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American Becoming a World Power: Imperialism and Expansion 1890­1917, Chapter 1110­29­12 Bellwork: Take the section pre­test given to you. Answer to the best of your ability and do your own work.

EOI Terms;ImperialismExtractive economiesAlfred T. MahanAnnexSocial DarwinismQueen LiliuokalaniMathew Perry"White man's burden"Anti­Imperialist League

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What is Imperialism?

The policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker nations.

Motives for U.S. Imperialism1. To expand markets for our products and need for raw materials.2. To secure forward naval bases to refuel and resupply our ships and protect our foreign interests. Compete with European colonial ambitions.3. Social Darwinism, the Anglo‐Saxon superior race was destined to spread as part of our "Manifest Destiny"4. It is our Christian duty to help "our little brown brothers" find civilization as the concept of the "white man's burden."

Analyze the cartoon:Who is Uncle Sam playing cards against?

Homework­ Motives for Imperialism and EOI termsRead and answer the questions on the DBQ handout and define the EOI terms in the proper format.

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10­30­12 Bellwork:“Our productions were not greater than our trade. There was not one reason for the land­lust of our statesmen from Jefferson to Grant, other than the prophet and the Saxon within them. But, to­day, we are raising more than we can consume, making more than we can use. Therefore we must find new markets for our produce.”

Albert J. Beveridge, THE MARCH OF THE FLAG

September 1898

1. Why did Albert J. Beveridge call for new markets?

2. What concept does Beveridge refer to when he said "other than the prophet and the Saxon within them?"

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Analyze:What do the people in the baskets represent?

Who is Uncle Sam following?

Why?

What does the boulders represent?

What is the difference between the men in the baskets attitudes and why?

What is the ultimate goal of the "white man's burden?"

Quick write: Explain in detail the concept of the "white man's burden."

Early U.S. Imperialism 1853 Commodore Perry sails US. warships into what is Tokyo Bay today. Japan had rejected foreign access to their land prior to Perry's visit. Within a year Perry had established an exclusive trade agreement with Japan.

Seward's folly1867, Sec. of State, William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million and was highly criticized for it. America's landmass nearly doubled with the acquisition. What resources will prove Seward's purchase to be wise?

Both of the above are more akin to territorial and economic expansionism. Our first true act of Imperialism will follow.

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America's annexation of Hawaii in 1898 extended U.S. territory into the Pacific and highlighted resulted from economic integration and the rise of the United States as a Pacific power. For most of the 1800s, leaders in Washington were concerned that Hawaii might become part of a European nation's empire. During the 1830s, Britain and France forced Hawaii to accept treaties giving them economic privileges. In 1842, Secretary of State Daniel Webster sent a letter to Hawaiian agents in Washington affirming U.S. interests in Hawaii and opposing annexation by any other nation. He also proposed to Great Britain and France that no nation should seek special privileges or engage in further colonization of the islands. In 1849, the United States and Hawaii concluded a treaty of friendship that served as the basis of official relations between the parties. A key provisioning spot for American whaling ships, fertile ground for American protestant missionaries, and a new source of sugarcane production, Hawaii's economy became increasingly integrated with the United States. An 1875 trade reciprocity treaty further linked the two countries and U.S. sugar plantation owners from the United States came to dominate the economy and politics of the islands. When Queen Liliuokalani moved to establish a stronger monarchy, Americans under the leadership of Samuel Dole deposed her in 1893. The planters' belief that a coup and annexation by the United States would remove the threat of a devastating tariff on their sugar also spurred them to action. The administration of President Benjamin Harrison encouraged the takeover, and dispatched sailors from the USS Boston to the islands to surround the royal palace. The U.S. minister to Hawaii, John L. Stevens, worked closely with the new government. Dole sent a delegation to Washington in 1894 seeking annexation, but the new President, Grover Cleveland, opposed annexation and tried to restore the Queen. Dole declared Hawaii an independent republic. Spurred by the nationalism aroused by the Spanish­American War, the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 at the urging of President William McKinley. Hawaii was made a territory in 1900, and Dole became its first governor. Racial attitudes and party politics in the United States deferred statehood until a bipartisan compromise linked Hawaii's status to Alaska, and both became States in 1959.

American Imperialism leads to the annexation of Hawaii

The Queen was held prisoner in the Iolani Palace for over a year for resisting the white planters taking control of the government.

Quick write­Who led the efforts to annex Hawaii?Who declared Hawaii a independent republic?Who was the 1st. Governor of Hawaii?Making connections­Based on your answers, what was the primary motivation for such a push for overthrowing the Hawaiian monarchy?

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10­31­12 Bellwork:1. What island nation was the focal point of the Spanish­American War and why?2. Based on the timeline, why did Secretary of State John Hay refer to it as a "splendid little war"?

EOI terms:Yellow JournalismJingoismRough RidersWilliam R. HearstJose MartiEmilio Aguinaldoinsurrectionguerrilla warfare

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Rebellion in the Spanish colony of Cuba will lead to theSpanish­American WarWhat events and actions lead to war?

Cuban freedom fighters have sought independence for decades. When led by Jose Marti, they gained some ground. Spain assigned Gen. Valeriano Weyler to put down the insurrection. Weyler's ruthless tactics and the deaths of hundreds of thousands civilians in concentration camps will earn the Spanish leader the title of "the butcher." America's government has supported the revolution, citing the Monroe Doctrine. American businesses also suffered loses due to Spanish actions.

Yellow Press stirs public opinion towards war.Competing Newspapers will use sensationalism when reporting of events in Cuba to increase sales of their papers.This yellow journalism will lead to Jingoism.Quick write:Name the men and their newspapers.Define Jingoism­

Think­Pair­Share: What modern press could you compare yellow press to?

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Today most get their news from the television and internet, but there is still a place for yellow journalism, we call it tabloids. Today and they can reflect beliefs, opinions, and facts with a sensational flair.

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The practice of sensationalism to increase newspaper sales practiced by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst is known a "yellow press" and it will change the opinion of the American public to demand our government take action against Spain for actions in Cuba. This call for an aggressive foreign policy becomes known as "jingoism."

Hearst and his paper

Pulitzer and his paper

Describe the images you see to the left and what they represent.

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The message has undeceived the insurgents who expected something else, and has paralyzed the action of Congress, but I consider it bad. Besides the natural and inevitable coarseness with which he repeats all that the press and public opinion of Spain has said of Weyler, it shows once more what McKinley is: weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party.

The above is an excerpt of the Spanish ambassador, Enrique Dupuy de Lome

The Road to WarPresident McKinley will warn Spain to make peace with the rebels and stop actions against civilians and American interest. He will also deploy The new battleship, USS Maine to Havana to provide protection to Americans in Cuba.Hearst's Journal will publish a letter intercepted from the Spanish ambassador that insults President McKinley.

Quick write: What do you think the public response was?How would it differ today?

Then the USS Maine explodes in the Havana Harbor and America screams for war. before after

President McKinley will go before Congress and ask for authorization of use of force against Spain, WAR

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Bellwork 11­1­12The Spanish­American War was not fought on the shores of either country.

1. What two regions of the world was the war fought in?

2. Why in those regions?

http://www.history.com/videos/roosevelt­fights­in­spanish­american­war#roosevelt­fights­in­spanish­american­war

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The Spanish­American War was fought in the South Pacific and Caribbean Sea at sites of Spanish colonial holdings.

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Results of Spanish­American War 1. 385 American battle deaths (1/20th the number lost at Gettysburg)

2. Several thousand deaths from disease and poisoned meat (2,061)

3. Cost: $250,000,000

4. U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippine Islands (100,000 sq. miles, 10 million people) for $20 million

5. Anti­Imperialists angered by anti­democratic aspects of imperialist efforts 6. Teller Amendment pledged that U.S. would guarantee self­rule to Cubans

7. Platt Amendment restricted Cuban foreign policies and gave U.S. land for coaling or naval stations

The Treaty of Paris will end the war and mark the beginning of American Imperialism. The map below shows new territories controlled by America to some extent.

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Many Americans thought the United States should not have overseas territories. But President William McKinley thought the Philippines were unprepared for independence. He decided to keep the islands and prepare the people for self­government in the future.1. How did the people of the Philippines feel about McKinley's decision?2. What action did our former ally, freedom fighter, Emilio Aguinaldo take in response?

Bell work 1­2­12

The Filipinos resented not being granted their independence and rebelled against American forces using guerrilla tactics led by Emilio Aguinaldo. The formers allies will battle from 1899 to 1901. With the capture of Aguinaldo and other leaders the insurrection will be put down.

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Future president, William Howard Taft will become the first American governor of the Philippines. He will focus on building infrastructure and jailing dissidents. Congress will pass the Jones Act in 1916, which promises independence to the Philippines. (granted to them in 1946)

That American forces were engaged in a colonial war to suppress another people's independence led to a great deal of soul­searching among important American thinkers, writers, and journalists. What eventually became the American Anti­Imperialist League began at a June 1898 meeting at Boston's Faneuil Hall, where people concerned about the colonial policy that the US government may choose to adopt in the wake of the war gathered to speak out against the transformation of the United States into an imperial power. The League was formally established that November, dedicating its energies to propagating the anti­imperialist message by means of lectures, public meetings, and the printed word.Those who later became anti­imperialists could be found both among supporters and opponents of the Spanish­American War of 1898. William Jennings Bryan was a good example of the former, and Moorfield Storey of the latter.

Mark Twain arrived in New York in October 1900, and at once announced his anti­imperialism in several newspaper interviews, which were widely reprinted. “I have read carefully the treaty of Paris [between the United States and Spain], and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem.... And so I am an anti­imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land.” ?New York Herald, 15 October 1900

“The Philippines are ours forever.... And just beyond the Philippines are China’s illimitable markets. We will not retreat from either. We will not repudiate our duty in the archipelago. We will not abandon our opportunity in the Orient. We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race, trustee under God, of the civilization of the world.” quoted in Jim Zwick, Mark Twain’s Weapons of Satire: Anti­Imperialist Writings on the Philippine­American War

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Look at the cartoons and determine if they a pro or anti imperialism and list why

1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

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"Let us speak courteously, deal fairly, and keep ourselves armed and ready."

"Don't hit at all if you can help it; don't hit a man if you can possibly avoid it; but if you do hit him, put him to sleep."

Bellwork 11­5­12

1. Who said the quotes above?

2. Translate the quotes into the saying commonly accredited to this president." "

"Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far."

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Describing his foreign policy, Theodore Roosevelt quoted a West African proverb: "Speak softly and carry a big stick." As president, Roosevelt used "big stick diplomacy" to seize the initiative in handling foreign relations, which helped transform the United States into one of the most powerful nations in the world.However, Roosevelt also disregarded the Constitution’s limitations on federal power by making the executive branch supreme in foreign policy matters. This set a precedent that still exists today. Examples of Roosevelt’s disregard included:• Converting the U.S. military into the "policeman of the world" • Committing the U.S. military to foreign countries without congressional consent • Negotiating agreements with foreign dignitaries without Senate ratificationExplain each bullet point:

1."policeman of the world", _____________________________________________________.2. Commitment of troops, ______________________________________________________.3. Non­Senate approved agreement, _______________________________________________.

The Roosevelt Corollary As European nations began expanding their spheres of influence, many attempted to interfere in Latin America. Germany had threatened to force Venezuela to pay its debts, and other European nations were pressuring the Dominican Republic to do the same.Roosevelt responded to European pressure by declaring that only the U.S. had the authority to intervene in Latin America, effectively becoming "an international police power." This declaration stemmed from Roosevelt’s belief that the U.S. should protect weaker nations in the Western Hemisphere. This became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

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When the French could no longer afford the canal project in Columbia, Roosevelt wanted to take it over to speed trade and military travel between oceans. America did not enjoy good diplomatic relations with Columbia and the asking price was way too high.When Panama revolted against ruling Colombia, Roosevelt sent warships without Congress's consent to support the Panamanians. Roosevelt recognized the hastily created Republic of Panama and a treaty was negotiated giving the U.S. the right to build the Panama Canal.Securing the Panama Canal was Roosevelt’s greatest foreign policy achievement, but the way it was done was most likely unconstitutional. Roosevelt defended his actions by later stating: "I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate; and while the debate goes on the Canal does also."Roosevelt's deployment of warships is known as "gunboat diplomacy."

The Panama Canal cost Americans around $375,000,000, including the $10,000,000 paid to Panama and the $40,000,000 paid to the French company. It was the single most expensive construction project in United States history to that time. Fortifications cost extra, about $12,000,000.

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The negotiations to end the Russo­Japanese war began at Sagamore Hill when President Theodore Roosevelt invited diplomats on both sides, Russia and Japan, to his home in Oyster Bay. After meeting with all of them, he sent the diplomats out on board the presidential yacht Mayflower*. Negotiations continued at and near a naval base in Portsmouth, because it was federal property and cool in the summer. Delegates also went back and forth to Oyster Bay to confer with TR. TR set up the final settlement, and the treaty was signed at the US Navy base in Portsmouth. Thus the accord is called the "Treaty of Portsmouth".

Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his work in the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Portsmouth ending the Russo­Japanese War in 1905. This made him the first American to win a Nobel Prize in any of the categories.

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President Taft's Dollar Diplomacy

"I am in favor of helping the prosperity of all countries because, when we are all prosperous, the trade with each becomes more valuable to the other." This policy has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets. It is one that appeals alike to idealistic humanitarian sentiments, to the dictates of sound policy and strategy, and to legitimate commercial aims.

Taft will be forced to use military force to protect American business interests.Armed forces were deployed and remained on site until 1925. American bankers were given charge of Nicaraguan finances, collecting customs duties, paying the nation’s debts and returning the remainder to the friendly government.

Bellwork 5­6­12:

1. Explain the actions taken by President T. Roosevelt to obtain the rights to build the Panama Canal.

2. What did President Roosevelt use as his "big stick?"

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Woodrow Wilson's "Moral Diplomacy"Wilson disliked the assertive policies of Taft and Theodore Roosevelt. Headvocated "moral diplomacy" (a policy that made the U.S. the conscience of theworld). He hoped to spread democracy, condemn colonialism, and promote peace.While he pledged to limit American interventions in Latin America, he ended upintervening more than any previous President, deploying troops to Haiti, theDominican Republic, Nicaragua and Mexico.

"These States lying to the south of us, which have always been ourneighbors, will now be drawn closer to us by innumerable ties, and I hope,chief of all, by the tie of a common understanding of each other. Interestdoes not tie nations together; it sometimes separates them. But sympathyand understanding does unite them....We must prove ourselves their friends and champions upon the termsof equality and honor... We must show ourselves friends by comprehendingtheir interest, whether it squares with our own interest or not. It is a veryperilous thing to determine the foreign policy of a nation in the terms ofmaterial interest. It not only is unfair to those with whom you are dealing,but it is degrading as regards your own actions."­President Woodrow Wilson, 1913

Wilson decided to recognize Carranza as the legitimate heir of the revolution. Villa then seized a number of Americans in January 1916 and executed them. On March 9 he crossed the border into Columbus, New Mexico, where he killed citizens and burned the town. Wilson had to respond. Under Brigadier General John J. Pershing a force of more than 6000 troops was dispatched to Mexico. Wilson legitimized the action by acquiring Carranza's permission to pursue Villa. Villa's clever escapes and his second crossing of the border, at Glen Springs, Texas, where he again killed several Americans, inflamed public opinion on both sides of the border and almost caused full­scale war by setting Carranza against the intervention. However, a constitutional government was set up in Mexico in October 1916. Wilson began removing U.S. troops from Mexican soil as the likelihood of U.S. involvement in World War I increased.

Wilson will also have to send troops to Nicaragua to keep Taft's intervention policies in place. Bryan later authorized the use of troops in the Dominican Republic and in Haiti, even though he was a longtime advocate and architect of plans and treaties furthering peace.

Wilson will have even more trouble with Mexico

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Compare the foreign policies using the diagram

President T. Roosevelt

President W.H. Taft President W. Wilson

Name __________________

Name_________________ _________________ Name

Write an essay explaining the military interventionism used by each president.