a%ce the shi(ti%! aea o( speci(ic

acto co%steatio%s i% socia a%d educatio%a poic' ha&e aised a%' questio%s co%ce%i%! (o exape issues o(e!itiac' a%d authoit' see aso =adt6e i% this &oue3.

)he easo% 8h' !o&e%a%ce has *ecoe a% ipota%t te i% educatio%a poic' a%d educatio%a eseach iseated to po(ou%d cha%!es i% the aea o( educatio%. )hese cha%!es co%ce% speci(ica' the i%stue%ts a%d 8a'so( steei%! %e8 (os o( po&idi%! a%d o!a%ii%! educatio%a se&ices a%d the ee!e%ce o( %e8 actos i%educatio%a poic'.

I% a &e' di((ee%t co%text ocated i% the i%testices o( &aious discipi%es t'pica o( his 8o6 !o&e%e%tait' 8ascoi%ed *' ;iche oucaut 19913 a%d the% ta6e% up i% a% i%tediscipi%a' (ied to *ecoe 6%o8% as!o&e%e%tait' studies a ich a%d ai(ied i%te%atio%a i%teectua e%dea&o o( theoii%! a%d eseachi%! (o acitica o&e&ie8 see Ge6e 2007 pp "7-"< (o a descipti&e o%e see i'a 200F3.

It de%otes a co%ce% 8ith the !e%ea po*eatic o( ui%! steei%! a%d !o&e%i%! i% ode% societies i% a

a?o aeas o( the state the eco%o' the oikos i. e. the (ai' a%d chide% A *oth 8ith e!ads to othes as8e as i% the se%se o( se(-tech%iques. Its oi!i% as a oucaudia% te aead' i%dicates that !o&e%e%tait' has&e' *oad a%d ich phiosophica a%d histoica oots< it is a te o( eta-a%a'sis that a' aso *e used tocitica' e(ect o% the (i%di%!s o( !o&e%a%ce eseach.

oucaut !i&es us a succi%ct de(i%itio% o( !o&e%e%tait':

1. )he e%se*e (oed *' the i%stitutio%s pocedues a%a'ses a%d e(ectio%s the cacuatio%s a%dtactics that ao8 the execise o( this &e' speci(ic a*eit copex (o o( po8e 8hich has as its ta!etpopuatio% as its pi%cipa (o o( 6%o8ed!e poitica eco%o' a%d as its esse%tia tech%ica ea%sappaatuses o( secuit'. 2. )he te%de%c' 8hich o&e a o%! peiod a%d thou!hout the Dest hassteadi' ed to8ads the pe-ei%e%ce o&e a othe (os so&eei!%t' discipi%e etc3 o( this t'pe o(po8e 8hich a' *e teed !o&e%e%t esuti%! o% the o%e ha%d i% the (oatio% o( a 8hoeseies o( speci(ic !o&e%e%ta appaatuses a%d o% the othe i% the de&eope%t o( a 8hoe copexo( sa&ois. #. )he pocess o athe the esut o( the pocess thou!h 8hich the state o( ?ustice o( the;idde ,!es ta%s(oed i%to the adi%istati&e state dui%! the (i(tee%th a%d sixtee%th ce%tuies!adua' *ecoes !o&e%e%taied. @uche/odo%/;ie 1991: 102-10#3

)he sto' o( this oucaudia% co%cept is 8e 6%o8%: )he ectues hed at the BoH!e de a%ce i% 1977 a%d 197F8ee (i%a' pu*ished i% a%ce i% 200" the ea% &esio% appeaed aso i% 200" u%de the titeo&e%e%tait' I a%d II< the E%!ish &esio% appeaed i% 2007 etai%i%! the ea*oate *ut aso oe a*i!uous:Secuit' )eito' Popuatio% o( the e%ch tite. Dith the pu*icatio% o( these ectues it *ecae cea thatoucaut had %ot ?ust ade a (e8 a%d scatteed e(ee%ces to ea*oate o% his %eoo!is !ou&e%ee%tait *uts'steatica' dei%eated a (ied o( i%&esti!atio%. Bhaacteistic o( oucauts appoach is a eatio%a co%ceptio% o(societ' a%d its i%stitutio%s co%%ecti%! the poitica a%d the su*?ecti&e eas. )he te !o&e%e%tait' is theissi%! i%6 *et8ee% oucauts t8o ai% po?ects a(te iscipi%e a%d Pu%ish o%e the !e%eao!' o( the ode%state the othe co%ce%ed 8ith ethica questio%s a !e%eao!' o( the su*?ect. Dith this po?ect he touches at the

coe o( the eatio% *et8ee% peda!o!' a%d poitics.

,s a (ist step it su((ices to sa' that *oth !o&e%a%ce a%d !o&e%e%tait' ha&e a co%ce% 8ith the state a%d 8ithstate%ess as thei coo% de%oi%ato a*eit i% &e' di((ee%t taditio%s a%d (ocus aeas. ,s o%e ast *utipota%t peii%a' o*se&atio% et e poi%t out that !o&e%a%ce paticua' i% its i%te%atio%a eatio%sse%se co%sides the ee!e%ce a%d i%(ue%ce o( the i%te%atio%a o ta%s%atio%a e&e as i%dicati&e o( a?o


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ta%s(oatio%s i% the e*edded%ess o( states a%d the esuta%t ipicatio%s o( these %e8 co%(i!uatio%s o% aeastaditio%a' co%sideed the pie tas6s a%d assi!%e%ts o( the state. Do(!a%! ;itte 2003 has coi%ed the (itti%!te Nationale Bildungssouvernitt i.e. %atio%a educatio%a so&eei!%t' to hi!hi!ht this eatio%. oucautpassed a8a' ?ust as the ipacts a%d e((ects o( these cha%!es (ist *ecae e&ide%t a%d tu%ed i%to o*?ects o( sociascie%ti(ic a%a'ses. )hee(oe athou!h oucaut is co%ce%ed 8ith the speci(ic co%stitutio% o( the ode% state a%do( ode% societies he does %ot ta%sce%d the e&e o( the %atio%a' *ou%ded a%d did %ot (ocus o% thei%te%atio%a e&e as 8oth' o( co%sideatio% i% its o8% i!ht.

)he (oo8i%! sectio%s o( this pape 8i (ocus o% the taditio%a state A educatio% eatio%ships to the% co%side thecue%t ta%s(oatio%s. )he ai% thesis is that !o&e%a%ce a%d !o&e%e%tait' pespecti&es i%tesect 8hee the

coespo%de%ce *et8ee% the steei%! a%d !o&e%i%! stuctues o( the state a%d the i%di&idua co%duct coe i%to&ie8. ;oe speci(ica' as sha *e a!ued e!uatio% echa%iss *ecoe ti!hte 8ith e!ads to *oth: thes'stes a%d the i%di&idua e&es.

Education and the state a modern nexus

)he eatio% *et8ee% educatio% a%d the state is cucia i% ou co%text. Dhe% it coes to ode% educati&eeatio%s especia' i% the (o o( educatio% s'stes it is socioo!ica %eo-i%stitutio%ais that po&ides soe o(the po(ou%dest i%si!hts i%to the u%desta%di%! o( the eatio% *et8ee% the state a%d its educatio% s'ste. Putdi((ee%t' o%e a' %ot de%' the eit o( aco-socioo!ica phe%oe%oo!ica %eo-i%stitutio%ais o( 8o6i%!out ipota%t (eatues o( the eatio%a stuctues *et8ee% the poitica i.e. the %atio%-state a%d the peda!o!ica.

I% as (a as the %atio%-state i!ht *e said to (oo8 a ode i% as (a that is as it is chaacteied *' cetai%u%i&esa taits educatio% s'stes too i!ht *e desci*ed as (ai' sta%dadied see ;e'e et a. 19973. C( thea%' eee%ts that coe to i%d hee the (oo8i%! a' *e especia' ephasied: u%i&esa access toschooi%! !ade di((ee%tiatio% a%d !ade pootio% educatio%a ceti(icates sta%dadied ea%i%! a%d teachi%!ateia sta%dadied teache tai%i%! etc. a o( 8hich ae state co%toed a%d (i%a%ced< po(essio%a educatio%apeso%%e a%d a *ueaucatic o!a%iatio% o( pu*ic educatio% A i%cudi%! socia se&ices see ;e'e/=o8a% 197F3ae (uthe exapes o( the dissei%atio% o( a u%i&esaied ode. I% a %eo-i%stitutio%a pespecti&e theisoophis o( educatio% s'stes i.e. thei te%de%cies to *ecoe i%ceasi%!' siia i% a %u*e o( 8a's 8hichis %ot to sa' the' *ecoe ai6e o e&e% ide%tica is i%6ed to thei shai%! the sae co!%iti&e cutue. ,o%! thetaits the' ha&e i% coo% ae e*eship odes pi%cipes o( atio%ait' ode% co%cepts o( i%di&iduait' o(i%di&idua pe(ecti*iit' a%d societa po!ess thou!h educatio%.

,t this poi%t it sees to *e appopiate to *i%! oucaut *ac6 i% *ecause %eo-i%stitutio%a theoists piai' (ocuso% the (act that coecti&ities a%d i%di&iduas ae poduced thou!h educatio% a%d %ot so uch o% ho8 this is do%e8hat the tech%iques epo'ed ae i6e a%d ho8 the te%sio% *et8ee% i%di&iduaii%! a%d coecti&ii%! tech%iques isdeat 8ith. ,%othe di((ee%ce *et8ee% these pespecti&es is that athou!h %eo-i%stitutio%aists a%d oucauteco!%ie the ce%tait' o( the state i% a%a'i%! ode% societa eatio%s A o( 8hich educatio% is a a?o pat Athe' di((e i% that %eo-i%stitutio%ais does %ot theoie the state *ut athe ta6es it (o !a%ted 8heeas oucautis &e' uch co%ce%ed 8ith the !e%eao!' o( the ode% state. ,t this poi%t o%e cea' disce%s a coo%ait'*et8ee% !o&e%a%ce a%d !o&e%e%tait' theoies o% the o%e ha%d *ut aso a di((ee%ce o% the othe a di((ee%cethat piai' co%sists o% 8hethe a% i%stitutio%a ce%tis is ai%tai%ed o e?ected.

I% the e*ua' (ist sessio% o( his !o&e%e%tait' ectues pu*ished (o the (ist tie sti i% 197F a%d the% i%&oue # o( its et Ecits oucaut ta6es as a stati%! poi%t a sipe o*se&atio% %ot dissiia to 8hat he haddo%e i% iscipi%e a%d Pu%ish 19773. I% this 8o6 his questio% 8as ho8 is it that quite sudde%' Deste%societies cha%!ed thei (os o( pu%ishe%tJ I% the case o( !o&e%a%ce he too stated out 8ith a% o*se&atio%.

4e %oticed that i% the 1thce%tu' questio%s o( !o&e%a%ce appeaed i% se&ea aeas: ho8 to !o&e% o%ese( ho8

to !o&e% the sous ho8 to !o&e% chide% a%d ho8 the pi%ces shoud !o&e% the states. )his sudde% co%(ue%ceo( issues o( !o&e%a%ce is ide%ti(ied as eated to the ta%s(oatio%s esuti%! i% the a!e teitoia coo%ia a%dadi%istati&e states. ,s he had 8o6ed out i% iscipi%e a%d Pu%ish thee 8as a% a pe&asi&e pese%ce o(discipi%a' tech%iques thou!hout the e%tie societ' i% the schoos i% the piso% i% the (acto' i% the a' a%dso o% poduci%! speci(ic su*?ecti&ities. )o co%cei&e o( societ' as a !o&e%a*e cha%!ea*e discipi%ed a%do!a%ia*e *od' 8as the *asis (o co%cei&i%! o( the state as a sot o( adi%istatio% u%io% o as the ea%

te has it as a Zweckgemeinschaft1. )8o ta?ectoies ae additio%a' ipota%t i% accou%ti%! (o thista%s(oatio% o( the edie&a (euda state: ei!ious dispesio% a%d a co%de%satio% a%d i%te%si(icatio% o( eatio%s!i&i%! ise to the ode% state. I% paticua thee odes o( !o&e%a%ce eated to thee aeas o( 6%o8ed!e*ecae ipota%t: the at to !o&e% o%ese( 8ith oait' the at to !o&e% the (ai' 8ith eco%o' a%d the atto !o&e% the state 8ith poitics. oucaut co%cudes this ectue 8ith a t'poo!' o( 8este% societies o( 8hich theast is desi!%ated !o&e%e%ta state. 4e *ases this ast t'pe o% the co%cept o( the popuatio% thee*' exte%di%!a%d copee%ti%! his eaie (ocus o% the e((ects o( discipi%a' tech%iques i% the (oatio% o( su*?ecti&ities. )he!o&e%e%tait' ectues thee(oe (ocus o% the d'%aics *et8ee% i%di&iduaii%! a%d totaii%! tech%oo!ies the(oe (u%dae%ta to the (oatio% o( su*?ecti&ities the atte aied at popuatio%s as a!e coecti&ities. @othaeas ae %ot u%ediated *ut cose' i%teeated< thee is a coespo%de%ce *et8ee% the shapi%! o( su*?ecti&itiesa%d the ode% state.


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)he state a%d statehood 8ee co%cei&ed *' oucaut (o the poi%t o( &ie8 o( societ' as the e((ect o( sociapactices a%d o( tech%oo!ies o( !o&e%i%!. )hus he tu%ed the issue aou%d. Not the state as o*?ect 8as o(i%teest to hi *ut the a%a'sis o( !o&e%a%ce tech%iques the state is copised o(. Dith this pespecti&e the stateis tu%ed i%to explanandum %ot see% as explanans. I%stead o( ta6i%! the a%s8es (o !a%ted he as6s: 4o8 doesa% e%se*e o( i%stitutio%s a%d poitica pocesses *ecoe a stateJ Dhat ae the eatio%s *et8ee% the state a%dci&i societ' ho8 does this ?uxtapositio% coe a*out i% the (ist paceJ

oo8i%! Ge6e 2007a3 thee aspects sha *e hi!hi!hted to u%desta%d the oucaudia% pespecti&e. ist he*eo%!s to those theoists 8ho de-o%too!ie the state. Socioo!ica pespecti&es as di((ee%t as%eo-i%stitutio%ais a%d di((ee%tiatio% theo' shae this de-o%too!ii%! &ie8 oo6i%! at the state as a coeate o(

socia pactices *ei%! i%teested i% 8hat is %o8ada's discussed as 6%o8ed!e e!ies: 4o8 do the &aious 6i%ds o(6%o8ed!e (o 6%o8ed!e s'stes that the% ceate a epese%tatio% e!ie that ope% up spaces a6e eait'copehe%si*e a%d cacua*e so that it *ecoes possi*e to stuctue a%d i%te&e%e to stee a%d to e!uate.)his 6%o8ed!e is a coposite o( di((ee%t aeas e%copassi%! co!%iti&e as 8e as a((ecti&e ha*ituaied6%o8ed!e deep' i%sci*ed i%to outi%es o( actio% a%d %oati&e oie%tatio%. )his &e' *oad &ie8 o( the statei%cudes the 6%o8ed!e poduced i% the socia scie%ces such as the oppositio%s o( stuctue a%d actio% o(i%di&idua a%d state. , o( these ae pat o( the co%stitutio% o( statehood i% that the' ceate the s'*oici%(astuctue 8ithi% 8hich the state is ocated a%d the 8a' su*?ects de(i%e thei eatio% to the state. )his &ie8 is*oth siia a%d dissiia to %eo-i%stitutio%aist a%ti-eais. I% the (i%a a%a'sis the sto%! a%d aost excusi&e(ocus o% s'*os a%d 'ths chaacteistic o( %eo-i%stitutio%ais is %ot ioed i% oucauts co%cept.

oucaut a's !eat stess o% tech%oo!' i% eatio% to !o&e%a%ce. oucauts a%a'sis o( !o&e%a%ce is co%ce%ed8ith ho8 (os o( su*?ecti&it' i(e st'es a%d !e%de e!ies ae pactica' poduced. )hese pactices 8oud

i%cude ph'sica discipi%e *ut aso poitica tech%oo!ies a%d tech%oo!ies o( the se(. )he atte ao8 i%di&iduasthese&es to i%(ue%ce thei *odies thei sous thei thou!hts thei *eha&ios. It is hee at the i%tesectio% o(these di((ee%t tech%oo!ies 8hee the a*o&e stated i%6 *et8ee% the histo' o( ode% su*?ecti&it' a%d thehisto' o( the state *ecoes o*&ious.

Poitica tech%oo!ies e(e to a copex o( pactica pocedues i%stue%ts po!as cacuatio%s easuesa%d appaatuses to shape dispositio%s pe(ee%ces a%d odes o( acti%! 8ith e!ads to cetai% !oas. Dhiee?ecti%! a detei%istic &ie8 o( tech%oo!' oucaut u%de%ia*' sto%!' ephasies the oe o( tech%oo!ies i%!i&i%! ea%i%! a%d sta*iit' to i%stitutio%s.

i%a' thee is the die%sio% o( the state as e((ect i%stue%t a%d (ied o( poitica state!ies. State actio% is a%e((ect o( state!ies *ecause it ca%%ot *e atti*uted to a si%!e a%d cohee%t acto *ut is the esut o( co%(icti%!a%d copeti%! !o&e%a%ce pactices. @o* essop co%cus 8ith this pespecti&e *' equa' stessi%! the eatio%aa%d thee(oe po&isio%a chaacte o( state po?ects essop 19903. Situati%! the state i% a 8e* o( !o&e%a%ceeatio%s does %ot ea% to see i% the state %othi%! *ut a seco%da' cate!o' A to the co%ta': )he state ta6es astate!ic positio% 8ithi% societa eatio%s. )he state is aso i%stue%t o( state!ic acti%! i% that it is ipicated i%ceati%! a ii%a teito' 8hee (u%dae%ta disti%ctio%s coe i%to pa': citie% a%d (oei!%e pi&ate a%d pu*ic8hee decisio%s ae ade o&e 8ho is potected *' the state a%d 8ho is %ot the co%ditio%s o( access to pu*icesouces etc. )he state is aso a (ied pi&ie!i%! soe actos 8hie i!%oi%! othes po&idi%! soe 8itho!a%iatio%a i%(astuctues *ut %ot othes.

)he !e%ea pespecti&e o( this is &e' cose to the %eo-i%stitutio%a %otio% o( the top-do8% co%stitutio% o( ode%actos: states o!a%iatio%s a%d i%di&iduas. )he actos ae co%stituted *' thei (oo8i%! u%i&esaied odes%ot *' se(-ceatio%. )he ode% i%di&idua is a societa phe%oe%o% %ot a su*?ecti&e o%e.

Education and the state characteristics of a modern relationDhat does the %exus outi%ed a*o&e ea% oe speci(ica'J

I% paticua 8ith e!ad to the ode% state as a %atio%-state thee is a &e' ipota%t %ot to sa' ce%taeatio% *et8ee% the peda!o!ica a%d the poitica that is assiiati%! i%di&iduas to the %atio% as a% eth%iccou%it'. )he pastoa (o o( !o&e%a%ce that oucaut has cea' ide%ti(ied as po&idi%! the potot'pe o(ode% !o&e%a%ce eatio%s is &e' ti!ht' i%6ed to the peda!o!ica. oi%! *ac6 to a%tiquit' it *ecae the pieode o( !o&e%a%ce i% Bhistia%it' i% that a specia eatio% 8as (oed *et8ee% the pasto as shephed a%d his(oc6 the i%iste a%d his cou%it'. )his ode does %ot coece *ut is de(i%ed *' a% ethics o( cae u%de theotto: omnes et singulatimA each a%d a. )he a%cie%t ia!e o( !uidi%! a%d sa&i%! sous is o%e o( the achet'peso( ode% peda!o!' a%d its ai% co%ce% is %ot the discipi%i%! o( the *od' *ut the steei%! o( the sou thei%(ue%ci%! o( attitudes a%d dispositio%s. It is had' accide%ta that thee is a sto%! histoica i%6 *et8ee%

peda!o!' a%d theoo!' 8ith epecussio%s thou!hout the e%tie 19thce%tu'. ,s uch as o%e i!ht *e teptedto see hee the ea% Sonderwego( the Geisteswissenschaftliche Pdagogik the s'steatic eatio% ca% *eide%ti(ied i% a%' di((ee%t co%texts 8hate&e the speci(ic odi(icatio%s i!ht *e. ,s coo*oatio% to this cai I8oud i6e to quote a&id Go'ds a%d Pau )hoas Butue a%d the State 199F3 a *oo6 that i%&esti!ates the

coeatio% *et8ee% theoies o( cutue a%d theoies o( the state i% the ate 1F thce%tu'. I% thei e%ditio% thepastoa (i!ues poi%e%t' i% the 8iti%!s o( Dods8oth a%d Boeid!e. ,t issue hee is %ot a% i%%e


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di((ee%tiatio% o( the 'ou%! pat o( the popuatio% i%to &aious se!e%ts *ut a% assiiatio% o( a o( the as(utue citie%s. )his assiiatio% ta6es pace thou!h epese%tati&e%ess a%d exepait'. +%o8ed!e o( thecutua taditio%s as 8e as u%i('i%! a%d hoo!e%ii%! pactices coe i%to pa' o% this %o%-di((ee%tiati%! e&e.)he especti&e 6%o8ed!e (o 8oud *e that o( the u%i&esa chid o pupi 8ithout socia oi!i% !e%de a%d coo.Its 6e' co%cept is Bildung o as 4ei%-iete ;e'e 2003 has co%&i%ci%!' a!ued the ,eica% coo% schooas its equi&ae%t.

@ut the peda!o!ica is equa' ipicated i% *ea6i%! up as it 8ee the popuatio% as a coecti&it' i%to se!e%tsa%d the% soti%! the se!e%ts accodi%! to the peda!o!ica i%te&e%tio%s the' ae pote%tia' su*?ect to. I% thise!ad it is i%6ed to Ia% 4ac6i%!s a%a'sis o( oa statistics 19F3. )his ei%de o( the ee!e%ce o( oa

statistics is ipota%t *ecause this aea too is cose' eated to !o&e%a%ce eatio%s. Peda!o!ica 6%o8ed!e ispoduced a*out the eatio% *et8ee% peso%a dispositio%s a%d a*iities a%d thei especti&e educatio%ai%te&e%tio% is poduced. Dith espect to this peda!o!ica (os o( 6%o8ed!e a%d peda!o!ica pactices aeutua' co%stituti&e. )he tech%oo!ies petai%i%! to the !o&e%a%ce o( chide% i% 8hate&e (o o( peda!o!icai%te&e%tio% A i%stuctio% aid !uida%ce cou%sei%! A !o ha%d i% ha%d 8ith the coespo%di%! 6%o8ed!e o( thepaticua !oup that is the o*?ect o( such i%te&e%tio%s. ;aia%%e @och )hoas Pop6e8it a%d coea!ues ha&esho8% i% se&ea studies ho8 paticua !oups ae peda!o!ica' co%stucted to *e the% addessed 8ith paticuai%te&e%tio%s o(te% 8ith paadoxica esuts. Peda!o!' %ot o%' co%stucts 6%o8ed!e addessi%! i%di&iduas theode% se( to quote Pop6e8it 200F3 o% oh% e8e' *ut aso coecti&ities poo chide% %oa chide%de&ia%t chide% at is6 chide% !i(ted chide% etc. a%6-Ca( =adt6e a%d coea!ues ha&e sho8% ho8 theeth%ica' a%d cutua' di((ee%t chid das Migrantenkind is poduced 8hich *' de(i%itio% is %ot o%' a% i%di&idua*ut the si%!e e%tit' o( a coecti&e !oup see @oes/=adt6e 199#< 4Kh%e/+u%/=adt6e 1999 seious'.I%: ;EQE= 4..< =CD,N @. Eds.3. The new institutionalism in education. Ne8 Qo6: S$NQ Pess 200 p.51-. X Gi%6sY

;EQE= . D.< @CGI .< )4C;,S . ;.< =,;I=EL . C. Dod societ' a%d the %atio%-state. American 7ournal of1ociology &. 10# %. 1 1997 p. 1""-1F1. X Gi%6sY

;EQE= 4.-.< =CD,N @. Eds.3. The new institutionalism in education. Ne8 Qo6: S$NQ Pess 200. X Gi%6sY

;EQE= . D.< =CD,N @. )he stuctue o( educatio%a o!a%iatio%s. I%: ;EQE= ;. D. et a. Environments andorgani3ations. Sa% a%cisco u. a.: osse'-@ass Pu*ishes 197F p. 7F-109. X Gi%6sY

RRRRR. I%stitutio%a o!a%iatio% as 'th a%d ceeo%'. American 7ournal of 1ociology &. F# %. 2 1977 p.#"0-##. X Gi%6sY

;EQE= . D.< SBC)) D. =.< E,G ). . I%stitutio%a a%d tech%ica souces o( o!a%iatio%a stuctues:Expai%i%! the stuctue o( educatio%a o!a%iatio%s. I%: ;EQE= . D.< SBC)) D. =. 8rgani3ationalenvironments. =itua a%d atio%ait'. @e&e' 4is u.a.: Sa!e 19F# p. "5-7. X Gi%6sY

;I))E= D. @idu%!ssou&e%itt u%d Schut!escha(t i% Euopa i% histoisch-&e!eiche%de Sicht. I%:

,NDEIGE= C.< ;I))E= D. Eds.3. $ildungssouver+nit+t im 9andel. @iee(ed: $%i&esitt @iee(ed 200 p.5-20. X Gi%6sY

;$NQ +. Educatio%a utiateais a%d 8od dis3ode. "omparative Education !eview &. "2 %. " 199Fp. ""F-"7F. X Gi%6sY

C@,;, @. *repared remar%s of president $arac% 8bama: *ac6 to schoo e&e%t. ,i%!to% i!i%iaSepte*e F 2009. ispo%T&e e: Uhttp://888.8hitehouse.!o&/ediaesouces/PepaedSchoo=ea6s/.,cesso e: 12 de. 2009. X Gi%6sY

P,==EI=, C ,;,=,G ;. =e!iea%sat - ,%%heu%! a% ei% 8et8eites @idu%!se!ie. Tertium"omparationis &. 1# %. 2 2007 p. 157-1F2. X Gi%6sY

PCP+EDI)L ). S. 1truggling for the soul: the poitics o( schooi%! a%d the co%stuctio% o( the teache. Ne8

Qo6: )eaches Boe!e Pess 199F. X Gi%6sY

RRRRR. Ed.3. 2nventing the modern self and 7ohn #ewey: ode%ities a%d the ta&ei%! o( pa!atis i%educatio%.@asi%!sto6e: Pa!a&e ;acia% 200F. X Gi%6sY

=,)+E .-C. as %eue Eiehu%!se!ie.I%: =CS) $. 4!.3 4nternehmen $ildung: ie a%6(uteEi%spOche u%d 6o%to&ese Positio%e% u a6tuee% @idu%!se(o. So%dehe(t de iete?ahsschi(t (ODisse%scha(tiche Pda!o!i6 200 p. "5-"9. X Gi%6sY

=,$SB4EN@,B4 ). +o%tue% ei%e %eue% soiae% @idu%!spaxisJ @idu%! Eiehu%! u%d @eteuu%! i% deo((e%e% a%ta!sschue. I%: CPIEG+, ;. Ed.3. $ildungsreform als 1o3ialreform. Lu Lusae%ha%! &o%@idu%!s u%d Soiapoiti6 Dies*ade%: S ea! 2005 p. F9-111. X Gi%6sY

=EIN,G, @.< E=@EE+ @. Eds.3. Autonomous policy ma%ing by international organi3ations. Go%do%:

=outed!e 199F. X Gi%6sY

=I))@E=E= . Ed.3. !egime theory and international relations. Cx(od: Bae%do% Pess 199#. X Gi%6sY

=CSEN,$ .< BLE;PIEGE.-C. Eds.3. Governance without government: ode a%d cha%!e i% 8odpoitics.Ba*id!e: Ba*id!e $%i&esit' Pess 1992. X Gi%6sY

LQ;E+ @. !egionalit+t und 2nternationalit+t, -obilisierung und 2nternationalisierung. "2. @eihe(t L(Pd.@idu%!spoesse u%d Eiehu%!s&eht%isse i 20. ahhu%det Pa6tische E%t8ic6u%!e% u%d oe% de=e(exio% i histoische% +o%text 2000 p. 92-115. X Gi%6sY

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