alexander2012-beynpitgamleshirbemasoretyehudesefarad.pdf

251 בין פתגם לשיר במסורת יהודי ספרד תמר אלכסנדרMujer savia i onrada Por razon es alavada אשה חכמה ונכבדה, בצדק היא מהוללה מטרת המאמר הזה היא לאפיין כמה מן הקשרים הבין־סוגתיים בין הפתגם לשיר המסורתי לסוגיו: הרומנסה, הקופלה והקנסיון — סוגות שרווחו בקרב היהודים יוצאי ספרד., המתאפיינים)במיוחד משיר עלילתי, כמו הרומנסה והקופלה( להבדיל מסיפור ומשיר הרב: הוא מורכב מהיגד אחד הנושא אופי ברוחב יריעה מסוים, הפתגם מצטיין בקיצורו. בדרך כלל, הפתגם הוא משפט אחד ובו נושא, נשוא ומשלימים,)statement( של הצהרה אולם הוא עשוי גם להיות משפט ארוך המורכב משלוש ואף מארבע צלעות.1 ת סמנטית. פקודי, ולכן הוא נוטה לאי־מוגדרו הפתגם הוא משפט רב משמעי ורב ת פקודו בהקשר שהוא נתון בו — הקשר חברתי, הקשר משמעותו של הפתגם עולה רק מת התנהגותי או הקשר ספרותי. פירושו של הפתגם ומטרתו משתנים על פי הנמען שהוא מופנה אליו. פעמים רבות אי אפשר להבין פתגם המנותק מהקשרו, ולפתגם אחד עשויות להיות משמעויות שונות ואף סותרות גם בקרב בני אותה קבוצה. הפתגם נוצר בידי היחיד, אולם הוא מסכם ניסיון חברתי של רבים, ולכן רבים מכירים את תוכנו. יצירת היחיד מתבטאת בהופעת פתגמים מקבילים בכמה נוסחים, שכן, כל דובר או מחבר יוצר את הפתגם מחדש על פי צרכיו, מקומו וזמנו. הפתגם שאוב מן המסורת הספרותית, הן זו שבעל־פה הן זו שבכתב. על השאיבה מן המסורת שבעל־פה מעידים תפוצתם הגדולה של רבים מן הפתגמים וריבוי המקבילות, והוא נוטה לשמר תבניות קבועות.2 ,(kernel) ולמרות זאת יש בכל פתגם גרעין קבועArvo Krikmann, "On Denotative Indefiniteness of Proverbs", Proverbium (984), pp. .47–9 Neal R. Norrick, How Proverbs Mean, Semantic Studies in English Proverbs, Amsterdam, 2

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    en presencia del gobernador.

    El gobernador la manda

    a una crcel para seducirla.

    Y all mismo la declara,

    si no es mora, la quita la vida.

    Adis, padres y hermana,

    que me voy presa delante del rey.

    Aunque jure y perfecte otra ley,

    hebrea tengo que morir.

    Y el verdugo desvaina su alfaje,

    sin consuelo y sin piedad,

    y la dice si quiere ser mora :

    Pinsalo pronto, que aun tiene lugar.

    Cuando Sol vio su sangre vertida,

    dio un suspiro que al cielo enclor

    y le dijo: No quiero ser mora.

    Sigue tu fin, infame y traidor.

    Por el mundo se extiende mi historia.

    Las doncellas se cobren valor.

    No fiase de ninguna mora,

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    and moral writings. All these were written documents put down by men and for men. Whether there is a way to hear the female voice in medieval Jewish culture, in which women did not write, is a question often asked, usually with a negative answer. Following studies in general folkloristics and feminist theory, I suggest that the female voice could be heard in the medium that was open to themoral folk literature. As the major contributors to everyday life, women expressed themselves in various events, both intimate and more public, by telling stories and listening to them. In the early-sixteenth-century Ms. Jerusalem we find transcribed tales from a much earlier period (the thirteenth century) which express the ideas, feelings, and mentalities of broader strata of Jewish society, not just its male and learned members. Thirteen tales identifiable as 'women's tales' appear in this manuscript and are published and discussed here.

    Between Proverb and Poem in the Sephardic TraditionTamar Alexander

    The article's aim is to characterize several of the inter-genre links between the proverb form and the traditional poems of Sephardic Jewry. These connections are examined for the three main genres of Sephardic traditional poetry, the romanca, the copla, and the cancin. The article proposes a model for categorizing these links according to four different phenomena: (a) a proverb interpolated into a poem; (b) a proverb adapted for inclusion in a poem; (c) a line from a poem becoming a proverb; (d) a proverb co-opted by a poem. In each case, the poem and the proverb gain from one another. Poems serve as additional sources for the creation of new proverbs, provide proverbs with new contexts that imbue them with further meaning, and serve as another channel for the transmission of proverbs within the community. Proverbs, in turn, provide poems (especially new ones) with collective authority and tradition, help introduce them to audiences already familiar with the proverbs, and encourage audiences to view them as expressions of truth.

    Try Us with Riddles, Try Us with Structures: On the Element of Transformation in Structuralism as a Bridge from Modernity to PostmodernityGalit Hasan-Rokem

    The article discusses the important role of structuralism in the humanities and the social sciences of the twentieth century. Special emphasis is placed on

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    Ross Brann - 9*

    Competing Tropes of Eleventh-Century Andalusi Jewish Culture

    Raymond P. Scheindlin - 29*

    Caged Vulture: Ibn Gabirol's Poetic Manifesto

    Angel SenzBadillos - 44*

    The Poetics of the Hebrew Muwashsha Revisited

    Jonathan Decter - 56*

    "Em kol ai": Virtues and Vices in Benjamin ben Anav of Rome's Masa' gei izayon

    Judit Targarona Borrs - 73*

    The Language in which God Created the World: The Poetry of Solomon de Piera

    Esperanza Alfonso - 82*

    A Poem Attributed to al-Ghazzl in Hebrew Translation

    Sheila Delany - 97*

    Bible, Jews, Revolution: Sylvain Marchal's Pour et contre la Bible (1801)

    Mark R. Cohen -112*

    Historical Memory and History in the Memoirs of Iraqi Jews

    Abstracts of the Hebrew Essays -140*

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