Safe Handling Guidelines for Ammonia

GPIC IS aReSPonSIbleCaRe ComPanyResponsible Care is the cultural foundation of GPIC’s commitment to health, safety, security, communities and the environment.Although there are hazards associated with ammonia, they can be managed to minimise potential risks to people and the environment during the life cycle of ammonia.

PReSIdent’S meSSaGe

Dr. Abdulrahman Jawahery

GPIC President

In GPIC, we are committed to upholding our mission and endeavour to use only the best practices in all our manufacturing processes, systems and procedures. As a socially responsible company, we continuously strive to maintain the GPIC facility in a safe, healthy and environmentally friendly manner. Our commitment towards a responsible business management process across the lifecycle of our product’s, has resulted in our achievement of the highest quality products to the complete satisfaction of our worldwide customers and end users.

Our product handling and export facility is the main link between our process and export activities. This facility is part of critical operations that require vigilance and strict adherence to safety, health and environmental regulations and best practices. Such compliance will reduce the risk of injuries and prevent environmental pollution and ensures the delivery of best product quality throughout the supply chain cycle down to the end user, in the safest and most efficient manner.

This booklet endorses our proactive product stewardship management, reflecting our

commitments, as an accredited Responsible Care (RC 14001) organisation, as well as an active member of the industrial community on an international level; toward Protect and Sustain initiatives. The booklet outlines the objective of increasing awareness of all personnel involved in the field of handling and transporting ammonia including customers. It also highlights the importance of safety, security and hygiene and other key characteristics and aspects related to this product, namely, storage, transfer and export operations.

ContentS1- Brief About GPIC

2- What is Ammonia?

3- MSDS

4- GPIC’s Products Handling & Export Facility

5- GPIC Rules & Requirements

6- Safety & Emergency Response

7- Glossary

Page 1

Page 2

Page 3

Page 7

Page 8

Page 9

Page 11

DISCLAIMER MESSAGEThe guidelines illustrated in this book are a summary of practices that are proven to be appropriate and suitable for the handling, transport and storage of ammonia and GPIC shall not be liable for errors, omissions or incorrect use of these guidelines. The mentioned data are based on the current state of knowledge and insights, and cannot be considered as guaranteed.

Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) was formed in December 1979, as an equal partnership between the governments of Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. A site of 600,000 square metres was successfully reclaimed from the sea to house GPIC’s first petrochemical plant, namely ammonia and methanol, with production capacities of 1,000 tonnes per day of each product.

The production of ammonia was commenced on 19 June 1985 and methanol production on 2 July 1985, with the first product being exported in August 1985. In December 1989, both Ammonia and Methanol plants were expanded (debottlenecked) to capacities of 1,200 tonnes per day for each product.

In September 1995, GPIC signed a contract with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. (MHI) Japan for the design and construction of a Granular Urea Plant with a capacity of 1,700 tonnes per day. This project was successfully completed in record time and the Urea plant was commissioned successfully and production was achieved on 7 January 1998.

The challenges of climate change have always been taken

seriously at GPIC, and in order to manage our greenhouse gas emissions we commissioned the Middle East’s first Carbon Dioxide Recovery plant in 2009. The unit designed by MHI has a design capacity to capture 450 MT of carbon dioxide per day from the Methanol plant reformer stack flue gases and recycle back.

GPIC export facilities for ammonia and methanol are situated at the Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) wharf in Sitra. Two ammonia and two methanol hydraulic loading arms are utilised to load the liquid product into tanker ships. The export lines stretch over a length of around 4 km from the GPIC complex.

1- bRIef about GPICAmmonia is a commonly used chemical in commercial and household cleaners. In industry, ammonia is used in petroleum refining, to manufacture pharmaceuticals, to disinfect water and as a refrigerant. In agriculture, ammonia can be used for crop processing, fertilisers or as an anti-fungal treatment for citrus. Ammonia can also be produced naturally when stored materials such as manure, compost or other materials break down.

Ammonia can be mixed with water and sold as ammonium hydroxide or used in compressed gas as anhydrous ammonia (meaning without water). Workers in all industries should know that, despite its common usage, ammonia poses health risks and hazards that require proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and safe use and handling procedures.

The awareness of personnel involved in exporting,

transporting and storing ammonia is a prime factor with a view to ensuring that the product is handled, transported and stored, incorporating the measures for preserving its quality. This book highlights important guidelines, characteristics and precautions necessary to ensure proper care is taken to protect the product and the personnel. Terminal safety, security and environmental guidelines are also addressed in the book for the benefit of all personnel involved.

2- WHat IS ammonIa?

nH

HH

21

3- mSdS

ammonIa mateRIal Safety data SHeet

The material safety data sheet (MSDS) provides the first insight and quick reference for personnel dealing directly with the product.

4

Section 1. Chemical Product and Company Identification

Section 4. First Aid Measures

Section 2. Composition and Information on Ingredients

Section 3. Hazards Identification

Section 1. Chemical Product and Company Identification Product Name: Ammonia Synonym: Ammonia, Anhydrous Chemical Name: Ammonia Chemical Formula: NH3

Contact Information: Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company 51, Road 1401 Um Al-Baydh 614 Sitra, Kingdom of Bahrain P.O. Box : 26730 Email: SSS@gpic.net In Case of Emergency Call: +973 17 731777

!Section 2. Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition Name: CAS # % by Weight

NH3 7664-41-7 >99%

!Section 3. Hazards Identification Emergency Overview: Anhydrous Ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the

skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems.

Eye Contact: Flush eyes with large quantities of water. Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. If not breathing, administer

artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Obtain prompt medical attention.

Skin Contact: Flush affected area with large quantities of water. Remove contaminated clothing immediately. If liquid comes in contact with skin, remove contaminated clothing and flush with plenty of lukewarm water for several minutes. Seek medical attention immediately.

Emergency aid: Remove patient to uncontaminated area Eye Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum

of 20 minutes. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball for thorough rinsing. Seek medical attention.

Skin Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum of 20 minutes while removing contaminated clothing, jewellery, shoes. Do not rub or apply ointment on affected area. Clothing may initially freeze to skin. Thaw frozen clothing from skin before removing. For liquid Ammonia contact, seek immediate medical attention. For severe vapour contact or if irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Inhalation Exposure may result in severe irritation and / or burns of the nose, throat and respiratory tract. It may cause bronchospasm, pulmonary edema or respiratory arrest. Extreme exposure may result in death from spasm, inflammation or edema. Brief inhalation exposure to 5000 ppm may be fatal.

Ingestion If conscious, give large amounts of water to drink. May drink orange juice, citrus juice or diluted vinegar (1:4) to counteract Ammonia. If unconscious, do not give anything by mouth. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Seek medical attention.

Note to Physician: Bronchospasm may be treated with the use of a bronchodilator such as Albuterol and an anticholinergic inhalant such as Atrovent. Respiratory injury may appear as a delayed phenomenon. Pulmonary edema may follow chemical bronchitis. Supportive treatment with necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration.

!

Section 3. Hazards Identification Emergency Overview: Anhydrous Ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the

skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems.

Section 3. Hazards Identification Emergency Overview: Anhydrous Ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the

skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems.

Section 3. Hazards Identification Emergency Overview: Anhydrous Ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the

skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems.

Eye Contact: Flush eyes with large quantities of water. Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. If not breathing, administer

artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Obtain prompt medical attention.

Skin Contact: Flush affected area with large quantities of water. Remove contaminated clothing immediately. If liquid comes in contact with skin, remove contaminated clothing and flush with plenty of lukewarm water for several minutes. Seek medical attention immediately.

Emergency aid: Remove patient to uncontaminated area Eye Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum

of 20 minutes. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball for thorough rinsing. Seek medical attention.

Skin Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum of 20 minutes while removing contaminated clothing, jewellery, shoes. Do not rub or apply ointment on affected area. Clothing may initially freeze to skin. Thaw frozen clothing from skin before removing. For liquid Ammonia contact, seek immediate medical attention. For severe vapour contact or if irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Inhalation Exposure may result in severe irritation and / or burns of the nose, throat and respiratory tract. It may cause bronchospasm, pulmonary edema or respiratory arrest. Extreme exposure may result in death from spasm, inflammation or edema. Brief inhalation exposure to 5000 ppm may be fatal.

Ingestion If conscious, give large amounts of water to drink. May drink orange juice, citrus juice or diluted vinegar (1:4) to counteract Ammonia. If unconscious, do not give anything by mouth. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Seek medical attention.

Note to Physician: Bronchospasm may be treated with the use of a bronchodilator such as Albuterol and an anticholinergic inhalant such as Atrovent. Respiratory injury may appear as a delayed phenomenon. Pulmonary edema may follow chemical bronchitis. Supportive treatment with necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration.

!

Eye Contact: Flush eyes with large quantities of water. Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. If not breathing, administer

artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Obtain prompt medical attention.

Skin Contact: Flush affected area with large quantities of water. Remove contaminated clothing immediately. If liquid comes in contact with skin, remove contaminated clothing and flush with plenty of lukewarm water for several minutes. Seek medical attention immediately.

Emergency aid: Remove patient to uncontaminated area Eye Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum

of 20 minutes. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball for thorough rinsing. Seek medical attention.

Skin Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum of 20 minutes while removing contaminated clothing, jewellery, shoes. Do not rub or apply ointment on affected area. Clothing may initially freeze to skin. Thaw frozen clothing from skin before removing. For liquid Ammonia contact, seek immediate medical attention. For severe vapour contact or if irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Inhalation Exposure may result in severe irritation and / or burns of the nose, throat and respiratory tract. It may cause bronchospasm, pulmonary edema or respiratory arrest. Extreme exposure may result in death from spasm, inflammation or edema. Brief inhalation exposure to 5000 ppm may be fatal.

Ingestion If conscious, give large amounts of water to drink. May drink orange juice, citrus juice or diluted vinegar (1:4) to counteract Ammonia. If unconscious, do not give anything by mouth. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Seek medical attention.

Note to Physician: Bronchospasm may be treated with the use of a bronchodilator such as Albuterol and an anticholinergic inhalant such as Atrovent. Respiratory injury may appear as a delayed phenomenon. Pulmonary edema may follow chemical bronchitis. Supportive treatment with necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration.

!

Eye Contact: Flush eyes with large quantities of water. Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. If not breathing, administer

artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Obtain prompt medical attention.

Skin Contact: Flush affected area with large quantities of water. Remove contaminated clothing immediately. If liquid comes in contact with skin, remove contaminated clothing and flush with plenty of lukewarm water for several minutes. Seek medical attention immediately.

Emergency aid: Remove patient to uncontaminated area Eye Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum

of 20 minutes. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball for thorough rinsing. Seek medical attention.

Skin Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum of 20 minutes while removing contaminated clothing, jewellery, shoes. Do not rub or apply ointment on affected area. Clothing may initially freeze to skin. Thaw frozen clothing from skin before removing. For liquid Ammonia contact, seek immediate medical attention. For severe vapour contact or if irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Inhalation Exposure may result in severe irritation and / or burns of the nose, throat and respiratory tract. It may cause bronchospasm, pulmonary edema or respiratory arrest. Extreme exposure may result in death from spasm, inflammation or edema. Brief inhalation exposure to 5000 ppm may be fatal.

Ingestion If conscious, give large amounts of water to drink. May drink orange juice, citrus juice or diluted vinegar (1:4) to counteract Ammonia. If unconscious, do not give anything by mouth. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Seek medical attention.

Note to Physician: Bronchospasm may be treated with the use of a bronchodilator such as Albuterol and an anticholinergic inhalant such as Atrovent. Respiratory injury may appear as a delayed phenomenon. Pulmonary edema may follow chemical bronchitis. Supportive treatment with necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration.

!

Eye Contact: Flush eyes with large quantities of water. Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. If not breathing, administer

artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Obtain prompt medical attention.

Skin Contact: Flush affected area with large quantities of water. Remove contaminated clothing immediately. If liquid comes in contact with skin, remove contaminated clothing and flush with plenty of lukewarm water for several minutes. Seek medical attention immediately.

Emergency aid: Remove patient to uncontaminated area Eye Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum

of 20 minutes. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball for thorough rinsing. Seek medical attention.

Skin Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum of 20 minutes while removing contaminated clothing, jewellery, shoes. Do not rub or apply ointment on affected area. Clothing may initially freeze to skin. Thaw frozen clothing from skin before removing. For liquid Ammonia contact, seek immediate medical attention. For severe vapour contact or if irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Inhalation Exposure may result in severe irritation and / or burns of the nose, throat and respiratory tract. It may cause bronchospasm, pulmonary edema or respiratory arrest. Extreme exposure may result in death from spasm, inflammation or edema. Brief inhalation exposure to 5000 ppm may be fatal.

Ingestion If conscious, give large amounts of water to drink. May drink orange juice, citrus juice or diluted vinegar (1:4) to counteract Ammonia. If unconscious, do not give anything by mouth. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Seek medical attention.

Note to Physician: Bronchospasm may be treated with the use of a bronchodilator such as Albuterol and an anticholinergic inhalant such as Atrovent. Respiratory injury may appear as a delayed phenomenon. Pulmonary edema may follow chemical bronchitis. Supportive treatment with necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration.

!

Eye Contact: Flush eyes with large quantities of water. Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. If not breathing, administer

artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Obtain prompt medical attention.

Skin Contact: Flush affected area with large quantities of water. Remove contaminated clothing immediately. If liquid comes in contact with skin, remove contaminated clothing and flush with plenty of lukewarm water for several minutes. Seek medical attention immediately.

Emergency aid: Remove patient to uncontaminated area Eye Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum

of 20 minutes. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball for thorough rinsing. Seek medical attention.

Skin Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum of 20 minutes while removing contaminated clothing, jewellery, shoes. Do not rub or apply ointment on affected area. Clothing may initially freeze to skin. Thaw frozen clothing from skin before removing. For liquid Ammonia contact, seek immediate medical attention. For severe vapour contact or if irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Inhalation Exposure may result in severe irritation and / or burns of the nose, throat and respiratory tract. It may cause bronchospasm, pulmonary edema or respiratory arrest. Extreme exposure may result in death from spasm, inflammation or edema. Brief inhalation exposure to 5000 ppm may be fatal.

Ingestion If conscious, give large amounts of water to drink. May drink orange juice, citrus juice or diluted vinegar (1:4) to counteract Ammonia. If unconscious, do not give anything by mouth. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Seek medical attention.

Note to Physician: Bronchospasm may be treated with the use of a bronchodilator such as Albuterol and an anticholinergic inhalant such as Atrovent. Respiratory injury may appear as a delayed phenomenon. Pulmonary edema may follow chemical bronchitis. Supportive treatment with necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration.

!

Eye Contact: Flush eyes with large quantities of water. Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. If not breathing, administer

artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Obtain prompt medical attention.

Skin Contact: Flush affected area with large quantities of water. Remove contaminated clothing immediately. If liquid comes in contact with skin, remove contaminated clothing and flush with plenty of lukewarm water for several minutes. Seek medical attention immediately.

Emergency aid: Remove patient to uncontaminated area Eye Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum

of 20 minutes. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball for thorough rinsing. Seek medical attention.

Skin Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum of 20 minutes while removing contaminated clothing, jewellery, shoes. Do not rub or apply ointment on affected area. Clothing may initially freeze to skin. Thaw frozen clothing from skin before removing. For liquid Ammonia contact, seek immediate medical attention. For severe vapour contact or if irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Inhalation Exposure may result in severe irritation and / or burns of the nose, throat and respiratory tract. It may cause bronchospasm, pulmonary edema or respiratory arrest. Extreme exposure may result in death from spasm, inflammation or edema. Brief inhalation exposure to 5000 ppm may be fatal.

Ingestion If conscious, give large amounts of water to drink. May drink orange juice, citrus juice or diluted vinegar (1:4) to counteract Ammonia. If unconscious, do not give anything by mouth. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Seek medical attention.

Note to Physician: Bronchospasm may be treated with the use of a bronchodilator such as Albuterol and an anticholinergic inhalant such as Atrovent. Respiratory injury may appear as a delayed phenomenon. Pulmonary edema may follow chemical bronchitis. Supportive treatment with necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration.

!

Eye Contact: Flush eyes with large quantities of water. Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. If not breathing, administer

artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Obtain prompt medical attention.

Skin Contact: Flush affected area with large quantities of water. Remove contaminated clothing immediately. If liquid comes in contact with skin, remove contaminated clothing and flush with plenty of lukewarm water for several minutes. Seek medical attention immediately.

Emergency aid: Remove patient to uncontaminated area Eye Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum

of 20 minutes. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball for thorough rinsing. Seek medical attention.

Skin Flush with copious amounts of tepid water for a minimum of 20 minutes while removing contaminated clothing, jewellery, shoes. Do not rub or apply ointment on affected area. Clothing may initially freeze to skin. Thaw frozen clothing from skin before removing. For liquid Ammonia contact, seek immediate medical attention. For severe vapour contact or if irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Inhalation Exposure may result in severe irritation and / or burns of the nose, throat and respiratory tract. It may cause bronchospasm, pulmonary edema or respiratory arrest. Extreme exposure may result in death from spasm, inflammation or edema. Brief inhalation exposure to 5000 ppm may be fatal.

Ingestion If conscious, give large amounts of water to drink. May drink orange juice, citrus juice or diluted vinegar (1:4) to counteract Ammonia. If unconscious, do not give anything by mouth. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Seek medical attention.

Note to Physician: Bronchospasm may be treated with the use of a bronchodilator such as Albuterol and an anticholinergic inhalant such as Atrovent. Respiratory injury may appear as a delayed phenomenon. Pulmonary edema may follow chemical bronchitis. Supportive treatment with necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration.

!

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Section 5. Fire and Explosion Data Section 7. Handling and Storage

Section 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Section 6. Accidental Release Measures

Exposure Limits: OSHA: PEL = 50 ppm ACGIH: TLV/TWA = 25 ppm NIOSH: IDLH = 300 ppm

TLV-STEL = 35 ppm Flash Point: Not applicable Autoignition 651 °C (1204 °F) Flammable Range: 16%- 25% Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide or water, water spray or

alcohol-resistant foam if gas flow cannot be stopped. Special Fire Fighting Instructions:

Evacuate all personnel from area. If possible without risk, stop the flow of Ammonia, then fight fire according to types of materials that are burning. Extinguish fire only if gas flow can be stopped. This will avoid possible accumulation and re-ignition of a flammable gas mixture. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) may be required. If a portable container (such as cylinder or trailer) can be moved from the fire area without risk to the individual, do so to prevent the pressure relief valve of the trailer from discharging or the cylinder from rupturing. Where not portable, cool fire-exposed containers with water spray. Stay upwind when containers are threatened. Use water spray to knock down vapour and dilute.

Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards:

Outdoors, Ammonia is not generally a fire hazard. Indoors, in confined areas, Ammonia may be a fire hazard, especially if oil and other combustible materials are present. Combustion may form toxic oxides of nitrogen. If relief valves are inoperative, heat exposed storage containers may become explosion hazards due to over pressurization. Runoff from firefighting may be contaminated; check pH. Ammonia can form explosive compounds when combined with mercury.

Hazardous Combustion Products:

Oxides of nitrogen.

!

Steps to be Taken if Material is Released or Spilled:

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases. Evacuate immediate area. Eliminate any possible sources of ignition, and provide maximum explosion-proof ventilation. Shut off source of leak if possible. Ammonia vapours can be controlled with water spray, however; runoff may be contaminated. Releases that exceed 100 lbs (45.4 kgs) during a 24-hour period must be reported. (See Section 15). CAUTION: ADDING WATER DIRECTLY TO LIQUID SPILLS WILL INCREASE VOLATILIZATION OF AMMONIA, THUS INCREASING THE POSSIBLITY OF EXPOSURE. All responders must be adequately protected from exposure. The atmosphere must have at least 19.5% oxygen before personnel can be allowed in the area without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

!

Section 7. Handling and Storage

Only trained persons should handle anhydrous Ammonia. Store in cool (26.7 °C / 80 °F) and well ventilated areas. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.111 prescribes handling and storage requirements for anhydrous Ammonia as a hazardous material. Use only carbon steel, stainless steel and black iron for Ammonia containers and piping. Do not use any non-ferrous metals such as copper, bronze, brass, tin, zinc or galvanized metals. Protect containers from physical damage. Keep away from ignition sources, especially in indoor spaces. Keep separated and away from incompatible substances.

!

Section 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Exposure limits for Ammonia: Vapour

OSHA 50 ppm 35 mg/m3 PEL 8 Hour TWA NIOSH 35 ppm 27 mg/m3

STEL 15 Minutes

25 ppm 18 mg/m3 REL 10 Hour TWA 300 ppm IDLH ACGIH 25 ppm 18 mg/m3

STEL 8 Hour TWA

35 ppm 27 mg/m3 STEL

15 Minutes

Toxicity: LD50, (Oral / Rat) 350 mg/kg Ventilation: Provide adequate natural or mechanical ventilation to

maintain Ammonia concentrations below exposure limits. Respiratory Protection: Emergency Use

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure airline with full face mask with escape pack should be worn in areas of a large release or unknown concentration.

Eye Protection:

Safety glasses. Chemical goggles with full face shield.

Skin Protection:

Rubber or Neoprene gloves and chemical resistant outer garment should be worn. Total encapsulating chemical suit may be necessary in large release area. Fire resistant suit and gloves in emergency situations.

Respiratory Protection:

Respiratory protection approved by NIOSH for Ammonia must be used when applicable safety and health exposure limits are exceeded. For escape in emergencies, NIOSH approved respiratory protection that consists of a full-face gas mask and canisters approved for Ammonia or SCBA should be used.

Other Protective Equipment:

Safety shoes are recommended. Safety showers and eyewash fountains should be readily available.

Workplace Protective Equipment:

Protective equipment should be stored near, but outside of anhydrous Ammonia area. Water for first aid, such as an eyewash station and safety shower, should be kept available in the immediate vicinity according to 29 CFR 1910.111 for workplace requirements.

Hazardous Release Response

Level A or Level B ensemble including positive-pressure SCBA should be used.

OSHA References for PPE

29 CFR 1910.133 for eye protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.134 for respiratory protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.111 for respiratory protection requirements for bulk installations

Section 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Exposure limits for Ammonia: Vapour

OSHA 50 ppm 35 mg/m3 PEL 8 Hour TWA NIOSH 35 ppm 27 mg/m3

STEL 15 Minutes

25 ppm 18 mg/m3 REL 10 Hour TWA 300 ppm IDLH ACGIH 25 ppm 18 mg/m3

STEL 8 Hour TWA

35 ppm 27 mg/m3 STEL

15 Minutes

Toxicity: LD50, (Oral / Rat) 350 mg/kg Ventilation: Provide adequate natural or mechanical ventilation to

maintain Ammonia concentrations below exposure limits. Respiratory Protection: Emergency Use

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure airline with full face mask with escape pack should be worn in areas of a large release or unknown concentration.

Eye Protection:

Safety glasses. Chemical goggles with full face shield.

Skin Protection:

Rubber or Neoprene gloves and chemical resistant outer garment should be worn. Total encapsulating chemical suit may be necessary in large release area. Fire resistant suit and gloves in emergency situations.

Respiratory Protection:

Respiratory protection approved by NIOSH for Ammonia must be used when applicable safety and health exposure limits are exceeded. For escape in emergencies, NIOSH approved respiratory protection that consists of a full-face gas mask and canisters approved for Ammonia or SCBA should be used.

Other Protective Equipment:

Safety shoes are recommended. Safety showers and eyewash fountains should be readily available.

Workplace Protective Equipment:

Protective equipment should be stored near, but outside of anhydrous Ammonia area. Water for first aid, such as an eyewash station and safety shower, should be kept available in the immediate vicinity according to 29 CFR 1910.111 for workplace requirements.

Hazardous Release Response

Level A or Level B ensemble including positive-pressure SCBA should be used.

OSHA References for PPE

29 CFR 1910.133 for eye protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.134 for respiratory protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.111 for respiratory protection requirements for bulk installations

Exposure Limits: OSHA: PEL = 50 ppm ACGIH: TLV/TWA = 25 ppm NIOSH: IDLH = 300 ppm

TLV-STEL = 35 ppm Flash Point: Not applicable Autoignition 651 °C (1204 °F) Flammable Range: 16%- 25% Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide or water, water spray or

alcohol-resistant foam if gas flow cannot be stopped. Special Fire Fighting Instructions:

Evacuate all personnel from area. If possible without risk, stop the flow of Ammonia, then fight fire according to types of materials that are burning. Extinguish fire only if gas flow can be stopped. This will avoid possible accumulation and re-ignition of a flammable gas mixture. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) may be required. If a portable container (such as cylinder or trailer) can be moved from the fire area without risk to the individual, do so to prevent the pressure relief valve of the trailer from discharging or the cylinder from rupturing. Where not portable, cool fire-exposed containers with water spray. Stay upwind when containers are threatened. Use water spray to knock down vapour and dilute.

Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards:

Outdoors, Ammonia is not generally a fire hazard. Indoors, in confined areas, Ammonia may be a fire hazard, especially if oil and other combustible materials are present. Combustion may form toxic oxides of nitrogen. If relief valves are inoperative, heat exposed storage containers may become explosion hazards due to over pressurization. Runoff from firefighting may be contaminated; check pH. Ammonia can form explosive compounds when combined with mercury.

Hazardous Combustion Products:

Oxides of nitrogen.

!

Exposure Limits: OSHA: PEL = 50 ppm ACGIH: TLV/TWA = 25 ppm NIOSH: IDLH = 300 ppm

TLV-STEL = 35 ppm Flash Point: Not applicable Autoignition 651 °C (1204 °F) Flammable Range: 16%- 25% Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide or water, water spray or

alcohol-resistant foam if gas flow cannot be stopped. Special Fire Fighting Instructions:

Evacuate all personnel from area. If possible without risk, stop the flow of Ammonia, then fight fire according to types of materials that are burning. Extinguish fire only if gas flow can be stopped. This will avoid possible accumulation and re-ignition of a flammable gas mixture. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) may be required. If a portable container (such as cylinder or trailer) can be moved from the fire area without risk to the individual, do so to prevent the pressure relief valve of the trailer from discharging or the cylinder from rupturing. Where not portable, cool fire-exposed containers with water spray. Stay upwind when containers are threatened. Use water spray to knock down vapour and dilute.

Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards:

Outdoors, Ammonia is not generally a fire hazard. Indoors, in confined areas, Ammonia may be a fire hazard, especially if oil and other combustible materials are present. Combustion may form toxic oxides of nitrogen. If relief valves are inoperative, heat exposed storage containers may become explosion hazards due to over pressurization. Runoff from firefighting may be contaminated; check pH. Ammonia can form explosive compounds when combined with mercury.

Hazardous Combustion Products:

Oxides of nitrogen.

!

Exposure Limits: OSHA: PEL = 50 ppm ACGIH: TLV/TWA = 25 ppm NIOSH: IDLH = 300 ppm

TLV-STEL = 35 ppm Flash Point: Not applicable Autoignition 651 °C (1204 °F) Flammable Range: 16%- 25% Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide or water, water spray or

alcohol-resistant foam if gas flow cannot be stopped. Special Fire Fighting Instructions:

Evacuate all personnel from area. If possible without risk, stop the flow of Ammonia, then fight fire according to types of materials that are burning. Extinguish fire only if gas flow can be stopped. This will avoid possible accumulation and re-ignition of a flammable gas mixture. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) may be required. If a portable container (such as cylinder or trailer) can be moved from the fire area without risk to the individual, do so to prevent the pressure relief valve of the trailer from discharging or the cylinder from rupturing. Where not portable, cool fire-exposed containers with water spray. Stay upwind when containers are threatened. Use water spray to knock down vapour and dilute.

Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards:

Outdoors, Ammonia is not generally a fire hazard. Indoors, in confined areas, Ammonia may be a fire hazard, especially if oil and other combustible materials are present. Combustion may form toxic oxides of nitrogen. If relief valves are inoperative, heat exposed storage containers may become explosion hazards due to over pressurization. Runoff from firefighting may be contaminated; check pH. Ammonia can form explosive compounds when combined with mercury.

Hazardous Combustion Products:

Oxides of nitrogen.

!

Section 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Exposure limits for Ammonia: Vapour

OSHA 50 ppm 35 mg/m3 PEL 8 Hour TWA NIOSH 35 ppm 27 mg/m3

STEL 15 Minutes

25 ppm 18 mg/m3 REL 10 Hour TWA 300 ppm IDLH ACGIH 25 ppm 18 mg/m3

STEL 8 Hour TWA

35 ppm 27 mg/m3 STEL

15 Minutes

Toxicity: LD50, (Oral / Rat) 350 mg/kg Ventilation: Provide adequate natural or mechanical ventilation to

maintain Ammonia concentrations below exposure limits. Respiratory Protection: Emergency Use

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure airline with full face mask with escape pack should be worn in areas of a large release or unknown concentration.

Eye Protection:

Safety glasses. Chemical goggles with full face shield.

Skin Protection:

Rubber or Neoprene gloves and chemical resistant outer garment should be worn. Total encapsulating chemical suit may be necessary in large release area. Fire resistant suit and gloves in emergency situations.

Respiratory Protection:

Respiratory protection approved by NIOSH for Ammonia must be used when applicable safety and health exposure limits are exceeded. For escape in emergencies, NIOSH approved respiratory protection that consists of a full-face gas mask and canisters approved for Ammonia or SCBA should be used.

Other Protective Equipment:

Safety shoes are recommended. Safety showers and eyewash fountains should be readily available.

Workplace Protective Equipment:

Protective equipment should be stored near, but outside of anhydrous Ammonia area. Water for first aid, such as an eyewash station and safety shower, should be kept available in the immediate vicinity according to 29 CFR 1910.111 for workplace requirements.

Hazardous Release Response

Level A or Level B ensemble including positive-pressure SCBA should be used.

OSHA References for PPE

29 CFR 1910.133 for eye protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.134 for respiratory protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.111 for respiratory protection requirements for bulk installations

Section 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Exposure limits for Ammonia: Vapour

OSHA 50 ppm 35 mg/m3 PEL 8 Hour TWA NIOSH 35 ppm 27 mg/m3

STEL 15 Minutes

25 ppm 18 mg/m3 REL 10 Hour TWA 300 ppm IDLH ACGIH 25 ppm 18 mg/m3

STEL 8 Hour TWA

35 ppm 27 mg/m3 STEL

15 Minutes

Toxicity: LD50, (Oral / Rat) 350 mg/kg Ventilation: Provide adequate natural or mechanical ventilation to

maintain Ammonia concentrations below exposure limits. Respiratory Protection: Emergency Use

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure airline with full face mask with escape pack should be worn in areas of a large release or unknown concentration.

Eye Protection:

Safety glasses. Chemical goggles with full face shield.

Skin Protection:

Rubber or Neoprene gloves and chemical resistant outer garment should be worn. Total encapsulating chemical suit may be necessary in large release area. Fire resistant suit and gloves in emergency situations.

Respiratory Protection:

Respiratory protection approved by NIOSH for Ammonia must be used when applicable safety and health exposure limits are exceeded. For escape in emergencies, NIOSH approved respiratory protection that consists of a full-face gas mask and canisters approved for Ammonia or SCBA should be used.

Other Protective Equipment:

Safety shoes are recommended. Safety showers and eyewash fountains should be readily available.

Workplace Protective Equipment:

Protective equipment should be stored near, but outside of anhydrous Ammonia area. Water for first aid, such as an eyewash station and safety shower, should be kept available in the immediate vicinity according to 29 CFR 1910.111 for workplace requirements.

Hazardous Release Response

Level A or Level B ensemble including positive-pressure SCBA should be used.

OSHA References for PPE

29 CFR 1910.133 for eye protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.134 for respiratory protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.111 for respiratory protection requirements for bulk installations

Section 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Exposure limits for Ammonia: Vapour

OSHA 50 ppm 35 mg/m3 PEL 8 Hour TWA NIOSH 35 ppm 27 mg/m3

STEL 15 Minutes

25 ppm 18 mg/m3 REL 10 Hour TWA 300 ppm IDLH ACGIH 25 ppm 18 mg/m3

STEL 8 Hour TWA

35 ppm 27 mg/m3 STEL

15 Minutes

Toxicity: LD50, (Oral / Rat) 350 mg/kg Ventilation: Provide adequate natural or mechanical ventilation to

maintain Ammonia concentrations below exposure limits. Respiratory Protection: Emergency Use

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure airline with full face mask with escape pack should be worn in areas of a large release or unknown concentration.

Eye Protection:

Safety glasses. Chemical goggles with full face shield.

Skin Protection:

Rubber or Neoprene gloves and chemical resistant outer garment should be worn. Total encapsulating chemical suit may be necessary in large release area. Fire resistant suit and gloves in emergency situations.

Respiratory Protection:

Respiratory protection approved by NIOSH for Ammonia must be used when applicable safety and health exposure limits are exceeded. For escape in emergencies, NIOSH approved respiratory protection that consists of a full-face gas mask and canisters approved for Ammonia or SCBA should be used.

Other Protective Equipment:

Safety shoes are recommended. Safety showers and eyewash fountains should be readily available.

Workplace Protective Equipment:

Protective equipment should be stored near, but outside of anhydrous Ammonia area. Water for first aid, such as an eyewash station and safety shower, should be kept available in the immediate vicinity according to 29 CFR 1910.111 for workplace requirements.

Hazardous Release Response

Level A or Level B ensemble including positive-pressure SCBA should be used.

OSHA References for PPE

29 CFR 1910.133 for eye protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.134 for respiratory protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.111 for respiratory protection requirements for bulk installations

Section 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Exposure limits for Ammonia: Vapour

OSHA 50 ppm 35 mg/m3 PEL 8 Hour TWA NIOSH 35 ppm 27 mg/m3

STEL 15 Minutes

25 ppm 18 mg/m3 REL 10 Hour TWA 300 ppm IDLH ACGIH 25 ppm 18 mg/m3

STEL 8 Hour TWA

35 ppm 27 mg/m3 STEL

15 Minutes

Toxicity: LD50, (Oral / Rat) 350 mg/kg Ventilation: Provide adequate natural or mechanical ventilation to

maintain Ammonia concentrations below exposure limits. Respiratory Protection: Emergency Use

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure airline with full face mask with escape pack should be worn in areas of a large release or unknown concentration.

Eye Protection:

Safety glasses. Chemical goggles with full face shield.

Skin Protection:

Rubber or Neoprene gloves and chemical resistant outer garment should be worn. Total encapsulating chemical suit may be necessary in large release area. Fire resistant suit and gloves in emergency situations.

Respiratory Protection:

Respiratory protection approved by NIOSH for Ammonia must be used when applicable safety and health exposure limits are exceeded. For escape in emergencies, NIOSH approved respiratory protection that consists of a full-face gas mask and canisters approved for Ammonia or SCBA should be used.

Other Protective Equipment:

Safety shoes are recommended. Safety showers and eyewash fountains should be readily available.

Workplace Protective Equipment:

Protective equipment should be stored near, but outside of anhydrous Ammonia area. Water for first aid, such as an eyewash station and safety shower, should be kept available in the immediate vicinity according to 29 CFR 1910.111 for workplace requirements.

Hazardous Release Response

Level A or Level B ensemble including positive-pressure SCBA should be used.

OSHA References for PPE

29 CFR 1910.133 for eye protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.134 for respiratory protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.111 for respiratory protection requirements for bulk installations

Section 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Exposure limits for Ammonia: Vapour

OSHA 50 ppm 35 mg/m3 PEL 8 Hour TWA NIOSH 35 ppm 27 mg/m3

STEL 15 Minutes

25 ppm 18 mg/m3 REL 10 Hour TWA 300 ppm IDLH ACGIH 25 ppm 18 mg/m3

STEL 8 Hour TWA

35 ppm 27 mg/m3 STEL

15 Minutes

Toxicity: LD50, (Oral / Rat) 350 mg/kg Ventilation: Provide adequate natural or mechanical ventilation to

maintain Ammonia concentrations below exposure limits. Respiratory Protection: Emergency Use

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure airline with full face mask with escape pack should be worn in areas of a large release or unknown concentration.

Eye Protection:

Safety glasses. Chemical goggles with full face shield.

Skin Protection:

Rubber or Neoprene gloves and chemical resistant outer garment should be worn. Total encapsulating chemical suit may be necessary in large release area. Fire resistant suit and gloves in emergency situations.

Respiratory Protection:

Respiratory protection approved by NIOSH for Ammonia must be used when applicable safety and health exposure limits are exceeded. For escape in emergencies, NIOSH approved respiratory protection that consists of a full-face gas mask and canisters approved for Ammonia or SCBA should be used.

Other Protective Equipment:

Safety shoes are recommended. Safety showers and eyewash fountains should be readily available.

Workplace Protective Equipment:

Protective equipment should be stored near, but outside of anhydrous Ammonia area. Water for first aid, such as an eyewash station and safety shower, should be kept available in the immediate vicinity according to 29 CFR 1910.111 for workplace requirements.

Hazardous Release Response

Level A or Level B ensemble including positive-pressure SCBA should be used.

OSHA References for PPE

29 CFR 1910.133 for eye protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.134 for respiratory protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.111 for respiratory protection requirements for bulk installations

Section 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Exposure limits for Ammonia: Vapour

OSHA 50 ppm 35 mg/m3 PEL 8 Hour TWA NIOSH 35 ppm 27 mg/m3

STEL 15 Minutes

25 ppm 18 mg/m3 REL 10 Hour TWA 300 ppm IDLH ACGIH 25 ppm 18 mg/m3

STEL 8 Hour TWA

35 ppm 27 mg/m3 STEL

15 Minutes

Toxicity: LD50, (Oral / Rat) 350 mg/kg Ventilation: Provide adequate natural or mechanical ventilation to

maintain Ammonia concentrations below exposure limits. Respiratory Protection: Emergency Use

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure airline with full face mask with escape pack should be worn in areas of a large release or unknown concentration.

Eye Protection:

Safety glasses. Chemical goggles with full face shield.

Skin Protection:

Rubber or Neoprene gloves and chemical resistant outer garment should be worn. Total encapsulating chemical suit may be necessary in large release area. Fire resistant suit and gloves in emergency situations.

Respiratory Protection:

Respiratory protection approved by NIOSH for Ammonia must be used when applicable safety and health exposure limits are exceeded. For escape in emergencies, NIOSH approved respiratory protection that consists of a full-face gas mask and canisters approved for Ammonia or SCBA should be used.

Other Protective Equipment:

Safety shoes are recommended. Safety showers and eyewash fountains should be readily available.

Workplace Protective Equipment:

Protective equipment should be stored near, but outside of anhydrous Ammonia area. Water for first aid, such as an eyewash station and safety shower, should be kept available in the immediate vicinity according to 29 CFR 1910.111 for workplace requirements.

Hazardous Release Response

Level A or Level B ensemble including positive-pressure SCBA should be used.

OSHA References for PPE

29 CFR 1910.133 for eye protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.134 for respiratory protection requirement 29 CFR 1910.111 for respiratory protection requirements for bulk installations

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

3

5 6

Section 14. Transport Information

Section 16. Other Information

Section 15. Other Regulatory Information

Section 14. Transport Information DOT Shipping Name: Ammonia, Anhydrous, 2.3, RQ, (8), Poison-Inhalation

Hazard Zone “D” Identification Number: UN 1005 Hazard Class: 2.3 (Poison Gas) Subsidiary 8 (Corrosive) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA )

Hazardous Rating and Hazardous Materials Identification System Labels: Anhydrous Ammonia HEALTH = 3 FLAMMABILITY = 1* REACTIVITY = 0 PERSONAL PROTECTION = H * NFPA rates this gas a 1 as opposed to a 4 because it is "difficult to burn".

Shipping Label: Hazard Class 2.3 (Poison Gas) subsidiary 8 (Corrosive) Placard (When Required):

Poison Gas, Corrosive (Subsidiary)

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Section 16. Other Information HMIS Ratings: Health:= 3 Flammability: = 1 Reactivity: = 0 Disclaimer: The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for their particular purposes. In no event shall GPIC be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, whatsoever arising, even if GPIC has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Revised: All sections have been revised on 11th August, 2012. !

GPIC IS CommItted to PRoteCt & SuStaIn PRoduCt SteWaRdSHIP

Section 16. Other Information HMIS Ratings: Health:= 3 Flammability: = 1 Reactivity: = 0 Disclaimer: The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for their particular purposes. In no event shall GPIC be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, whatsoever arising, even if GPIC has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Revised: All sections have been revised on 11th August, 2012. !

Section 15. Other Regulatory Information U.S. Federal Regulations:

CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (40 CFR Parts 117 and 302) Reportable Quantity (RQ): 100 lbs (45.4 kgs)

Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act SARA Title III:

The material is subject to the reporting requirements of sections 304, 312 & 313 Sections 302/304: Emergency Planning and Notification (40 CFR Part 355) Extremely Hazardous Substances: Ammonia is listed. Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ): 500 lbs (227 kgs) Reportable Quantity (RQ): 100 lbs (45.4 kgs) Sections 311/312: Hazardous Chemical Reporting (40 CFR Part 370)

IMMEDIATE HEALTH: Yes PRESSURE: Yes DELAYED HEALTH: No REACTIVITY: No FIRE: No

Section 313: Toxic Chemical Release Reporting (40 CFR Part 372) Ammonia is on the list of chemicals which may require reporting under Section 313.

Clean Air Act: Section 112 (r): Risk Management Programmes for Chemical Accidental Release (40 CFR PART 68) Ammonia is listed as a regulated substance. Threshold Quantity (TQ): 10,000 lbs (4535 kgs)

Toxic Substance Control Act TSCA

Ammonia is listed on the TSCA inventory.

Occupational Safety : And Health Administration OSHA 29 CFR Part 1910.119

Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals. Ammonia is listed as a highly hazardous chemical. Threshold Quantity (TQ): 10,000 lbs (4535 kgs)

Department of Homeland Security:

The chemical is listed under regulation 6 CFR Part 27, Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards at storage/process amounts greater than the threshold quantity of 10,000 pounds.

Rail Transport Security:

The chemical is subject to 49 CFR 1580.

!

Section 9. Physical and Chemical Properties

Section 10. Stability and Reactivity Data

Section 11. Toxicological Information

Section 12. Ecological Information

Section 13. Disposal Considerations

Section 10. Stability and Reactivity Data Chemical Stability: Stable Conditions to Avoid: High temperatures >426 °C (800 °F) Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid):

Copper, silver, cadmium and zinc and their alloys; mercury, tin, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, halogens and oxidizers.

Reactivity: Hazardous Decomposition Products: Hazardous Polymerization:

Hydrogen at high temperatures, and under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should not be produced. Under normal conditions of storage and use, will not occur.

Conditions to Avoid

Anhydrous Ammonia has potentially explosive reactions with strong oxidizers. Anhydrous Ammonia forms explosive mixtures in air with hydrocarbons, chlorine, fluorine and silver nitrate. Anhydrous Ammonia reacts to form explosive products, mixtures or compounds with mercury, gold, silver, iodine, bromine, silver oxide and silver chloride. Avoid anhydrous Ammonia contact with chlorine, which forms a chloramine gas, which is a primary skin irritant and sensitizer. Anhydrous Ammonia is incompatible with acetaldehyde, acrolein, boron, chloric acid, chlorine monoxide, chlorites, nitrogen tetroxide, perchlorate, sulphur, tin and strong acids. Avoid contact with galvanized surfaces, copper, brass, bronze, mercury, gold and silver. A corrosive reaction will occur.

Hazardous Decomposition Products

Anhydrous Ammonia decomposes to hydrogen and nitrogen gases above 450 °C (842 °F). Decomposition temperatures may be lowered by contact with certain metals, such as iron, nickel and zinc and by catalytic surfaces such as porcelain and pumice.

!

Section 10. Stability and Reactivity Data Chemical Stability: Stable Conditions to Avoid: High temperatures >426 °C (800 °F) Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid):

Copper, silver, cadmium and zinc and their alloys; mercury, tin, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, halogens and oxidizers.

Reactivity: Hazardous Decomposition Products: Hazardous Polymerization:

Hydrogen at high temperatures, and under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should not be produced. Under normal conditions of storage and use, will not occur.

Conditions to Avoid

Anhydrous Ammonia has potentially explosive reactions with strong oxidizers. Anhydrous Ammonia forms explosive mixtures in air with hydrocarbons, chlorine, fluorine and silver nitrate. Anhydrous Ammonia reacts to form explosive products, mixtures or compounds with mercury, gold, silver, iodine, bromine, silver oxide and silver chloride. Avoid anhydrous Ammonia contact with chlorine, which forms a chloramine gas, which is a primary skin irritant and sensitizer. Anhydrous Ammonia is incompatible with acetaldehyde, acrolein, boron, chloric acid, chlorine monoxide, chlorites, nitrogen tetroxide, perchlorate, sulphur, tin and strong acids. Avoid contact with galvanized surfaces, copper, brass, bronze, mercury, gold and silver. A corrosive reaction will occur.

Hazardous Decomposition Products

Anhydrous Ammonia decomposes to hydrogen and nitrogen gases above 450 °C (842 °F). Decomposition temperatures may be lowered by contact with certain metals, such as iron, nickel and zinc and by catalytic surfaces such as porcelain and pumice.

!

Section 11. Toxicological Information LC50 (Inhalation): 7338- I 1590 ppm (rat, 1 hour); 2000 ppm (rat, 4 hours) LD50 (Oral): Not applicable LD50 (Dermal): Not applicable Skin Corrosivity: Ammonia is corrosive to the skin. Additional Notes: Rats exposed continuously to 180 ppm Ammonia for 90

days did not show any abnormalities of organs or tissues. Mild nasal irritation was observed in 12 out of 49 rats exposed to 380 ppm Ammonia. At 655 ppm Ammonia, 32 out of 51 rats died by day 25 of exposure and 50 out of 51 rats had died after 65 days of exposure.

!

Section 12. Ecological Information Aquatic Toxicity: Currently, the following aquatic toxicity data is available

for Ammonia: Daphnia magna (48 hour) LC50 = 189 mg/1 Rainbow trout (24 hour) LC50 = 0.97 mg/1 Fat head minnow (96 hour) LC50 = 8.2 mg/1

Mobility: Not available Persistence and Biodegradability:

Not available

Potential to Bioaccumulate:

Not available

Remarks: Do not release large amounts of Ammonia into the atmosphere. It does not contain any Class I or Class II ozone depleting chemicals.

!

Section 13. Disposal Considerations Disposal: Classified as Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

(RCRA) 40 CFR 261.22 Corrosive # D002 Hazardous Waste due to corrosivity Listed as a hazardous substance under CWA (40 CFR 116.4, 40 CFR 117.3). Reportable quantity 100 pounds (45.35 kg). Suitably diluted product may be utilised on agricultural land as a fertilizer. Keep spills from entering streams, lakes, or any water systems. Small amounts of Ammonia may be disposed of by discharge into water. A ratio of ten parts water to one part Ammonia should be sufficient for disposal. The subsequent solution of ammonium hydroxide can be neutralized and should be properly disposed of in accordance with regulations.

!

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Emergency Overview: Anhydrous ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Exposure to liquid or rapidly expanding gases may cause severe chemical burns and frostbite to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Ammonia can cause severe eye, skin and respiratory tract burns. It poses an immediate fire and explosion hazard when concentrations exceed 15%. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits. Fully protective suits are required in large releases. Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

Acute Potential Health Effects: Routes of Exposure:

Eye Contact: Exposure to Ammonia can cause moderate to severe eye irritation.

Ingestion: Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for Ammonia. Inhalation: Ammonia is severely irritating to nose, throat, and lungs.

Symptoms may include burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea. Overexposure may also cause central nervous system effects including unconsciousness and convulsions. Upper airway damage is more likely and can result in bronchospasm (closing of the airway). Vocal chords are particularly vulnerable to corrosive effects of high concentrations. Lower airway damage may result in fluid buildup and haemorrhage. Death has occurred following a 5 minute exposure to 5000 ppm.

Skin Contact: Vapour contact may cause irritation and bums. Contact with liquid may cause freezing of the tissue accompanied by corrosive caustic action and dehydration.

Potential Health Effects of Repeated Exposure: Routes of Entry: Inhalation, eye or skin contact Symptoms: Repeated or prolonged skin exposure may cause

dermatitis. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, central nervous and respiratory systems. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Overexposure:

Conditions generally aggravated by exposure include asthma, chronic respiratory disease (e.g., emphysema), dermatitis and eye disease.

Physical state: Gas. Molecular formula: NH3 Boiling Point -33 °C (-28 °F) at 1 atm % Volatile 100% @ 100 °C (212 °F) Specific Gravity of Gas (air =1)

0.596 at 0 °C

Specific Gravity of liquid (water =1)

0.682 at -33 °C compared to water at 4.3 °C

Colour: Colourless liquid Odour: Pungent [Strong] Critical Temperature: 133 °C Critical Pressure 111.5 atm Gas Specific Volume 1.3 m3/kg at 0 °C & 1 atm Vapour density: 0.77 kg/m3 at 0 °C Liquid Density 608 kg/m3 at 21.1 °C pH: N/A Vapour Pressure 8.7 at 21.1 °C Solubility in Water (per 45 kg of Water)

40 kg at 0 °C & 23 kg at 20 °C

Surface Tension 23.4 dynes/cm at 11.11 °C Auto-ignition temperature:

651.11°C (1204°F)

Flammable limits: (In air)

Lower Explosive Limit: 16% Upper Explosive Limit: 25%

Boiling/condensation point:

-33.33°C (-28°F)

Melting/freezing point: -77.77°C (-108°F) Specific gravity: 0.682 Odour threshold: 17 ppm Viscosity: Dynamic: 10 mPa.s (10 cP) Solubility: Miscible in water. !

5

4- GPIC’S PRoduCtS HandlInG & exPoRt faCIlIty

5-PoRt RuleS & RequIRementS

GPIC’s storage facilities comprise two storage tanks, each with a storage capacity of 20,000 tonnes, equipped with safety and monitoring facilities for trouble free operation such as safety valves, level indicators, pressure transmitters and quick closing valves. Ammonia storage tanks have a double metallic wall construction (double integrity tank) with both walls able to contain the total capacity of liquid ammonia in a refrigerated condition at -33 °C and 1 atm.

GPIC utilises the Sitra wharf owned by BAPCO to load ammonia into ships. Two ammonia loading arms are provided, one at Berth No.1 and one at Berth No.2, which are operated hydraulically to move the arm

to the appropriate position for connection to the ship manifold.

Product ammonia is transferred from the tanks to the ship by means of a loading pump. Generally, two pumps are required for ship loading while the third pump serves as a standby at maximum loading rate of 1200 MT/HR through a dedicated export line of 16” diameter and approximately 4 km long. Along with the loading line, an ammonia vapour return line (10”) joins back to the storage tanks from the jetty. The loading line is provided with cooling risers to always maintain the liquid level in the line by letting back the vapours to the vapour return line.

5.1 loCatIon:

GPIC’s loading facilities are situated at Sitra wharf, which is owned by Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO). The wharf also houses Bahrain Gas Company’s (BANAGAS) loading facility which includes 7 berths, two of which are each equipped with both an ammonia and a methanol loading arm (Berth No.1 and Berth No.2). The two loading arms at each berth allows GPIC to load either methanol or ammonia from any vacant berth of the two, based on their availability.

Rules and regulations which are applicable to other ports within the Kingdom of Bahrain, are also applied to this port. As such, the port is subject to Customs and complies with the International Ship and Port Facility Security code (ISPS). All personnel using this port are subject to Immigration and Customs Controls pertaining to such a facility.

5.2 SeCuRIty RequIRementS:

Ships calling at Sitra Marine Port to load Ammonia must declare their security level according to the ISPS code.

• Ships’ crews are not allowed to enter or exit the Sitra wharf without authorisation from the Immigration Office.

• Visitors to ships must obtain clearance from the Immigration Office through the ship’s agent before allowed access.

• Goods to and from ships must be cleared by the Customs Officer and inspected by Sitra port Security.

• A ship’s crew members are not allowed to proceed from ship to shore without being accompanied by the ship’s agent representatives.

• A ship’s crew members must be subjected to a Sitra port Security search prior to exit from or entry from the port.

• Shore personnel and contractors are strictly prohibited from receiving or delivering goods/items to ship’s crew members.

• Unauthorised personnel not involved in the loading operation are restricted from boarding the ships.

5.3 SHIP-SHoRe PRe-loadInG meetInGIn order to achieve a smooth, efficient and safe operation and so that all security requirements are fully understood, acknowledged and implemented by the ship’s personnel; a meeting is conducted between shore and ship representatives prior to commencement of loading operations.

To facilitate this, shore representatives and the ship’s Master/Chief Officer will jointly complete a number of forms/letters as listed below:

• Smoking location on board vessel.

• Loading arm safe working area.

• Safety requirements for vessel loading at Sitra.

• Ship/Shore log sheet.

• Ship/Shore Safety check list.

• Receipt of Material Safety Data Sheet.

• ISPS form (counter signed by terminal security officer).

All the above aspects will be discussed and mutually agreed between the ship and shore representatives, any controversial point must be authorised and countersigned by both parties. Also, a radio hand set is handed over to the ship for communication during loading operations.

7 8

6.1 Safety:

To ensure maximum safety at Sitra Wharf, several precautions have been set.

• A total of 15 remote operated high firefighting monitors have been distributed at the wharf.

• Two foam tanks with pumps and operating panels are situated at each side of the jetty.

• Five fire water pumps are located at the trestle entrance. (3 main pumps and 2 jockey pumps).

• GPIC provides additional mobile fire water monitors at each side of the jetty, equipped with foam tanks for quick intervention during any emergency.

• Break glass fire alarms have been provided at each side of the jetty.

• 12 escape masks have been placed at each side of the jetty.

• Fire blankets and eye wash stations/showers are located at both sides of the jetty.

• 7 breathing apparatuses (7 Ltrs each) are located at the South side office.

• 4 spare oxygen cylinders have been provided at the South office.

• One gas suit, two fire suits and two chemical suits have been provided at the South office as well.

• CO2 and dry powder extinguishers have been made available at the South office.

• When a Methanol ship is planned for berthing, all maintenance activities will be suspended, and entry to Sitra wharf will be under control.

6.2 emeRGenCy ReSPonSe: In case of emergency, following actions to be taken:

• Call the emergency response telephone number as indicated.

• If no access to a telephone, use a VHF radio to announce “EMERGENCY” three times.

• Suspend loading operation immediately.

• As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 metres (150 feet) in all directions.

• Keep unauthorised personnel away.

• Stay upwind.

• Ammonia is lighter than air in normal conditions however when in contact with high humidity or moisture will become heavier than air.

• Keep out of low areas.

• Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

• Personal Protective Equipment:

• Respiratory Protection: Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be worn in areas of large release or unknown concentration.

• Eye Protection: Safety Glasses, Chemical goggles with full face shield.

• Skin Protection: Rubber or Neoprene gloves and chemical resistant outer garment should be worn. Total encapsulating chemical suit may be necessary in large release area. Fire resistant suit and gloves in emergency situations.

• For escape in emergencies ,the respiratory protection consists of a full-face gas mask and canisters approved for ammonia or SCBA should be used.

• Fire:

• Small fire: Use dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

• Large fire:

- Water spray, or alcohol-resistant foam.- Move portable containers( such as cylinder or trailer) from fire area if you can do it without risk.- Where not portable, cool fire exposed containers with water spray- Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

• Fire involving tanks:

• Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.

• Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

• Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discolouration of tank.

• Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

• For massive fires, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles, if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

• Spill or Leak:

• Wear Self- contained breathing apparatus( SCBA) when entering release area if concentrations exceed allowable exposure limits.

• Fully protective suits are required in large releases.

• Always be aware of fire and explosion potential in the case of large releases.

• Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

• Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

• Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

• If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

• Use water spray to reduce vapours or divert vapour cloud drift. Avoid allowing runoff to contact spilled material.

• Isolate area until the gas has dispersed.

Caution: Adding water directly to liquid ammonia spills will increase ammonia vaporization, thus increasing the possibility of exposure.

• First aid:

• Move victim to fresh air.

• Call emergency medical service.

• Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.

• Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.

• Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

• Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

• In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

• Wash skin with soap and water.

• In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

• Keep victim warm and quiet.

• Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

• Ensure that the medical personnel are aware of the materials involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

6- Safety & emeRGenCy ReSPonSeShips must ensure maximum safety precautions are followed when loading at Sitra wharf and all crew members or visitors must wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times when the ship is alongside.

9 10

CAS No. : Each chemical has a discrete Chemical Abstracts

Service (CAS) registry number. This number will accurately

indicate the chemical being described.

UN No. : United Nations Number. This is the number

allocated by the United Nations and is used internationally

by emergency services to quickly identify a hazardous

chemical in the event of an accident.

Class 1: Explosives

Class 2: Gases: Compressed, Liquefied of Dissolved under

pressure

Class 3: Flammable Liquids

Class 4: Flammable Solids, Substances liable to

spontaneous combustion, Flammable substances

if wetted

Class 5: Oxidizing agents and Organic Peroxides.

Class 6: Poisonous (toxic) and infectious substances

Class 7: Radioactive substances.

Class 8: Corrosive Substances

Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous goods.

UEL (Upper Explosive limit): The lowest concentration limits

(normally measured in % volume to air) of a gas or vapour

that will be able to support ignition and burn or explode.

LEL (Lower Explosive Limit): The lowest concentration limits

(normally measured in % volume to air) of a gas or vapour

that will be able to support ignition and burn or explode.

OSHA PEL : Permissible Exposure Limit. American equivalent

of TLV (Threshold Limit Value) and WES (Workplace Exposure

Standards), as determined by the Occupational Safety

and Health Administration. (OSHA-USA)

TLV-TWA : Threshold Value Time Weighted Average: is

defined as concentration of the substance in air that can

be breathed for five consecutive eight hour working days

(40 hour work week) by most people without adverse

effect.

ORL - RAT LD 50 : Values given are the concentrations or

quantities of a chemical that will cause the death of 50% of

a population of the rat model for inhalation and ingestion.

Hazchem Code : The Hazchem Code is a code used

to identify the emergency response action in chemical

related emergencies.

Bio accumulation : Biological accumulation

Eco Toxicity : Ecological Toxicity

IDLH : The Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health

value - This concentration represents a maximum level

from which one could escape within 30 minutes without

any escape - impairing symptoms or any irreversible health

effects. The concentrations are reported in either parts per

million (PPM) or milligrams per cubic metre (mg/m3).

TLV-STEL : Short Term Exposure Limit - The concentration

to which it is believed that workers can be exposed

continuously for a short period of time without suffering

from 1) Irritation 2) Chronic or irreversible tissue damage or

3) Narcosis of a sufficient degree to increase the likelihood

of accidental injury, impair self-rescue or materially reduce

7- GloSSaRy

12

work efficiency, provided that the daily TLV-TWA is not

exceeded. It is not a separate independent exposure

limit, rather it supplements the time - weighted average

(TWA) limit where there are recognised acute effects from

a substance where toxic effects are primarily of a chronic

nature.

STEL is defined as a 15-minute TWA exposure which should

not be exceeded at any time during a working day even if

the 8-hour TWA is within the TLV-TWA. Exposure above TLV-

TWA up to STEL should not be longer than 15 minutes and

should not occur more than four times per day.

TLV-C : Threshold Limit Value-Ceiling - the concentration

that should not be exceeded during any part of the

working exposure.

11 12

P.O.Box 26730, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain Tel: +973 1773 1777 - Fax: +973 1773 1047 Email: gpic@gpic.com Website: www.gpic.com

Issue 1 - January 2014

Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company, (BSC)