allocation of recycling impacts in life cycle analysis of...
TRANSCRIPT
121.12.2016
Allocation of recycling impacts
in Life Cycle Analysis of paper products
Jorge León, Itene & Catharina Hohenthal, VTT
REFFIBRE Conference Munich, Germany
September 8th, 2016
221.12.2016
Co-funded by
the European
Union
Index
1. How to treat recycling in LCA studies
2. Allocation method proposed in REFFIBRE
3. Conclusions
321.12.2016
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Union
How to treat recycling in LCA studies
Reuse and recycling may imply that:
Inherent properties of materials in subsequent use are changed
Inputs & Outputs associated with processes for
extraction & processing of raw materials
final disposal of products
are to be shared
by more than one
product system
Debit from
previous life
cycle
Virgin
pulp
Recycled
pulp
Paper
production
Waste
management
Credit for
next life cycle
Allocation factor
421.12.2016
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the European
Union
Allocation methods in the pulp and paper industry
Method Reference
ISO/TS 14067 – Carbon Footprint of Products (ISO 2013)
Product Environmental Footprint – PEF guide (EC, 2013)
Product Footprint Category Rules (PFCR) (EC & CEPI, 2011)
ILCD Handbook (EC, 2010)
GHG Protocol - Recycled content (WRI & WBCSD, 2010)
PAS 2050 - Recycled content (BSI, 2011)
PCR Tissue -Fibre loss compensation (The International EPD system, 2011)
AFNOR BP X30-323 (AFNOR, 2009)
How to treat recycling in LCA studies
521.12.2016
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Union
How to treat recycling in LCA studies
Closed-loop recycling refers to those situations in which the
material of the product system considered is recycled back to the
same product system.
Open-loop recycling refers to those situations in which the
material of the product system considered is partly or fully recycled
into another product system.
Allocation procedures according to ISO/TS 14067:
First step: try to avoid allocation, e.g. by system expansion. If cannot be avoided…
621.12.2016
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How to treat recycling in LCA studies
Closed-loop allocation:
Procedures according to ISO/TS 14067:
In closed–loop systems allocation is avoided since
the recycled material substitutes the primary
material in the same product system (e.g. chemicals
reused in the same product system after a cleaning
process)
Also applied in open-loop systems when the
recycled material has the same inherent
properties as the primary material (e.g. Aluminium)
721.12.2016
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How to treat recycling in LCA studies
Closed-loop allocation:
Procedures according to ISO/TS 14067:
EM = Ev + EEoL – R * Ev
EM = Impact of raw
material acquisition
and end-of-life
EEoL = Impact tied to end-of-life operations (being part of
the product system which delivers recycled material)
EV = Impact tied to extracting or producing the raw material needed for
the product, from natural resources, as if it were all primary material
R = recycling rate;
𝑹 ∗ 𝑬𝑽 = recycling credit
821.12.2016
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How to treat recycling in LCA studies
Open-loop allocation:
Procedures according to ISO/TS 14067:
The material is recycled into other product systems
The material undergoes a change to its inherent properties
e.g. different length of recycled fibres in paper products: REFFIBRE
921.12.2016
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How to treat recycling in LCA studies
Open-loop allocation: when a product consists of 100% primary material
Procedures according to ISO/TS 14067:
EM = Ev + EEoL – R * A * Ev
R = recycling rate ; A = Allocation factor of the
recycled material which leaves the product system;
𝑹 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝑬𝑽 = recycling credit
EM = Impact of raw
material acquisition
and end-of-life
EV = Impact tied to extracting or producing all the raw
material needed for the product, from natural resources
EEoL = Impact tied to end-of-life operations (being part of
the product system which delivers recycled material)
1021.12.2016
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the European
Union
How to treat recycling in LCA studies
Open-loop allocation: when a product consists of 100% recycled material
Procedures according to ISO/TS 14067:
EM = Ev * A + Epp + EEoL – R * A * Ev
EM = Impact of raw
material acquisition
and end-of-life
EPP = Impact tied to pre-processing of the recycled material in order to fulfil
the quality requirements of the substituted primary material
Allocation factor of the recycled material
which enters the product system
1121.12.2016
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Union
How to treat recycling in LCA studies
Open-loop allocation: when a product consists both primary and
recycled material
Procedures according to ISO/TS 14067:
EM = Ev * A * C + Epp * C + EV * (1 – C) + EEoL – R * A * Ev
Recycled material
C = Recycling content of the product
Primary material
ET = Ev * A * C + Epp * C + EV * (1 – C) + EPM + EEoL – R * A * Ev
EPM = Paper making process
ET = Total impact (raw material acquisition, paper making and end-of-life)
1221.12.2016
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Allo
ca
tio
n
Closed system
100% closed
Open butprimary=recycled
Open system
100% primarymaterial
100% recycledmaterial
Mix: primary & recycled
Allocation
factor
How to treat recycling in LCA studies
1321.12.2016
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Allocation method proposed in REFFIBRE
Basis for allocation “A” (according to ISO/TS 14067)
1. Physical properties (e.g. mass)
2. Economic value: market value for the recycled & primary material
3. Number of subsequent uses of the recycled material
MFA: Mean Fibre Age
MNU: Mean Number of Material Uses
MFA+MNU-1: Mean number of fibre uses that all fibres in a given
paper product will experience during their lifetime.
Fibre flow
modelling
(Meinl et al 2016)
From NP From OGPFrom OP
678 3.091 6.055
3.313 876
12.458 3.941
2.581 CM 3.034
23.889 1.279
To SH To NP To OGP To OP To OPB
134 6 48 2.308 680
1421.12.2016
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Allocation method proposed in REFFIBRE
Allocation method combining:
ISO/TS 14067 formula
Allocation factors Ai and Ao calculated with
Medium Fibre Age (MFA) and Medium Number of Uses (MNU)
ET = Ev * Ai * C + Epp * C + EV * (1 – C) + EPM + EEoL – R * Ao * Ev
Allocation factor of the recycled material
which leaves the product system
𝑨𝒐 =𝑀𝑁𝑈 − 1
𝑀𝐹𝐴 +𝑀𝑁𝑈 − 1
Allocation factor of the recycled material
which enters the product system
𝑨𝒊 =𝑀𝑁𝑈
𝑀𝐹𝐴 +𝑀𝑁𝑈 − 1
1521.12.2016
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Prod. 1Ai=5/5=1
Ao=4/5=0.8
MFA=1
MNU=5
Prod. 2Ai=4/5=0.8
Ao=3/5=0.6
MFA=2
MNU=4
Prod. 3Ai=3/5=0.6
Ao=2/5=0.4MFA=3
MNU=3
Prod. 4Ai=2/5=0.4
Ao=1/5=0.2MFA=4
MNU=2
Prod. 5Ai=1/5=0.2
Ao=0/5=0MFA=5
MNU=1
as the fibres get older (MFA ), the allocation to the
recycled fibers entering the system decreases (Ai )
Allocation method proposed in REFFIBRE
(MFA + MNU – 1) = 5EXAMPLE: fibres of a given paper product
undergoing 5 product cycles during their life
𝑨𝒐 =𝑀𝑁𝑈 − 1
𝑀𝐹𝐴 +𝑀𝑁𝑈 − 1𝑨𝒊 =
𝑀𝑁𝑈
𝑀𝐹𝐴 +𝑀𝑁𝑈 − 1
as less future uses are expected (MNU ), the allocation
to the recycled fibers leaving the system decreases (Ao )
the allocation factor of the recycled material
leaving the system at one cycle will be the
allocation factor of the recycled material
entering the system at the next cycle
Ao (X) = Ai (X+1)
1621.12.2016
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Allocation method proposed in REFFIBRE
Product MFA MNU
Newsprint (NP) 2 4.2
Other graphic papers (OGP) 1.14 3.01
Case Materials (CM) 3.02 3.09
Carton Board & Other Packaging (OP) 1.85 2.79
Ai Ao
0.81 0.62
0.96 0.64
0.60 0.41
0.77 0.49
Newsprint (NP)
Case Materials (CM)
*) The MFA and MNU values depend solely on the mass balance that was derived from data reported by the national
associations to CEPI. Some additional assumptions had to be made to fill those gaps, where no information was available.
However, due to inconsistencies these assumptions need further research and can lead to changes in MFA and MNU values.
* *
1721.12.2016
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ET = Ev * Ai * C + Epp * C + EV * (1 – C) + EPM + EEoL – R * Ao * Ev
EV = Impact tied to extracting or producing all the raw material
needed for the product, from natural resources
EEoL = Impact tied to end-of-life operations (being part of
the product system which delivers recycled material)
Ai = Allocation factor of the recycled
material which enters the product system =
(MNU) / (MFA + MNU – 1)
EPP = Impact tied to pre-processing of the recycled material in order to
fulfil the quality requirements of the substituted primary material
Ao = Allocation factor of the recycled material
which leaves the product system =
(MNU – 1) / (MFA + MNU – 1)
R = recycling rate ;
𝑹 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝑬𝑽 = recycling credit
C = Recycling
content of the
product
Epm = Paper making process
Allocation method proposed in REFFIBRE
ET = Total impact (raw material acquisition, paper making and end-of-life)
1821.12.2016
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Conclusions
MFA: Mean Fibre Age
MNU: Mean Number of
Material Uses
R: Recycling rate
Fibre flow
modelling
(Meinl et al 2016)
From NP From OGPFrom OP
678 3.091 6.055
3.313 876
12.458 3.941
2.581 CM 3.034
23.889 1.279
To SH To NP To OGP To OP To OPB
134 6 48 2.308 680
1
𝑨𝒐 =𝑀𝑁𝑈 − 1
𝑀𝐹𝐴 +𝑀𝑁𝑈 − 1
𝑨𝒊 =𝑀𝑁𝑈
𝑀𝐹𝐴 +𝑀𝑁𝑈 − 1
2
Steps of the allocation method proposed
ET = Ev * Ai * C + Epp * C + EV * (1 – C) + EPM + EEoL – R * Ao * Ev
3ET = Total impact (raw material acquisition, paper making and end-of-life)
ISO/TS 14067
1921.12.2016
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Union
Conclusions
Method tested in REFFIBRE fulfilling the following criteria:
Gives incentives for collection for recycling as long as:
the recycling process (+collection) has lower impact than virgin process
the impacts from waste are greater than zero
Gives incentives to improve the product life cycle i.e.:
no general data to agree upon for internal processes,
re-pulping is part of the material production, not end-of-life
Shows potential difference between the products
Gives incentives for use of recycled material as long as the recycling
process (including collection) has lower impact than the virgin process*
provided that𝐸𝑃𝑃
𝐸𝑉< (1-𝐴𝑖)
Impacts from virgin production and final waste are shared between all life
cycles using the fibres
2021.12.2016
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Union
Conclusions
Allocation of environmental impacts within Life Cycle Assessment is a
recognised methodological problem
Different allocation methods depending on the goal of the study
General lack of consensus regarding the allocation method to be used
The method can be used to further develop guidance in the available standards
and Product Category Rules (PCRs) to:
increase harmonization & consistency of LCA practice in pulp & paper sector
to enhance the practical implementation of LCA at industry level.
useful for internal decision making and external communication
An allocation method specific for the pulp and paper industry has been
developed fulfilling requirements from:
Academia: based on a recognized standard and quality-assured data
Industry: easy-to-use method based in the number of subsequent uses
2121.12.2016
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the European
Union
Acknowledgement
The research leading to these results has received funding from the
European Union's Seventh Framework Programme under grant
agreement n° 604187.
Thanks for your attention