alimentary 1

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The alimentary

system is adapted toingest foods, to secrete

enzymes that modify

the sizes of foodmolecules, to absorb

the products of this

digestive action, and

to eliminate the

unused residues.


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The respiratory

system is to carry outthe gas exchanges ----

supply of oxygen for the

living cells and removeof carbon dioxide

resulting from cell

metabolism. This course

is fulfilled through

breath action.


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The primary function of the

urinary system is to keep the

body in homeostasis by

removing and restoring

selected amount of water and

solutes.

It also excretes selected

amount of various wastes---it

is urine and be excreted.


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The functions of the

genital system are to

produce germ cells

(sperm or ovum) and to

secrete some hormones

which can control the

development of the

secondary sexual

characteristics.


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I. General Structure of Viscera

The tubular viscus

The parenchymatous organs


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The Tubular Viscus

The wall of these organs has different tissue

layers. From inner to outer, these walls include

mucosa, submucosa, muscular coat and serosa.


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The Parenchymatous Organ

There is the hilum or

porta on the surface of

the viscus.

No cavity. Usually soft, grayish-red orbrownish masses. There are lobules divided by

fibrous septum.


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II. Reference Lines and Abdominal Regions

I) The Common Used Reference Lines of the Thorax

Anterior median line


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II) The Abdominal Regions

Nine-region

the inferior border

of costal arch

the tubercles on the

iliac crest

the

midpoint

of theinguinal

ligament


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four-region


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Chapter 2 The Alimentary System

The alimentary system

(digestive system)

the alimentary canal

the alimentary glands

Function: digest, absorb,store, excretion


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the

alimentary

canal

thealimentary

glands

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

salivary glands

liver

pancreas


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Six walls and inner cavity

Anterior wall ____the oral lip, the labial frenulum

Lateral wall ____the cheek. From superficial to

profound, cheek includes outer skin, buccinator and

fat, inner mucous membrane.

Section 1 The Oral Cavity

The parotid duct opens on the

inside of the cheeks opposite

the upper second molar tooth.

The floor of the mouth:mucous

membrane and tongue


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Upper wall ____the palate

the hard palate ; the soft palate .

The palatine velum , the uvula , the palatine tonsilsthe palatoglossal arch (anterior),

the palatopharyngeal arch (posterior)


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The isthmus of fauces is surrounded with the uvula,

the free margin of the palatine velum, the

palatoglossal arch and the root of tongue. It is the

boundary of the oral cavity and the oropharynx.


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In the mouth, two parts are divided into by

alveolar arch. The anterior oral vestibule and theposterior oral cavity proper.


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The Teeth (Dentes)

two sets of teeth:deciduous (milk) teeth 20

permanent teeth 32


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crown root function

incisor have a horizontal, beveled

cutting edge crown

Single cutting

canine conical crown long single root Cutting (tearing)

premolor have two cusps on the crown single root masticating

molor Have three, four or five cuspson the crown

two or threeroots

masticating

The general form of the different teeth


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basic structure

the crown

the root

the neck

dental

cavity

the cavity ofthe crown

root canal

dental pulp the apical foramen


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The bulk of the tooth

(the tooth tissue)

the dentine

the enamel

the cement

The

periodontal

structures

the gums

the alveolar

socket

the periodontal

membrane


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The Tongue (Lingua)

tongue

(muscular

organ)

apex

dorsum surface

inferior surface

terminal sulcus

lingual tonsil

root

Functions: taste,help masticate

and swallow, help

make voice


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the filiform papillae :feel general sense

the fungiform papillae

the vallate papillaepapillae on thedorsum surface

the foliate papillae

have taste buds


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Furring of the tongue is due to thesurface cells of the filiform papillae

accumulating on the tongue and

residuary food and saliva.


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The inferior surface of the tongue

smooth

many obviously veins

frenulum of tongue

the sublingual caruncle :

the orifice of the duct of

the submandibular

gland and the major

sublingual gland duct

the sublingual fold :

the minute multiple openings of the

ducts of sublinguil gland


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The muscles of the tongue

two groups

intrinsic muscles (change the tongues shape)

extrinsic muscles (change the position of the tongue)

sagittal plane coronal plane


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The most important muscle of the extrinsic muscles

is the genioglossus. The genioglossus draws the tongue

forward and downward, thus helping to protrude the

tongue. Its muscular fiber is fan-shape and tortile.

In the case of

hypoglossal nerve

paralysis, when

stick out tongue, the

tongue is deviated

to paralyzed side.


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The parotid gland

It lies below the external acoustic meatus.

The parotid duct opens on the oral surface of

the cheek opposite the crown of the second

upper molar tooth.

The Salivary Glands


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The submandibular gland lies deep to the body

of the mandible. It is irregular in form and about

the size of a chestnut. It consists of a large

superficial part and a smaller deep part. The

submandibular duct opens on the summit of the

sublingual caruncle.


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The sublingual gland is situated beneath the

sublingual fold. It is narrow, flattened, shaped

somewhat like an almond. Its excretory ducts are

from eight to twenty in number. The smaller ducts

open separately into the summit of the sublingual

fold. A major sublingual duct opening at thesublingual caruncle.


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The pharynx is the common passage of thealimentary and the respiratory system. It extends

from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth

cervical vertebra where it becomes the esophagus.

Section 2 The Pharynx


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The pharynx has completely posterior and lateral

wall, but its anterior wall is incompletely which

communicates to three parts: nasal cavity, oral

The pharyngeal cavity (posterior aspect)

cavity and laryngeal

cavity. So the pharynx

may be divided into

three parts: nasal, oral

and laryngeal.


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The Nasal Part of Pharynx (the nasopharynx)

It lies from the base of the skull to the soft palate.

Anteriorly it communicates with the nasal cavity

through two large choanae (posterior nasal apertures).


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the pharyngeal opening of auditory tube

the tubal torus; the pharyngeal recessthe pharyngeal tonsil; the tubal tonsil


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The Oral Part of Pharynx (the oropharynx)

It is from the level of the soft palate to the superior

border of the epiglottis. Anteriorly it is continuous

with the mouth through the isthmus of fauces.


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Tonsilar ring: The palatine tonsil together with the

pharyngeal tonsil and the tubal tonsil of the

nasopharynx, lingual tonsil comp1ete a tonsilar

ring, it forms a strong defense system against the

spread of infection from the oral and nasal cavities

to the lower organs.


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It is from the superior border of the epiglottis to

the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it

becomes the esophagus. Anteriorly it communicates

with the cavity of the larynx through the inlet of the

larynx.

The Laryngeal Part of Pharynx (the laryngopharynx)

the piriform

recess


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Section 3 The Esophagus

The esophagus is a muscular tube, about 25cmlong, connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It

passes down through the lower part of the neck

and the superior and

posterior parts of the

mediastinum, pierces the

diaphragm at the level of

the tenth thoracicvertebra, ends at the

cardiac orifice of the

stomach.


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There are three constrictions:

at its commencement, 15cm from the incisor teeth,

at the level with the sixth cervical vertebra; where is crossed by the left bronchus, 25cm from

the incisor teeth, at the level with the fourth thoracic

vertebra;

where it passes

through the

diaphragm, 40cm

from the incisorteeth, at the level

with the tenth

thoracic vertebra.


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Section 4 The Stomach

1. The position of the stomach

2. The shape of the stomach

3. The relations of the stomach

4. The structure of the stomach


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11.. TheThe PositionPosition ofof thethe stomachstomach

stomach

The stomach lies in the left hypochondriac,epigastric, umbilical regions of the abdomen.


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22.. TheThe ShapeShape ofof thethe stomachstomach

Two openings Two curvaturesFour partsTwo surfaces

pyloric antrum

pyloric canal


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TheThe ShapeShape ofof thethe stomachstomach

Two openings

the cardiac orifice, the pyloric orifice

Two curvatures

the lesser curvature, the greater curvature

Two surfaces

the anterior, posterior surfaces

Four parts:

The cardiac part

The fundus of stomach

The body of stomach

the pyloric part:

the pyloric antrum and the pyloric canal


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The mean capacity of the stomach varies with

the age. The shape and position of the stomach

are also varied from person to person.

horn-like stomach boot-like stomachhook-like stomach


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33.. TheThe relationsrelations ofof thethe stomachstomach

stomach

liverdiaphragm

lungheart

liver

stomach

gallbladder

greater

omentum

spleen

pancreas

transverse colon

liver

stomach

Greater omentum

spleen

stomach

Lessor

omentum

liver

duodenum

greater omentum

diaphragm

left suprarenal

gland and the

left kidney


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44.. TheThe structurestructure ofof thethe stomachstomach

Serosa

Musculature

Mucosa


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Musculature

The outer layer ---- longitudinal

An middle layer ---- oblique

The inner layer ---- circular ( the pyloric sphincter)


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Mucosa

Thick; velvety

The body and fundus ---- form ridges or rugae

The pyloric part ---- smooth

alimentary 1

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