AMERICANPASSAGESA L I T E R A R Y S U R V E Y

AMERICANPASSAGESA L I T E R A R Y S U R V E Y

Instructor’s Guide

BW. W. NORTON

Copyright © 2004 by The Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

First Edition.

Composition by PennSet, Inc.

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ISBN 0-393-97940-7 (pbk.)

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110

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W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

BRIEFCONTENTS

WHAT IS AMERICAN LITERATURE? An Overview 3

Unit 1 NATIVE VOICES: Resistance and Renewal in American Indian Literature 31

Unit 2 EXPLORING BORDERLANDS: Contact and Conflict in North America 81

Unit 3 UTOPIAN PROMISE: Puritan and Quaker Utopian Visions, 1620–1750 140

Unit 4 THE SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM: Declaring Independence, 1710–1850 190

Unit 5 MASCULINE HEROES: American Expansion, 1820–1900 243

Unit 6 GOTHIC UNDERCURRENTS: Ambiguity and Anxiety in the Nineteenth Century 297

Unit 7 SLAVERY AND FREEDOM: Race and Identity in Antebellum America 331

Unit 8 REGIONAL REALISM: Depicting the Local in American Literature, 1865–1900 380

Unit 9 SOCIAL REALISM: Class Consciousness in American Literature, 1875–1920 432

Unit 10 RHYTHMS IN POETRY: From the Beat of Blues to the Sounds of Everyday Speech 480

Unit 11 MODERNIST PORTRAITS: Experimentations in Style, World War I to World War II 526

Unit 12 MIGRANT STRUGGLE: The Bounty of the Land in Twentieth-Century American Literature, 1929–1995 572

Unit 13 SOUTHERN RENAISSANCE: Reinventing the South 614

Unit 14 BECOMING VISIBLE: Ethnic Writers and the Literary Mainstream, 1945–1969 664

Unit 15 POETRY OF LIBERATION: Protest Movements and American Counterculture 709

Unit 16 THE SEARCH FOR IDENTITY: American Prose Writers, 1970–Present 758

Appendix: WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE A1

C O N T E N T S VII

Preface xxv

A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH TO TEACHING AMERICAN LITERATURE xxv

COMPANION ANTHOLOGY AND STUDY GUIDES xxvii

TELLING THE STORY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE xxxiii

GETTING STARTED xxxviii

Acknowledgments xli

TELLING THE STORY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE 3Literary Movements and Historical Change 3Overview Questions 5Contexts 6Multiculturalism 6

LITERATURE IN ITS CULTURAL CONTEXT 8Fine Arts 9History 11Material Culture 13Architecture 15

Religion 17Politics 18Music 19Psychology 22Cultural Geography 23Folklore 24Anthropology 25

GLOSSARY 26

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 29

CONTENTS

WHAT IS AMERICAN LITERATURE?An Overview

VIII C O N T E N T S

Unit 1

NATIVE VOICESResistance and Renewal in American Indian Literature

NON-NATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF INDIANS 59Roger Williams (c. 1603–1683) 59

Teaching Tips 61Questions 61Web Archive 61

Thomas Harriot (1560–1621) 62Teaching Tips 62Web Archive 62Questions 63

Suggested Author Pairings 63

CORE CONTEXTS 65“God Is Red”: The Clashes and Contacts of

Native Religion and Christianity 65Web Archive 66Questions 67

Healing Arts: The Navajo Night Chant(Nightway) 67

Questions 69Web Archive 69

Singing Mothers and Storytelling Grandfathers:The Art and Meaning of Pueblo Pottery 70

Web Archive 71Questions 72

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 72Native Weavers and the Art of Basketry 72

Questions 73Web Archive 73

Sacred Play: Gambling in Native Cultures 74Teaching Tips 75Web Archive 75Questions 76

ASSIGNMENTS 76Personal and Creative Responses 76Problem-Based Learning Projects 77

GLOSSARY 78

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 79

FURTHER RESOURCES 80

AUTHORS AND WORKS 31

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 31

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 31

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 32

STUDENT OVERVIEW 33

VIDEO OVERVIEW 34

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 35

TIMELINE 36

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 40Luci Tapahonso (b. 1953) 40

Teaching Tips 41Web Archive 41Questions 42

Simon J. Ortiz (b. 1941) 43Teaching Tips 44Questions 44Web Archive 44

Leslie Marmon Silko (b. 1948) 45Teaching Tips 46Questions 47Web Archive 47

Stories of the Beginning of the World 48Teaching Tips 49Questions 49Web Archive 49

Louise Erdrich (b. 1954) 50Teaching Tips 51Questions 52Web Archive 52

Chippewa Songs 52Teaching Tips 53Questions 53Web Archive 54

Black Elk (1863–1950) and John G. Neihardt(1881–1973) 54

Teaching Tips 56Questions 56Web Archive 56

Ghost Dance Songs 57Teaching Tips 58Questions 59Web Archive 59

C O N T E N T S IX

Unit 2

EXPLORING BORDERLANDSContact and Conflict in North America

AUTHORS AND WORKS 81

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 81

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 82

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 82

STUDENT OVERVIEW 84

VIDEO OVERVIEW 85

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 87

TIMELINE 88

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 90Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) 90

Teaching Tips 91Questions 92Web Archive 92

Bartolomé de las Casas (1474–1566) 93Teaching Tips 95Questions 95Web Archive 95

Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492–1584) 97Teaching Tips 98Web Archive 98Questions 99

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (c. 1490–1558) 99Teaching Tips 101Questions 101Web Archive 101

Garcilaso de la Vega (1539–1616) 102Teaching Tips 103Questions 103Web Archive 103

Samuel de Champlain (c. 1570–1635) 105Teaching Tips 106Questions 106Web Archive 106

John Smith (1580–1631) 107Teaching Tips 108Questions 110Web Archive 110

Adriaen Van der Donck (1620–1655) 111Teaching Tips 112Questions 112Web Archive 112

Americo Paredes (1915–1999) 113Teaching Tips 114Web Archive 114Questions 115

Gloria Anzaldúa (b. 1942) 115Teaching Tips 116Questions 117Web Archive 117

Suggested Author Pairings 118

CORE CONTEXTS 120Shared Spaces: Contact Zones and

Borderlands 120Web Archive 121Questions 122

Writing without Words: A Native AmericanView of Culture and the Conquest 123

Questions 125Web Archive 125

Model Women: La Virgen de Guadalupe, LaLlorona, and La Malinche as Archetypes ofMexican Femininity 126

Questions 129Web Archive 129

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 130Working Wonders: The Experience of “La

Maravilla/The Marvelous” in New WorldEncounters 130

Web Archive 131Questions 132

The Romance of Colonization 132Web Archive 133Questions 134

ASSIGNMENTS 134Personal and Creative Responses 134Problem-Based Learning Projects 135

GLOSSARY 135

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 138

FURTHER RESOURCES 139

X C O N T E N T S

Unit 3

UTOPIAN PROMISEPuritan and Quaker Utopian Visions, 1620–1750

John Woolman (1720–1772) 164Web Archive 165Teaching Tips 166Questions 166

Samson Occom (1723–1792) 167Teaching Tips 168Questions 168Web Archive 168

Suggested Author Pairings 169

CORE CONTEXTS 171Apocalypse: The End of the World as They

Knew It 171Questions 173Web Archive 173

Souls in Need of Salvation, Satan’s Agents, orBrothers in Peace?: English Settlers’ Views ofNative Americans 174

Web Archive 176Questions 177

Puritan Typology: Living the Bible 178Questions 180Web Archive 181

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 181The Doctrine of Weaned Affections: In Search

of Spiritual Milk 181Web Archive 182Questions 183

Plain Style: Keeping It Simple 183Questions 184Web Archive 184

ASSIGNMENTS 185Personal and Creative Responses 185Problem-Based Learning Projects 185

GLOSSARY 186

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 188

FURTHER RESOURCES 189

AUTHORS AND WORKS 140

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 140

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 140

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 141

STUDENT OVERVIEW 142

VIDEO OVERVIEW 143

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 144

TIMELINE 144

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 146William Bradford (1590–1657) 146

Teaching Tips 147Questions 148Web Archive 148

Thomas Morton (c. 1579–1647) 148Teaching Tips 149Questions 150Web Archive 150

John Winthrop (1588–1649) 150Teaching Tips 151Questions 152Web Archive 152

Anne Bradstreet (c. 1612–1672) 152Teaching Tips 153Questions 154Web Archive 154

Mary Rowlandson (c. 1636–1711) 155Teaching Tips 156Questions 157Web Archive 157

Edward Taylor (c. 1642–1729) 158Teaching Tips 159Questions 159Web Archive 160

William Penn (1644–1718) 160Teaching Tips 161Web Archive 161Questions 162

Sarah Kemble Knight (1666–1727) 162Teaching Tips 163Questions 164Web Archive 164

C O N T E N T S XI

Unit 4

THE SPIRIT OF NATIONALISMDeclaring Independence, 1710–1850

AUTHORS AND WORKS 190

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 190

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 191

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 191

STUDENT OVERVIEW 192

VIDEO OVERVIEW 193

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 194

TIMELINE 195

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 197Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) 197

Teaching Tips 198Questions 199Web Archive 199

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) 199Teaching Tips 200Questions 201Web Archive 201

J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur (1735–1813) 202

Teaching Tips 202Questions 203Web Archive 203

Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) 204Teaching Tips 205Web Archive 205Questions 206

Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753–1784) 207Teaching Tips 208Questions 208Web Archive 208

Royall Tyler (1757–1826) 209Teaching Tips 210Questions 211Web Archive 211

Susanna Rowson (c. 1762–1824) 212Teaching Tips 213Questions 214Web Archive 214

William Apess (1798–1839) 214Web Archive 215Teaching Tips 216Questions 216

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882) 217Teaching Tips 218Web Archive 218Questions 219

Margaret Fuller (1810–1850) 220Teaching Tips 222Questions 222Web Archive 223

Suggested Author Pairings 223

CORE CONTEXTS 225Every Man for Himself: American

Individualism 225Questions 227Web Archive 227

A New Rome: Neoclassicism in the New Nation 228

Questions 230Web Archive 230

Mammoth Nation: Natural History andNational Ideals 231

Web Archive 233Questions 234

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 234The Awful Truth: The Aesthetic of the

Sublime 234Questions 236Web Archive 236

Miss America: The Image of Columbia 236Questions 238Web Archive 238

ASSIGNMENTS 238Personal and Creative Responses 238Problem-Based Learning Projects 239

GLOSSARY 239

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 241

FURTHER RESOURCES 242

XII C O N T E N T S

Unit 5

MASCULINE HEROESAmerican Expansion, 1820–1900

Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton (c. 1832–1895) 271

Teaching Tips 272Web Archive 272Questions 273

Nat Love (1854–1921) 273Teaching Tips 274Questions 275Web Archive 275

Suggested Author Pairings 276

CORE CONTEXTS 277America Unbridled: The Iron Horse and

Manifest Destiny 277Questions 280Web Archive 280

Competing Claims: The California Gold Rush 281

Web Archive 282Questions 283

Paradise of Bachelors: The Social World of Menin Nineteenth-Century America 284

Questions 286Web Archive 286

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 287Star-Spangled Moccasins: The American Flag in

Native American Culture 287Questions 289Web Archive 289

Picturing America: The Hudson River SchoolPainters 289

Questions 291Web Archive 291

ASSIGNMENTS 291Personal and Creative Responses 291Problem-Based Learning Projects 292

GLOSSARY 293

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 294

FURTHER RESOURCES 295

AUTHORS AND WORKS 243

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 243

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 244

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 244

STUDENT OVERVIEW 245

VIDEO OVERVIEW 246

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 248

TIMELINE 248

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 250James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851) 250

Teaching Tips 251Questions 252Web Archive 252

Catharine Maria Sedgwick (1789–1867) 254Teaching Tips 255Questions 255Web Archive 255

Cherokee Memorials 256Teaching Tips 257Questions 258Web Archive 258

Corridos 259Teaching Tips 260Web Archive 260Questions 261

Caroline Stansbury Kirkland (1801–1864) 262Teaching Tips 263Questions 263Web Archive 263

Louise Amelia Smith Clappe (1819–1906) 264Teaching Tips 265Questions 265Web Archive 265

Walt Whitman (1819–1892) 266Teaching Tips 267Web Archive 267Questions 268

John Rollin Ridge (Yellow Bird) (1827–1867) 269

Teaching Tips 270Questions 270Web Archive 270

C O N T E N T S XIII

Unit 6

GOTHIC UNDERCURRENTSAmbiguity and Anxiety in the Nineteenth Century

AUTHORS AND WORKS 297

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 297

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 297

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 298

STUDENT OVERVIEW 299

VIDEO OVERVIEW 300

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 301

TIMELINE 302

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 303Charles Brockden Brown (1771–1810) 303

Teaching Tip 303Questions 303Web Archive 303

Washington Irving (1783–1859) 304Teaching Tip 304Web Archive 304Questions 305

Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864) 305Teaching Tips 306Questions 306Web Archive 306

William Gilmore Simms (1806–1870) 307Web Archive 307Teaching Tip 308Questions 308

Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) 308Teaching Tips 309Questions 309Web Archive 309

Henry Ward Beecher (1813–1887) 310Teaching Tip 311Questions 311Web Archive 311

Herman Melville (1819–1891) 311Teaching Tips 312Questions 312Web Archive 312

Emily Dickinson (1830–1886) 313Teaching Tips 314Questions 314Web Archive 314

Ambrose Bierce (1842–1914?) 314Teaching Tip 315Questions 315Web Archive 315

Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935) 315Teaching Tips 316Questions 316Web Archive 316

Suggested Author Pairings 317

CORE CONTEXTS 318Swamps, Dismal and Otherwise 318

Questions 319Web Archive 319

The Spirit Is Willing: The Occult and Women inthe Nineteenth Century 320

Questions 322Web Archive 322

America on the Rocks: The Image of the “Shipof State” 322

Questions 324Web Archive 324

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 324Unnatural Reason/Weird Science 324

Questions 325Web Archive 325

“Sleeping Beauty”: Sentimentalizing Death inthe Nineteenth Century 325

Questions 326Web Archive 326

ASSIGNMENTS 327Personal and Creative Responses 327Problem-Based Learning Projects 327

GLOSSARY 328

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 329

FURTHER RESOURCES 330

XIV C O N T E N T S

Unit 7

SLAVERY AND FREEDOMRace and Identity in Antebellum America

William and Ellen Craft (c. 1826–1897) 356Teaching Tips 357Questions 358Web Archive 358

Helen Hunt Jackson (1830–1885) 359Teaching Tips 360Questions 360Web Archive 360

Suggested Author Pairings 361

CORE CONTEXTS 362The Radical in the Kitchen: Women,

Domesticity, and Social Reform 362Questions 364Web Archive 365

Resistance, Rebellion, and Running Away: Actsof Defiance in Slave Culture 366

Questions 368Web Archive 368

Stirring Things Up: Slaves and the Creation ofAfrican American Culture 369

Web Archive 370Questions 371

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 371The Plantation: Cultivating a Myth 371

Questions 372Web Archive 372

Beyond the Pale: Interracial Relationships and“The Tragic Mulatta” 373

Questions 374Web Archive 374

ASSIGNMENTS 375Personal and Creative Responses 375Problem-Based Learning Projects 376

GLOSSARY 376

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 378

FURTHER RESOURCES 379

AUTHORS AND WORKS 331

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 331

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 331

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 332

STUDENT OVERVIEW 333

VIDEO OVERVIEW 334

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 335

TIMELINE 336

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 338Sorrow Songs 338

Teaching Tips 338Web Archive 338Questions 339

Briton Hammon (fl. 1760) 339Teaching Tips 340Questions 340Web Archive 340

Lydia Maria Child (1802–1880) 341Teaching Tips 342Web Archive 342Questions 343

Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) 344Teaching Tips 345Questions 345Web Archive 345

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811–1896) 346Teaching Tips 347Questions 348Web Archive 348

Harriet Jacobs (c. 1813–1897) 348Teaching Tips 350Questions 351Web Archive 351

Frederick Douglass (1818–1895) 351Teaching Tips 352Web Archive 352Questions 353

Lorenzo Asisara (b. 1819) 353Teaching Tips 355Questions 355Web Archive 355

C O N T E N T S XV

AUTHORS AND WORKS 380

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 380

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 380

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 381

STUDENT OVERVIEW 382

VIDEO OVERVIEW 383

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 385

TIMELINE 386

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 388Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) (1835–1910) 388

Teaching Tips 389Web Archive 389Questions 390

Bret Harte (1836–1902) 390Teaching Tips 391Questions 392Web Archive 392

Joel Chandler Harris (1848–1908) 392Teaching Tips 394Questions 394Web Archive 394

Sarah Orne Jewett (1849–1909) 396Teaching Tips 397Questions 398Web Archive 398

Kate Chopin (1851–1904) 398Teaching Tips 399Questions 400Web Archive 400

Mary E. Wilkins Freeman (1852–1930) 400Teaching Tips 402Questions 402Web Archive 402

Charles W. Chesnutt (1858–1932) 403Teaching Tips 404Questions 404Web Archive 404

Charles Alexander Eastman (Ohiyesa)(1858–1939) 405

Teaching Tips 406Web Archive 406Questions 407

Alexander Posey (1873–1908) 407Teaching Tips 408Web Archive 408Questions 409

Zitkala-Ša (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin)(1876–1938) 409

Teaching Tips 410Questions 411Web Archive 411

Suggested Author Pairings 412

CORE CONTEXTS 413The Best Seat in the House: Parlors and the

Development of Gentility in Nineteenth-Century America 413

Questions 415Web Archive 415

Moving Pictures: Native American Self-Narration 416

Web Archive 418Questions 419

Black, White, and Yellow: Coloring the News inLate-Nineteenth-Century America 419

Questions 422Web Archive 422

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 423Monkeying Around: Trickster Figures and

American Culture 423Questions 425Web Archive 425

The Human Framed: Anatomy, Photography,and Realism in Nineteenth-Century America 425

Questions 427Web Archive 427

ASSIGNMENTS 427Personal and Creative Responses 427Problem-Based Learning Projects 428

GLOSSARY 428

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 430

FURTHER RESOURCES 431

Unit 8

REGIONAL REALISMDepicting the Local in American Literature, 1865–1900

XVI C O N T E N T S

AUTHORS AND WORKS 432

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 432

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 433

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 433

STUDENT OVERVIEW 434

VIDEO OVERVIEW 435

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 437

TIMELINE 438

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 439Sarah Morgan Bryan Piatt (1836–1919) 439

Teaching Tips 440Questions 440Web Archive 440

Henry James (1843–1916) 441Teaching Tips 442Questions 443Web Archive 443

Booker T. Washington (1856–1915) 444Teaching Tips 445Questions 446Web Archive 446

Abraham Cahan (1860–1951) 446Teaching Tips 448Questions 448Web Archive 448

Edith Wharton (1862–1937) 449Teaching Tips 450Questions 450Web Archive 450

Sui Sin Far (Edith Maud Eaton) (1865–1914) 451

Teaching Tips 452Web Archive 452Questions 453

W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963) 453Teaching Tips 455Questions 456Web Archive 456

Theodore Dreiser (1871–1945) 456Teaching Tips 457Questions 458Web Archive 458

Henry Adams (1838–1918) 458Teaching Tips 460Questions 460Web Archive 461

Anzia Yezierska (c. 1880–1970) 461Teaching Tips 463Questions 463Web Archive 463

Suggested Author Pairings 464

CORE CONTEXTS 465The Gospel of Wealth: Robber Barons and the

Rise of Monopoly Capitalism 465Web Archive 466Questions 467

Making Amendments: The Woman SuffrageMovement 467

Web Archive 469Questions 470

Coming to America: Immigrants at Ellis Island 470

Questions 472Web Archive 472

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 473How the Other Half Lived: The Lower

East Side 473Questions 474Web Archive 474

Elevating an Elite: W. E. B. Du Bois and theTalented Tenth 474

Questions 475Web Archive 476

ASSIGNMENTS 476Personal and Creative Responses 476Problem-Based Learning Projects 476

GLOSSARY 477

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 478

FURTHER RESOURCES 479

Unit 9

SOCIAL REALISMClass Consciousness in American Literature, 1875–1920

C O N T E N T S XVII

AUTHORS AND WORKS 480

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 480

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 481

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 481

STUDENT OVERVIEW 482

VIDEO OVERVIEW 483

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 485

TIMELINE 486

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 488Robert Frost (1874–1963) 488

Teaching Tip 489Questions 489Web Archive 489

Carl Sandburg (1878–1967) 490Teaching Tips 491Questions 491Web Archive 491

William Carlos Williams (1883–1963) 492Teaching Tips 493Questions 494Web Archive 494

Ezra Pound (1885–1972) 494Web Archive 495Teaching Tips 496Questions 496

H. D. (Hilda Doolittle) (1886–1961) 496Teaching Tips 497Web Archive 497Questions 498

T. S. Eliot (1888–1965) 498Teaching Tips 499Questions 500Web Archive 500

Claude McKay (1889–1948) 501Teaching Tips 502Web Archive 502Questions 503

Genevieve Taggard (1894–1948) 503Teaching Tips 504Questions 504Web Archive 504

Jean Toomer (1894–1967) 505Teaching Tips 506Questions 506Web Archive 506

Langston Hughes (1902–1967) 507Teaching Tips 508Web Archive 508Questions 509

Suggested Author Pairings 509

CORE CONTEXTS 511Harlem in the 1920s: The Cultural Heart of

America 511Questions 512Web Archive 512

Orientalism: Looking East 513Questions 515Web Archive 515

Primitivism: An Antidote for the Modern 515Web Archive 517Questions 518

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 518Broadcasting Modernization: Radio and the

Battle over Poetry 518Questions 519Web Archive 519

The New Negro and the Reconstruction ofAfrican American Identity 519

Questions 520Web Archive 522

ASSIGNMENTS 521Personal and Creative Responses 521Problem-Based Learning Projects 521

GLOSSARY 522

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 524

FURTHER RESOURCES 524

Unit 10

RHYTHMS IN POETRYFrom the Beat of Blues to the Sounds of Everyday Speech

XVIII C O N T E N T S

AUTHORS AND WORKS 526

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 526

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 526

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 527

STUDENT OVERVIEW 529

VIDEO OVERVIEW 530

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 531

TIMELINE 532

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 533Gertrude Stein (1874–1946) 533

Teaching Tips 533Questions 534Web Archive 534

Susan Glaspell (1876–1948) 535Teaching Tips 536Questions 536Web Archive 536

Sherwood Anderson (1876–1941) 537Teaching Tip 538Questions 538Web Archive 538

Wallace Stevens (1879–1955) 539Teaching Tips 539Questions 540Web Archive 540

Marianne Moore (1887–1972) 540Teaching Tips 541Questions 542Web Archive 542

Nella Larsen (1891–1964) 542Teaching Tips 543Questions 544Web Archive 544

F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940) 545Teaching Tips 546Questions 546Web Archive 546

John Dos Passos (1896–1970) 547Teaching Tips 548Questions 548Web Archive 548

Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) 549Teaching Tip 550Questions 550Web Archive 550

Hart Crane (1899–1932) 551Teaching Tips 552Questions 552Web Archive 552

Suggested Author Pairings 553

CORE CONTEXTS 555The War to End All Wars: The Impact of

World War I 555Web Archive 556Questions 557

Modernity and Technology: The Age ofMachines 558

Questions 560Web Archive 560

Cultural Change, Cultural Exchange: The JazzAge, the Depression, and TransatlanticModernism 561

Questions 563Web Archive 563

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 564“An Explosion in a Shingle Factory”: The

Armory Show and the Advent of Modern ArtQuestions 565Web Archive 566

Experimentation and Modernity: Paris,1900–1930 565

Questions 566Web Archive 568

ASSIGNMENTS 567Personal and Creative Responses 567Problem-Based Learning Projects 567

GLOSSARY 568

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 570

FURTHER RESOURCES 571

Unit 11

MODERNIST PORTRAITSExperimentations in Style, World War I to World War II

C O N T E N T S XIX

AUTHORS AND WORKS 572

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 572

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 573

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 573

STUDENT OVERVIEW 574

VIDEO OVERVIEW 575

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 577

TIMELINE 578

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 580Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) 580

Teaching Tips 581Questions 581Web Archive 581

Upton Sinclair (1878–1968) 581Teaching Tips 582Web Archive 582Questions 583

Robinson Jeffers (1887–1962) 583Teaching Tips 584Questions 584Web Archive 584

John Steinbeck (1902–1968) 585Teaching Tips 585Web Archive 585Questions 586

Muriel Rukeyser (1913–1980) 586Teaching Tips 587Questions 587Web Archive 587

Carlos Bulosan (1913–1956) 588Teaching Tips 589Questions 589Web Archive 589

Tomas Rivera (1935–1984) 590Teaching Tips 591Questions 591Web Archive 591

Rudolfo Anaya (b. 1937) 591Teaching Tips 592Questions 592Web Archive 592

Alberto Ríos (b. 1952) 593Teaching Tip 593Web Archive 593Questions 594

Helena Maria Viramontes (b. 1954) 594Teaching Tips 595Questions 595Web Archive 595

Suggested Author Pairings 596

CORE CONTEXTS 597The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl 597

Questions 598Web Archive 598

Documentary Photography and Film 599Questions 601Web Archive 601

Unionism and the Farm Workers Movement 601

Web Archive 603Questions 604

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 604Socialism and Communism 604

Questions 606Web Archive 606

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) 607Questions 608Web Archive 608

ASSIGNMENTS 608Personal and Creative Responses 608Problem-Based Learning Projects 609

GLOSSARY 610

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 612

FURTHER RESOURCES 613

Unit 12

MIGRANT STRUGGLEThe Bounty of the Land in Twentieth-Century American Literature, 1929–1995

XX C O N T E N T S

AUTHORS AND WORKS 614

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 614

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 614

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 615

STUDENT OVERVIEW 616

VIDEO OVERVIEW 617

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 619

TIMELINE 620

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 621John Crowe Ransom (1888–1974) 621

Teaching Tips 622Questions 622Web Archive 622

Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980) 622Teaching Tips 623Questions 624Web Archive 624

Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960) 625Teaching Tips 626Web Archive 626Questions 627

William Faulkner (1897–1962) 627Teaching Tips 629Questions 629Web Archive 629

Thomas Wolfe (1900–1938) 630Teaching Tips 631Questions 632Web Archive 632

Robert Penn Warren (1905–1989) 633Teaching Tips 633Questions 634Web Archive 634

Richard Wright (1908–1960) 635Teaching Tip 635Questions 636Web Archive 636

Eudora Welty (1909–2001) 637Teaching Tips 638Questions 638Web Archive 638

Tennessee Williams (1911–1983) 639Teaching Tips 640Questions 640Web Archive 641

Flannery O’Connor (1925–1965) 641Teaching Tips 642Questions 643Web Archive 643

Suggested Author Pairings 643

CORE CONTEXTS 645Taking a Stand: The Southern Agrarians

Respond to a Changing World 645Questions 647Web Archive 647

Separate Is Not Equal: Enforcing the Codes ofthe Jim Crow South 648

Questions 650Web Archive 650

Mass Culture Invasion: The Rise of MotionPictures 651

Questions 653Web Archive 653

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 654Hitting the Road: How Automobiles and

Highways Transformed American Life 654Questions 655Web Archive 655

Promises Unfulfilled: Sharecropping in theSouth 656

Questions 657Web Archive 658

ASSIGNMENTS 658Personal and Creative Responses 658Problem-Based Learning Projects 658

GLOSSARY 659

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 661

FURTHER RESOURCES 662

Unit 13

SOUTHERN RENAISSANCEReinventing the South

C O N T E N T S XXI

AUTHORS AND WORKS 664

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 664

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 665

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 665

STUDENT OVERVIEW 666

VIDEO OVERVIEW 668

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 670

TIMELINE 671

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 672Bernard Malamud (1914–1986) 672

Teaching Tip 673Questions 673Web Archive 673

Ralph Ellison (1914–1994) 673Teaching Tips 674Web Archive 674Questions 675

Saul Bellow (b. 1915) 676Teaching Tips 676Web Archive 676Questions 677

Arthur Miller (b. 1915) 678Teaching Tips 678Web Archive 678Questions 679

Gwendolyn Brooks (1917–2000) 680Teaching Tips 680Web Archive 680Questions 681

Grace Paley (b. 1922) 681Teaching Tips 682Questions 682Web Archive 682

James Baldwin (1924–1987) 683Teaching Tips 684Questions 684Web Archive 684

Paule Marshall (b. 1929) 685Teaching Tips 685Questions 686Web Archive 686

Philip Roth (b. 1933) 686Teaching Tips 687Web Archive 687Questions 688

N. Scott Momaday (b. 1934) 688Teaching Tips 689Web Archive 689Questions 690

Suggested Author Pairings 690

CORE CONTEXTS 692With Justice for All: From World War II to the

Civil Rights Movement 692Web Archive 693Questions 694

Suburban Dreams: Levittown, New York 695Questions 696Web Archive 696

Living with the Atomic Bomb: NativeAmericans and the Postwar Uranium Boomand Nuclear Reactions 697

Questions 699Web Archive 699

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 700Jazz Aesthetics 700

Questions 701Web Archive 701

Baseball: An American Pastime 701Questions 703Web Archive 703

ASSIGNMENTS 704Personal and Creative Responses 704Problem-Based Learning Projects 705

GLOSSARY 706

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 707

FURTHER RESOURCES 708

Unit 14

BECOMING VISIBLEEthnic Writers and the Literary Mainstream, 1945–1969

XXII C O N T E N T S

AUTHORS AND WORKS 709

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 709

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 710

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 710

STUDENT OVERVIEW 712

VIDEO OVERVIEW 713

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 714

TIMELINE 715

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 716Allen Ginsberg (1926–1997) 716

Teaching Tips 717Questions 717Web Archive 717

John Ashbery (b. 1927) 718Teaching Tips 719Web Archive 719Questions 720

James Wright (1927–1980) 721Teaching Tip 722Questions 722Web Archive 722

Adrienne Rich (b. 1929) 723Teaching Tips 724Questions 724Web Archive 725

Gary Snyder (b. 1930) 726Teaching Tip 727Questions 727Web Archive 727

Sylvia Plath (1932–1963) 728Teaching Tips 729Questions 730Web Archive 730

Audre Lorde (1934–1992) 731Teaching Tip 731Web Archive 731Questions 732

Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) (b. 1934) 733Teaching Tips 734Questions 734Web Archive 734

Joy Harjo (b. 1951) 735Teaching Tips 735Questions 736Web Archive 736

Lorna Dee Cervantes (b. 1954) 737Teaching Tip 737Web Archive 737Questions 738

Suggested Author Pairings 739

CORE CONTEXTS 741The War in Vietnam: The War at Home 741

Questions 742Web Archive 743

The Beat Generation: Living (and Writing) onthe Edge 743

Questions 745Web Archive 745

Black Arts: A Separate Voice 745Questions 746Web Archive 747

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 748The Women’s Movement: Diving into

the Wreck 748Web Archive 750Questions 751

Poetry of Transcendence: Poets Look to theAmerican Landscape 751

Questions 753Web Archive 753

ASSIGNMENTS 754Personal and Creative Responses 754Problem-Based Learning Projects 755

GLOSSARY 755

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 756

FURTHER RESOURCES 756

Unit 15

POETRY OF LIBERATIONProtest Movements and American Counterculture

C O N T E N T S XXIII

AUTHORS AND WORKS 758

OVERVIEW QUESTIONS 758

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 759

INSTRUCTOR OVERVIEW 759

STUDENT OVERVIEW 760

VIDEO OVERVIEW 761

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE VIDEO 762

TIMELINE 763

AUTHOR/TEXT REVIEW 766Toni Morrison (b. 1931) 766

Teaching Tips 766Web Archive 766Questions 767

Thomas Pynchon (b. 1937) 768Teaching Tips 768Web Archive 768Questions 769

Toni Cade Bambara (1939–1995) 770Teaching Tips 771Questions 771Web Archive 771

Maxine Hong Kingston (b. 1940) 772Teaching Tips 773Questions 773Web Archive 773

Diane Glancy (b. 1941) 775Teaching Tips 775Web Archive 775Questions 776

Alice Walker (b. 1944) 777Teaching Tips 777Web Archive 777Questions 778

David Mamet (b. 1947) 779Teaching Tips 780Questions 780Web Archive 781

Leslie Feinberg (b. 1949) 782Teaching Tips 782Questions 783Web Archive 783

Judith Ortiz Cofer (b. 1952) 783Teaching Tips 784Questions 784Web Archive 784

Sandra Cisneros (b. 1954) 786Teaching Tips 787Questions 787Web Archive 787

Suggested Author Pairings 788

CORE CONTEXTS 790Escaping Their Cages: Performance Artists in

the Twentieth Century 790Questions 792Web Archive 792

Memorials: The Art of Memory 793Questions 795Web Archive 795

Collage: Putting the Pieces Together 797Questions 799Web Archive 799

EXTENDED CONTEXTS 800Gay and Lesbian Identities in Contemporary

American Writing 800Questions 802Web Archive 802

Locking the Gates: The City within the City 803Questions 803Web Archive 803

ASSIGNMENTS 804Personal and Creative Responses 804Problem-Based Learning Projects 805

GLOSSARY 806

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 807

FURTHER RESOURCES 808

Unit 16

THE SEARCH FOR IDENTITYAmerican Prose Writers, 1970–Present

XXIV C O N T E N T S

Getting Started A1Thesis Sentences A1Introductions A3Making Arguments A3Paragraphs A8Comparisons A9Conclusions A9Revising and Peer Editing A10

Taking Exams A10Grammar and Punctuation Tips A12Writing Web Pages A13Creating a Slide Show A14A Brief Overview of MLA Style A16

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY A17

APPENDIXWriting about Literature