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ALTERNATIVES TO HIGH GWPIN REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING APPLICATIONS

Study funded by ADEME, AFCE and Uniclima

FINAL REPORT

December 4 2013

Authors:Denis CLODIC et Xueqin PAN - EReIEEric DEVIN, Thomas MICHINEAU - CemafroidStphanie BARRAULT - ARMINES CES

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Copyright

Any representation or reproduction in whole or in part without the consent of the authors or theirheirs or successors is illegal according to the Code of Intellectual Property (Art. L 122-4) andconstitutes an infringement punishable under the Criminal Code. Only are allowed (art. 122-5) copiesor reproductions strictly reserved for private use and not intended for collective use, as well asanalyzes and short quotations justified by the critical pedagogical character, or information the workto which they are incorporated, subject, however, to compliance with the provisions of Articles L122-10 to L122-12 of the Code, relating to reprographic reproduction

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 5GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................................................ 7TECHNICAL SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 9Context .......................................................................................................................................................... 11Scope objective of the document................................................................................................................... 11Target audience ............................................................................................................................................. 11Benefit for the reader .................................................................................................................................... 11Keywords ....................................................................................................................................................... 111. SCOPE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................. 131.1 Purpose of this report .............................................................................................................................. 131.2 Sponsors................................................................................................................................................... 131.3 Presentation of organizations that made the study.................................................................................. 142. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................... 152.1 Segmentation by application sector and sub-sector ................................................................................. 152.2 Information sources ................................................................................................................................. 182.3 Presentation format of results.................................................................................................................. 182.4 Usage of the content of factsheets and indicators.................................................................................... 19

2.4.1 Factsheets on refrigerant data ................................................................................................................ 192.4.2 Application factsheets ............................................................................................................................. 192.4.3 Technical factsheets of alternatives to vapor compression .................................................................... 23

3. SYNTHESIS OF THE REGULATORY AND STANDARDIZATION CORPUS IN FRANCE AND IN EUROPE .............. 243.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 243.2 Regulations applicable to refrigeration and air-conditioning installations................................................ 24

3.2.1 Regulation linked to the impact of greenhouse effect (regulation 842/2006) ....................................... 243.2.2 Regulation applicable to EXplosive ATmospheres (ATEX) / Directive 94/9/EC and 99/92/EC ................ 273.2.3 Regulations applicable to Equipments under Pressure (PED) ................................................................. 293.2.4 Regulations applicable to Classified Installations for Environmental Protection (ICPE) ......................... 313.2.5 Regulations applicable to public buildings (ERP)..................................................................................... 34

3.3 Standards applicable to refrigeration and air-conditioning installations .................................................. 353.3.1 Series of EN 378 Standard Refrigeration systems and heat pumps Safety and environmentalrequirements.................................................................................................................................................... 353.3.2 Standard ASHRAE 34 - Designation and safety classification of refrigerants .......................................... 373.3.3 Industry standards applicable to installations or equipments ................................................................ 37

3.4 Eco-design Directive 2009/125/EC............................................................................................................ 394. REFRIGERANTS OF VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEMS .................................................................................. 404.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 404.2 Origin of the choice of CFCs and HCFCs as refrigerants ............................................................................. 404.3 From chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) .............................................................. 414.4 The revival of refrigerants: hydrocarbons, ammonia, and CO2.................................................................. 454.5 Unsaturated hydrofluorocarbons (said HFOs)........................................................................................... 484.6 HFCs with GWP < 750 ............................................................................................................................... 514.7 Blends of HFOs and HFCs .......................................................................................................................... 535. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES BY KEY SECTOR OF REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING....................... 575.1 Refrigerant banks in each application sector ............................................................................................ 575.2 Domestic refrigerators and freezers ......................................................................................................... 605.3 Commercial refrigeration Display cases and cold rooms for large and medium sales areas ................... 61

5.3.1 Presentation of the sector....................................................................................................................... 615.3.2 Alternatives to direct expansion systems using R-404A in low-temperature only or low-temperatureand medium-temperature refrigeration systems(factsheet FC1) .................................................................... 625.3.3 Alternatives to stand-alone using HFC-134a ........................................................................................... 635.3.4 Alternatives to condensing units using R-404A....................................................................................... 635.3.5 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................................. 63

5.4 Refrigerated transport.............................................................................................................................. 645.5 Refrigeration in food processes ................................................................................................................ 655.6 Air-to-air conditioning .............................................................................................................................. 695.7 Residential heat pumps (HPs)................................................................................................................... 705.8 Chillers ..................................................................................................................................................... 71

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5.9 Mobile air conditioning ............................................................................................................................ 726. DATA ON TECHNOLOGIES ALTERNATIVE TO COMPRESSION SYSTEMS CONTAINING HIGH-GWP HFCS ....... 73

6.1.1 Absorption refrigeration equipment....................................................................................................... 746.1.2 Adsorption refrigeration equipment....................................................................................................... 766.1.3 Brayton cycle refrigeration equipment ................................................................................................... 786.1.4 Stirling refrigeration equipment.................................