Alfred Russel Wallace collecting butterflies. (After various sources, especially van Oosterzee 1997; Gardiner 1998.)

Figure 17.1A diagrammatic pitfall trap cut away to show the inground cup filled with preserving fluid. (After an unpublished drawing by A. Hastings.)

Figure 17.2Pin positions for representative insects: (a) larger beetles (Coleoptera); (b) grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets (Orthoptera); (c) larger flies (Diptera); (d) moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera); (e) wasps and sawflies (Hymenoptera); (f) lacewings (Neuroptera); (g) dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata), lateral view; (h) bugs, cicadas, leafhoppers, and planthoppers (Hemiptera: Heteroptera,Cicadomorpha, and Fulgoromorpha).

Figure 17.3Correct and incorrect pinning: (a) insect in lateralview, correctly positioned; (b) too low on pin; (c) tilted on long axis, instead of horizontal; (d) insect in front view, correctlypositioned; (e) too high on pin; (f) body tilted laterally and pin position incorrect. Handling insect specimens with entomological forceps: (g) placing specimen mount into foam or cork; (h removing mount from foam or cork. ((g,h) After Upton 1991.)

Figure 17.4Micropinning with stage and cube mounts: (a) a small bug (Hemiptera) on a stage mount, with position of pin in thorax as shown in Fig. 17.2h; (b) moth (Lepidoptera) on a stage mount, with position of pin in thorax as shownin Fig. 17.2d; (c) mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) on a cube mount, with thorax impaled laterally; (d) black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) on a cube mount, with thorax impaled laterally.(After Upton 1991.)

Figure 17.5Point mounts: (a) a small wasp; (b) a weevil; (c) an ant. Carding: (d) a beetle glued to a card mount. (After Upton 1991.)

Figure 17.6Spreading of appendages prior to drying of specimens: (a) a beetle pinned to a foam sheet showing the spread antennae and legs held with pins; (b) setting board with mantid and butterfly showing spread wings held in placeby pinned setting paper. ((b) After Upton 1991.)