american history chapter 10 9/14/2015john 3:161. overview americans had overthrown king george iii...
TRANSCRIPT
American History
Chapter 10
04/21/23 John 3:16 1
Overview
Americans had overthrown King George III and the Articles of Confederation
Basic distrust of central authority--but saw it as a necessary evil
In debt and revenues limited Skeptical world doubted the upstart
United States
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Growing Pains Constitution launched in 1789 amid
growthPopulation doubling each 25 yearsPopulation about 90% ruralAll but 5% lived east of Appalachian
MountainsForeign visitors looked down their noses at
the roughness of pioneering lifeFurther west were Spanish and British
agents moved freely among the settlers
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Growing Pains America had done something no other
nation in history had ever done—free its people from tyranny, told its people they were all equal, and gave the people the power to govern themselves
The Virginia constitution was the first constitution adopted by the people’s representatives in the history of the world
The rest of the world looked with awe upon America
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Washington for President George Washington unanimously
drafted as first president by Electoral CollegeOnly nominee in historyStrong, imposing figureDidn’t seek the office—preferred Mount
VernonBalanced, not brilliantStrength of character, but not politically
artful
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Washington for President Temporary capital was New York City Took oath of office April 30, 1789 Washington’s first cabinet
Secretary of State: Thomas JeffersonSecretary of the Treasury: Alexander
HamiltonSecretary of War: Henry Knox
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The Bill of Rights
Unfinished of Bill of Rights Promised when states were ratifying
constitutionParticular concern of anti-federalistsWould be amendments to constitutionAdopted in 1791
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The Bill of Rights First 10 amendments are the Bill of Rights
1. Freedom of religion, speech, and the press and to assemble
2. Right to bear arms
3. Restricts housing of federal troops in home
4. Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures
5. No imprisonment without due process; cannot be forced to testify against self
6. Right to public and speedy trial by jury
7. Trial by jury in civil cases
8. Freedom from cruel and unusual punishments, excessive bail
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The Bill of Rights
Madison inserted two more—the 9th and 10th
9th: Certain rights “shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people”-we have more rights than those mentioned
10th: All rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the federal Constitution “to the States respectively, or to the people”
Brought the constitution back to more anti-federalist stance
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Judiciary Act of 1789
Created the courts○ Organized the Supreme Court○ Federal district and circuit courts○ Est’d Office of Attorney General
John Jay-1st Chief Justice
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Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton1st Sec. of the TreasuryBig central governmentNative of West Indies-doubts
about his loyaltyFinancial wizardArchrival of Thomas JeffersonPay the entire national debt “at
par”—face value of debt○ $54 million○ + Assume debts of states-tie them
to fed. gov’t. ○ Jefferson finally agreed-capitol
moved to the Potomac.
Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Behind Hamilton’s plan, the United
States owed $75 million“Father of the National Debt” Debt- “National Blessing”
Tariffs to help pay the debtProtection wall around American goods
Started tax on domestic items, e.g. whiskey
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Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Hamilton wanted national bank to
conduct business and have a location to keep its assets and print money
Jefferson disagreedstate’s responsibilityThe constitution didn’t authorize banks
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Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Washington asked Jefferson for a
written opinion—Jefferson respondedNo constitutional authorityAll powers not granted to the federal
government were reserved for the states○ The states, not congress, could charter banks
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Interpretation Differences
Jefferson• Strict/Literal Interp.• Based on concern
for states’ rights• Theory of “strict
construction”
Hamilton• Loose-What the
constitution did not forbid, it permitted
• Hamilton invoked Art I, Sec VIII, para 18—Congress may pass laws “necessary and proper”
• Basic functions of gov. require a bank
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*North for the bank, South against
Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794
Rebellion in PA against Hamilton’s whiskey taxTax collectors tarred and featheredWashington sent troops“Whiskey Boys” dispersedShowed strength of new gov. Some criticized for sending a “sledgehammer to
crush a gnat”
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The Emergence of political Parties Hamilton had established good credit
rating in AmericaNetherlands loaned America at low rates
The tax, the bank, the Whiskey Rebellion suppression, etc. created some states rights enemiesThe central government was “mistreating”
states
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The Emergence of Political Parties The Hamilton-Jefferson feud became
bitter political rivalry Founders had not envisioned political
partiesopposition voices seemed disloyal
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The Emergence of political Parties Jefferson/Madison face Hamilton
Voices grew louderPolitical messages were publicizedJefferson and Madison formed the
Democratic-Republican party in 1792Hamilton led the FederalistsThe two-party system has worked ever
since○ The party out of power is the “loyal opposition”○ Ensures politics never drifts too far one way
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Foreign Policy Under Washington
French Revolution:Initial approval soured when Reign of Terror beganJeffersonians watched the bloody French Revolution with
interest○ Jefferson: can’t expect to be carried from “despotism to liberty in a
feather bed”
Hamilton’s Federalists feared it
GB & France fighting again-1793-1815 Edmond Genet-minister from French gov’t-pursued
American support Washington issues Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
Started tradition of isolationism
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Embroilments with Britain Britain had kept outposts in Great Lakes
RegionSupplied Miami Confederation, 8 tribesLittle Turtle, Miami chiefKilled hundreds of American forces, —1790-
1791 General “Mad Anthony” Wayne’s forces defeat
them in 1794-Battle of Fallen Timbers Treaty of Greenville: Indian lands were sold
north of the Ohio River
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Embroilments with Britain Britain’s navy attacked hundreds of US
merchant ships and began impressment of our sailors
Still, Hamilton wanted trade with Britain and thus America didn’t respond by getting into the warHamilton’s financial system depended on
trade with the British
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Washington John Jay to Britain to try to avoid warJay’s Treaty:
○ Weak and angered many JDRs○ British promised to evacuate outposts (again)○ Refused to abandon impressment
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Pinckney’s Treaty
Spain feared Anglo-American alliancePinckney’s Treaty of 1795
○ Free navigation of the Mississippi○ Land in north Florida
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Washington’s Farewell
Washington had served two termsDecided to retireStarted a trendIn farewell address, advised against
permanent alliancesFavored temporary alliances for specific
purposes
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Washington’s Farewell
Washington’s contributions enormous
Good economic foundation (Hamilton)Expanding nationInternational tradeKept out of foreign wars
Some still criticized for Jay’s Treaty and not helping France
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John Adams Becomes President The presidential campaign of 1796
featured Jefferson and AdamsJefferson: Democratic-RepublicanAdams: FederalistFollowers of each refused to drink in the
same tavern
Adams wins-71 to 68Jefferson VP!Adams was intellectual, tough, had prickly
manner
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John Adams Become President
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Unofficial fighting with France Adams had problems
Hamilton as an enemy France—who had a grudge against the America for not helping
when needed France angry about Jay’s Treaty
Refused to received the American minister Seized American ships
XYZ Affair Adams sent diplomats to avoid war 3 French officials (X, Y, & Z) demanded money to see the minister
—John Marshall, future CJ, refused. War preparations against France began
Dept. of the Navy created Marine Corps reestablished
Unofficial war confined to the sea Convention of 1800-settled matter-ended 1778 Alliance;
negotiated with Napoleon
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Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party France, wanting to avoid war with
America (it was fighting others on the continent) suddenly permitted the American minister to be received
Adams won much acclaim—remained coolHad avoided war while nation was weakCould have won popularity through war by
seizing Florida and Louisiana outright
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Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party France received American envoys and
signed a new treaty with AmericaThe Convention of 1800Deleted the old treaty—allianceAmerica agreed to pay damage claims on
shippersLast of “foreign entanglements” for a long
time
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Adams puts patriotism Above Party Adams given much credit
His party wanted war with France, but he kept peace
Led to Napoleon selling Louisiana Purchase to America while Jefferson was president (1803)
Suggested his own epitaph: (Not used)○ “Here lies John Adams, who took upon himself the
responsibility of peace with France in the year 1800.”
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The Federalist Witch Hunt Federalists wrote laws to muffle
Jeffersonians Alien Acts
New aliens from Europe were poor○ Scorned by Federalists○ Welcomed by Jeffersonians
Increased to a 14 year wait to become citizens
Pay bond to come inDeportation of “dangerous” aliens
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The Federalist Witch Hunt Sedition Act
Illegal to criticize the government “to keep patriotism strong” (through speech or print)
Obvious violation of 1st AmendmentMany Jeffersonians put in jailFederalists felt the law was justified due to
the “verbal violence of the day(pg 205,206)
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The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions
Jefferson furious about Sedition and Alien ActsSecretly wrote resolutions approved by
KentuckyMadison did the same in Virginia
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The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions The logic-”Compact Theory”
The 13 sovereign states created the federal government○ The states were the final judges of whether
the federal government had broken its contract
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The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions The Kentucky Resolution
Said federal government had exceeded its powers
Nullification—a refusal to accept them—was rightful remedy
No other states would follow Many debated Jefferson saying the people
not the states had created the federal government
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The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions The determination made that Supreme
Court must nullify legislation passed by the federal government
Nullification resolutions later used by south to secede from Union
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Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans The Federalists believed the few should
run the countryHamilton said only the “best people” should
be in controlIntellectual arrogance Feared the “swayability” of the untutored
common folk
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Federalists Versus Democratic-Republican Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans,
often referred to as “Republicans” Jefferson and Hamilton had different
theories of society, politics, and diplomacy
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Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson
Appealed to the middle class and under privilegedA contradiction
○ An aristocrat with sympathy for the downtrodden○ “I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility
against every form of tyranny over the mind of man”Best government was the one that governed leastNational debt, bequeathed to later generations, should
be paid off“Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people
of God”
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Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans Jefferson, cont’d: profound respect for the ability of the
masses, when taught Feared landless dependents would be
political pawns Reconciled slavery by offering that
cheap labor would free poor farmer to learn and vote
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