AMERICA IN THE MODERN AGE

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

WORLD WAR II

THE COLD WAR

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

ELECTION OF 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt Promises a “new deal”

and restored prosperity. Republican

Herbert Hoover Roosevelt wins in a

landslide Hoover only wins 6

states.

Election of 1932

THE NEW DEAL

Introduced by FDR in his first 100 days.Introduced by FDR in his first 100 days. Closes all banks and calls Congress into Closes all banks and calls Congress into

special session.special session. Banking legislation passed- only healthy Banking legislation passed- only healthy

banks allowed to reopen.banks allowed to reopen. Introduces New Deal Programs- govt. Introduces New Deal Programs- govt.

sponsored job relief programs.sponsored job relief programs.

NEW DEAL PROGRAMS

Civilian Conservation Corps. (CCC)Civilian Conservation Corps. (CCC) provided jobs to build bridges and set provided jobs to build bridges and set

up flood control on rivers.up flood control on rivers. Ft. Peck DamFt. Peck Dam

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Built dams on the Tennessee River for Built dams on the Tennessee River for

cheap electricity to the South. cheap electricity to the South.

NEW DEAL PROGRAMS

National Recovery Act (NRA)National Recovery Act (NRA) Regulated wages, prices, and working Regulated wages, prices, and working

conditionsconditions

Federal Deposit Insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)Corporation (FDIC) Govt. insured savings accounts in banks.Govt. insured savings accounts in banks.

Rural Electrification Project (REA)Rural Electrification Project (REA) Extended electricity to rural areas.Extended electricity to rural areas.

NEW DEAL PROGRAMS

Works Progress Administration Works Progress Administration (WPA)(WPA) Employed men to build schools, Employed men to build schools,

hospitals, parks, etc. hospitals, parks, etc.

Social Security Act (SSA)Social Security Act (SSA) Set up a system of pensions for the Set up a system of pensions for the

elderly, unemployed, and handicapped.elderly, unemployed, and handicapped.

Agriculture Adjustment Admin. Agriculture Adjustment Admin. (AAA)(AAA) Paid farmers not to farm certain crops.Paid farmers not to farm certain crops.

NEW DEAL

New Deal reaches its highpoint in 1936. Created a government Created a government

which extended itself which extended itself into all facets of life.into all facets of life.

Created a society that Created a society that became reliant on govt. became reliant on govt. support.support.

ELECTION OF 1936

Democrats Franklin Roosevelt

Republicans Alfred Landon New Deal so popular he New Deal so popular he

refuses to campaign refuses to campaign against it.against it.

Roosevelt wins all but 2 states

Election of 1936

WORLD WAR II

                                                                            

RISE OF DICTATORS

Three (3) events that led to their rise

1. Great Depression in Europe following WWI.

2. Anger over the Treaty of Versailles

Germany

3. Strong sense of nationalism Desire that all peoples with like

languages and cultures should be together in one country.

BENITO MUSSOLINI

Leads the Fascist Party of Italy to power in 1922.

Outlaws all political parties except Fascists.

Takes control of press, schools, religion.

Invades Ethiopia with no interference by the League of Nations.

ADOLF HITLER

Head of the Nazi Party in Germany- 1933

Blames Jews for German problems and calls for the creation of the Aryan Race.

Blond haired, blue-eyed Germans

Creates a totalitarian state in which Nazi Party controls all of the govt., schools, and religion.

JAPAN

Hirohito- Emperor of Japan.

Militarists dominate the government. Hideki Tojo- War

Minister. 1932- Seizes

Manchuria. 1936- leaves the

League of Nations and invades China.

THE BEGINING OF THE WAR 1935: Germany rearms. 1936: Germany takes the

Rhineland. 1937: Germany, Italy,

Japan form the Axis Powers.

1938: Germany seizes Sudetenland and Austria.

1939: Germany invades Czechoslovakia.

EUROPEAN RESPONSE

Britain and France adopt appeasement policy at Munich Conference to let Hitler have what he has taken.

America adopts Neutrality Acts.

Soviet Union signs Nazi-Soviet Pact to agree not to attack each other.

September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland.

EUROPEAN RESPONSE

September 3, 1939: September 3, 1939: Britain and France Britain and France declare war on declare war on Germany.Germany.

Election of 1940

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt Runs for an

unprecedented 3rd term. Republican

Wendell Wilkie Wall Street investor

Election overshadowed Hitler’s invasion of France.

Roosevelt wins!!

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

President of the United States.

Crippled by polio. Neutrality Acts ban sale of

arms and loans to nations at war.

Supports cash-and-carry policy which limited amounts of arms given to help British.

WINSTON CHURCHILL

Becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1940.

Noted for his stirring speeches and bulldog confidence.

Leads Britain against Nazi aggression.

Pressures for the United States to enter the war.

JOSEPH STALIN

Succeeds Lenin upon his death in 1922.

Had all of his political opponents killed.

Trotsky

Govt. takes control of all aspects of economy.

Signs pact with Germany to stay out of war.

THE WORLD AT WAR

Hitler uses blitzkrieg “lightning war” against Europe.

Spring, 1940: Germany invades Denmark, Belgium, and France.

June, 1940- France falls to the Nazis.

Hitler presides over the surrender in the same railroad car as the 1918 Armistice.

LEND-LEASE

1941 proposal to Congress by Roosevelt.

British running short on money.

United States greatly increased its production of military equipment so that it could be leant to the British and the Allies.

$7 billion dollars used to build airplanes, ships, and tanks.

BATTLE OF BRITAIN

July-October, 1940. Germany attempts to invade

using airplane bombers. Over 1000 planes attack in one

day. Heavily bombed people of

London begin to build more planes for own attacks.

“This is our finest hour”- Churchill

Deter German land invasion.

GERMAN ADVANCES

Fall, 1940: Germany takes Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria.

June, 1941: Germany advances on the Soviet Union with 3.8 million troops.

Invades in 3 areas: Leningrad Moscow Kiev

Atlantic Conference

August 14, 1941. Roosevelt and Churchill

meet for the first time. Located in a secret

location near Newfoundland.

Atlantic Charter is signed calling for world peace and self-determination.

INVASION OF RUSSIA

October, 1941 German troops come within 7

miles of Leningrad (St. Petersburg).

Occupy Moscow and come 15 miles of the Kremlin walls.

Russians fight back. America includes in Lend-

Lease policy. Cold Russian winter hard on

Germans. 250,000 dead 500,000 wounded.

AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR

July, 1941- America freezes Japanese assets for aggression in the Pacific.

November, 1941- negotiations between the U.S and Japan fail.

Sunday, December 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor, Hawaii bombed by Japanese planes at 7:55 a.m.

19 ships and 150 planes destroyed.

AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR

December 8, 1941: President December 8, 1941: President Roosevelt formally asks Congress Roosevelt formally asks Congress to declare war on Japan.to declare war on Japan.

December 11: Germany and Italy December 11: Germany and Italy declare war on America.declare war on America.

WARTIME ALLIANCES

ALLIESALLIES United States Britain France Soviet Union

AXISAXIS Germany Italy Japan

The Pacific Theater1941-1945

Admiral Chester Nimitz

U.S. Pacific Fleet Commander

General Douglas MacArthur

Supreme Allied Commander of Southwest Pacific Area

Battle of Java Sea

February 27, 1942. First encounter between

the Allies (U.S./Britain/Australia) and Japan.

Japanese sink 5 Allied cruiser ships and 5 Allied destroyers.

Major defeat for the Allies.

BATTLES IN THE PACIFIC

Battle of Coral Sea: May 4-8, 1942-American and Australian naval forces hold Japan at bay.

Battle of Midway: June 4-7, 1942- America sinks 4 Japanese aircraft carriers.

Battle of Guadalcanal: August, 1942-Feb., 1943U.S. Marines take islands for naval base.

Invasion of the Philippines

General Douglas MacArthur Forced to leave the

Philippines in 1942. “I shall return.”

Returns in October, 1944 and wins. Battle of Leyte Gulf

Sets up a base in Manila to plan an invasion of Japan.

Battle of Coral Battle of Coral SeaSea

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

Battle of Battle of GuadalcanalGuadalcanal

Battle of Leyte Battle of Leyte GulfGulf

Iwo JimaIwo Jima

European Theater1942-1945

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

Supreme Allied Commander

Marshal Georgy Zhukov

Soviet Field Marshal

NORTH AFRICAN CAMPAIGN

Gen. Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) attacks Suez Canal. Attempt to take oil fields

of the Middle East. Stopped at El Alamein in

November, 1942.

NORTH AFRICANCAMPAIGN

Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower and British Gen. Bernard Montgomery lead Allies to victory. Operation Torch-

American forces land in Morocco and Algeria in Nov., 1942.

Tunisia Campaign May, 1943- Germany

driven from North Africa.

INVASION OF ITALY

July, 1943- Island of Sicily invaded.July, 1943- Island of Sicily invaded. Allies invade Italy from North Africa.Allies invade Italy from North Africa.

September, 1943- Allied forces land at September, 1943- Allied forces land at Salerno.Salerno.

Mussolini flees Italy for Germany.Mussolini flees Italy for Germany. Caught by his own people and executed.Caught by his own people and executed.

Italian army surrenders, but German Italian army surrenders, but German army continues to fight.army continues to fight.

June, 1944- Allies march into Rome.June, 1944- Allies march into Rome.

BATTLE FOR RUSSIA

July, 1942- Battle of Stalingrad.July, 1942- Battle of Stalingrad. Russians destroy their own cities so Russians destroy their own cities so

Germans would have “nothing to Germans would have “nothing to conquer.”conquer.”

November, 1942- Soviets counterattack led November, 1942- Soviets counterattack led by Marshal Zhukov.by Marshal Zhukov.

850,000 German casualties.850,000 German casualties. 750,000 Russian casualties.750,000 Russian casualties.

July, 1943- Battle of KurskJuly, 1943- Battle of Kursk Germans forced to withdraw.Germans forced to withdraw.

Tehran Conference

November/December, 1943.

First meeting of the “Big Three.”

Agreements1. Invasion of France set for

May, 1944.2. Borders of Poland

discussed.3. Russia would declare war

on Japan once Germany was defeated.

D-DAY

Operation Overlord- Operation Overlord- invasion of France via invasion of France via English Channel.English Channel.

Gen. Eisenhower leadsGen. Eisenhower leads June 6, 1944- Beaches of June 6, 1944- Beaches of

Normandy, France are Normandy, France are invaded by 3 million Allied invaded by 3 million Allied troops.troops.

July 25, 1944- General July 25, 1944- General Omar Bradley opens up a Omar Bradley opens up a gap using heavy artillery.gap using heavy artillery.

General George Patton and General George Patton and the 3the 3rdrd Army race across Army race across France.France.

Aug. 25, 1944- Paris Aug. 25, 1944- Paris liberated.liberated.

OPERATION OVERLORD

D-DAY IMAGES

AMERICAN ADVANCE ON GERMANY

Invasion of France creates a second front.

German forces decimated at Russian front.

Sept., 1944- Allied troops reach Germany.

March, 1945- General Patton goes on a major offensive. 68,000 Germans

captured in 4 days

BATTLE OF THE BULGE

Mid-December, 1944 Major German

counterattack in Belgium, while Allied troops are stalled.

FAILS !!! American advances to

Berlin are delayed.

RUSSIAN ADVANCE ON GERMANY

Russians advance through Eastern Europe.

April, 1945- Soviet troops reach Berlin.

EAST MEETS WEST

April 26, 1945- April 26, 1945- Russian and Russian and American troops meet American troops meet at the Elbe River.at the Elbe River.

El AlameinEl Alamein

Operation TorchOperation Torch

Tunisia CampaignTunisia Campaign

Sicily InvasionSicily Invasion

SalernoSalerno

Battle of KurskBattle of Kursk

Operation Operation OverlordOverlord

Battle of the Battle of the BulgeBulge

WAR IN THE PACIFIC

Japan severely weakened by U.S. forces.

Island Hopping Campaign- Feb.- March, 1945- America captures Japanese controlled islands Philippines, Iwo Jima

Kamikaze- Japanese suicide runs w/ planes.

YALTA CONFERENCE

Meeting of the “Big Three” in Feb., 1945.

Agreements made1. Germany divided into 4

zones.

2. Germany would pay for war and lose military.

3. Created United Nations

4. Stalin demands Poland to be “pro-Russian.”

5. Soviet Union agrees to enter the war against Japan after the defeat of Germany.

DEATH OF HITLER

July, 1944- Assassination attempt by German generals. Hitler survives.

Soviet forces invade Berlin. Hitler marries long-time

girlfriend, Anna Braun April 30, 1945- they commit

suicide in bunker by swallowing cyanide capsules.

Bodies burned by German soldiers.

Hitler’s last official photo

DEATH OF ROOSEVELT

Election of 1944Election of 1944 Roosevelt defeats Roosevelt defeats

Thomas Dewey for a Thomas Dewey for a 44thth term. term.

63 years old, very sick 63 years old, very sick with influenza, high with influenza, high blood pressure, and blood pressure, and congestive heart failure.congestive heart failure.

April 12, 1945- suffers a April 12, 1945- suffers a stroke at Warm Springs, stroke at Warm Springs, Georgia.Georgia.

April 15, 1945- State April 15, 1945- State FuneralFuneral

HARRY S. TRUMAN

Becomes President on death of Roosevelt.

“out of the loop” on war-time planning.

Orders drop of Atomic Bomb to “save American lives.”

THE END OF THE WAR

June, 1944- D-Day May 8, 1945-

Germany surrenders (V-E Day)

August 6, 1945- Atomic Bomb dropped on:

Hiroshima (70,000 killed)

Nagasaki (40,000 killed)

THE END OF THE WAR

August 14, 1945- Japan surrenders (V-J Day)

THE HOLOCAUST

Discovered after the war was over.

Hitler’s policy of killing. Over 6 million Jews

imprisoned, murdered, or starved.

Nazi leaders captured and tried at Nuremberg Trials

THE HOLOCAUSTDEATH CAMPS

Auschwitz- 12,000 Jews killed/day.

Gas Chambers believed to be “shower rooms”

Jewelry, tooth fillings, etc. taken and melted down.

Hair taken and used as furniture stuffing.

IMAGES OF THE HOLOCAUST

THE COLD WAR

Potsdam Conference

July-August, 1945. Potsdam Agreement

1. Demilitarization of Germany.

2. Future of German allies to be determined at a later date.

3. Nazi war criminals to be tried at Nuremburg.

4. Soviet influence allowed in Eastern Europe.

“The Iron Curtain”

Soviet Union controls nations of Eastern Europe, each with a pro-Moscow Communist government.

1946-1947- Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria

1948- Czechoslovakia Churchill calls this the, “Iron

Curtain.” Germany split into East

Germany (pro-Soviet) and West Germany (Independent).

UNITED NATIONS

Created in 1945. Member nations agreed

to bring all disputes to. Any nation can belong. 5 Permanent members

1. United States2. Great Britain3. Soviet Union4. China5. France

TRUMAN DOCTRINE

1947- Soviet Union threatens Greece and Turkey.

United States would send $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey to help stop the Communists.

“It must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting outside pressures.”

MARSHALL PLAN

Plan by Secretary of Plan by Secretary of State George State George Marshall to rebuild Marshall to rebuild post-war Europe.post-war Europe.

Believed that by Believed that by helping these people, helping these people, it would avoid it would avoid Communist threatsCommunist threats

Between 1948-1952 Between 1948-1952 the United States the United States would give $12 would give $12 billion in aid to billion in aid to Western Europe.Western Europe.

Aid offered to Aid offered to Eastern Europe, but Eastern Europe, but turned down.turned down.

BERLIN BLOCKADE

Berlin divided into 4 zones United States, Great

Britain, France, Soviet Union.

Stalin cuts off all highway and rail traffic in June, 1948.

Berlin Airlift

•Ordered by Harry Truman in June, 1948.•Daily food drops into Berlin.•Planes land every 4 minutes at the airport.•Ends in May, 1949.

•1 year and 2 months.

•277,804 flights.

•2,325,809 tons of food and supplies.

OPPOSING ALLIANCES

NATONATO North Atlantic

Treaty Organization

United States and nations of Western Europe.

Created in April, 1949.

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact Military organization

of the Communist Nations.

Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania.

Created in May, 1955.

ELECTION OF 1948

Democrats Harry S. Truman

Republicans Thomas Dewey

Dixiecrats Strom Thurmond

Truman travels the country by train- “whistle stop” campaign.

Dewey leads in the polls the entire campaign.

First use of Gallup Polls. “Dewey Defeats Truman”

Election of 1948

The “War” on Communism

Truman takes it upon himself to stop communism from spreading around the world.

Many 3rd world nations susceptible to the ideals of communism.

The Korean War

1950-1953

Korean Peninsula

Korean peninsula divided into north and south at 38th Parallel after WWII.

People’s Republic of Korea (Communist North) led by Kim Il Sung.

Republic of Korea (Capitalist South) led by Syngman Rhee.

KOREAN WAR

June 25, 1950- Invasion of South by communist North.

U.N. forces led by Gen. MacArthur push into the North.

Chinese help communist North to push back south of the 38th.

Phase 1- UN Defensive

June, 1950- North invades South.

Truman appoints Douglas Mac Arthur commander of United Nations forces.

North Koreans allowed to advance until adequate American forces could arrive.

Phase 2- UN Offensive

September, 1950- Reinforced American forces engage North Koreans and push them back.

October, 1950- UN forces cross the border and occupy North Korea.

Last week of October major resistance is encountered.

Phase 3- CCF Intervention

Communist Chinese Forces (CCF) reinforce North Korea.

UN forces continue to the Yalu River.

Chinese and N. Koreans continue to push back.

December, 1950- UN Forces pushed south of the 38th parallel.

January, 1951- Seoul is retaken by North Korea.

Phase 4- Spring Offensive

Operation Thunderbolt launched.

UN forces push back to the 38th parallel.

Gen. MacArthur Fired

Douglas MacArthur openly criticizes Truman for the handling of the war.

Wants to invade China. April, 1951- MacArthur is

recalled and relieved of duty.

Replaced by Mathew Ridgeway.

End of the War

War ends in July 27, 1953. Armistice signed with the border

staying at the 38th Parallel.

Election of 1952

Republicans Dwight D.

Eisenhower “I like Ike.”

Democrats Adlai Stevenson

Eisenhower wins in a landslide.

First Republican elected to Presidency in 20 years.