Use of Evaluation Use of Evaluation Results for Adaptive Results for Adaptive

Management:Management:

Case study:Case study: Veratavou district Locally Managed Marine Veratavou district Locally Managed Marine

Area (LMMA) Project in Fiji.Area (LMMA) Project in Fiji.

Alifereti Tawake,

Fiji Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA) Network.

What is a Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA)?What is a Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA)?

LMMA is a Strategy that LMMA is a Strategy that advocatesadvocates active participation of active participation of communities and other local stakeholders in developing, communities and other local stakeholders in developing,

implementing and evaluating their marine area management plans implementing and evaluating their marine area management plans through adaptive management approaches:through adaptive management approaches:

CategoriesCategories– Community-based marine area management initiatives.Community-based marine area management initiatives.– Collaborative management (national, NOGs, institutions and resource Collaborative management (national, NOGs, institutions and resource

owners/users) of marine resources owners/users) of marine resources

LMMA Tools (3 types): LMMA Tools (3 types): – No take areas, MPA, marine reserves, sanctuaries.No take areas, MPA, marine reserves, sanctuaries.– Species specific harvest refugiaSpecies specific harvest refugia– Restriction of Fishing or harvesting effort.Restriction of Fishing or harvesting effort.

For more information: For more information: www.Lmmanetwork.orgwww.Lmmanetwork.org

Adaptive management CycleAdaptive management Cycle

ImplementManagement &

MonitoringPlans

D

Develop aMonitoring

Plan

C

Develop aManagement Plan:Goals, Objectives,

& Activities

B

Start

Clarify Group'sMission

IterateUse Results toAdapt & Learn

EDevelop

ConceptualModel Basedon Local SiteConditions

A

AnalyzeData and

CommunicateResults

E

TheProjectCycle

Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

1. Brief site description1. Brief site description2. History of project activity implementation and 2. History of project activity implementation and

evaluation of monitoring results leading to evaluation of monitoring results leading to Adaptive ManagementAdaptive Management

3. Lessons learned on 3. Lessons learned on – Challenges Challenges – Opportunities for applying evaluation results to Opportunities for applying evaluation results to

improve the management of a protected area improve the management of a protected area (LMMA) and replication beyond boundaries of (LMMA) and replication beyond boundaries of specific sites specific sites

4. Recommendations4. Recommendations

Veratavou Veratavou projectproject

Source: FAO Review of the State of World Fishery Resources: Marine Fisheries (1997)

Veratavou Veratavou Project, Project,

Fiji IslandsFiji Islands

Project Site DescriptionProject Site Description Verata is a district with 8 Verata is a district with 8

villages and approx. 2500 villages and approx. 2500 resident populationresident population

Fishing ground that they Fishing ground that they have customary tenural have customary tenural control over and access control over and access to is 95sq km. to is 95sq km.

Protected or Protected or tabutabu areas areas is not an alien concept as is not an alien concept as it is part of our traditional it is part of our traditional management practices management practices but only for a short but only for a short period of time.period of time.

Request

Assess interest/expectation

and awareness raising

Marine Resource management

Planning workshop

Implement management plan (review and

discuss how to improve the plan)

Monitoring plan Developed and

training on monitoring

skills

Collect and analyze data to

evaluate management plan effectiveness and

communicate results

Initiation

History of the Project Implementation History of the Project Implementation

Implement monitoring

plan

Ongoingmanagement

Adaptive management CycleAdaptive management Cycle

ImplementManagement &

MonitoringPlans

D

Develop aMonitoring

Plan

C

Develop aManagement Plan:Goals, Objectives,

& Activities

B

Start

Clarify Group'sMission

IterateUse Results toAdapt & Learn

EDevelop

ConceptualModel Basedon Local SiteConditions

A

AnalyzeData and

CommunicateResults

E

TheProjectCycle

Veratavou’s missionVeratavou’s mission

To rehabilitate and improve degraded To rehabilitate and improve degraded habitats and depleted economically habitats and depleted economically important species to improve the livelihood important species to improve the livelihood of the Verata people that heavily depended of the Verata people that heavily depended on themon them. .

Adaptive management CycleAdaptive management Cycle

ImplementManagement &

MonitoringPlans

D

Develop aMonitoring

Plan

C

Develop aManagement Plan:Goals, Objectives,

& Activities

B

Start

Clarify Group'sMission

IterateUse Results toAdapt & Learn

EDevelop

ConceptualModel Basedon Local SiteConditions

A

AnalyzeData and

CommunicateResults

E

TheProjectCycle

Management PlanManagement Plan Identified ThreatsIdentified Threats Key InterventionsKey InterventionsOver harvesting or overfishing of

resources

1.1. A lot of commercial fishing A lot of commercial fishing license given to outside fishers license given to outside fishers and using undersize gilnetsand using undersize gilnets

2.2. More people are fishing and More people are fishing and harvesting resources and selling harvesting resources and selling to the market than beforeto the market than before

3.3. A lot of cash demand and lack of A lot of cash demand and lack of other income generation other income generation opportunities apart from opportunities apart from exploiting marine resources. exploiting marine resources.

4.4. Poison and destructive fishing Poison and destructive fishing FishingFishing

Delineate species-specific reserves via Delineate species-specific reserves via refuge areas or refuge areas or tabu.tabu.

Stop the issue of commercial fishing Stop the issue of commercial fishing license and the use of gillnets.license and the use of gillnets.

Alternative income source arranged by Alternative income source arranged by USP through bioprospecting enterprise USP through bioprospecting enterprise to offset short-term losses in income to offset short-term losses in income from actions taken.from actions taken.

Encourage farming as an alternative to Encourage farming as an alternative to

fishingfishing Ban the use of Ban the use of Derris spDerris sp plant and other plant and other

killing agentskilling agents..Mangrove and coral extractionMangrove and coral extraction BannedBanned

SiltationSiltation Mangrove replanting, Practice sustainable farming Mangrove replanting, Practice sustainable farming

practices, Ban logging and burningpractices, Ban logging and burning

Adaptive management CycleAdaptive management Cycle

ImplementManagement &

MonitoringPlans

D

Develop aMonitoring

Plan

C

Develop aManagement Plan:Goals, Objectives,

& Activities

B

Start

Clarify Group'sMission

IterateUse Results toAdapt & Learn

EDevelop

ConceptualModel Basedon Local SiteConditions

A

AnalyzeData and

CommunicateResults

E

TheProjectCycle

Monitoring and Evaluation StepMonitoring and Evaluation Step

Community Monitoring Community Monitoring and analysis Trainingand analysis Training

Monitoring and Monitoring and evaluation plan evaluation plan implementedimplemented

– Biological surveysBiological surveys– socio-economic socio-economic

surveyssurveys Implementation of a Implementation of a

Learning FrameworkLearning Framework

Adaptive management CycleAdaptive management Cycle

ImplementManagement &

MonitoringPlans

D

Develop aMonitoring

Plan

C

Develop aManagement Plan:Goals, Objectives,

& Activities

B

Start

Clarify Group'sMission

IterateUse Results toAdapt & Learn

EDevelop

ConceptualModel Basedon Local SiteConditions

A

AnalyzeData and

CommunicateResults

E

TheProjectCycle

Collect data –community monitoring Analyse data and information

Present results Socialize information

Adaptive management CycleAdaptive management Cycle

ImplementManagement &

MonitoringPlans

D

Develop aMonitoring

Plan

C

Develop aManagement Plan:Goals, Objectives,

& Activities

B

Start

Clarify Group'sMission

IterateUse Results toAdapt & Learn

EDevelop

ConceptualModel Basedon Local SiteConditions

A

AnalyzeData and

CommunicateResults

E

TheProjectCycle

RESULTS and Learning.RESULTS and Learning. Results of clam species (indicator) at tabu siteResults of clam species (indicator) at tabu site..

<2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 >6

Size Class (cm)

90

80

70

60

50

30

20

10

0

Clam Frequency

April 1997

Survey area:

50 x 1 m2 quadrats = 50 m2

Lomo

(tabu site)

June, 2003

June, 2003

RESULTS AND LEARNING.RESULTS AND LEARNING.Results of clam species (indicator) at harvest siteResults of clam species (indicator) at harvest site

Size Class (cm)

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Clam Frequency

April 1997

Survey area:

50 x 1 m2 quadrats = 50 m2

Matanaiverata (harvest site)

<2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 >6

Results Tracking, Reporting and Learning.Results Tracking, Reporting and Learning.

EffectivenessEffectiveness of refuge area applicationof refuge area application

Village Village Status of monitored Status of monitored sites sites

Indicator Indicator species species

YearsYears % stock change % stock change

UcunivanuaUcunivanua Permanent TabuPermanent Tabu Clams Clams 66 23932393

harvestharvest clamsclams 66 833833

KumiKumi rotational Taburotational Tabu Clams Clams 44 -500-500

harvest harvest clamsclams 44 166166

SawaSawa Permanent TabuPermanent Tabu mudlobstermudlobster 44 500500

harvestharvest mudlobstermudlobster 44 200200

NaivuruvuruNaivuruvuru Permanent TabuPermanent Tabu Clams Clams 22 425425

harvestharvest clamsclams 11 156156

NalotoNaloto Permanent TabuPermanent Tabu Clams Clams 22 525525

harvestharvest clamsclams 22 233233

Use of Results to adapt and learnUse of Results to adapt and learn

Shift from Temporary Shift from Temporary tabutabu area or rotational area or rotational closure to Permanent closure to Permanent Protection.Protection.

Shift from single Shift from single species protection to species protection to total protection of total protection of speciesspecies

Survey results from Ucunivanua village-permament tabu area

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Annual monitoring

Den

sity

-# o

f cla

ms

per 5

0sq.

m

Tabu 28 171 226 346 495 672

harvest 32 78 111 195 205 266

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003

Survey results from Kumi - rotational harvest

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

years

Ka

iko

so

de

ns

ity

pe

r 5

0 b

sq

. m

tabu 74 474 514 1097 1010 15

harvest 34 183 195 205 42

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003

Commercial Fishing licenseCommercial Fishing license 1996-6 tons/year of 1996-6 tons/year of

fish/invertebrate stocks fish/invertebrate stocks worth US$125,000 are worth US$125,000 are extracted from their extracted from their fishing ground by fishing ground by commercial fishermencommercial fishermen

After banning it for 5 yrs, After banning it for 5 yrs, fish catches have tripled fish catches have tripled and are allowing 1 and are allowing 1 license/yr againlicense/yr again

High Dependence on marine High Dependence on marine resourcesresources

Action: Action: Encourage farmingEncourage farming Result :Result :

– Household depending on fishing Household depending on fishing decreased from 54% to 27%decreased from 54% to 27%

– Household depending on farming Household depending on farming increased from 46% to 73%increased from 46% to 73%

– 35% increase in household 35% increase in household income from 1998 to 2002income from 1998 to 2002

AM:AM:Encourage fishing outside protected Encourage fishing outside protected

areaarea

Use of Results to adapt and learnUse of Results to adapt and learn

Iteration and Replication.Iteration and Replication.

Year Total # tabu sites

Estimated Total area

# of target species

# of communities

1997 2 0.63 km2 2 2

1998 3 0.75 km2 2 3

1999 4 3.75 km2 3 4

2003 9 >15 km2 5 8

Increasing scale reflects their awareness of the benefits.

Replication and Adaptation at Fiji Network LevelReplication and Adaptation at Fiji Network Level: - : - 1997- 3 LMMA sites, 2 districts1997- 3 LMMA sites, 2 districts2001- 20 LMMA sites, 6 districts2001- 20 LMMA sites, 6 districts2003- over 70 known LMMA sites in 36 of the 187 2003- over 70 known LMMA sites in 36 of the 187 districts in Fiji and covering approx. 11 % of Fiji’s districts in Fiji and covering approx. 11 % of Fiji’s inshore areainshore area

Ongoing (adaptive) management

∞

Lessons learnedLessons learned

ChallengesChallenges A lot of investment and A lot of investment and

commitments is required to train commitments is required to train

communities in AMcommunities in AM Not to lose the Not to lose the objectivityobjectivity of the of the

evaluationevaluation Need to continuously and Need to continuously and

systematically evaluate systematically evaluate management actionsmanagement actions

Simplify and standardize Simplify and standardize evaluation methodsevaluation methods

OpportunitiesOpportunities Engage communities in Engage communities in

monitoring, evaluating and monitoring, evaluating and communicating resultscommunicating results

Continuous follow-up of Continuous follow-up of management plans and management plans and evaluation results evaluation results

Learning Framework as a guide Learning Framework as a guide to systematically evaluate to systematically evaluate LMMA projectsLMMA projects

Encourage communities to tell Encourage communities to tell their own success stories and their own success stories and mistakes mistakes

Recommendations Recommendations Encourage scientific community to trial Encourage scientific community to trial

and test the credibility of local and test the credibility of local communities to judge and communicate communities to judge and communicate themselves the effectiveness of their themselves the effectiveness of their management actions.management actions.

Evaluation results to be periodically Evaluation results to be periodically communicated to communities in a communicated to communities in a simplified and “user friendly” way in simplified and “user friendly” way in order for adaptive management and order for adaptive management and learning to occurlearning to occur