Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

Alexander and BucephalusAlexander and Bucephalus

Bucephalus (“Oxhead”)

Philip IIPhilip IIchanges changes

Macedonia Macedonia from a rural, from a rural,

farming farming countryside to countryside to

a mighty a mighty empire.empire.

How?How?GoldGold

Professional soldiersProfessional soldiersAggressive attacksAggressive attacks

(Greece an easy target(Greece an easy target after Peloponnesian after Peloponnesian

wars)wars)

The Macedonian threatThe Macedonian threat

Lived north of Lived north of Greece but did not Greece but did not share in cultural share in cultural glory.glory.

Philip II built an Philip II built an INCREDIBLE fighting INCREDIBLE fighting force after gold was force after gold was discovered. In 338 discovered. In 338 BCE the Greek city-BCE the Greek city-states were states were crushed. crushed.

The The phalanx phalanx formationformation was the was the key to his success.key to his success.

Phalanx formationPhalanx formation

Macedonian Solider MoviesMacedonian Solider Movies

Macedonian Soldier Final Macedonian Video

•Philip’ son, Alexander was raised to believe that he was a God.

•From his conception, his mother, Olympias, maintained that it was not her husband, Philip, who impregnated her, but rather a serpent, which was closely identified with the god, Zeus

“Son, find another kingdom to rule because

Macedonia is too small for you.”

"Here is the man who was making ready to cross from Europe to Asia, and who cannot even cross from one table to another

without losing his balance."

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great Do reading in text p. 148-151. Questions 1-3.Do reading in text p. 148-151. Questions 1-3. Alexander Conquest Map pg. 151Alexander Conquest Map pg. 151 Iron Maiden SongIron Maiden Song

Alexander’s ProfileAlexander’s Profile Son of Phillip of MacedonSon of Phillip of Macedon 336 BC took over from dad336 BC took over from dad Alexander was the greatest empire Alexander was the greatest empire

builder in the worldbuilder in the world Alexander wanted to:Alexander wanted to:

spread Greek culture, spread Greek culture, expand empire expand empire further sciencefurther science

conquered Persian Empireconquered Persian Empire Captured Egypt became PharaohCaptured Egypt became Pharaoh Captured far eastCaptured far east

Profile Profile (cont.)(cont.)

Fought against Darius IIIFought against Darius III Fought in Granicus, Issus, Fought in Granicus, Issus,

Gaugamela, and HydaspesGaugamela, and Hydaspes Loved his men,Loved his men, 323 BC age 33 Died of malaria, and 323 BC age 33 Died of malaria, and

exhaustionexhaustion created over 60 cities created over 60 cities (many named (many named

Alexandria)Alexandria)

Never lost a battleNever lost a battle

Alexander MovieAlexander Movie

Alexander’s ConquestsAlexander’s Conquests He defeated the Persians at Granicus, and Issus He defeated the Persians at Granicus, and Issus

Persian King Darius fled IssusPersian King Darius fled Issus Realized he had to hit the source of Darius' fleet Realized he had to hit the source of Darius' fleet

(was strong).(was strong). Went to Phoenicia, the source of Darius' ships and Went to Phoenicia, the source of Darius' ships and

sailors.sailors. One Phoenician city fell after another.One Phoenician city fell after another. The Persian fleet melted away.The Persian fleet melted away. Then wanted to conquer Damascus, the Persian Then wanted to conquer Damascus, the Persian

war treasury was just moved there, wanted it.war treasury was just moved there, wanted it. Now wanted to capture Now wanted to capture Tyre, Tyre, this is the main this is the main

Persian naval basePersian naval base In 332 BC; he captured In 332 BC; he captured Tyre.Tyre.

Darius tried to bribe Alexander into going home.Darius tried to bribe Alexander into going home.

Map of PhoeniciaMap of Phoenicia

Alexander and DariusAlexander and Darius

AlexanderDarius III

Alexander’s Conquests (cont.)Alexander’s Conquests (cont.) He then wanted to conquer Egypt, he thought He then wanted to conquer Egypt, he thought

invaders could move up the Nile River and invade invaders could move up the Nile River and invade (Nile, the longest river-in the world)(Nile, the longest river-in the world)

Captured Egypt, was crowned Pharaoh, and Captured Egypt, was crowned Pharaoh, and began to set up overbegan to set up over

60 cities.60 cities. Most famous city was Alexandria, later became Most famous city was Alexandria, later became

the most important port on the Mediterranean the most important port on the Mediterranean SeaSea

In 331 BC Darius and Alexander faced off for the In 331 BC Darius and Alexander faced off for the final time at Gaugamela. Alexander had the final time at Gaugamela. Alexander had the largest army he ever commanded, but he faced largest army he ever commanded, but he faced an even larger Persian army. The Greeks won an even larger Persian army. The Greeks won once again, and Darius fled once again.once again, and Darius fled once again.

Darius' men were tired of him and one of the Darius' men were tired of him and one of the assassinated him.assassinated him.

Now Where To Go?Now Where To Go? Later in 331 BC Alexander left Egypt and Later in 331 BC Alexander left Egypt and

went north east to Babylon (the winter went north east to Babylon (the winter capital of the Persian Empire) and captured capital of the Persian Empire) and captured it. He then captured Susa. (the summer it. He then captured Susa. (the summer capital)capital)

Both of these cities were very wealthy, 1/2 Both of these cities were very wealthy, 1/2 billion in cash alone.billion in cash alone.

20,000 miles and 5000 camels to get the 20,000 miles and 5000 camels to get the money back to Greecemoney back to Greece

Two reasons to take in back to GreeceTwo reasons to take in back to Greece to build up his army and navyto build up his army and navy to prove that he was expanding the empireto prove that he was expanding the empire

Alexander now controls all of Asia Minor and Alexander now controls all of Asia Minor and the Middle East.the Middle East.

India is NextIndia is Next Now decides to cross the Himalayas (the Now decides to cross the Himalayas (the

highest mountain range in the world)highest mountain range in the world) This was the natural barrier between the This was the natural barrier between the

Middle East and India (far east)Middle East and India (far east) While crossing the Himalayas Alexander While crossing the Himalayas Alexander

experienced 4 problems:experienced 4 problems: rough terrain (no paths)rough terrain (no paths) severe coldsevere cold snow storms and icesnow storms and ice lack of oxygenlack of oxygen

Because of these problems, many of Because of these problems, many of Alex's men die.Alex's men die.

When he reached India he found many When he reached India he found many problems: problems: India had a greater number of soldiersIndia had a greater number of soldiers A strong leader King PorusA strong leader King Porus A great strategy - to defend the country.A great strategy - to defend the country. 200 trained war elephants (these elephants 200 trained war elephants (these elephants

fought with their tusks) fought with their tusks) The two sides fought at River HydaspesThe two sides fought at River Hydaspes This scared the Greeks and the Greek This scared the Greeks and the Greek

horses Alexander changed his tactics and horses Alexander changed his tactics and tried to draw each wing of the attack away tried to draw each wing of the attack away from the Elephantsfrom the Elephants

The Greeks won this battle, but they lost a The Greeks won this battle, but they lost a great deal. Alexander lost his great steed great deal. Alexander lost his great steed Bucephalus, Bucephalus,

The Journey HomeThe Journey Home Alexander's men were tired and wanted to go home, Alexander's men were tired and wanted to go home,

they refused to go on (mutinied - an open revolt they refused to go on (mutinied - an open revolt against authority, soldiers against an officer)against authority, soldiers against an officer)

By this point he had conquered over 2,000,000 By this point he had conquered over 2,000,000 square miles square miles

Didn't want to go home through the Himalayas so Didn't want to go home through the Himalayas so they went south to the Indian ocean and west they went south to the Indian ocean and west through the Persian Gulf and overland to the through the Persian Gulf and overland to the Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea

Journey back very difficult:Journey back very difficult: waters were really roughwaters were really rough deserts were extremely hotdeserts were extremely hot harassment by tribesmen harassment by tribesmen

When they traveled back to Greece, there was a When they traveled back to Greece, there was a water shortage.water shortage. Alexander refused to drink water, he wanted his soldiers to.Alexander refused to drink water, he wanted his soldiers to.

The Death of AlexanderThe Death of Alexander

At the age of 33 in 323 BC after At the age of 33 in 323 BC after suffering from malaria and suffering from malaria and exhaustion, Alexander the Great exhaustion, Alexander the Great died.died.

Historical Significance: Alex, was Historical Significance: Alex, was greatest empire builder in the world; greatest empire builder in the world; 1st time the middle and Far East 1st time the middle and Far East were controlled by one man.were controlled by one man.

Alexander never lost a battleAlexander never lost a battle

Alexander Conquest MoviesAlexander Conquest Movies

Contributions of AlexanderContributions of Alexander He founded over 60 citiesHe founded over 60 cities Spread the Greek culture all over the known worldSpread the Greek culture all over the known world He standardized commerce and trade, according to He standardized commerce and trade, according to

Greek currencyGreek currency Kept Greece at the Center of tradeKept Greece at the Center of trade Science was improvedScience was improved He would send plants back to Greece to beHe would send plants back to Greece to be

studiedstudied recordedrecorded drawndrawn

improved military strategy and weapons improved military strategy and weapons promoted exploration promoted exploration set up a research grant for scientists set up a research grant for scientists Spread idea of Athenian democracy, equality and Spread idea of Athenian democracy, equality and

citizenshipcitizenship

After AlexanderAfter Alexander After his death the Greek Empire collapsed. After his death the Greek Empire collapsed.

There was no one to replace Alexander as leader.There was no one to replace Alexander as leader. All territory he conquered in India was All territory he conquered in India was

returned to India.returned to India. Alexander’s generals divided up the Alexander’s generals divided up the

collapsed empire.collapsed empire. EgyptEgypt BabylonBabylon SyriaSyria

The Hellenic League broke up.The Hellenic League broke up. Confusion and unrest throughout Greece for Confusion and unrest throughout Greece for

the next 200 years. the next 200 years. (Greece was weak again)(Greece was weak again)

Peace was not restored until Rome Peace was not restored until Rome conquered Greece in 27BC.conquered Greece in 27BC.

Write a response to the following quote:

"Alexander the Great is, arguably, the most famous secular figure in history. His magnetism in life was

rivaled only by his magnetism in death, and the story of his career has evoked vastly different interpretations in

his age and ours. Young romantic hero or megalomaniac villian? He has worn both masks. But in the end, whatever view one takes, whatever theories

one subscribes to --- more or less hostile --- we are left with the man himself in all his complexity and

contradiction. He was neither a demon nor a god, whatever he wanted to believe about himself. He was a

man, capable of cruelty and sympathy, brilliance and blindness, paranoia and an open-handed generosity. As remarkable as he was, he was human. And that is what

makes him interesting." This is what I.B. Brouillette, author of "Son of Thunder --- An Alexander Novel" had to say about Alexander.