alternative fuels
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS. Vol. 1. Teaching & Learning Materials – Update 2007. funded within the 6th Framework Programme of the EU as Specific Support Action. Definition. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Teaching &Learning Materials – Update 2007
funded within the 6th Framework Programme of the EU as Specific Support Action
Vol. 1
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Definition
Alternative fuels are defined as all fuels, with the exception of the mineral oil products petrol and diesel, that may contribute towards reducing emissions of air pollutants, greenhouse gases or the consumption of finite resources.
The following applies as a general principle: “There is neither one single biofuel nor one alternative fuel, but rather a multitude of liquid, gaseous and electrical sources of energy“. [BMU_2006]
For each of these fuels there are different manufacturing processes (fuel pathways) available.
As a general rule, these fuels can either be used in their pure forms or blended with other fuels.
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Definition
Renewable resources
Plant partsfruit, seeds
Renewable electricity
Biogenic waste materials
Conventional resources
Natural gas
ElectricityWastematerials
Mineraloil
Coal
Alternative fuels
gaseous electrical energy
liquid
Side effects:Shift of emissions and consumption in terms of materials used, as well as place and time of application
Aims: Reduction of GHG emissions, air pollutants, costs ...
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Production process for biogenic fuels
Biomass(biogenic residues,
fruits, seeds)
Regenerative electricity
Source: http://www.bmu.de/files/erneuerbare_energien/downloads/application/pdf/broschuere_ee_innovation.pdf
Gasification
Biomethanol
BTL
Hydrogen
Synthesis/ Processing
ExtractionBiodiesel
Vegetable oil
Transesterification
Fermentation
Bioethanol
ETBE
Biogas
Transesterification
HydrogenElectrolysis of water
Biomass(biogenic residues,
fruits, seeds)
regenerativer Strom
Source: http://www.bmu.de/files/erneuerbare_energien/downloads/application/pdf/broschuere_ee_innovation.pdf
Gasification
Biomethanol
BTL
Hydrogen
Synthese/ Aufbereitung
ExtractionBiodiesel
Vegetable oil
Trasesterification
Fermentation
Bioethanol
ETBE
Biogas
Transesterification
HydrogenElectrolysis of water
Biomass(biogenic residues,
fruits, seeds)
Regenerative electricity
Gasification
Biomethanol
BtL
Hydrogen
Synthesis/ Processing
Biodiesel
Vegetable oil
Bioethanol
ETBE
Biogas
Hydrogen Electrolysis of water
Fermentation Transesterification
TransesterificationExtraction
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Goals for the use of alternative fuels
• Reducing the discharge of gases with global warming potential
• Reducing emissions that are harmful to the environment and to people’s health
• Decreasing the dependency on mineral oil
• Improving the security of supply
• Safeguarding the supply of “affordable” fuels
• Opening up additional potentials for innovation and employment
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Required reduction of pollutants in the transport sector
Local
Particles
Noise
Nitrogen oxides
Greenhouse gases
GlobalRegional
High priority Low priority
Spatial reference
NOx
NO2
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Assessment of selected fuels
Source:KolkeR_2004, EichmannV_2006
Reduction Increase
Global warming potential
Emissions of harmful substances PM/NOx
Engine noise
Costs (**
without subsidy
Security of supply
Employment
Ecological threat very large very large very large
none none none
Distance from target
very large large very large
none none none
Contribution of transport sector
very large very large very large
none none none
Vegetable oils + + /-- + - o ++
FAME ++ + /-- o -- + ++
Bioethanol (* +++ (o)/+ o - + ++
Synthetic fuels +++ + /+ + (o) --- + ++
Natural gas (* + (o) + / ++ -- +++ +
Biogas (* +++ + / ++ -- + ++
LPG (* o + / + - + +
Key: + positive contribution - negative contribution o no clear direction
(* Basis of comparison – petrol) (** Overall costs (supply, vehicle, infrastructure without subsidies)
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Current status and developments
• Continuing standardisation of fuel quality and corresponding monitoring systems
• An increase in the EU-wide blend ratio stipulated for biofuels in petrol/diesel [EC_845/2006] from the current 5.75% to 10% by 2020
• Discussion of the origin of biomass, of the limits on capacity and of the criteria for trade in biomass and biofuels from the perspectives of social and ecological impacts, as well as of the existing situation with regard to competition for resources
• Changeover to the use of second-generation biogenic fuels and to a broader range of raw materials
• Conversion of production plants for alternative fuels, e.g. FT fuels, on a large scale
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Economic challenges
• Ensuring planning security for investors, farmers, producers, filling station owners, fleet operators and private users of alternative fuels
• Reducing of inefficiencies caused by an overly strong segmentation of the fuel and vehicle markets
• Focusing more strongly on production and use of second-generation fuels
• Achieving the transition to stand-alone profitability for the alternative fuels used
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Technical challenges
• Technological and cost-related optimisation of production processes, in particular for second-generation fuels, as well as their transition into large-scale industrial use
• Utilisation of existing technical reduction potential in conventional vehicles and engines
• Further development of long-term options for the use of alternative fuels
• Safeguarding of reliable fuel quality with the focus on verifiable standards
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Ecological and social challenges
• Development of suitable criteria and rules for the evaluation and trade of biogenic sources of energy on international (and domestic) markets
• Establishment of sustainable limits for the use of biogenic resources
• More careful consideration of potential competition between the alternative uses for land areas, raw materials, foodstuffs, etc.
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Political challenges • Better integration of fuel strategies within a superordinate energy policy
• Implementation of trans-sectoral mechanisms to promote efficient use of scarce resources
• Utilisation of existing efficiencies in transport and infrastructure planning with the aim of improving or maintaining a sufficiently high and consistent level of mobility with a lower volume of traffic
• Harmonisation of the framework for the use of alternative fuels and propulsion systems
• Increased transfer of the results derived from research efforts and practical application to education, policy makers and potential users
• Establishment of medium- and long-term sustainable financing mechanisms
• Introduction of mechanisms that ensure that government support for biogenic sources of energy also leads to the desired employment effects at a national level
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Promotion of biofuels in the EU-25 Governmental measures
EU-25 member states
Targets for the share of renewable fuels in the market for petrol and diesel fuels
Tax incentives
Investment incentives
Research and development
Blending with conventional fuels
France + + +
Spain + +
Austria + + +
Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden + +
Germany, Italy + +
United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Hungary +
Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Ireland +
Poland +
Luxembourg, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, Slovenia, Cyprus
2005 – 2%
2010 – 5.75%
No assistance
Source: Thrän et al._11/2005
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Biofuel shares introduced in the EU-25
Source: EC_845/2006
FR
AT
01/2005
10/2005
SLO
CZ
GE
NL
2006 2007 2010
LT
2008 2009
2% (alternatively, extra tax payments for mineral oil companies) 7%
2.5% 4.3% 5.75%
1.2% 2% 3% 4% 5%
4.4% DF; 1.2% PF 5.75% DF; 2% PF
2% 5.75%
DF – diesel fuel; PF – petrol fuel
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Dissemination of alternative fuels in the EU-25 in 2005
Sh
are
of
fuel
sal
es v
olu
me
in
%
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4A
T
BE
CY
CZ
DF
ES
T
FIN FR
DE
GR
HU
IRL IT LT
LV
LU M NL
PL
PT
SK
SL
O
ES S
UK
EU
25
Source: National reports under the Biofuels Directive
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
National targets for the use of alternative fuels in the EU-25
Sh
are
of
fuel
sal
es v
olu
me
in %
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
AT
BE
CY
CZ
DF
ES
T
FIN FR
DE
GR
HU
IRL IT LT
LV
LU M NL
PL
PT
SK
SL
O
ES S
UK
EU
25
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: National reports under the Biofuels Directive
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Evaluation and comparison
• The vehicles, the associated fuels and the necessary infrastructure, including the processes required, are to be considered as one entity and are to be assessed over comparable periods of time.
• Realistic development potentials should be given appropriate consideration.
• Comparisons should be based on specific fuel pathways and specific operating conditions.
• Reallocations of costs, emissions, effects or impacts to other areas, materials, locations, times or persons should be given particular attention.
• The transfer of results to other contexts must be scrutinised critically and is often impossible
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Impact analysis of alternative fuels
• The environmental impact of fuels (particularly of biofuels) must be assessed by taking the entire life cycle into consideration.
• In addition to CO2, the climate impact analysis must also include other relevant emissions, such as N2O and CH4.
• The vehicles, the associated fuels, the fuel supply and the necessary infrastructure, including the processes required, are to be considered as one entity and must be assessed over comparable periods of time.
• The assumed framework conditions, the envelope boundaries and the underlying aim of the analysis are decisive for the results of the assessment.
• The efficiency of using alternative fuels should be assessed on a trans-sectoral basis .
• The results obtained are significantly influenced by the reference processes that have been selected.
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Determination of potential• When determining potentials and interpreting the results of such
determinations, a distinction must be made between the following definitions of “potential”:
• Theoretical potential (e.g. physically available biomass)
• Technological potential (e.g. technologically usable biomass (time reference))
• Economic potential (economically usable potential (general framework))
• Realisable potential (anticipated actual contribution (time reference))
• Particularly the economic and the realisable potentials are significantly determined by the underlying general framework.
The results of potential analyses are decisively affected by the underlying assumptions and by restrictions.
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
The importance of assumptions and restrictions for potential analyses
Baseline Nature conservation
plus
Beetethanol
Wheatethanol
RME
Land area potential 2005
Acreage required to meet EU targets for 2010
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Source: BMU_2004
Land area potentials and land areas required to reach the biofuel targets for Germany
[ 1
00
0 h
a ]
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Costs associated with the use of alternative fuels
• The provision of biogenic fuels currently leads, in general, to higher costs in comparison with petrol and diesel.
• Marketable prices for biogenic fuels (particularly for pure fuels) can only be achieved with the aid of government subsidies.
• Government subsidies for alternative fuels are counterbalanced by (partially significant) benefits, for example on the part of the users.
• Assessments of the profitability of alternative fuels are only possible if they are based on specific operational and framework conditions.
In areas such as heat generation, the use of biogenic energy sources already has the capacity to compete with conventional sources.
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Negative environmental effects of plant-based fuels
• High land area use
• Negative impact on biodiversity
• Increased exploitation of the resource “soil”
• Contribution to the depletion of the ozone layer through the release of N2O
• Environmental risk as a result of the penetration of fertilisers into water courses
• Release of non-limited, toxic emissions during operation
• Possible conflicts with modern exhaust gas treatment systems
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Incentives for the use of alternative fuels
• Subsidisation programmes
• Tax incentives (bonuses, penalties),
• Reduction of operating and administrative costs,
• Advantages for users (inner city toll, access restrictions, road charges),
• Specification of quality for tendering and subcontracting practices,
• Environmental goals (environmental reports, customer acceptance, advertisement),
• Reduction of economic risks (resale value, orders),
• Compliance with occupational health and safety regulations (e.g. air quality inside garages and road tunnels)
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Properties of alternative fuels
Diesel fuels
Ambient conditions
1.013 bar und 293 K
Density
kg/l
Calorific value Hu
MJ/kg MJ/l
Cetane no.
C content
% m/m
Diesel 0.815 – 0.855 42.5 35.36 >45 86
Rapeseed oil 0.914 - 0.922 37.4 34.41 37-38 77.5
FAME from rapeseed 0.875 – 0.900 37.4 32.91 >39 77.1
BtL – diesel light 0.77 43.9 33.8 94 85
BtL – kerosene 0.76 43.7 33.2 79 85
GtL – diesel 0.78 43.7 34.1 73 85
Sources: KolkeR_2004, IE_11/2005, TAT_04/2006 SeyfriedF
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Properties of alternative fuels
Petrol fuels
Ambient conditions
1.013 bar und 293 K
Density
kg/l
Calorific value Hu
MJ/kg MJ/l
Octane number
RON
C content
% m/m
Petrol 0.746 43.5 32.45 >95 87
Natural gas1 8.10E-04 45.21 3.66E-02 120 – 130 71.9
Biogas1 7.20E-04 50.0 3.66E-02 130 72
LPG 0.503 46 23.15 103 – 111 82 1 Average value
Sources: KolkeR_2004, BöhmerT_1999
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
The supply path of vegetable oils
Aufbereitungsanlage
lokale Kleinanlage
zentrale Großanlage
Koppelprodukte(Futter, Rohstoffe etc.)
Erfassung Pressung Aufbereitung lokale Abgabe
Transport TankstelleExtraktion AufbereitungErfassung Transport
Anbauvon
ÖlsaatenMotor
Energie und Hilfsstoffe
Fläche,Boden,Düngeretc.
Klimagase, Ressourcenverbrauch,Beschäftigungseffekte,Risiken
Umrüstung
verminderte Klimawirkung,veränderteEmissionen,persönlicheNutzen,Risiken
Subventionen Subventionen
Processing plant
Small local plants
Large central plants
By-products(feed, raw materials,etc.) and waste
Collection Pressing Processing Local Distribution
Transport Filling StationExtraction ProcessingCollection Transport
Cultivationof
oilseedsEngine
Energy, auxilary materials
Acreage,Soil,fertilicers,etc.
Greenhouse gasesuse of resources,employment effectsrisks
Conversion
Changed effect on climate,changed emissions,personal benefits, risks,
Subsidies Subsidies
Aufbereitungsanlage
lokale Kleinanlage
zentrale Großanlage
Koppelprodukte(Futter, Rohstoffe etc.)
Erfassung Pressung Aufbereitung lokale Abgabe
Transport TankstelleExtraktion AufbereitungErfassung Transport
Anbauvon
ÖlsaatenMotor
Energie und Hilfsstoffe
Fläche,Boden,Düngeretc.
Klimagase, Ressourcenverbrauch,Beschäftigungseffekte,Risiken
Umrüstung
verminderte Klimawirkung,veränderteEmissionen,persönlicheNutzen,Risiken
Subventionen Subventionen
Processing plant
Small local plants
Large central plants
By-products(feed, raw materials,etc.) and waste
Collection Pressing Processing Local Distribution
Transport Filling StationExtraction ProcessingCollection Transport
Cultivationof
oilseedsEngine
Energy, auxilary materials
Acreage,Soil,fertilicers,etc.
Greenhouse gasesuse of resources,employment effectsrisks
Conversion
Changed effect on climate,changed emissions,personal benefits, risks,
Subsidies Subsidies
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
The supply path of FAME
lokale Kleinanlage
Koppelprodukte(Futter, Rohstoffe etc.)und Abfälle
Pressung
Transport TankstelleAufbereitungErfassung Transport
Motor
Energie und Hilfsstoffe
Umr stung
nderte Emissionen,önliche Nutzen,
Subventionen
FAME production plant
WME palnt
PME - Anlage
By-products (feed, glycerine, etc.) andwaste
AufbereitungTransesterification
Transport Filling stationTransesterificationCollection Transport
Engine
Methanol, energy, hexaneand auxiliary materials
Land, soil, fertilisers, seed, biocides,fuel, etc.
Klimagase, Ressourcenverbrauch,Beschäftigungseffekte,Risiken
Greenhouse gases,use of resources, employment effects,risks
Conversion/authorisation
Reduced effect onclimate, changed emissions, personal benefits, risks,
Subsidies
AufbereitungProcessingErfassung TransportCollection Transport Transport TankstelleTransport
PME
WME
SubventionenSubsidies
Extraction
Pressing
Filling station
vonOil plants
AnbauWaste fatslokale Kleinanlage
Koppelprodukte(Futter, Rohstoffe etc.)und Abfälle
Pressung
Transport TankstelleAufbereitungErfassung Transport
Motor
Energie und Hilfsstoffe
Umr stung
nderte Emissionen,önliche Nutzen,
Subventionen
FAME production plant
WME palnt
PME - Anlage
By-products (feed, glycerine, etc.) andwaste
AufbereitungTransesterification
Transport Filling stationTransesterificationCollection Transport
Engine
Methanol, energy, hexaneand auxiliary materials
Land, soil, fertilisers, seed, biocides,fuel, etc.
Klimagase, Ressourcenverbrauch,Beschäftigungseffekte,Risiken
Greenhouse gases,use of resources, employment effects,risks
Conversion/authorisation
Reduced effect onclimate, changed emissions, personal benefits, risks,
Subsidies
AufbereitungProcessingErfassung TransportCollection Transport Transport TankstelleTransport
PME
WME
SubventionenSubsidies
Extraction
Pressing
Filling station
vonOil plants
AnbauWaste fats
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
The supply path of ethanol
Bioethanol Production
Mill
BoilerMixer
Liquefication Fermentation/saccharification
Distillation anddehydration
Ethanol
Blending Filling station
Transport
Petrol
Storage
Collection
Transport
Greenhouse gases,use of resources,employment effects, risks
By-products (animal feed, etc.), waste
Reduced effect on climate,changed emissions,personal benefits, risks
Conversion/ authorisationLand area,
soil, Fertilisers, etc.
Filling station
SubsidiesSubsidies Energy, water,enzymes
EngineCultivation of energy plants
Bioethanol Production
Mill
BoilerMixer
Liquefication Fermentation/saccharification
Distillation anddehydration
Ethanol
Blending Filling station
Transport
Petrol
Storage
Collection
Transport
Greenhouse gases,use of resources,employment effects, risks
By-products (animal feed, etc.), waste
Reduced effect on climate,changed emissions,personal benefits, risks
Conversion/ authorisationLand area,
soil, Fertilisers, etc.
Filling station
SubsidiesSubsidies Energy, water,enzymes
EngineCultivation of energy plants
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
The supply path of FT fuels
BTL production plant
Shiftreactor
Blending Filling station
Transport
Petrol
Collection
Transport
Greenhouse gases, use of resources,employment effects, risks
By-products (wax, raw materialsfor chem. industry, etc.), waste
Reduced effect on climate, changed emissions, personal benefits, risks
Land area, soil, fertilisers, etc.
Filling station
Subsidies
Subsidies Energy, water
Engine
Pyrolysis
FT synthesis
Gasification
Gas purification
Hydrogen finishing
FT diesel
Distillation
Naphtha
StorageCultivation of energy plants
H2
Drying
Biogenic residues
H2O
BTL production plant
Shiftreactor
Blending Filling station
Transport
Petrol
Collection
Transport
Greenhouse gases, use of resources,employment effects, risks
By-products (wax, raw materialsfor chem. industry, etc.), waste
Reduced effect on climate, changed emissions, personal benefits, risks
Land area, soil, fertilisers, etc.
Filling station
Subsidies
Subsidies Energy, water
Engine
Pyrolysis
FT synthesis
Gasification
Gas purification
Hydrogen finishing
FT diesel
Distillation
Naphtha
StorageCultivation of energy plants
H2H2
Drying
Biogenic residues
H2O
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
The supply path of natural gas
Compressed natural gas filling station
SubsidiesSubsidies Energy, auxiliary materials
Water separation
Multi-levelcompression
Compression
Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4),use of resources,employment effects, ecological risks
Reduced effect on climate,changed emissions,personal benefits, risks
Dual fuel engines
By-products (e.g. heliumand other inert gases)
Transport
Storage
Natural gasextraction
Fu
ellin
g Monovalent natural gas vehicles
Bivalent vehicles
Processing (drying, purification)
Compressed natural gas filling station
SubsidiesSubsidies Energy, auxiliary materials
Water separation
Multi-levelcompression
Compression
Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4),use of resources,employment effects, ecological risks
Reduced effect on climate,changed emissions,personal benefits, risks
Dual fuel engines
By-products (e.g. heliumand other inert gases)
Transport
Storage
Natural gasextraction
Fu
ellin
g Monovalent natural gas vehicles
Bivalent vehicles
Processing (drying, purification)
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
The supply path of biogas
Biogasanlage
Substrate preparationCollection
Transport
Changed greenhouse gas emissions, use of resources,employment effects, risks
Koppelprodukte(Düngemittel, Strom),Abfälle
Changed greenhouse gas effect, changed emissions,personal benefits, risks
Adaptation/conversion
Land area, soil, seed, biocides, fertilisers, fuel
Subsidies
Subsidies Energy, water,enzymes
Substrate preparation
Bioreactor10-35 days
Storage
Cultivation of energy plants
Residues
Liquid & solid manure Power
generationFeeding into the natural gas network
Biogas Filling station
Engine
Gas purification(drying, CO2-separation, desulphurisation)
Compression Transport
Biogasanlage
Substrate preparationCollection
Transport
Changed greenhouse gas emissions, use of resources,employment effects, risks
Koppelprodukte(Düngemittel, Strom),Abfälle
Changed greenhouse gas effect, changed emissions,personal benefits, risks
Adaptation/conversion
Land area, soil, seed, biocides, fertilisers, fuel
Subsidies
Subsidies Energy, water,enzymes
Substrate preparation
Bioreactor10-35 days
Storage
Cultivation of energy plants
Residues
Liquid & solid manure Power
generationFeeding into the natural gas network
Biogas Filling station
Engine
Gas purification(drying, CO2-separation, desulphurisation)
Compression Transport
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
The supply path of LPG
By-products,waste
Changed effect on climate,changed emissions,personal benefits, risks
Subsidiesthermische oder stoffliche Nutzung
EngineTransportTransport LPG
Accompanying gas LPG
Natural gas
Filling station
Blending with petrol
Compression
Greenhouse gas emissions, use of resources, employment effects, ecological risks
Extraction of natural gas
Adaptation/conversion
Raffinerie
By-products,waste
Changed effect on climate,changed emissions,personal benefits, risks
Subsidiesthermische oder stoffliche Nutzung
EngineTransportTransport LPG
Accompanying gas LPG
Natural gas
Filling station
Blending with petrol
Compression
Greenhouse gas emissions, use of resources, employment effects, ecological risks
Extraction of natural gas
Adaptation/conversion
Raffinerie
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Development of the international oil price, real terms
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
pa
rtial
Average annual oil price ($/barrel, real terms, 2005)Source: inflationdata.com
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Development of CO2 emissions
126
77
27 2419
-12-8
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 Forecast of change in CO2 emissions, 2005–2020
(Mt per year in the EU-25 (CO2 only)). Source: PRIMES
Total Transport TradeHouseholds Industry
Electricity/Heat
Energy sector