all op hones

8/2/2019 All Op Hones

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Dr. Tarkan KAMAZ


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Within a given language, some sounds areconsidered to be the same sound, even

though they are phonetically distinct. Same or different?

pool [phul] spool [spul]

phonetically different (aspirated vs. unaspirated)

native speakers perceive the same sound


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A phoneme can be pronounced in different waysaccording to its context.

Compare:The difference between /t/ in : tea, eat, writer, eighth, twoThe difference between /i:/ in: see, seed, seat, seen

Therefore, a phoneme may have more than one

realization.

The different realizations of a phoneme are calledallophones of that phoneme. The allophone is a variant

of a phoneme.


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Try saying these two words: carand keys Whats different about the initial sound in

each word? Phonetically: [k: ci:z] ( = aspiration

c=palatal stop;) [k] and [c] are allophones of the / k /

phoneme.


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English

pu: poolspu: spoolk killsk skill Complementary distribution Predictable (no minimal pairs)

[ p ] and [ p ] are allophones of the / p / phoneme


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Two or more sounds are allophones of the samephoneme if:

a) they have a predictable, complementary distribution;b) they do not create a semantic contrast; andc) they are phonetically similar.

(E.g. [l] and [] in English: [l] never occurs beforeconsonants or word-finally, [] never occurs beforevowels)


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Contrastive distribution: Two sounds are saidto be contrastive if replacing one with theother results in a change of meaning.

Example:

cat [khQt] and hat [hQt]


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Complementary distribution: phones appearin differing environments; are allophones of

the same phoneme Example:

top [thap] and stop [stap]


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Free Variation: phones appear in exactly thesame environments; no difference in

meaning; are allophones of the samephoneme. Example:

economics [i] or [E] initially


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The mental conceptof supermanhood

(phoneme)

In complementary distribution: never seen in the same placeat the same time. Allophones!


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NOT in complementary distribution: can both be present at the same time:allophones of differentphonemes


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/t/ phonemic (abstract/mental) category

[t] [th] allophonic (phonetic) realizations

in your mind

what you actually say


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slashes enclose phonemes: /t/ square brackets enclose allophones: [t]

This is an important distinction!


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Say the following words: top, stop, metal, and right

What is the difference between the four ts? top [thap] the t is aspirated [th]

stop [stap] the t is unaspirated [t]

metal [mERl] the t is a flap [R] right [rat] the t is unreleased [t]


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The sound we perceive as t actually has fourphonetic realizations

Since in our mind, the abstract sound is still at we call t a PHONEME.

Phones go in brackets [t], phonemes go inslashes /t/

Every language has phonemes and variants ofthat phoneme, which we call ALLOPHONES

Appearance of allophones depends on rules


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What are the rules for the differentallophones of /t/?

/t/

[th] [t] [t] [R]


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/t/ [th] word-initally and in front of stressed syllables table, treat, attend, until, attack

/t/ [R] intervocalically, when second vowel is

unstressed better, Betty, butter, cutie, buttocks

/t/ [t] word-finally set, right, caught, pit

/t/ [t] elsewhere stop, street, antics, Baltic


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Are these sounds in complementary or similardistribution?

bat, pat only in similar distribution,dun, ton these are different phonemes

p

h

in, spin only in complementary distributionthon, stun these are the same phoneme


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Are these sounds in complementary or overlappingdistribution?

bat, pat overlapping distribution,dun, ton these are different phonemes

phin, spin complimentary distributionthon, stun these are the same phoneme


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Recognized by speakers asseparate sounds

Differentiate between

words (kill/dill/will), sothey appear inoverlapping distributionwith each other (all at thesame place in a word)

Phonemes are theseparate sounds of alanguage

Speakers hear them as thesame sound

Allophones are different

versions of the samephoneme, so they neverappear in the same place in aword: thun, but not sthun.sthun and stun arent

different words. That means allophones of asingle phoneme appear incomplementary distribution.

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