alternative fuels utilization program quarterly report ...alternative fuels utilization program...

Alternative Fuels UtilizationProgram Quarterly Report

Fourth Quarter FY 1996

For Limited Distribution

National Renewable Energy Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, Colorado 80401-3393A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of EnergyManaged by Midwest Research Institutefor the U.S. Department of EnergyUnder Contract No. DE-AC36-36CH10093

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Contents

List of Acronyms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies

Alternative Fuel Research and Development

Development of a Dedicated LPG Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) . . . . 5

Development of a Dedicated Ethanol Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) . 6

Investigation and Demonstration of a Rich Combustion Cold-Start Devicefor Alcohol Fueled Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Partial Oxidation for Improved Cold-Start in Alcohol Fueled Engines . . . . . . 8

Generation of Ethyl Ether in an Ethanol Vehicle System for Cold-Start Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Fabrication & Testing of an Enhanced Ignition System to Reduce Cold StartEmissions in an Ethanol (E85) Light-Duty Truck Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Low-Cost Conformable Storage to Maximize Vehicle Range . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Maintenance and Operation of the DOE Alternative Fuels Center . . . . . . . . . 12

Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies

Enabling Technologies

Development of Methanol Fuel Formulation for UseIn Both Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Development of a Direct-Injected Natural Gas Engine System forHeavy-Duty Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

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Engine Optimization Development of a Common Rail Fuel InjectionSystem for Liquid Dimethyl Ether for use in Heavy Duty Vehicles . . . . . . . . 17

Heavy-Duty Test Cycle Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Engine Research and Development

Analyzing Alternative Fuel Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Development of an Ultra-Safe and Low-Emission Dedicated AlternativeFuel School Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Development of a Commercially Viable Natural Gas Conversion of a Diesel Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Development, Testing, and Evaluation of an SCS Piston forAlternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Detroit Diesel Series 50 Propane Engine Development, Certification, and Demonstration Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Advanced Development

Illinois ENR/Archer Daniels Midland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

New York City Department of Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Trucking Research Institute/Industry Liaison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Trucking Research Institute/Hennepin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Trucking Research Institute/Nebraska Department of Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Trucking Research Institute/United Parcel Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Trucking Research Institute/Ag Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Trucking Research Institute/Liquid Carbonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Trucking Research Institute/Natural Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Trucking Research Institute/Con-way Western Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Trucking Research Institute/Chambers Development Corporation . . . . . . . . 34

Trucking Research Institute/Detroit Diesel Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

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Trucking Research Institute/Penske Leasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Acurex LNG Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Battelle Memorial Institute/Heavy Vehicle Evaluation ProjectOrange County Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Battelle Memorial Institute/National Park Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Phase II Transit Bus Evaluation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Atmospheric Reactions

Measurement of Atmospheric Reactivities of Emissions from Gasoline and Alternative Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Uncertainty Analysis of Reactivities of Alternative Fueled Vehicle Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Potential Impacts on Air Quality from the Use of Ethanol as an Alternative Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Flow Tube Oxidation and Pyrolysis Studies of Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . 44

On-Road Sensing Technology for Alternative Fueled Vehicle Emissions . . . 45

Atmospheric Reactivity of Volatile Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Atmospheric Photochemistry Studies of Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Vehicles Operating on Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Alternative Fuels Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Feasibility Study for Improved Mobile Source Emission Inventories . . . . . . 49

Consultation in Urban Air Quality Modeling of Alternative Transportation Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Atmospheric Processes of Alternative Transportation Fuels — I . . . . . . . . . . 51

High Exhaust Emitters Project Site Characterization and Selection . . . . . . . . 52

Atmospheric Processes of Alternative Transportation Fuels — II . . . . . . . . . 53

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Office of Technology Utilization

Light-duty Vehicle Demonstrations

Light-duty Vehicle Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Ethanol Light-Duty Vehicle Evaluation Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Light-duty Vehicle Biodiesel Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Fuel Sampling and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Texas Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Light-duty Vehicle Emissions

Light-duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Emissions Testing (ATL) . . . . . . 62

Light-duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Emissions Testing (ERD) . . . . . . 63

Light-duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Emissions Testing (ManTech) . . 64

Light-duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Emissions Testing (CGT) . . . . . . 65

Light-duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Emissions Testing (Phillips 66) . 66

Information Dissemination

National Alternative Fuels Hotline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Deployment

Aftermarket Vehicle Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Clean Cities Support (IRI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

EPACT and Heavy Vehicle Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Milestone Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

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List of Acronyms and Definitions

ADM Archer Daniels MidlandADP adaptive digital processorAFDC Alternative Fuels Data CenterAFUP Alternative Fuels Utilization ProgramAGA American Gas AssociationALEV Advanced Low Emission VehicleAMFA Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988ANGI Automotive Natural Gas IncorporatedAPI American Petroleum InstituteAPRAC Air Pollution Research Advisory CommitteeARC advanced rotary compressorASTM American Society for Testing and MaterialsASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersATL Automotive Test LaboratoriesAWMA Air & Waste Management AssociationCAFE Corporate Average Fuel EconomyCARB California Air Resources BoardCCM Contractors Coordination MeetingCB-IV Carbon bond IVCEC California Energy CommissionCE-CERT College of Engineering Center for Environmental Research & TechnologyCGT Compressed Gas Technologies, Inc.CI compression ignitionCIFER Colorado Institute for Fuels and High Altitude Engine ResearchCIT California Institute of TechnologyCNG compressed natural gasCO carbon monoxideCO carbon dioxide2

CRC Coordinating Research CouncilCreME Cooperative Regional Model EvaluationCSM Colorado School of MinesCY calendar yearDDC Detroit Diesel CorporationDOE U.S. Department of EnergyDOT Department of TransportationDRI Desert Research InstituteDSP digital signal processorE50 50% ethanol, 50% gasolineE85 85% ethanol, 15% gasolineE95 95% ethanol, 5% gasolineEA EA Engineering, Science and Technology

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ECD electron capture detectorsECM electronic control moduleENR Energy and Natural ResourcesEPA Environmental Protection AgencyEPAct Energy Policy Act of 1992EPRI Electric Power Research InstituteERC Environmental Research ConsortiumERD Environmental Research and DevelopmentETBE ethyl tertiary butyl etherFFV flexible-fuel vehicleFTIR Fourier transform infraredFTP Federal Test ProcedureFWP field work proposalFY fiscal yearGFI gaseous fuel injectionGRI Gas Research InstituteGSA General Services AdministrationHC hydrocarbonsHDV heavy-duty vehicleHEV hybrid electric vehicleHP horsepowerIER integrated empirical rateIGT Institute of Gas TechnologyIM240 Inspection and Maintenance 240IR infraredIRI Information Resources, Inc.ISAF International Symposium on Alcohol FuelsLACMTA Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit AuthorityLD LOI Light-Duty Letter-of-Interest SolicitationLDV light-duty vehicleLMOS Lake Michigan Oxidant StudyLNG liquified natural gasLPG liquefied petroleum gasM50 50% gasoline, 50% methanolM85 85% gasoline, 15% methanolM100 100% methanolMCEC more complete expansion cycleMIR Carter Maximum Incremental Reactivity MPO memorandum purchase orderMTBE methyl tertiary butyl etherNMHC nonmethane hydrocarbonsNO nitric oxidesNO nitrogen oxidesx

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NREL National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNYC New York CityNYSERDA New York State Energy and Research Development AssociationOCTA Orange County Transit AuthorityOEM original equipment manufacturerOFP ozone-forming potentialPAN peroxy acyl nitratePI principal investigatorPM10 particulate matter less than 10 micronsPOX partial oxidation reactorpsi pounds per square inchRAF reactivity adjustment factorRFG reformulated gasolineRFP Request for ProposalRIT Rochester Institute of TechnologyRPECS Rapid Prototyping Engine Control SystemRTD Regional Transportation DistrictSAE Society of Automotive EngineersSAI Systems Applications InternationalSAPRC Statewide Air Pollution Research CouncilSBIS school bus information systemSCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management DistrictSCAQS Southern California Air Quality Studyscfm standard cubic feet per minuteSCS Sonex Combustion SystemSHED Sealed Housing for Evaporative DeterminationSI spark ignitionSIS Special Infrared Imaging SystemSoCal Gas Southern California GasSwRI Southwest Research InstituteTAME tertiary amyl methyl etherTRI Trucking Research InstituteUAM urban airshed modelUCR University of California at RiversideUDRI University of Dayton Research InstituteULEV ultra-low emission vehicleUNC University of North CarolinaUPS United Parcel ServiceVESI Vinyard Engine Systems, Inc.VOC volatile organic compoundsWVU West Virginia UniversityXES X-ray emissions spectroscopy

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Introduction

The mission of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Alternative Fuels UtilizationProgram (AFUP) is to reduce the nation's dependence on foreign oil supplies and improve airquality by developing and demonstrating engine/fuel technology that allows alternative fuels tosupply a significant portion of the nation's transportation needs in both highway and off-roadapplications. These technological developments and demonstrations will be conducted in amanner that will meet and exceed future environmental (emission) standards and energyefficiency goals. In the process of conducting demonstrations and large-scale operations, anemphasis will be placed on cost-effective growth of the alternative fuel supply and distributioninfrastructure.

The NREL supports the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in accomplishing its mission toadvance the use of alternative fuels and vehicles. This document is prepared each quarter toreport the status of project work managed by NREL supporting the AFUP mission. Due to therecent organizational change at DOE, the AFUP activities are now being administered by threenew technical offices – the Office of Advanced Automotive Technology, the Office of HeavyVehicle Technology, and the Office of Technology Utilization. The sections in this reportcorrespond to the activities conducted on behalf of these respective offices within the DOE Officeof Transportation Technology.

Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies

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Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies Alternative Fuels R & D

Development of a Dedicated LPG Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV)

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Impco Technologies, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard 708 Industry DriveGolden, CO 80401-3393 Seattle, WA 98188

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: YAW-3-12244-01Brent Bailey

Telephone: (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 2/94–10/96

Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Steve StrombergDavid Smith

Telephone: (206) 575-1594

FY 1992:FY 1993: 599,652FY 1994:FY 1995: 168,359

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader:John Garbak Scott Montgomery

Telephone: (202) 586-1723 Telephone: (303) 275-3193

Objective: To develop a commercially competitive vehicle system powered by LPG that will meet the ULE Vstandards and equivalent CAFE energy-efficiency standards for a light-duty passenger car application.

Approach/Background: The subcontractor will modify a vehicle with a low-pressure propane port fuel-injectiondrive, air mass sensor, and ECM. Emission calibration and testing will be conducted to ensure the vehicle operatesat ULEV emission levels. The vehicle will be demonstrated in the fi eld. The subcontractor will monitor data on fuelconsumption, travel distance, duty cycle, maintenance, and driver and service input. The system will be modifiedas required and a database created to summarize the data. Further emission test results will be compared to thoseresults obtained at the beginning of the demonstration program.

Status/Accomplishments: Impco has completed and installed the LPG fuel delivery system on the vehicle. Thissystem includes the multi-point fuel-injection rai l, the duel air/mass sensors, and a newly designed regulator. Impcois also developing its own ECM to replace that of the OEM and has redesigned the inlet manifold to reduce th eengine's charge robbing characteristics. Impco is currently driving the vehicle to test and verify the engin ecalibrations made in the test cell. An improved calib ration system for the prototype injectors resulted in much betterfuel control performance. The installatio n of close coupled catalyst has proved to be very effective in reducing coldstart emissions. Impco has performed FTP emiss ions tests on the vehicle. ULEV levels have been met and mileageis being accumulated on the vehicle.

Future Direction: Based on these results, Impco is revising the engine calibrations to optimized emissions an ddriveability. The vehicle will als o accumulate miles to determine durability of the system. Upon completion of theproject, further development of this system for cold temperature (-20 F) cold starting, improved fuel economy, andapplication of variable conductance insulation catalyst will be explored.

Major Project Reports (* =new): The Design and Fabrication Report was published as an NREL technical reportin July of 1995. Impco has completed their Phase III testing and integration report at this time.

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Development of a Dedicated Ethanol Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV)

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Southwest Research Institute1617 Cole Boulevard 6220 Culebra Road, P.O. Drawer 28510Golden, CO 80401-3393 San Antonio, TX 78228-0510

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: YAW-3-12243-01Brent Bailey

Telephone: (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 8/31/93–12/31/96

Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Lee Dodge (210) 522-3251Rob Thring (210) 522-3079

FY 1992: 156,000FY 1993: 483,500FY 1994: 110,000FY 1995: 519,500

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader:John Garbak Scott Montgomery


Objective: To develop a commercially competitive vehicle system, powered by ethanol, which will meet th eCalifornia ULEV standards and equivalent CAFE energy-efficiency standards for a light-duty passenger ca rapplication.

Approach/Background: The design and components of an OEM FFV are being modified to take full advantage ofethanol's fuel properties. The systems modified include the engine, fuel injection, fuel transfer and storage, engin econtroller, and exhaust and catalyst. Also, SwRI will formulate and prepare an optimum ethanol fuel blend. Afte rintegration of the new components and systems, the vehicle will be thoroughly tested and evaluated for emissions ,performance, durability, and safety.

Status/Accomplishment s: SwRI has completed engine calibration and has installed the dedicated E85 engine in theFord Taurus. SwRI has demonstrated excellent emission potential of the engine on their engine test cell. SwRI willverify the test cell emission results with complete vehi cle FTP test. SwRI also showed that ULEV emission levels canbe met by using NREL’s developed Variable Conductance Insulation Catalyst. Phase III of this project has bee ncompleted.

Future Direction: During vehicle testing SwRI is planning on investigation of a new after treatment system. Theseresults will be compared with EHC test results done last year. NREL plans to test new alcohol vehicle technologiesat SwRI for improving fuel economy of the test vehicle.

Major Project Reports (*=new): An overview of the project was given at the International Alternative Fuel sConference in Milwaukee in June 1995. SwRI s ubmitted its Phase II report in July 1995. NREL published this reportin October 1995. SwRI i s currently preparing the Phase III testing and integration report. SwRI presented a paper onthe project at the National Corn Grower’s Association Corn Utilization Conference in St. Louis, June 6, 1996.

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Investigation and Demonstration of a Rich CombustionCold-Start Device for Alcohol Fueled Engines

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory University of Tennessee1617 Cole Boulevard Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringGolden, CO 80401-3393 442 Dougerty Engineering Building

Knoxville, TN 37996-2210

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: XCF-5-1405-03Peg Whalen


Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Jeff HodgsonDavid Irack

Telephone: (423) 974-5294

FY 1991:FY 1992: FY 1993: FY 1994: 241,374

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Administrator:John Garbak Kathleen Roqué


Objective: To design, develop, and demonstrate on a vehicle a rich combustor system for neat alcohol engines.The purpose of the rich combustor is to increase the cold-start ability of an SI engine on alcohol fuels whil ereducing cold-start emissions.

Approach/Background: The subcontractor already has a basic design for the rich combustor apparatus and hasperformed initial proof-of-concept testing. The project will include the following five tasks: (1) modeling, (2) prototype design and fabrication, (3) prototype testing and evaluation, (4) vehicle interface andtesting, and (5) emissions testing. The first three tasks will involve both methanol and ethanol; Tasks 4 and 5 willbe done for ethanol only.

Status/Accomplishments: The subcontractor continued evaluation of the prototype conbustor, and has modifiedtest hardware as needed to improve performance of the prototype cha mber. Testing of the rich combustor prototpyeshould be completed during October.

Future Direction: As this project develops, the goal is to develop a final rich combustor design that can be easilyintegrated on a vehicle. At the end of this project, we hope t o be able to install this apparatus on the ethanol ULEVbeing developed and to test it under real-world conditions.

Major Project Reports (*=new):

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Partial Oxidation for Improved Cold-Start in Alcohol Fueled Engines

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Arthur D. Little, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard 25 Acorn ParkGolden, CO 80401-3393 Cambridge, MA 02140-2390

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: YCC-5-14050-01Peg Whalen


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Peter Loftus

Telephone: (617) 498-5636

FY 1994: FY 1995: 154,750FY 1996: 235,000



Objective: To develop a neat alcohol, partial oxidation (POX), reforming technology; specifically, to developa compact, on-vehicle, ethanol POX as a fuel system component that will increase an alcohol engine's low -temperature, cold-starting ability while reducing emissions.

Approach/Background: A.D. Little shall demonstrate the feasibility of the P OX technology to cold start a neatethanol fueled vehicle, and then design, fabricate, and demonstrate an integrated POX system for automotiveapplication. The project is split into two phases: verification and demonstration.

Status/Accomplishments: A.D. Little has initiated efforts to incorporate the prototype POX reactor on the testengine for on-engine evaluations. The POX reactor has been positioned to fee d its exhaust products to the engineintake manifold. The staged fueling st rategy developed in Phase I will be used in testing the reactor and enginestarting.

Future Direction: A.D. Little will install the prototype POX reactors on the GM 3.1L FFV test engine andperform thorough testing. The emphasis of the engine test cell test ing is to determine low temperature cold startcapabilities while evaluating potential emissions reductions and POX durability issues. Based on the successof this project, NREL is interested in incorporating the POX technology on the ethanol ULEV demonstrationvehicle from the subcontract with SwRI (subcontract #YAW-3-12243-01).

Major Project Reports (*=new): The final Phase I technical report is to be submitted in October.

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Generation of Ethyl Ether in an Ethanol Vehicle System forCold-Start Assistance

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Colorado School of Mines1617 Cole Boulevard 1500 Illinois StreetGolden, CO 80401-3393 Golden, CO 80401

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: XCF-5-14380-01Brent Bailey

Telephone: (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: Phase I - 11/94–12/95Phase II - 1/96–12/96

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Scott W. Cowley

Telephone: (303) 273-3638

FY 1992: FY 1993: FY 1994: 60,000FY 1995: 100,000



Objective: To develop a simplified ethanol dehydration process to generate ethyl ether in an on-board vehicl esystem to provide cold-start capability when near neat ethanol fuel is used.

Approach/Background: Ethyl ether has historically been used as a primer for starting gasoline engines. To avoida two-fuel distribution system, ne w technology is needed to process ethanol on board the vehicle to generate ethylether. The process will use heat and power available on the vehicle after it is warmed up and generate sufficientether to provide cold starts as needed.

Status/Accomplishments: Catalytic conversion of alcohols for automotive applications has been an area o fspecialty for the Colorado School of Mines Department of Chemistry , where this work is being conducted. Severalcatalyst systems have been screened for this project. Side reactio ns and the impact of contaminants on the catalyticreactions have also been reviewed. Ethyl ether conversion has been shown to be a function of catalyst aci dstrength. A superior acid catalyst has been selected and process conditions have been evaluated in laborator ybench-scale testing with assistance from process simulation software.

Future Direction: The subcontractor is now preparing the final report.

Major Project Reports (*=new): The Phase I work has been documented in a progress report. The P.I .investigator presented Phase I results of this project at the ISAF conference in South Africa April 1996.

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Fabrication & Testing of an Enhanced Ignition System to Reduce Cold Start Emissionsin an Ethanol (E85) Light-Duty Truck Engine

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Nexum Research Corporation1617 Cole Boulevard Thermotech Engineering DivisionGolden, CO 80401-3393 615 Norris Court

Kingston, ONT, K7P 2R9 CANADA

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ACI-6-16602-01Peg Whalen

Telephone: (303) 275-4479 Subcontract Period: 11/15/95 11/15/96

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:David Gardiner

Telephone: (613) 384-7894

FY 1994:FY 1995: FY 1996: 77,436FY 1997:



Objective: To develop and test an enhanced ignition system that will reduce start-up emissions of high ethanolcontent (E85) fueled vehicles. The specific goal of the project is for the selected E85 vehicle with the enhancedignition system to meet or approach ULEV emissions levels without us ing a large amount of ignition energy. Also,the enhanced ignition system shall demonstrate the potential to be cost competitive with an electrically heate dcatalyst system.

Approach/Background: Thermotech shall construct an enhanced ignition system for GM’s ethanol compatibleSonoma pick-up. Initial steady-state testing shall t ake place to determine relationships calibration parameters suchas air/fuel ratio, spark timing, and ignition system discharge, have with engine-out emissions.

Status/Accomplishments: Thermotech’s testing of the enhanced ignition system in the four cylinder test enginehas been successful in terms of emissions reductions. Modifications to the apparatus are underway to improve thecombustion stability (which is inferior to that in the single cylinder system) and to improve spark timing controlto achieve greater emissions reductions.

Future Direction: Based on the success of these enhance d ignition systems, Thermotech is planning to work withGM Canada on possible integrating the system on GM’s production ethanol FFV’s.

Major Project Reports (*=new): New Project.

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Low-Cost Conformable Storage to Maximize Vehicle Range

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Thiokol Corporation1617 Cole Boulevard P.O. Box 707Golden, CO 80401-3393 Bringham City, UT 84302-0707

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: YCF-5-14050-02Bill Warnock


Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Mike Blair (801) 863-6824Bob Graham (801) 863-2729

FY 1993: 100,000FY 1994: 58,626FY 1995: 61,159FY 1996: 80,000



Objective: To develop gaseous fuel (propane and natural gas) tank technology that will increase CNG and LPGvehicle range while reducing their initial costs. The tank technology will be a low-cost, injection-molded ,conformable (non-cylindrical) storage system.

Approach/Background: The subcontractor previously designed and fabric ated a conformable, steel storage systemfor LPG. For this project, Thiokol will investigate the use of low-cost, injection-molded thermo-plastic materialsfor gaseous fuel storage. The project will include system design, f abrication of subscale tanks, experimental testing,and demonstration.

Status/Accomplishments: Thiokol has finalized the prototype tank design with its lower-tier partner (Hettinga).Hettinga is an expert in injection molding of thermo plastics. The molds have been completed and initial prototypestanks were produced in March. Thiokol performed initial b urst tests to evaluate the tank design. These initial tanksmet 50% of the design test strength. Thiokol is investigating material and processing changes that will improv ethese results. Thiokol is also working with Chrysler Canada to supply the aluminum version of the conformableLPG tank for Chrysler's 1996 van project.

Future Direction: Thiokol is planning to investigate the use of blow molding to manufacture the thermoplastictank. This will take place in Phase II of the project. In Phase II of the project, further changes in materials an dprocessing will be investigated during additional attempts to meet the required test parameters .Cost/volume/weight/strength models will be developed.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Thiokol presented ini tial results of the project at the CCM in October 1995. Anoverview of the project was presented at the PNGV Task Force Meeting at NREL in March.

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Maintenance and Operation of the DOE Alternative Fuels Center


Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: XS-2-12130-01Brent Bailey

Telephone: (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 8/93–2/15/97

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Jimell Erwin

Telephone: (210) 552-2389

FY 1992: 149,776FY 1993: 97,888FY 1994: 52,478FY 1995: 51,000FY 1996: 50,000



Objective: To maintain and operate the DOE Alternative Fuels Center as a national resource that provides test fuelsfor research.

Approach/Background: Equipment, control structures, storage vessels , and instruments are maintained; low-sulfur,low-olefin catalytically cracked gasoline is prepared; minimum emission gasoline is prepared; facility availabilityis scheduled; research for other government agencies and for industry is conduc ted; and all applicable environmental,safety, and health codes are met.

Status/Acco mplishments: SwRI has installed the upgraded control system for the Hydrogeneration Pilot Plant .Xytel (the lower tier subcontractor) was able to upgrade the com puter components for the system. The new software(FIX-DMACS) was also installed and is operating very well. SwRI finished a study on flame luminosity o fmethanol/ethanol mixtures. SwRI determined that the percentage of methanol dominates the mixture's flam eluminosity. The methanol's flame luminosity did not increase noticeably until it was mixed with at least 50% ethanol.The Alternative Fuels Center has more re cently completed work for industrial sponsors. Projects include producingan emissions reference fuel for California specifications and controlled boiling range which cuts from crude oil.

Future Direction: The Alternative Fuel Center will soon be completing a study for DOE Fossil Energy o nprocessing cool liquids. Plans are now in place to transfer the equipment to another agency or abandon it in place.

Major Project Reports (*=new): NREL has reviewed, approved, and published SwRI's Year 1, Year 2, and Year3 Annual Reports.

Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies

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Office of Advanced Automotive TechnologiesAlternative Fuels R & D

Development of a Methanol Fuel Formulation forUse In Both Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Acurex Environment Corporation1617 Cole Boulevard 555 Clyde Avenue, P.O. Box 7044Golden, CO 80401-3393 Mountain View, CA 94039

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: YCF-5-15106-01Brent Bailey

Telephone: (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 7/95 7/97

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Louis Browning

Telephone: (202) 586-8053

FY 1993: FY 1994:FY 1995: 174,446FY 1996:

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader:John Russell Scott Montgomery


Objective: To identify and demonstrate the best methanol fuel formulations(s) for current and future light-dutyand heavy-duty vehicles.

Approach/Background: The first phase of the project will determine whether a single universal methanol fuelformulation can be developed to perform acceptably in light- and heavy-duty methanol vehicles. Performancerequirements include cold starting and warmup driveabili ty, lubricity, tank ullage flammability, flame luminosity,chemical compatibility, and emissions. If a universal methanol formulation can be identified in Phase I, PhaseII will test vehicles and engines to verify the results of the feasibility study. If a universal methanol fue lformulation cannot be identified in Phase I, Phase II will identify a method to produce two formulation sconveniently produced at the refueling station from a common source of stored methanol.

Status/Accomplishments: Project review meetings be tween Acurex Environmental and NREL and also with thePetroleum Energy Center of Japan have been held. A l iterature search on relevant subjects relating to this projecthas been completed and the Risk Assessment meth od has been selected. The Health and Safety Risk Assessmenthas been completed. The draft report is currently on review.

Future Direction: Task 1 included position assessment of various organizations such as EPA, DOE, CARB ,CEC, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japa nAutomotive Research Institute and Tr ansport Canada. The final task of Phase I will bench test the proposed fuelblends. The bench tests will include flame luminosity, vapor space flammability, vapor pressure, lubricity, andcorrosivity testing. Phase I is expected to be completed in July 1996.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Acurex presented a paper titled “A T echnology and Assessment of Light-DutyMethanol Vehicles” at the ISAF Meeting in South Africa in April 1996.

16

Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies Enabling Technologies

Development of a Direct-Injected Natural Gas Engine Systemfor Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Caterpillar, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard Technical Services DivisionGolden, CO 80401-3393 P.O. Box 1875

Peoria, IL 61656-1875

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ZCI- 6-15107-01Warren Salt

Telephone: (303) 275-4422 Subcontract Period: 2/96 - 2/99

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Bernie Richard

Telephone: (309) 578-8787

FY 1994:FY 1995: 340,000FY 1996: FY 1997:

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Administrator:Steve Goguen Kathleen Roqué


Objective: To develop a commercially viable direct injection (DI) natural gas engine system on a four strokediesel cycle. The system development will incorporate a glow plug ignition assistance and a 3000 psi fue lhandling system. The goal of the project is for the developed engine to match the power, thermal efficiency, heatrejection and durability of its diesel counter part. The initial engine-out emission goals are NO , 2.5 g/hp-hr andx

particulate <0.05g/hp-hr.

Approach/Bac kground: Caterpillar will develop and integrate the technology needed to bring a DI ignitio nassisted natural gas engine t echnology to commercialization. Caterpillar shall develop the DI Technology for its3500 engine serves and demonstrate tha t the developed technology is applicable and commercialization for its onroad heavy-duty engines such as the 3100 or 3400 series. Work shal l take place in the following areas: componentdurability development, 3000 psi fuel handling system development, NO emissions development, study o fx

commercialization potential of DING technology for different applications, and a field demonstration.

Status/Accomplishments: Caterpillar is completing baseline testing of their 3501. Data is being recorded forlowest NO and best thermal efficiency. This data will be used to compare with the new camshaft and EG Rx

modifications. The flow meter on the 3516 is being isolated from the engine to improve its accuracy .Modifications to the gas compressor were made to provide a stable fuel flow.

Future Direction: Caterpillar is currently negotiating a contract with the California Energy Commission o ndeveloping the direct injection technology for a propane version of their 3116 engine. This work will be don econcurrently with the NREL/DOE project.

Major Project Reports (*=new): New Project.

17


Engine Optimization Development of a Common Rail Fuel Injection System forLiquid Dimethyl Ether for Use in Heavy Duty Vehicles

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory AVL Powertrain Engineering, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard 41259 Vincenti CourtGolden, CO 80401-3393 Novi, Michigan 48375

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ACI-15107-02Warren Salt

Telephone: (303) 275-4422 Subcontract Period: 10/95 4/97

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Jim McCandless

Telephone: (810) 477-1203

FY 1993: FY 1994: FY 1995: 263,000



Objective: To develop a production-feasible, low-pressure common-rail injection system that will provid eoptimum injection characteristics for dimethyl ether (DME). The injection system will be developed for currenttechnology, four stroke diesel cycle engines.

Approach/Background: AVL Powertrain shall des ign and develop a DME fuel injection system for the NavistarDTA 530 engine. The design shall incorporate existing production components such as pintle injection nozzles,magnetic latch solenoid valves, swash plates, fuel supply pump, rail pressure sensor, and rpm/cam angle sensor.The work will be broken down into two phases with Phase I involving detailed design, system fabrication, an dbench testing. Phase II will involve engine testing and emissions optimization.

Status/Accomplishments: Phase I Final Report is complete and has been received. AVL is now starting work onPhase II of the contract. Procurement of the electronic control system is in progress. Expected delivery o fcomponents is early November. Instruments for engine testing are being designed and procured. Modificationsto the high pressure fuel supply pump are under progress to improve efficiency & durability.

Future Direction: Based on the success of the bench and engine testing, it is hoped that the fuel system can befully integrated on a vehicle and vehicle demonstration pro gram initiated. A plan for a truck demonstration projecthas been formulated and AVL is currently looking for potential partners. AVL is also helping the University ofMichigan develop a DME fuel system for a light-duty vehicle as part of SAE’s Future Car Competition.

Major Project Reports (*=new): AVL made a presentation on this project to SCAQMD in January 1996. AVLpresented initial results at the SAE Natural G as TOPTEC in early May. Phase I report completed in August 1996.

18


Heavy-Duty Test Cycle Development

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory West Virginia University1617 Cole Boulevard Morgantown, WV 26506Golden, CO 80401-3393

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: TBDWarren Salt

Telephone: (303) 275-4465Subcontract Period: 1996–1998

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:TBD

Telephone:

FY 1994: FY 1995: 165,000FY 1996: 65,000

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Administrator:Steve Goguen Deborah Bullard


Objective: To develop an emissions test cycle for heavy-duty vehicles that can be used to compare th eemissions of HD alternative fuel trucks with their diesel counterparts.

Approach/Background: WVU has demonstrated that no existing test cycle will work for most heavy-dutytrucks. AFUP needs heavy-duty vehicle emissions test cycles developed for use by the WVU test facility.

Status/Accomplishments: An RFP has been issued to West Virginia for a non-competitive procurement. Anaward is planned by November.

Future Direction:


19

Office of Advanced Automotive TechnologiesAlternative Fuels R & D

Analyzing Alternative Fuel Combustion

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Rutgers University1617 Cole Boulevard P.O. Box 090, Brett & Bowser RoadsGolden, CO 80401-3393 Piscataway, NJ 08855

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ACC-4-14361-01Brent Bailey


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:K.T. Rhee

Telephone: (908) 445-3651

FY 1992:FY 1993:FY 1994: 55,145FY 1995: 13,980



Objective: To investigate and analyze the in-cylinder combustion characteristics of different alternative fuels. Thesubcontractor will use its unique four-c olor SIS to investigate in-cylinder thermal combustion of alcohol and gaseousfuels.

Approach/Backg round: The SIS will be used to investigate the ignition and knock characteristics of alcohol fuelsin both spark-ignited and compression-ignition engines. The subco ntractor will also investigate gaseous fuels for theirignition and propagation characteristics.

Status/Accomplishments: The subcontractor has updated the SIS to allow both bottom-up and top-down thermalimages of the spark-igni ted cylinder. Rutgers has been investigating the source and propagation of ignition in dieselengines. This work will continue with alcohol fuels. Rutgers has discovered some preignition reactions during theignition delay period of a compression ignition engine. Rutgers will investigate the cause of the preignition imagesfor diesel and alcohol fuels.

Future Direction: Rutgers is performing additional in-cylinder investigations of the port-injected, spark-ignite dengines to better understand the phenomenon of liquid fuel continuing to burn after flame propagation is complete.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Rutgers presented an SAE paper titled "F lames and Liquid Fuel in a Spark IgnitedEngine Cylinder During Cold Start" at the SAE Fuels and Lubricant Meeting. Rutgers has completed a draft versionof the final report. The report is currently in review.

20

Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies Engine R & D

Development of an Ultra-Safe and Low-Emission Dedicated Alternative Fuel School Bus

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Southwest Research Institute1617 Cole Boulevard 6220 Culebra Road, P.O. Drawer 28510Golden, CO 80401-3393 San Antonio, TX 78228

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ZCF-5-13519-01Warren Salt


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:John Kubesh

Telephone: (210) 522-5941

FY 1994: 400,000FY 1995: 762,000FY 1996: 268,000



Objective: To develop an inherently safe, commercially competitive alternative fuel (CNG) school bu s(engine/vehicle system) that will meet future low emission and safety standards for the year 2000 and provid eenergy efficiency equivalent to diesel.

Approach/Background : Along with its lower tier subcontractors (Blue Bird, John Deere, and CNG Cylinders),SwRI will design, fabricate, test, and demonstrate a CNG-powered transit-style school bus. The bus will hav eapproximately 250 HP and seat 80 children. The school bus should incorporate innovative fuel storage an dhandling systems, a natural gas engine, and an after-treatment system.

Status/Accomplishments: The engine has been moved back to the production controller. An auxilliary box hasbeen developed to incorporate all the progress made with the development controller. SwRI is currently wiringthe auxilliary control box and developing communications between the production controller and the auxilliar ycontrol box.

Future Direction: John Deere is installing 100 of its first-generation natural gas engines in Blue Bird buses fora CEC order. SwRI and John Deere will be able to use the information from these vehicles to further design anddevelop the natural gas engine for this project. The integrated bus will be displayed at a variety of schoo ltransportation and alternative fuel shows throughout the spring and summer.

Major Project Reports (*=new): The SwRI PI presented a general overview of the project on January 30, 1995,at the DOE AFUP Quarterly Review Meeting in Washington, D.C. The Phase I design report was submitted toNREL for review in February and published in June of 1995. SwRI presented a paper at the SAE Futur eTransportation Technology Conference in August 1995 on development of the Deere natural gas engine. SwRIpresented this project at the CCM in October 1995. The bu s was showcased at an Earth Day Event in Washington,D.C. April 22, 1996.

21


Development of a Commercially Viable Natural Gas Conversion of a Diesel Engine

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Thermo Power Corporation/Tecogen Division1617 Cole Boulevard 45 First Avenue, P.O. Box 8995Golden, CO 80401-3393 Waltham, MA 02254

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ZCC-4-14290-01Rob Motta


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:T.N. Chen

Telephone: (617) 622-0155

FY 1993: FY 1994: 200,000FY 1995:



Objective: To develop a commercial, viable conversion of the Navistar DTA 466 diesel engine to an SI naturalgas engine. The subcontractor will develop and field test an optimized Navistar 466 natural gas engin eincorporating Tecogen's MCEC concept.

Approach/Background: If natural gas is to have greater use in heavy-duty vehicles, diesel engine conversionsmust be cost competitive. With funding f rom GRI, SoCal Gas, and NREL, Tecogen is designing, developing, andtesting an aftermarket conversion kit for Navistar 466 engines already in operation.

Status/Accomplishments: Tecogen has developed a complete conversion kit with a new turbo charger, afte rcooler, fuel metering system, and ignition system. Following installation of this kit on a Navistar 466 in a schoolbus, initial prototype testing took place. From the initial prototype testing, Tecogen finalized kit components anddesign. After further development and testing, Tecogen installed the conversion kit and prototype fuel storag esystem on a school bus for a full-fledged, in-service demonstration and evaluation. Tecogen has completed al lrequired tests of this kit development project.

Future Direction: The CNG conversion of the Navistar diesel engine is being demonstrated in refuse an dmunicipal trucks in California. CEC and SCAQMD are funding these demonstrations which started this spring.

Major Project Reports (*=new): The final report has been published.

22


Development, Testing, and Evaluation of an SCS Piston for Alternative Fuels

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Sonex Research, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard 23 Hudson StreetGolden, CO 80401-3393 Annapolis, MD 21401

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ACC-4-14231-01Brent Bailey


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Andrew Pouring

Telephone: (410) 266-5556 FY 1994: 99,941

FY 1991:FY 1992: FY 1993:



Objective: To demonstrate the emissions, efficiency, and performance advantages of the SCS pistons fo ralternative fuel use in a CI engine.

Approach/Background: The subcontractor will design and fabricate SCS pistons for methanol, ethanol, an dbiodiesel blend use. The SCS pistons are multi-chambe red pistons that provide chemically enhanced auto ignition.This technology may prove to be advantageou s for alcohol fuel use in a CI engine. The SCS pistons will be testedon a normally aspirated diesel engine operating on diesel, a biodiesel blend, ethanol, and methanol, and the ncompared against the OEM pistons.

Status/Accomplish ments: Two- and four-chamber SCS pistons for diesel and alcohol fuels have been designedand fabricated. Sonex procured all the test fuels and completed the fabrication of the alcohol fuel system. Boththe two- and four-chamber SCS p istons have been tested for diesel and biodiesel. Test results show that the moremicro chambers in the design, the more smoke is reduced. Initial testing of the alcohol SCS pistons has take nplace. Results indicate that SCS piston design M2 (with two micro chambers) increases the ignition ability of neatmethanol.

Future Direction: Sonex is interested in demonstrations o n alcohol vehicle utilization SCS pistons. Also, Texacohas shown interest in evaluating the Sonex piston design in their laboratories. Texaco is interested in whether thesepistons are capable of meeting future NOx and PM emissions regulations with today's diesel fuel.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Sonex has submitted its final report. This report has undergone thoroug hreview Sonex has responded to all reviewers comments. Sonex presented a paper on the alcohol portion of thisproject at the May 1996 SAE Fuels and Lubricants Conference in Dearborn, Michigan.

23

Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies Engine R&D

Detroit Diesel Series 50 Propane Engine Development, Certification, and Demonstration Project

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory The Adept Group1617 Cole Boulevard 10920 Wilshire BoulevardGolden, CO 80401-3393 Suite 1203

Los Angeles, CA 90024

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ACC-5-14390-01Paul Norton


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Alina Kulikowski-Tan

Telephone: (310) 208-8074

FY 1992: FY 1993: FY 1994: FY 1995: 332,500



Objective: To develop, certify, and demonstrate a dedicated propane heavy-duty (DDC Series 50G/LPG )engine for transit bus and truck applications. The goal is for the engine to provide competitive energ yefficiency to diesel engines while meeting low engine emission standards.

Approach/Background: Adept and its lower-tier subcontractors, DDC and Vinyard Engine System sIncorporated (VESI), will perform mechanical durability and emissions testing of the DDC Series 50 LP Gengine. Upon reaching the stated performance and emissions goals, the engine will undergo certificatio ntesting for CARB and EPA approval.

Status/Accomplishments: The first bus for Orange County Transit Ag ency (OCTA) has been repowered witha Series 50 LPG engine. Four Series 50 LPG engines have been built. A press conference announcing th eengine took place at the APTA International Public Transit Expo. In Anaheim, CA on October 7. DDC is nowworking with Nova Bus on the engine and fuel system integration for the buses at the Metro Authority site.

Future Direction: The OCTA bus will continue to be op erated by DDC to work on driveability and Pro Leanfuel system calibration. Engine certification will begin in March 1 997 after all drivability and calibration issueshave been resolved at the host sites.


24

Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies Advanced Development

Illinois ENR/Archer Daniels Midland

Directing Organization: Subcontractor: National Renewable Energy Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, CO 80401-3393

Illinois Department of Commerce and CommunityAffairs(formerly Energy and Natural Resources)325 West Adams Street, Room 300Springfield, IL 62704-1892

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: AD-2-11104-1Paul Norton

Telephone: (303) 275-4424Subcontract Period: Currently 1992–1996

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Norm Marek

Telephone: (217) 785-0184

FY 1991: 300,000FY 1992: 68,000FY 1993: FY 1994:



Objective: To demonstrate E95 line-haul trucks utilizing the DCCA 6V-92 engine.

Approach/Background: This project is funded by NREL, Ill inois ENR, and ADM. Four E95 line-haul truckswere placed in service, along with an identical diesel control vehicle. ADM is collecting the data and reportingthem to NREL through DCCA.

Status/Accomplishments: The final report is undergoing final editoria l review before publication. A case studyon the project has been written and published and will be distributed with the next issue of Alternative Fuelsin Trucking newsletter

Future Direction: the final report will be published in November 1996.

Major Project Reports (*=new): * Final Report. * Case Study: Running Line-haul Trucks on Ethanol, theArcher Daniels Midland Experience (available through the National Alternative Fuels Hotline and on the WorldWide Web at http://www.afdc.doe.gov/demoproj/hdv/htitle.html.

25


New York City Department of Sanitation


New York City Department of Sanitation52-35 58th StreetWoodside, NY 11377

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number:Paul Norton

Telephone: (303) 275-4424Subcontract Period: Currently 1992–1999

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Tim Harte

Telephone: (718) 334-9206

FY 1991: 653,000FY 1992: FY 1993: FY 1994:

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader:Steve Goguen Scott Montgomery


Objective: To demonstrate CNG operation in Cummins L10 garbage packers.

Approach/Background: Crane Carrier engineered a CNG fuel system into the standard NYC garbage packerand then installed the Cummins L10 CNG engines. Six CNG trucks and three diesel controls are currentl yrunning.

Status/Accomplishments: These were the first heavy-duty CNG trucks built on an OEM assembly line .NREL’s contract with Crane Carrier has expired, however, a no-cost agreement with NYC Department o fSanitation is still in effect. Six thousand copies of the case study report on this project wre distributed with V5No. 1 of Alternative Fuels in Trucking.

Future Direction: The project will continue through 1999.

Major Project Reports (*=new): The case study entitled “Running Refuse Haulers on CNG: The New YorkCity Experience”, is now available in hard copy and on the World Wide Web a thttp://www.afdc.doe.gov/demoproj/hdv/htitle.html

26


Trucking Research Institute/Industry Liaison


Trucking Research Institute2200 Mill RoadAlexandria, VA 22314-4677

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: XC-1-11134-1 andPaul Norton XCV-6-16634-01

Telephone: (303) 275-4424 Subcontract Period: 1992–1998

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:William Peerenboom

Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1994: 240,000FY 1995: 125,000FY 1996: 220,000



Objective: To develop and manage heavy-duty alternative fuel vehicle demonstrations and promote the use ofalternative fuels and the dissemination of information within the trucking industry.

Approach/Background: TRI works with potential alternative fuel demonstration sites to set up the project ,including co-funding. TRI then ma nages the data collection and supplies the data to the AFDC. TRI also tracksdemonstrations that were not a part of DOE/NREL programs, collects what data are available, and promotes theuse of alternative fuels within the trucking industry.

Status/Accomplishments: TRI has assisted in setting-up a site for the Heavy-Duty Evaluation Program withPenske Leasing and Houston Airgas. TRI has pr oduced a set of recommendations for LNG trucks based on theirfailure modes analysis. TRI has supplied information to Battelle for the Hea vy Vehicle Evaluation Project. A newstatement of work has been prepared which refocuses the project on four tasks:1. Produce the Alternative Fuels in Trucking newsletter.2. Coordinate the Alternative Fuels Task Force.3. Provide industry input to NREL/DOE.4. Coordinate information exchange between trucking industry and NREL/DOE.The new contract was placed on August 8, 1996.

Future Direction: The recommended practices for LNG trucks is being submitted to SAE for adoption. Th eAlternative Fuels Task Force is working on coordinating the objectives and efforts of the California Qualit yManagement Districts.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Recommended Practices for LNG Powered Heavy-Duty Trucks .

27


Trucking Research Institute/Hennepin County



Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ZAZ-3-12223-01Paul Norton



Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1991: FY 1992: FY 1993: 300,000FY 1994:



Objective: To demonstrate E95 fuel operation in a highway maintenance/snowplow truck.

Approach/Background: TRI manages this project, which involves running two highwa ymaintenance/snowplow trucks on E95 and one identical control vehicle on diesel. The engines are DDC 6V-92. Hennepin County supplies the operational and maintenance data to TRI, which enters the data and suppliesthem to the AFDC.

Status/Accomplishments: TRI continues to enter mileage and refueling data using data entry screens.

Future Direction: The project will be completed later this year. TRI is working with the site to produce afinal report on the project.


28


Trucking Research Institute/Nebraska Department of Roads



Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: AAC-3-13010-1Paul Norton



Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1991: FY 1992: FY 1993: 250,000FY 1994:



Objective: To demonstrate E95 fuel operation in a highway maintenance/snowplow truck.

Approach/Background: TRI manages this project, which involves running two highway maintenance/snowplowtrucks on E95. The engines are DDC 6V-92. The Nebraska Department of Roads supplies the operational andmaintenance data to TRI, which enters the data and supplies them to the AFDC.

Status/Accomplishments: The vehicles were launched in September 1994. This is a sister project to th eHennepin Country demonstration; the diesel co ntrol vehicle at Hennepin County serves as the control vehicle forboth projects.

Future Direction: Project will be completed and a final report will be written in 1997.


29


Trucking Research Institute/United Parcel Service






Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1991: FY 1992:FY 1993: 300,000FY 1994:



Objective: To demonstrate CNG in pickup and delivery medium-duty trucks.

Approach/Background: TRI manages this project, which in volves running 20 CNG delivery trucks along withfive gasoline control vehicles. The engines are Tecogen 4.3L V6s. UPS will supply the operational an dmaintenance data to TRI, which will enter the data and supply them to the AFDC.

Status/Accomplishments : One of the CNG engines has been destroyed due to valve stem break. A report onthe failure is being prepared by UPS.

Future Direction: The remaining 19 vehicles will continue to be operated on CNG.


30


Trucking Research Institute/Ag Processing

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Trucking Research Institute1617 Cole Boulevard 2200 Mill RoadGolden, CO 80401-3393 Alexandria, VA 22314-4677

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: RAC-4-14412Paul Norton



Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1993: FY 1994: 85,000FY 1995: 72,000FY 1996: 72,000



Objective: To demonstrate 35% biodiesel blend in line-haul tractors.

Approach/Background: TRI manages this project, which involves running six biodiesel line-haul trucks alongwith three diesel control vehicles. The engines are DDC Series 60, and Cummins N14.

Status/Accomplishments: Vehicles began operating on biodiesel in January 1995. The site has experience dproblems with the biodiesel blend gelling during cold weather and clog ging filters. Solutions to this problem havebeen proposed. The contract has been being modified to have changes made to the fuel storage tanks and filters.West Virginia University emissions tested the trucks in June. The results from those test are being processed.

Future Direction: The vehicles will continue to be operated on 35% biodiesel blend.


31


Trucking Research Institute/Liquid Carbonics


Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: RAC-4-14445-1Paul Norton



Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1993: FY 1994: 112,000FY 1995: 96,000FY 1996: 96,000



Objective: To demonstrate LNG in line-haul trucking and to aid the development of a production heavy-dutynatural gas engine.

Approach/Background: TRI manages this project, which involves running three LNG line-haul trucks alongwith one diesel control vehicle. The engines are DDC Series 60 field test engines.

Status/Accomplishments: Two trucks have been in operation since March 1995.

Future Direction: The parent company of Liquid Carbonics has been purchas ed by Praxair but the LNG truckswill continue operation.


32


Trucking Research Institute/Natural Fuels





Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1993: FY 1994: 52,000FY 1995: FY 1996:



Objective: To certify the DDC Series 50 CNG engine for high altitude and Denver fuel quality.

Approach/Background: Natural Fuels has brought together multiple funding sources to emissions-certify theDDC Series 50 CNG engine for both high altitude and Denver fuel quality. Once certified, the Denver RTD willinstall five of these engines in transit buses. The engine will also be available for future HDV demonstrationsat high altitude.

Status/Accomplishments: The Denver and Rocky Mountain Region natural gas motor fuel specifications havebeen completed. Certification tests have also been completed. IGT has presented a draft report of natural gas,plumbing, regulation, filtering, and storage recommendations that Stewart and Stevenson will use durin grepowering of the bus. The first RTD bus was repowered with the S50G engine in August 1996.

Future Direction: The test engine will be road tested in the RTD bus.

Major Project Reports (*=new): * Natural Gas Motor Fuel Specifications: Denver, Colorado (Task 1) an dRocky Mountain Region (Task 2).

33


Trucking Research Institute/Con-way Western Express


Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: AAC-5-15248Paul Norton

Telephone: (303)275-4424Subcontract Period: 1995–1998


Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1995: 18,500 FY 1996: 20,000 FY 1997: 20,000



Objective: To demonstrate the use of LNG in a city tractor and advance the development of the CumminsC Series natural gas engine.

Approach/B ackground: TRI manages this project which involves two LNG Ford LN8000 tractors and adiesel control vehicle. Acurex Environment, under lower tier to TRI, will pass information on the trucks backto NREL.

Status/Accomplishments: The contract for this project was placed on Jun e 21, 1995. The LNG vehicles havebeen on the road since December 1995. However, due to personnel changes and poor communication with theCummins dealership when problems were encountered, the ve hicles have accumulated very little mileage. BillPeerenboom of TRI and Mike Jackson of Acurex visited the site in September 1996 and are working o nresolving the issues that have arisen.

Future Direction: The vehicles will be operated for 3 years.


34


Trucking Research Institute/Chambers Development Corporation





Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1995: 152,000 FY 1996: 142,000 FY 1997: 140,000



Objective: To demonstrate the use of LNG in garbage packers and advance the development of the MackE7 natural gas engine.

Approach/Background: TRI manages this project which involves seven LNG Mack MR cab-over refusehaulers using the Mack E7 natural gas engine.

Status/Accomplishments: The first truck is being built by Mack. Th e first truck will be operated for severalmonths to access its performa nce and make any changes necessary before the remaining six trucks are built.Due to a cost disagreement between Mack and CVI, the trucks will now use MVE tanks rather than CV Itanks. Durability tests are being performed on the engine at Southwest Research Institute.

Future Direction: The remaining six trucks will be built in 1997. This site may be incorporated into theHeavy Vehicle Evaluation Project once all vehicles are in service.


35


Trucking Research Institute/Detroit Diesel Corporation



Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ACC-5-15131-01Paul Norton



Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1993:FY 1994: 60,000FY 1995: 23,000FY 1996: 35,000



Objective: To demonstrate LNG in line-haul trucking and advance the development of heavy-duty alternativefuel technology.

Approach/Background: This project involves running a LNG Kenworth T400 truck p owered by a DDC service50 engine at Detroit Diesel Corporation. With this arrangement the truck receives full support from DDC andDDC can use it as a platform to refine the engine.

Status/Accomplishments: The refueling station is now operational and the truck is in full service. Data on thetruck’s performance is being supplied by DDC.

Future Direction: The truck will be run for two years.


36


Trucking Research Institute/Penske Leasing



Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: RCV-6-16606-01Paul Norton



Telephone: (703) 838-1863

FY 1996: 47,000FY 1996: 150,000FY 1997: 150,000



Objective: To evaluate the performance, cos t, and emissions of Freightliner FLD120 Straight trucks runningon LNG using the Detroit Diesel Series 50G engine.

Approach/Background: The trucks are being supplied by Penske Truck Leasing to the host site - HoustonAirgas. Houston Airgas had received two LNG trucks and one diesel control truck for testing. As of Jul y1996, the two LNG trucks had accumulated a total of 8,000 miles of service. In 1997 this will be increasedto five LNG trucks and three diesel control Trucks and the site will become part of the Heavy Vehicl eEvaluation Project.

Status/Accomplishments: The first two LNG trucks were delivered to the site in May 1996.

Future Direction: Once the site has become comfortable with the first two LNG trucks, the three additionalLNG trucks will be delivered.


37


Acurex LNG Project


Acurex Environmental Corporation555 Clyde AvenueMountain View, CA 94043

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: RCI-6-16627Paul Norton


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Michael Jackson

Telephone: (415) 254-2450

FY 1994: FY 1995: 200,000FY 1996:



Objective: To develop a heavy-duty natural gas engine in LNG trucks.

Approach/Background: This project involves the on-road development of the Detroit Diesel Corporatio nServices 60 natural gas engine in two LNG powered trucks. The trucks are being operated by Walmart an dUnocal.

Status/Accomplishments: Many upgrades to the engines have been made based on the experience gained inthis project.

Future Direction: Further refinements will be made to the engines to improve driveability and reliability .Commercialization of the engine will be based on the market. The on-road development is expected to b ecompleted in about 11 months.


38


Battelle Memorial Institute/Heavy Vehicle Evaluation ProjectOrange County Sanitation


Battelle Memorial Institute505 King AvenueColumbus, OH 43201-2693

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: RCI-6-16608 and Paul Norton RCI-6-16657

Telephone: (303) 275-4424 Subcontract Period: February - August 1996

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Kevin Chandler

Telephone: (614) 424-5127

FY 1995: 40,000FY 1996:



Objective: The objective of this project is to objectively evaluate the cost and performance of alternative fueltrucks.

Approach/Background: Feedback from industry will be solicited on the information required to make a faircomparison between alternative fuel and conventional fuel trucks. This information will be used, along wit hNREL’s experience evaluating transit buses, to design the truck evaluation project. Sites for the evaluatio nproject will be chosen based on a set of specific criteria.

Status/Accomplishments: An information request packet has been sent to several representatives from th etrucking industry. The information is now being gathered and compiled. Orange County Sanitation will be thefirst site for the Evaluation Project.

Future Direction: The first Orange County Sanita tion truck is expected to enter service by the end of the year.


39


Battelle Memorial Institute/National Park Service



Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: YAC-5-15188-01 andPaul Norton YAC-6-16667

Telephone: (303) 275-4424 Subcontract Period: 1995–1996

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:George Sverdrup

Telephone: (614) 424-5014

FY 1993:FY 1994:FY 1995: 113,000FY 1996: 160,000

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Administrator:Steve Goguen Kathee Roqué


Objective: To demonstrate the use of alternative fuels in trucks of the National Park Service and the Fish andWildlife Service.

Approach/Background: Battelle will coordinate the choice of trucks and technology at each site, will aid intheir implementation, and will report on the result.

Status/Accomplish ments: Several sites and fuels have been suggested. The draft plan has been completedand reviewed by the potential sites. The first working group meeting took place at the National Wildlif eVisitors Center July 11.

Future Direction: Specific vehicles have been chosen and plans for repowering the vehicles are being madeby Battelle and the sites.

Major Project Reports (*=new): * Project plan is completed.

40


Phase II Transit Bus Evaluation Program

Directing Organization: Subcontractors: National Renewable Energy Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, CO 80401-3393


University of Missouri235 Agricultural Engineering Bldg.Columbia, MO 65211

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: YCF-4-14340-01Rob Motta and XCF-5-14360-01

Telephone: (303) 275-4482Subcontract Period: 07/94–10/96 and 9/94–7/96

Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Kevin Chandler - Battelle FY 1993: 462,000Leon Schumacher - University of MissouriTelephone: (614) 424-5854 - Kevin Chandler

(314) 882-2126 - Leon Schumacher

FY 1994: 500,000FY 1995: 400,000FY 1996: 255,000FY 1997:

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Administrator:Rich Wares

Telephone: (202) 586-8031

Kathleen Roqué

Telephone: (303) 275-3124

Objective: To provide an in-depth, comprehensive, unbiased comparison of the various alternative fuels and busesin use in the transit industry. Alternative fuels include CNG, LNG, M100, E95, LPG, and biodiesel.

Approach/Background: Battelle and the University of Missouri collect detailed operational, maintenance, an demissions data from eight carefully selected transit agencies across the country . Transit agencies were selected basedon the availability of new alternative fuel buses that have new OEM engines (a program target was 10 buses of eachtechnology, split between two sites); availability of identically equipped control vehicles, except for fuel used; andcooperation of the transit agency in supplying the very detailed data.

Status/Accomplishments: A program final report, and an SAE pap er have been published and are available throughthe AFDC.

Future Direction: A new, smaller program (Phase III) will be launched to evaluate LPG buses, newer technologyLNG buses, and emissions from latest technology CNG buses.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Program final report published October, 1996. Detailed major report du eDecember 1996.

41

Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies Atmospheric Reactions

Measurement of Atmospheric Reactivities of Emissionsfrom Gasoline and Alternative Fuel Vehicles

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory CRC/Environmental Research Consortium1617 Cole Boulevard 30500 Mound Road, GM R&D Center - Bldg. 1-6Golden, CO 80401-3393 Warren, MI 48090-9055

Technical Monitors: Subcontract Number: AF-2-11296-01Michelle Bergin (303) 275-4429Brent Bailey (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 9/92–10/95

Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Tim Belian (404) 396-3400Nelson Kelly (313) 986-1623

FY 1993: 87,836FY 1994: 94,812

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader:Michael Gurevich Scott Montgomery


Objective: To confirm other smog chamber studies and to identify the potential of alternative fuels to provide notonly reduced emissions, but also ultimately cleaner air when compared to co nventional transportation fuels. The finalproduct of the program will be a series of technical reports that identify emission inventories and reactivities as afunction of atmospheric composition and that characterize alternative fuel contributions to air quality.

Approach/Background: In smog chamber experiments, the subcontractor is measuring the reactivity (OFP) fo rsingle-component and complex mixtures of VOC. These results are compared to reactivities calculated usin gchemical models. A unique four-bag chamber is used with xenon light sources to simulate the spectrum of the sun.The Air Track Instrument, developed by G. Johnson of Australia, is also being evaluated to investigate the IE Rmechanism, which claims conservation of reactivity in atmospheric reactions.

Status/Accomplishments: Atmospheric reactivity of 15 compounds was successfully measured in the smo gchamber. The reactivities showed a strong correlation with Carter MIR factors. Differences in composite exhaustreactivity measured for three reformulated fuels were easily discerned. Exhaust reactivity measurements were alsocompared with MIR-based calculations from speciation analysis, further supporting the validity of the Carte rapproach for relative ranking of fuels.

Future Direction: This project is now completed. The results will be subm itted to peer-review journals and technicalconferences.

Major Project Reports (*=new): The final report was received in August 1996.

42


Uncertainty Analysis of Reactivitiesof Alternative Fueled Vehicle Emissions

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Carnegie Mellon University1617 Cole Boulevard Department of Mechanical EngineeringGolden, CO 80401-3393 Pittsburgh, PA

Technical Monitors: Subcontract Number: AU-3-13013-01Brent Bailey (303) 275-4468

Subcontract Period: 1/93–2/95

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Armistead Russell (404) 894-3079(Currently at the Georgia Institute of Technology)

FY 1993: 101,393FY 1994:



Objective: To investigate and quantify the statistical uncertainty resulting from the chemical mechanism parametersof the atmospheric reactivity of alternative fueled vehicle emissions using two air quality models.

Approach/Background: This study extends the uncertainty analysis conducted under the Auto Oil Program to includeemissions associated with methanol, ethanol, LPG, CA Phase 2 RFG, and CNG vehicles by taking advantage o fsensitivity and reactivity studies performed in the Auto Oil study. Two different modeling approaches are combined:zero- and three-dimensional.

Status/Acco mplishments: The RFG portion of the work was funded independently under direct Auto Oil funding .Product yield uncertainties were found to have a negligible effect on the total uncertainty in RAF calculations, and rateconstant uncertainties had a mild effect on most compound reactivities.

Future Direction: This project is complete. Results will continue to be submitted to peer-review journals and fo rpresentation.

Major Project Reports (*=new) : This work was presented at the 1993 ISAF, the 1994 AWMA National Convention,the 1995 DOE CCM, and the 1995 Windsor Conference. Papers were published in the jou rnal Science and EnvironmentalScience and Technology. The final report was published July, 1996

43


Potential Impacts on Air Quality from the Use of Ethanol as an Alternative Fuel

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory1617 Cole Boulevard 9700 South Cass AvenueGolden, CO 80401-3393 Argonne, IL 60439

Technical Monitors: Subcontract Number: DAC-3-13252-01Michelle Bergin (303) 275-4429Brent Bailey (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 4/93–4/96

Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Jeffrey Gaffney

Telephone: (708) 252-5178

FY 1993: 170,000FY 1994: 196,000

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Administrator:Michael Gurevich Chuck Rasey


Objective: To determine seasonal levels of oxygenated organic air pollutants as a function of ethanol fuel use in a nisolated urban environment, with specific attention given to the measurement of PANs, ozone, formaldehyde ,acetaldehyde, formic acids, and acetic acids.

Approach/Background: Argonne conducted field measurements during 4-week pollution episodes during the summerof 1993, the winter of 1994, and the winter of 1995 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to determine seasonal levels o foxygenated organic air pollutants. Stable carbon isotopic rations were use d to examine source apportionment. A reactivehydrocarbon analyzer based on ozone chemiluminescence was also evaluated.

Status/Accomplishments: The principal investigator’s serious illness delayed this project, but the final draft report hasbeen submitted and review is underway.

Future Direction: The project is near completion.

Major Project Reports (*=new): NREL published the Phase I final report in September 1994: Potential Impacts ofAir Quality of the Use of Ethanol as an Al ternative Fuel. Two papers on this project were presented at the AtmosphericSciences and Applications to Air Quality Conference in June 1996. The draft final report was submitted in July 1996 andis under revision.

44


Flow Tube Oxidation and Pyrolysis Studies of Alternative Fuels

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory University of Dayton Research Institute1617 Cole Boulevard 300 College ParkGolden, CO 80401-3393 Dayton, OH 45469-0132

Technical Monitors: Subcontract Number: XAU-3-12228-02Michelle Bergin (303) 275-4429Brent Bailey (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 5/93–10/96

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Barry DellingerPhilip Taylor

Telephone: (513) 229-2846

FY 1993: 99,958FY 1994: 181,396FY 1995: 100,000

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader:Michael Gurevich Kathleen Roqué


Objective: To determine the impact of alternative fuels on air quality, particularly ozone formation. The primar yobjective may be met through three steps: (1) qualitatively identifying alternative fuel combustion products; (2 )quantitatively measuring specific emission levels; and (3) determining the fate of the combustion products in th eatmosphere, particularly in t erms of ozone formation. The alternative fuels of interest include methanol, ethanol, LPG,and natural gas.

Approach/Background: Researchers at the university are using high-temperature flow reactor studies of the fue loxidation and pyrolysis, in conjunction with elementary reaction kineti c modeling, to develop detailed kinetic codes. Thecodes can be used to assess emission s from a variety of combustion sources under a wide range of operating conditions.These experimental studies will be used to identify the specific compounds that can contribute to the formation o fphotochemical smog.

Status/Accomplishments: Combustion products from ethanol, methanol, natural gas, and LPG have been qualitativelyidentified under oxygen-rich, stoichiometric, and pyrolytic conditions in a flow-tube reactor. Trioxane (an unstable trimerof formaldehyde) was identified during methanol combustion. The Phase III report was published in July 1996, and adraft Phase IV report was received in September 1996.

Future Direction: A subcontract extension is underway to add four tasks to this project. These tasks include a study ofhigh pressure combustion of alternative fuels, NO effexcts, and low temperature, surface catalyzed, and gas-phas ex

pollutant formation.

Major Project Reports (*=new): UDRI prepared and presented an SAE paper for the 1994 International Fuels an dLubricants Meeting. UDRI presented a seminar at NREL on 2/29/96 and pap ers at the SAE Spring 1996 Fuels LubricantsMeeting and the International Symposium on Alcohol F uels (ISAF XI, April 1996). Reports on Phases I, II, and III havebeen published. The draft report for Phase IV is under review.

45


On-Road Sensing Technology for Alternative Fueled Vehicle Emissions

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory CRC/Unisearch Associates, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard 222 Snidercroft RoadGolden, CO 80401-3393 Concord, Ontario, Canada L4K 1B5


Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Tim Belian (404) 396-3400Gervase MacKay (905) 669-3547

FY 1993: 20,000FY 1994: 62,000



Objective: To develop instrumentation for continuous, re mote monitoring of the relative concentrations of NO and CO 2

and gas temperature in exhaust under real driving conditions.

Approach/Background: The subcontractor is working to develop a portable, remote sensor that is self-aligning, self-calibrating, and easy to operate. Its components will be off the shelf and inexpensive, and it will use establishe dtechnology.

Status/Accomplishments: The technology (near infrared diode laser system) has been successfully demonstrated fordetecting CO:CO ratios in a closed sampling system and in a roadside detection system. Results were successfull y2

compared against those resulting from tests with on-board diagnostic instruments provided by Ford Motor Company .The project was delayed due to problems locating a suitable diode laser for NO detection. A new laser was tested andfound to be the incorrect wave length so delay in completion date was requested. This project was allowed to expir ebefore the NO laser was demonstrated.

Future Direction: The software and data processing hardware for detecting NO from an on-the-road vehicle using aremote detection system will be developed and demonstrated in the next phase if approval is received by the CR Csubcommittee. The next demonstration will also be for detecting water vapor in the exhaust to determine exhaus ttemperature so that cold-start vehicles may be identified. A potential NO laser has been developed and is being reviewedfor use in this project.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Project results were presented at the 1994 CRC On-Road Emissions Conference inSan Diego. Unisearch submitted its first interim report, A Near Infrared Diode LASER System for Remote Measurementof Automobile Exhaust Gas Concentration and Temperature—Phase I Interim Report , which CRC released in the fourthquarter of FY 1994. A final report is still expected, following demonstration of the NO laser.

46


Atmospheric Reactivity of Volatile Organic Compounds

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory CRC/University of California at Riverside1617 Cole Boulevard Office of Research AffairsGolden, CO 80401-3393 Riverside, CA 92521-0217


Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Tim Belian (404) 396-3400William Carter (909) 781-5797

FY 1993: 54,848FY 1994: 20,000

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Administrator:Michael Gurevich Kathleen Roqué


Objective: To experimentally measure maximum incremental ozone reactivities (MIR) of VOC.

Approach/Background: UCR researchers are using the MIR approach with indoor smog chamber experiments t odetermine the incremental reactivity in simple and complex surrogat es as background atmosphere to which specific VOCare added.

Status/Acco mplishments: This study is being conducted in cooperation with CARB to further define incrementa lreactivity of various VOC. In this extension of previous work, researchers are examining a complex surrogate urba nbackground mixture (eight compounds) and comparing it against previous studies using a simple surrogate (thre ecompounds).

Future Direction: We expect this work to continue because of the many VOC that have not been analyzed and th edifficulty of matching chamber results with model chemistry. This subcontract has been allowed to expire while we arewaiting for the Phase II final draft report.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Two major reports have been issued. They are Environmental Chamber Studies ofAtmospheric Reactivities of Volatile Organic Compounds — Effects of Varying ROG Surrogate and NO andx

Environmental Chamber Type on Atmospheric Reactivities of Volatile Organic Compounds — Effects of Varyin gChamber and Light Source . Two papers have been published by the journal Atmospheric Environment (both in volume29(18)).

47


Atmospheric Photochemistry Studies of Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Vehicles Operating on Alternative Fuels

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory University of North Carolina1617 Cole Boulevard Department of Environmental Golden, CO 80401-3393 Sciences and Engineering

Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400

Technical Monitors: Subcontract Number: XAP-3-11153-01Michelle Bergin (303) 275-4429Brent Bailey (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 10/93–9/95

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Harvey H. Jeffries

Telephone: (919) 966-7312

FY 1993: 453,482FY 1994:



Objective: To assess the ozone forming potential (OFP) of pollutant emissions from current-model OEM vehicle soperating on alternative fuels rel ative to those operating on gasoline and RFG and to develop new analytical methods toimprove modeling technology.

Approach/Background: The university is conducting outdoor and indoor smog chamber experiments to evaluate theOFP of exhaust from CNG and methanol vehicles. New analytical methods are being developed to measure pola rcompounds, and practical modeling studies of urban airsheds are being conducted.

Status/Accomplishments: Researchers compared industry-average gasoline, surrogate natural gas emissions, an dsurrogate ethanol (E85) emissions in a synthetic urban background mixture. They observed exceptional reductions insmog-forming potential with natural gas. Under the experimental conditions te sted, E85 did not show improvements overindustry-average gasoline. New analytical instrumentation for detecting highly polar compounds generated during photo-oxidation has been used with an experimental chamber to identify previously undetected compounds that are in th eatmosphere.

Future Direction: A draft final report was submitted in April 1996, and the final report is expected by December 1996.

Major Project Reports (*=new): A presentation on the project was made at the 1994 CCM. New findings from thework were reported at an international conference in Spain in April 1995. A draft final report was received in April 1996.

48


Alternative Fuels Combustion Products


Technical Monitors: Subcontract Number: YAW-3-13253-01Michelle Bergin (303) 275-4429Brent Bailey (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 10/93–5/97

Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Kevin Whitney

Telephone: (210) 522-5869

FY 1993: 284,337FY 1994: FY 1995: 119,464FY 1996: 140,000



Objective: To completely identify the VOC exhaust species generated by the combustion of alternative transportationfuels and RFG in a reciprocating engine. Tasks were added to this project to examine particulate emissions.

Approach/Background : The exhaust species from the vehicles were qualified and quantified for air-fuel equivalenceratios ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 for natural gas, LPG, methanol, ethanol, and RFG. Researchers analyzed the species atengine-out and tailpipe-out sites to determine the influence of a catalytic converter on species formation.

Status/Accomplishments: Phase 1 and 2 experiments are completed, and draft reports have been prepared an dreviewed. Task extensions for the project were proposed and the contract is being modified.

Future Direction: SwRI completed this project on sch edule despite delays resulting from CNG tank safety issues. Thework was extended to include additional small particulate matter and subambient temperature emission measurementsfor various fuels.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Phase I and II final reports were expected during December 1996. SwRI preparedan SAE paper on Phase I for the 1994 International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and presented results at CCM i nOctober 1994. Phase II results on butane was reported at the fall 1995 F&L Mee ting of SAE. Two other papers on PhaseII particulates results and ULEV E85 results have been prepared for the Spring 1996 F&L Meeting of SAE.

49


Feasibility Study for Improved Mobile Source Emission Inventories

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory CRC/Desert Research Institute1617 Cole Boulevard 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, Suite 400Golden, CO 80401-3393 Atlanta, GA 30346

Technical Monitors: Subcontract Number: ZF-2-12252-09Michelle Bergin (303) 275-4429Brent Bailey (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 5/94-2/97

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Patricia Walsh

Telephone: (702) 677-3193

FY 1993:FY 1994: 99,662FY 1995:



Objective: To develop an approach for improving mobile source emission inventories by collecting, assembling, an devaluating emissions data collected with remote sensing devices into a common format.

Approach/Background: Many studies of on-road vehicle emissions have been conducted with remote sensing devicescapable of instantaneously measuring CO and HC emissions from vehicles as they pass by. This study will bring togetherdata from previous U.S. studies in a single database. Previous studies will als o be evaluated through comparisons of remotesensing studies, determinations of high-emission-vehicle age, and correlations of off-cycle dynamometer emissio nmeasurements.

Status/Accomplishments: DRI has established data formats and procedures and re quested data from various investigators;DRI is processing and collating initial data already received from earlie r studies. DRI scientists continue to review the datareceived and add them to their database. An extension of this project wa s requested, and granted, to allow a more completecollection of available data.

Future Direction: The subcontractor will receive remote-sensing data and add th em to the database. Database evaluationswill be conducted for inclusion in the final report.

Major Project Reports (*=new): In June, DRI issued the database format to those supplying data. DRI has extendedthe final report to Winter 1997. The report will be in two parts, one containing the data and the second providing analysis.

50


Consultation in Urban Air Quality Modeling of Alternative Transportation Fuels

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Professor Jana B. Milford1617 Cole Boulevard 4131 Amber Street Golden, CO 80401-3393 Boulder, CO 80304

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: CCD-4-14389-01

Michelle Bergin (303) 275-4429 Subcontract Period: 9/94–12/96

Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Jana B. Milford

Telephone: (303) 492-5542

FY 1993: FY 1994: 19,795FY 1995: FY 1996:



Objective: To provide consulting services to the NREL Atmosp heric Reactions Program on modeling and air chemistryactivities under way within industry and in NREL projects.

Approach/Background: J. Milford has been previously active in air quality modeling, atmospheric chemistry, an dalternative fuel related projects. She will use this experience to help NREL guide and critique current similar projects.

Status/Accomplishments: J. Milford has been mainly involved in two air qu ality modeling projects: 14072-01 (Radian)and 14072-02 (SAI). She attended all relevant meetings, reviewed documents, and participated in conference calls. Thiscontract has been modified to reflect a new period of performance, 1/96 - 12/96.

Future Direction: J. Milford will continue to be active in these projects.

Major Project Reports (*=new): J. Milford was active this quarter in the review process for the two Atmospheri cReactions projects listed above.

51


Atmospheric Processes of Alternative Transportation Fuels — I

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Systems Applications International1617 Cole Boulevard 101 Lucas Valley RoadGolden, CO 80401-3393 San Rafael, CA 94903

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: YCC-4-14072-02


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Paul Guthrie

Telephone: (415) 507-7277

FY 1993: FY 1994: 288,365FY 1995: 226,250FY 1996: 207,673



Objective: To determine the relative impact of four alternative fuels (compared to RFG) on urban air quality b yapplying current alternative fuel and reformulated fuel emissions data to computer grid models. Urban ozone formation,air toxics, and greenhouse gas three-dimensional emissions will be examined. Two or three cities will be modeled toshow some effects of various atmospheric conditions.

Approach/Background: SAI will perform computer modeling of alternative fuel impacts on urban air quality usingthe UAM urban air quality grid model and a specialized version of the CB-IV mechanism (which includes air toxics).To accomplish this effort, SAI will collect mass and speciated emissions data for alternative fuels and RFG, performmobile source inventory modeling, design urban air quality modeling scenarios, and p erform urban air quality model runs.The cities to be modeled will be Los Angeles, Baltimore/Washin gton, D.C., and possibly Atlanta. M85, CNG, LPG, andE85 will be modeled.

Status/Accomplishments: Internal review of the Phase I draft report has been completed. J. Milford is participatingas a consultant for this project. Some additional tasks were identified for Phase I. A second draft final report wa sreceived in August 1996, and is currently under revision.

Future Direction: The additional Phase I tasks included baseline model runs, as well as M85 runs using more recentdata. Possible scenarios for the next phase include examining the impact of the doubled mobile source emissions, thechosen wind field and/or boundary c onditions, estimated future year controls, and/or uncertainties. Atlanta may also bemodeled. Phase II was initiated, but will be held until acceptance of the Phase I report.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Revision of the extended Phase I draft final report is underway.

52


High Exhaust Emitters Project Site Characterization and Selection

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory CRC/Desert Research Institute1617 Cole Boulevard 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, Suite 400Golden, CO 80401-3393 Atlanta, GA 30346

Technical Monitors: Subcontract Number: ZE-2-12252-12Michelle Bergin (303) 275-4429Brent Bailey (303) 275-4468 Subcontract Period: 12/94–4/96

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Alan Gertler

Telephone: (702) 677-3192

FY 1993: FY 1994: 100,000FY 1995: 211,679



Objective: To survey several urban tunnel sites and collect emissions data to assist in quantifying the mobile sourc econtribution of the ozone-forming precursors to the urban inventory. Additional objectives have been added on particulatematter measurements and ambient measurements to determine mobile source contributions to the total inventory.

Approach/Background: DRI will identify potential on-road, urban sites for quantifying in-use vehicle emissions b yreviewing urban tunnels. In field operations, DRI will procure, check out, cali brate, and transport all necessary equipmentto five test site locations. At these locations, the subcontractor will set up inlet and outlet stations consisting of a nanemometer and Tedlar bag sa mpling of total NMHC, NO/NO , CO, and CO . DRI will conclude the project with datax 2

processing and data analysis from a comparison of emission factors against those generated in previous studies, includingthe Fort McHenry Tunnel Study, the Tuscarora Tunnel Study, and the Cassiar Tunnel Study.

Status/Accomplishments: The tunnel studies were largely completed, and a draft final report was submitted an dreviewed by May 1996.

Future Direction: A final report is expected by November 1996. Results are being submitted to peer-review journalsand technical conferences.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Project interim results were presented a t the AWMA Emissions Inventory Conferencein October 1995. A draft final report was received in April 1996. Extensiv e revisions were requested, and the final reportis expected September 1996.

53


Atmospheric Processes of Alternative Transportation Fuels — II

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Radian Corporation1617 Cole Boulevard 10389 Old Placerville RoadGolden, CO 80401-3393 Sacramento, CA 95827

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: YCC-4-14072-01


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Howard Balentine

Telephone: (916) 857-7324

FY 1993: FY 1994: 300,621FY 1995: 330,419 FY 1996: 211,208

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader:Michael Gurevich Kathleen Roqué


Objective: To determine the relative impact of four alternative fuels (compared to RFG) on urban air quality b yapplying current alternative fuel and reformulated fuel emissions data to computer grid models. Urban ozone formation,air toxics, and greenhouse gas three-dimensional emissions will be examined. Two or three cities will be modeled toshow some effects of various atmospheric conditions.

Approach/Background: Radian will perform computer model ing of alternative fuel impacts on urban air quality usingtwo urban air quality grid models, UAM and CALGRID. Radian will collect mass and speciated emissions data fo ralternative fuels and RFG, perform mobile source inventory modeling, design urban air quality model scenarios, an dperform urban air quality model runs. The cities to be modeled will be Los Angeles, Atlanta, and a third city yet to befinalized. M85, CNG, LPG, and E85 will be modeled.

Status/Accomplishments: Due to errors in the M85 emission factors, only CNG scenarios will be reported .Additionally, planned model runs using CALGRID were canceled.

Future Direction: A draft final report was received during July 1996, and it was decided that hte report would not befinalized under this subcontract and that Phase II would not be initiated. It is likely that this project will be continuedunder a different subcontract.

Major Project Reports (*=new): A draft final report is expected in July 1996. Animations of modeling results willbe included.

Office of Technology Utilization

57

Office of Technology Utilization Light duty Vehicle Demonstrations

Light-duty Vehicle Data Collection

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Dwights Energy Data, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard 1560 Broadway, Suite 900Golden, CO 80401-3393 Denver, CO 80202


Telephone: (303) 275-4479Subcontract Period: through 12/31/98

Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding: Bill Gilbert

Telephone: (303) 831-3438

FY 1995: 74,562FY 1996: 42,000FY 1997: 42,000

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader: Frank Mallgrave Kathleen Roqué


Objective: This Light Duty Vehicle Operator Survey is to collect subjective performance and driveabilitydata for Alternative Fuel Vehicles and like gasoline control vehicles. The data will be collected via atelephone survey in which drivers of AFVs and fleet managers with AFVs are contacted directly.

Approach/Background: This project is being implemented to replace the current data card system witha more accurate and efficient system. This method of co llecting data involves conducting brief surveys withvehicles drivers and fleet managers. Perf ormance and maintenance data will be used to compare AFVs andgasoline vehicles. The Survey will be conducted four times annually so any seasonal performanc edifferences can be obtained.

Status/Accomplishments: The second quarter summary wa s available of the AFDC light-duty vehicle Webpages. Data was received an d analyzed for the third quarter survey period (July). The summary of the thirdquarter was posted on the LDV web pages late September. Drivers are least satisfied with range and fuelavailability.

Future Direction: The final survey period for 1996 is October.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Summary of the first year of fleet and drivers surveys should be availablein February 1997.

58

Office of Technology Utilization Light-duty Vehicle Demonstrations

Ethanol Light-duty Vehicle Evaluation Study

Directing Organization: Subcontractors: National Renewable Energy Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, CO 80401-3393




Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Kevin Chandler - Battelle FY 1995: 39,000

Telephone: (614) 424-5127FY 1996:

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Administrator:Frank Mallgrave

Telephone: (202)586-8077

Kathleen Roqué

Telephone: (303) 275-3124

Objective: This project is to collect and evaluate detailed data on a small fleet of ethanol fueled vehicles.Detailed operating and maintenance records and costs are the primary focus of the effort.

Approach/Background: The State of Ohio has established a demonstration project using ethanol (E85)FFV Ford Taurus (model year 1996). The project will have 10-12 FFV Taurus’ and 3 gasoline controls.It will run for 2 years, and include 18 months of data collection. The project has several sponsors ,including DOE/NREL. All partic ipants will have access to deliverables and information produced as partof this program.

Status/Accomplishments: Data collection has started on the study vehicles. Battelle will begin dat asubmission in November.

Future Direction:


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Light-duty Vehicle Biodiesel Data Collection

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Kelly Strebig1617 Cole Boulevard 1421 Clement StreetGolden, CO 80401-3393 Mendota Heights, MN 55118


Telephone: (303) 275-4479 Subcontract Period: through 1/30/97

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Kelly Strebig

Telephone: (612) 457-1404

FY 1994:FY 1995: 13,314FY 1996: FY 1997:

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader:Frank Mallgrave Kathleen Roqué


Objective: To demonstrate and evaluate the performance of light-duty Biodiesel pickup trucks.

Approach/Background: Data will be collected to prepare a report which provides information on fue leconomy, repair information, and direction f or future research. The project involves 9 pickup trucks, 3 willoperate on diesel fuel, 3 will operate on gasoline, and 3 will operate on a 50% blend of biodiesel fuel.

Status/Accomplishments: Data will be collected through November from these demonstration vehicles.The vehicle operators continue to operate the 3 trucks on 50% blend of biodiesel as much of the time a spossible.

Future Direction: Data on fueling and repairs will be collected into the fall.

Major Project Reports (*=new): . Draft final report is due December 31, 1996, and the final report is dueFebruary 28, 1997.

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Fuel Sampling and Analysis

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Analysts, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard 2450 Hassell RoadGolden, CO 80401-3393 Hoffman Estates, IL 60195

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: JCC-4-14245-01Peg Whalen


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Dallies Lemke

Telephone: (800) 222-0071

FY 1994: 54,105FY 1995FY 1996

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader: Frank Mallgrave Scott Montgomery


Objective: To provide the AMFA Program routine access to an analytical service for fuel analyses. Fuelsamples are analyzed for conformance to specifications, contamination, and low-temperature properties.

Approach/Background: Fuel samples are shipped directly to the subcontractor from the various sites. Ananalysis is performed and data sent to NREL.

Status/Accomplish ments: The subcontractor completed a number of fuel analysis this quarter. A numberof the samples were biodiesel blends which required special handling and specific tests.

Future Direction: The subcontract period of performance has been extended through the end of 1996, toaccommodate any AFMA project fuel or oil analysis needs. The subcontract is expected to be closed out atthat point.

Major Project Reports (*=new): The subcontractor delivers fuel and oil sample data to NRE Lelectronically each month.

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Texas Project

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Center1617 Cole Boulevard 6111 Highway 290 E.Golden, CO 80401-3393 Austin, TX 78723

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ACC-5-14064-01 andPeg Whalen

Telephone: (303) 275-4479

ACC-5-14282-01

Subcontract Period: 1993–1996

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Luke Allison

Telephone: (512) 452-1776

FY 1993: FY 1994: 200,000FY 1995: 200,000FY 1996: 200,000

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Administrator:Frank Mallgrave Kathleen Roqué


Objective: To study the impact of mileage accumulation on the performance and emissions of CNG andLPG light-duty vehicle conversions and to compare these parameters with those of OEM vehicles.

Approach/Background: The vehicles are mostly new acquisitions by the Texas DOT. The vehicles areemissions-tested before and after conversion to CNG or LPG, and will be retested at regular intervals. Datawill be collected on mileage, fuel usage, oil analysis, and maintenance.

Status/Accomplishments: Vehicle testing was completed in August. Data is in the process of bein ganalyzed, and work on a draft final report is underway.

Future Direction: Data analysis is planned to be completed so that a project summary report is completedby the end of December.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Results based on the data from this project will be presented by th eUniversity of Texas personnel at the Fall SAE Fuels and Lube Conference.

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Office of Technology Utilization Light-duty Vehicle Emissions

Light-duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Emissions Testing (ATL)

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Automotive Testing Laboratories1617 Cole Boulevard P.O. Box 289Golden, CO 80401-3393 East Liberty, OH 43319

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ACI-5-15136-01Ken Kelly

Telephone: (303) 275-4465Subcontract Period: 4/1/95–7/31/97

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Wendy Clark

Telephone: (513) 666-4351

FY 1993: 332,012FY 1994: 133,520FY 1995: 1,187,588FY 1996: 500,000



Objective: To perform EPA-FTP chassis dynamometer emissions tests on alternative fueled GSA vehiclesin the Detroit and Chicago metropolitan areas. Perform detailed hydrocarbon speciation on 15% of exhaustand evaporative emissions tests.

Approach/Background: This subcontract represents a portion of a larger emissions test program tha tincludes approximately 400 GSA vehicles fueled by M85, E85, and CNG, along with gasoline contro lvehicles. Flexible-fuel alcohol vehicles are tested on both alcohol and RFG. Vehicles are tested at targe todometers of 4000 and 10,000 miles, and at intervals of 10,000 miles thereafter.

Status/Accomplishments: The first round of testing under subcontract AAW-4-13020-01 is complete, anddetailed analysis of the results h as been conducted. The second round of testing and the first round of testingon new vehicle models , including the M85 Dodge Intrepid and E85 Ford Taurus was completed in March of1996. Subcontract modification was neg otiated to incorporate testing under FY1996 funding. The third roundof testing under the latest modification began in August of 1996.

Future Direction: A design for continuing the emissions test program is being implemented. subcontractactivities include final FTP testing on alcohol fuel vehicles, initial FTP testing of new QVM vehicles, an d“off-cycle” emissions test matrix. NREL will continue to monitor the su bcontract, perform statistical analysis,and incorporated results into a variety of publications.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Three SAE papers on first round of CNG, ethanol, and methanol tests .Emissions sections in light-duty vehicle report, aftermarket conversion report, and 5th Annual Report t oCongress. All project data and related reports are available in the AFDC via the World Wide Web.

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Light-duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Emissions Testing (ERD)

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Environmental Research and Development 1617 Cole Boulevard 8557 Atlas DriveGolden, CO 80401-3393 Gaithersburg, MD 20877

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ACI-5-15195-01Ken Kelly


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Peter Lissiuk

Telephone: (301) 921-0066

FY 1993: 439,582FY 1994: 532,808FY 1995: 562,171



Objective: To perform EPA-FTP chass is dynamometer emissions tests on alternative fueled GSA vehiclesin the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. Perform d etailed hydrocarbon speciation of 15% of exhaust andevaporative emissions tests.

Approach/B ackground: This subcontract represents a portion of a larger emissions test program tha tincludes approximately 400 GSA vehicles fueled by M85, E85, and CNG, along with gasoline contro lvehicles. Flexible-fuel alcohol vehicles are tested on both alcohol and RFG. Vehicles are tested at targetodometers of 4,000 and 10,000 miles, and at intervals of 10,000 miles thereafter.

Status/Accomplishments: The first round of testing under subcontract AAW-4-13020 is complete. Thesecond round of testing and the first round of testing on new vehicle models, including the CNG Chryslermini-van was completed during the third quarter of 1996. EPA (Ann Arbor) conducted an on-site reviewof the test facility, procedures, record keeping, and emissions calculations. Initial recommendations havebeen implemented. Detailed analysis of the first round of testing has been conducted.

Future Direction: A design for completing the emissions test program is being implemented. Subcontractactivities include a final conti nuing round of FTP testing on CNG vehicles. NREL will continue to monitorthe subcontract, perform statistical analysis, and incorporate results into a variety of publications.

Major Project Report s (*=new): Three SAE Papers on first round of CNG, ethanol, and methanol tests.Emissions sections in light duty vehicle report, aftermarket conversion report, and 5th Annual Report t oCongress. All project data and related reports are available in the AFDC via the World Wide Web.

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Light-duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Emissions Testing (ManTech)

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard 2 Triangle DriveGolden, CO 80401-3393 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: AAW-4-13020-03Ken Kelly ACI-5-15194-01

Telephone: (303) 275-4465 Subcontract Period: 2/16/94 8/1/958/1/95 2/28/97

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Leslie Eudy

Telephone: (303) 340-8065

FY 1993: 428,406FY 1994: 620,968FY 1995: 572,011FY 1996: 272,801



Objective: To perform FTP and IM240 chass is dynamometer emissions tests on 26 M85 Dodge Spirits and26 gasoline control Spirits, 20 CNG Dodge vans, 20 gasoline control vans, 26 CNG Chevrolet pickups, and26 gasoline control pickups from the Denver area . Analysis on 15% of the vehicles will include detailed HCspeciation of the exhaust and evaporative emissions.

Approach/Background: This subcontract represents a portion of a larger emissions test program tha tincludes approximately 400 vehicles fueled by M85, E85, and CNG, along with gasoline controls. The M85vehicles are tested on M85, M50, and RFG. The CNG vehicles are tested on CNG only. The gasolin econtrol vehicles are tested on RFG. Vehicles are brought in for testing at target odometers of 4,000 an d10,000 miles, and at intervals of 10,000 miles thereafter.

Status/Accomplishments: The first round of testing under subcontract AAW-413020 is complete. Detailedanalysis of the first round of testing has been conducted. The second round of testing including aftermarketconversions is also complete. Subcontr act modification was negotiated to incorporate testing under FY1996funding. The third round of testing under the latest modification began in August of 1996.

Future Direction: A design for continuing the emissions test program is being implemented. Subcontractactivities include final continuing FTP testing on CNG vehicles, initial FTP testing of new LPG QV Mvehicles, hydrocarbon speciation. NREL will continue to monitor the su bcontract, perform statistical analysisand incorporated results into a variety of publications.

Major Project Reports (*=new): Three SAE Papers on first round of CNG, ethanol and methanol tests.Emissions sections in light-duty vehicle report, aftermarket conversion report, and 5th Annual Report t oCongress. All project data and related reports are available in the AFDC via the World Wide Web.

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Light-duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Emissions Testing (CGT)

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Compressed Gas Technologies, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard 317 South Conkling StreetGolden, CO 80401-3393 Baltimore, MD 21224

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: JCC-4-14070-01Ken Kelly


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Mike DeMos

Telephone: (800) 738-5777

FY 1992:FY 1993: 76,970FY 1994: 70,000FY 1995: 80,470



Objective: To supply CNG fuel for the emissions test program.

Approach/Background: The fuels are manufactured with concentrations of components as specified (93%methane) and pressurized to 2000 psi. The cost of this contract includes the manufacture, storage, an dshipping of the fuels. The subcontractor also submits a certificate of analysis for each fuel.

Status/Accomplishments: Test fuel shipments continue to be provided to the emissions test laboratorieson a timely basis. The subcontract was modified to supply fuel for FY 1996 testing on CNG by exercisingthe second optional year in the subcontract.

Future Direct ion: A second sample of the test fuel will be sent for analysis and the data will be stored inthe AFDC.


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Light-duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Emissions Testing (Phillips 66)

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phillips 66 Company1617 Cole Boulevard 896 ABGolden, CO 80401-3393 Bartlesville, OK 74004

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: JCC-4-13503-01Ken Kelly


Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Don E. Burnett

Telephone: (918) 661-7601

FY 1993: 112,917FY 1994: 92,470FY 1995: 2,459FY 1996: 49,761



Objective: To supply M85, M50, E85, E50, and California Phase II refor mulated gasoline liquid test fuelsfor the emissions test program.

Approach/Background: The fuels are blended in a single batch, stored, and supplied to the tes tlaboratories as required. The cost of this contract includes the manufacture, storage, and shipping of thefuels. Phillips 66 also supplies a certificate of analysis for each fuel.

Status/Accomplishments: The test fuels continue to be supp lied to the emissions laboratories on a timelybasis. A sample of each of the test fuels was sent to BDM Oklahoma, and fuel analysis data have beenreceived. The subcontract was extended through August 31, 1997 to supply liquid test fuels.

Future Direction: We will modify the existing subcontract or issue a new subcontract to allow fo rcontinued fuel supply as needed for the emissions test program. A second fuel sample will be sent fo ranalysis, and the data will be stored in the AFDC.


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Office of Technology Utilization Information Dissemination

National Alternative Fuels Hotline


Information Resources, Inc.1925 N. Lynn Street, Suite 1000Arlington, VA 22209

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: AAC-4-14223-01Kevin O’Connor

Telephone: (303) 275-4387Subcontract Period: Through 10/4/96

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Jill Hamilton FY 1993:

Telephone: (800) 423-1DOE FY 1996: 421,000

FY 1994:FY 1995: 439,000

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Administrator: N/ALee Slezak Kathleen Roqué


Objective: To satisfy the public’s need to understand alternative fuel use and legislation.

Approach/Background: IRI provides an "800" hotline service. The subcontractor also develops materials toanswer caller questions and to provide information to interested parties. NREL developed a computerize ddatabase of documents that handles automated printing, mailing, and faxing for our Hotline’s use.

Status/Accomplishments: To date, hotline staffers have responded to more that 30,000 calls since May o f1992. During the last quarter 1,710 requests were handled by the Hotline. Mailed AFDC Update in August.

Future Direction: We have extended the current contract with the same monthly costs until 3/1/97 at whichtime the new Task Order agreement will be in place.

Major Project Reports (*=new): IRI produces a monthly caller report that inc ludes a summary of callers, theirquestions, and the information provided. *One AFDC Update newsletter was produced during this quarter.

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Office of Technology Utilization Deployment

Aftermarket Vehicle Conversions


Multiple

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: SeveralRob Motta

Telephone: (303) 275-4482Subcontract Period: 01/94–01/97

Principal Investigators: Subcontract Funding:Multiple

Telephone:

FY 1993: 4,350,000FY 1994: 400,000FY 1995: 823,000FY 1996:

DOE Project Manager: NREL Business Team Leader:David Rodgers

Telephone: (202) 586-7182

Scott Montgomery

Telephone: (303) 275-3193

Objective: To supplement purchase of OEM vehicles with CNG and LPG aftermarket conversions.

Approach/Background: NREL solicited bids from conversion companies and fuel suppliers in 17 states.Subsequently, we decided to proceed with conversions in seven locations: Arizona, Colorado, California,Georgia, Nevada, New Mexico, and Washington, D.C. Approximately 40 LPG and 840 CNG conversionsare planned.

Status/Accomplishments: We have awarded conversion subcontracts to all of the six companies .Approximately 880 conversion orders have b een submitted to the conversion companies, and all conversionshave been completed.

Future Direction: Finalize cancellation charges with contractors, close out contracts and de-obligate funds.

Major Project Reports (*=new): A program summary report was published in May 1996.

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Clean Cities Support

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Information Resources, Inc. 1617 Cole Boulevard 1925 N. Lynn Street, Suite 1000Golden, CO 80401-3393 Arlington, VA 22209

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: AAC-4-14223-01Kevin O’Connor

Telephone: (303) 275-4387 Subcontract Period: 10/5/94–10/4/96

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:Linda Bluestein/Ruth Anne Keister

Telephone: 1-800-CCITIES FY 1996: 168,000

FY 1993:FY 1994: 137,000FY 1995: 155,000

DOE Project Managers: NREL Business Team Administrator:Thomas Foltz (202) 586-4264 Kathleen RoquéJeffrey Hardy (202) 586- 1885

Telephone: (303) 275-3118

Objective: Provide ongoing support for Clean Cities Hotline and associated activities.

Approach/Background: DOE established the Clean Cities Program and determined a need to maintain afocal point for information dissemination. The Cle an Cities Hotline, created in response to this need, remainsin continuous operation.

Status/Accomplishments: The contract is in place and the hotline has been operational since the spring of1994. Six issues of Clean Cities Drive have been published and a seventh is about to be published an ddistributed. During the fourth quarter of FY 1996, IRI again processed approximately 350 Clean Citie sHotline calls. We continue to receive monthly status reports from the contractor. Additional enhancementswere added to the Clean Cities Home Page during the fourth quarter of 1996 and further development of theHemispheric Clean Cities Home Page was accom plished. A subcontract was awarded to provide Clean Citiesrepresentation in Santiago, Chile. There was again an extensive printing and distribution effort for Clea nCities documents.

Future Direction: IRI will continue to answer hotline questions on the Clean Cities Program. Each quarter,IRI will produce the Clean Cities Drive . A 5-year contract (1-year contract plus 4 option years) has bee nsigned with IRI and is effective October 5, 1994. The second option year cost for Clean Cities Support i s$168,000.



EPACT & Heavy Vehicle Analysis

Directing Organization: Subcontractor:National Renewable Energy Laboratory Antares Group, Inc.1617 Cole Boulevard 4351 Garden City Drive, Suite 301Golden, CO 80401-3393 Landover, MD 20785

Technical Monitor: Subcontract Number: ACF-5-15242-01Tim Coburn

Telephone: (303) 275-4425 Subcontract Period: Through 6/30/97

Principal Investigator: Subcontract Funding:David Gelman FY 1993:

Telephone: (301) 731-1900

FY 1994: FY 1995: 205,431FY 1996: 213,959

DOE Project Managers: NREL Business Team Administrator:Ken Katz Kathleen Roqué


Objective: 1.) Assist NREL in implementing the requirements of the Energy Policy Act. 2.) Provide technical, management, and planning support for the heavy vehicle technology program.

Approach/Background: The subcontractor will develop regulatory analyses, assist in developing plans forimplementing certain rules and regulations promulgated by DOE, formulate responses to inquiries fro mCongress, industry, and the general public, prepare briefing s, attend and report on the proceedings of technicalconferences, provide support for hearings and workshops, and write technical assessments of vehicl etechnology.

Status/Accomplishments: All progress reports have been received as scheduled . The subcontractor submittedthe following: an assessment of S.1678, Department of Energy Abolishment Act: materials for a presentationat the annual Automotive Technology Development Customers Coordination Meeting.

Future Direction: Follows milestones and deliverables in subcontract Statement of Work.

Major Project Reports (*=new): 1.) Identification of issues and summary activities from the SAE FutureTransportation Technology Confe rence. 2.) Presentation package for the Windsor Workshop on AlternativeFuels.

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71

Milestone Schedule

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Milestone Schedule

FWP Milestone Due Date Status

FU32 Prepare Phase III Report on Full Scale Systems Testing & 04/96 Work completed on schedule. Report completed 9/96.Integration of Development of an Ethanol ULEV at SwRI.

FU41 Complete automated HDV data quality and assurance and 12/94 Revised completion date 12/94, with DOE Headquarters'loading. concurrence.

FU41 Update CNG refueling sites. 10/94 Completed on schedule.

FU41 Update alcohol refueling sites. 10/94 Completed on schedule.

FU41 Prepare annual LDV report. 10/94 Completed on schedule.

FU41 Prepare Annual Report to Congress. 01/95 Completed on schedule.

FU41 Complete draft report on Texas project conversions. 05/95 Rescheduled to 05/95 per letter from J. Russell dated 04/94.

FU42 Prepare final Phase II report by Argonne National Laboratory on 08/95 Project delayed because of principal investigator's illness. DraftPotential Impacts on "Air Quality Using Ethanol as an report was received 7/96, and revisions are being negotiated. AAlternative Fuel". request was authorized to extend the due date.

FU51 Draft of annual report to Congress. 12/94 Completed on schedule.

FU51 Award of light-duty data collection subcontracts. 09/94 Completed on schedule.

FU51 Sign subcontracts for at least three new heavy-duty 07/95 Completed on schedule.demonstrations.

FU51 Completion of Clean Fleet demonstration and publication of 12/95 A request has been made to extend the due date to 2/96. All reportsfinal report. published.

FU51 Battelle major report delivered to NREL. 04/95 Approval pending for late delivery. Completed 09/95.


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FU51 Place Contract for FY 1995 Testing of AMFA II and AMFA IV 07/95 Emissions subcontracts signed on time. Data collectionsVehicles. subcontracts terminated.

FU52 Initiate Atmospheric Processes Phase II. 08/95 Project delayed because of significant personnel changes and addedPhase I tasks. Completed 9/96.

FU52 Ethanol ULEV Phase III Completion – Vehicle Systems 12/95 Completed 5/96.Integration and Delivery of Ethanol ULEV for Demo Vehicle.

FU53 Establish continuing Clean Cities subcontract. 08/95 Completed as part of AFDC Hotline contract.

FU54 Update refueling sites semiannually. 12/95 Completed on schedule.

FU54 Update OEM AFV information semiannually. 09/95 Completed on schedule.

FU54 Establish public access to NREL information. 06/95 Completed on schedule.

FU54 Renew Hotline contract. 10/95 Completed on schedule.

FU54 Automate the retrieval, conversion, and loading of GSA LDV 06/95 Completed on schedule.maintenance data into the database.

FU54 Complete Oracle Data Entry Forms from LDV driver-reported 01/95 Completed on schedule.data.

FU54 Improve and simplify access to the database via the Internet. 03/95 Completed on schedule.

FU61 Annual Report to Congress (draft). 11/95 Completed.

FU61 Publish second transit bus program report. 05/96 Completed. Published SAE papers.

FU62 School Bus ULEV Project, Phase IV, Vehicle Demonstration 02/97Report and Vehicle Delivery.


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FU62 Universal Methanol Fuel Formulation Project, Vehicle 10/97Integration Report, Phase II Report, Final Recommendations.

FU62 Technical Audit of Sonex Piston Project, contract award. 09/96 Technical Audit completed 5/96, contract award canceled per DOEoffice director.

FU62 Medium-duty Fuel Systems Technology LOI Projects, contract 09-12/96 Contract awards under negotiations 9/96.awards.

FU62 Fundamental and Applied Alternative fuel University Research 09-10/96 Contract awards under negotiation 9/96Projects, contract awards.

FU62 Alternative Fuel Combustion Products. 07/97 Contract is under negotiation with Southwest Research Institute7/96.

FU62 CRC Air Chemistry Awards, Phase V. 09/96 An award was placed for an expert panel review of alkenechemistry. Awards are expected shortly for NIST in a C14 studyand CalTech for a secondary aerosol study.

FU62 Atmospheric Processes of Alternative Transportation Fuels, 09/97 Phase I has been extended, however, project will likely proceed onPhase III. schedule.

FU62 Alternative Fuel Impacts on Ambient Particulates (in-house 07/97 In-house study is continuing.study).

FU62 Mobile Emission Factor Models for Alternative Fuels (in-house 09/97 A STEP proposal was submitted for additional funding for thisstudy). study.

FU64 10 Information Acquisition and Maintenance - First Market 7/96 Completed on schedule. Contract awarded to Great LakesResearch Report. Marketing 3/31/96. First research report was received in July.

FU64 10 Information Acquisition and Maintenance - Update refuel sites. 10/96 A subcontract is planned to be put in place with AGA in July toobtain the updated CNG refueling site data.

FU64 10 Information Acquisition and Maintenance - Update OEM 10/96 It is expected that the Hotline will update their 1995 study thisavailability. summer to meet the due date.

FU64 20 LDV Operator Survey data base and access. 6/96 Completed on schedule. Public access is available for thesummarizing report.


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FU64 30 Hotline Contract - Clean Cities Hotline and the Alternative Fuels 10/96 The current contract was extended until 3/97 at which time the newHotline to be separate contracts starting at the expiration of the Task Order agreement will be in place. Alternative Fuels Hotlinecurrent contract. contract will be renewed with IRI, but as a Hotline operation

contract only. All ancillary tasks will be covered in a separate task-order agreement also with IRI.

FU64 40 On-line performance for Unix and WWW. 11/96 Diligent monitoring of UNIX and WWW Site is an AFDC priority. Online time for this year so far is greater than 99%.

FU64 50 Document search system. 4/96 Document search system was completed for the AFDC Web site inApril.

alternative fuels utilization program quarterly report ...alternative fuels utilization program...

Documents