all japanese verbs

7/31/2019 All Japanese Verbs

1/12

SAKURA ACADEMY, Kolkata

1

Verbs:

All verbs have dictionary forms ending in one of the syllables from the line of the kana

chart. The possible endings are, , , ,, , , , .

Japanese verbs can be divided into two main groups according to how they conjugate.

These groups are known as Ichidan verbs (Weak verbs) and Godan verbs (Strong verbs).

Weak verbs in the dictionary form end in either eru or iru. The possible endings for

weak verbs are

. Verbs of this group are often called ru verbs, as the final

ru of the Romanized dictionary form is dropped before other endings are added.

Verbs with other endings in the dictionary form (, , , , , , , , ) are

classified as strong verbs, except for two irregular verbs

. There are somestrong verbs ending in iru, eru. The strong verbs are also called U ending verbs, as

the final U of the Romanized dictionary form is dropped before other endings are added.

All strong verbs with the same ending conjugate in the same way.

Strong verbs which look like Weak verbs:

The following common verbs end in iru or eru but are strong verbs, and conjugate

regularly according to their group.

To be necessary

To go home, to return

) To be limited

To cut

To know

To enter

To run

To speak, to chatter

To kick

To slip, to ski

To come, to go, to visit

JLPT GRAMMAR GUIDE: Level - IV

http://www.translation-anindya.blogspot.com


2/12


2

Irregular Verbs:

Irregular verbs are and .

and

Verb

(Volitional form)

form of strong verbs:form of verbs:

The method of making the form depends on the final kana of the dictionary

form. There are four groups: verbs ending in , , ; verbs ending in

, , ; verbs ending in ; verbs ending in , .

Verbs ending in The final kana of the dictionary form is dropped, and is added:

Dictionary form Meaning form

To meet

To think

To wait

To hold, to have

, To take

To ride, to travel(on/by)

To ask, to enquire

To entreat, to beg




3/12


3

Verbs ending in , , The final kana of the dictionary form is dropped, and is added:


To read

To smile

To fly

To rejoice, to be delighted

To die

Verbs ending in The final of the dictionary form is dropped, and is added:


To lend

To speak

Verbs ending in , The final of the dictionary form is dropped, and is added.

The final is replaced by .


To write

To work

To hurry

To smell, to sniff




4/12


4

An important exception is the verb to go, which has the irregular

form .

form of Weak verbs:The final of the dictionary form is replaced with :


To see, to watch

To get up

To eat

To turn on, to light

form of and :The form of is . The form of is .

form of Adjectives & Nouns :ending Adjective Change form Meaning

Stem

s.t. is expensive and.

ending Adjective Change form Meaning

Stem

s.t. is quiet and.

Noun Change (Noun Copula) form Meaning

Noun s.o. is a teacher and.




5/12


5

The uses of the form:The form functions, in part, to link sentences.

Ive drunk too much wine and have a headache.

The meaning of the form varies according to context but generally, it

corresponds to and or ing in participial constructions. When the form links

two predicates, the relationship between the two is often one of the following:

(NoteA1: the action or state expressed by the first predicate; A2: the action or state expressed by

the second predicate)

a) To show the sequence of actions (A1 and A2 occur sequentially), as:

b) To show two states of the same thing (A1 and A2 are two states of someoneor something), as:

Taking off my coat, I hung it on a hanger.

My father is a

teacher and teaches English at a senior high school.

c) To show a reason or cause (A1 is the reason for or the cause of A2), as:

Yumiko is a junior at

college now and her major is Japanese Literature.

d) To show manner of an action (A1 is the means by which someone does A2 orthe manner in which someone does A2):

Ms Morioka had a traffic accident and injured her leg.

(This usage of the form is very common)

I went home on foot.

e) To mark contrast (A1 is contrasted with A2):Kenji ate his meal in a hurry.

Men work outside and women work inside.




6/12


6

f) A2 is unexpected in terms of A1Tom plays around, yet he

always does well on tests.

The form can be repeated more than once in a clause. Just like the particle tomakes an exhaustive listing of nouns, the form can list verbs and adjectives

exhaustively.

Amy is pretty, cheerful and kind to

people.

form verbs are also used with such expressions a be doing, after and must not do .

Volitional form of Strong verbs:

Volitional form:

The volitional form is primarily used to propose an action, or to suggest doing something

with one or more others, and in this sense it is often translated as Lets It is also in

situations relating to decisions.

Dictionary form Meaning Change in final kana Volitional form

To say

To go

To speak

To wait

To read

To take

Volitional form of Weak verbs:The volitional form of weak verbs is made by removing the last kana of the dictionary form

and adding




7/12


7

Dictionary form Meaning Final kana dropped Volitional form

To eat

To go to bed, to sleep

To get up

To see, to watch

Volitional form ofand verbs:The volitional of is . The volitional of is .

The uses of the volitional form:a) The volitional form shows the speakers proposed intention:

b) The polite-style equivalent of the volitional is , and this is verycommon, especially for offers:

Theres a coffee shop in front of the station. Lets meet there.

Shall we go?

Well, what shall we talk about?

Right, shall we (start to) eat?

c) The volitional is often used with , literally I think Ill. It cansometimes be translated into English as have decided:

d) When the intention of the speaker is less fixed, the particle can be usedbefore :

Ive decided to study hard this year.




8/12


8

I am wondering to go to Japan next

summer.

Making the form of Strong verbs:form:

This is the negative form, and is made by adding the auxiliary to a verb stem.

The final kana of the dictionary form of strong verbs changes form the line to

the line before adding . Verbs ending in in their dictionary

form change this to (rather than ). There is one very important

irregularity: the verb has the form of (rather than ).

Dictionary form Meaning Change in finalkana

form

To meet

To receive

To write

To hurry

To lend

To speak

To wait

To die

To fly

To read

To take

To do ones best

To exist, to be, to have (irregular)




9/12


9

Making the form of Weak verbs:The final of the dictionary form of weak verbs is replaced with


To see, to watch

To get up

To eat

To attach, to turn on, to light

The form of Irregular verbs:The form of is . The form of is .

Conjugation of conjugates by dropping the final before adding endings to mark the past

tense and other forms, such as and .

I didnt say anything.

If the letter doesnt come tomorrow, I will telephone.

Use of the form:This form is used for negative sentences in the plain style.

The trousers and jacket dont match.

Like the dictionary form, the form can also be used in a modifying clause in

complex sentences:

Please ask me when you dont

understand (something).




10/12


10

I opened the window.

Transitive and intransitive verbs:

The direct object of the transitive verb is marked with the particle , while the

intransitive verb has a subject marked with the particle . A transitive verb usually

follows which indicates a direct object and sometimes follows which indicates an

indirect object.

The door opened slowly. Lets begin the meal. The film begins at 8 oclock.

Both transitive and intransitive verbs can sometimes appear without the particles or

where context makes the meaning clear. They may also have the particles or which

suppress or .

I collect foreign stamps as well. Its before the sales, so the prices

wont drop yet.

There are three types of transitive / intransitive verbs:

1. Absolute intransitive verbs: (used solely as intransitive verbs):

etc.

2. Absolute transitive verbs: (used solely as transitive verbs):

etc.

3. Intransitive verb / Transitive verb pairs:

Transitive English equivalent Intransitive English equivalent

To open To open




11/12


11

To raise To rise

To collect To collect, to gather

To put in To enter, to come in

To sell To be sold

To wake (someone) up To wake up

To drop To drop, to fall

Whoever finds this kitten should

telephone us straight away.

I will continue tennis lessons this year.

The gerund: /

Transitive verbs followed by indicate action in progress

Im writing a letter.

and are always translated

as the gerund.

He is putting in water. He is opening the window. Mr. Tanaka is in Tokyo (after having gone there). He is going to Japan (underway). [Compare:

Hes going to Japan (in the future)]

Hes coming over (underway). [ Compare: Hes comingover(in the future)]

I always drink tea in the morning (Its a habit Ihave). [Compare: I always drink tea in the morning

(Its something I do)].

Transitive verbs followed by indicate state of being , and can be translated with

the perfect.




12/12


12

The characters have been written with a brush. A letter has been written. The water is put in. The window is open.Intransitive verbs are always followed by (never by ) and indicate action

in progress(which is translated as the ing form or gerund) or state of being(which is

translated as the grammatical perfect)

(It) is walking.

depending upon the meaning of the verb.

Action in progress:

(It) is running.

(It) is flying.

State of being:

(It) is in.. (It) is open.

(It) is understood. (I understand it) (It) is dead.

(It) is late. (It) is standing. Stands

(It) is sleeping. Asleep. (It) is alive.

An intransitive verb plus and its equivalent transitive verb plus

carry the same meaning. Though the latter form is more commonly used.

The window is open

There is water in (it)

The cake is made

The house is built. The house

stands.

The books are in a row.



all japanese verbs

Documents