alcohols ethers

8/14/2019 Alcohols Ethers

1/12

The Syrian International Private University For Science And

Technology

College of pharmacy

Organic ChemistrySecond year students

:: Alcohols and Ethers ::

Ass.Professor Dr.Musasthanna D.Saud

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The official website of the pharmacy college in syrian international university for science and technology

Reference: Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyed


2/12

Str

Alc

gro

fun

All

cha

und

Phe

mar

Alc

-O

6.4

Aasfoll

E

The

cture of

ohols are o

p. R group

tional gro

2-Methtert-B

Ben

alcohols co

acteristic o

ergoes cert

nols also c

kedly form

ohols coul

group.

Nomencl

aslso the cwed by th

thylalcohol

(1o)

most versa

1- Choosi

2- Indicat

assapos

3- Indicat

Alcohols :

ganic com

may be pri

p as well.

-2-propanoutyl alcohol

yl alcohol

ntain the h

f this famil

in reaction

ntain hydr

alcohols i

classifies

ature of

mmon naword alco

tile system

g the long

by a nasu

sible numb

by numbe

ounds of t

mary, seco

or exampl

l

droxyl (-O

y. The diff

s. It also m

xyl group,

their phys

s primary,

lcohols:

es are usehol. For ex

Isopro

(

is, of cour

st continu

ber the po

er of OH.

the positi

e general

ndary, or te

:

Eth

H) group,

rence in th

ay affect th

but it is att

cal and che

secondary,

for simplemple:

yl alcoholo)

e, the IUP

us carbon

sition of th

ns of other

lcohol

ormula R-

rtiary; it m

2-propen-1-oAllyl alcohol

-chloroethanlene chloroh

hich is the

e R groups

e kind of re

ached direc

mical prop

or tertiary

alcohols

C. The rul

hain that c

OH gro

groups att

H, where

y be open

l

oldrin

functional

will affect

action.

tly to the a

erties and t

ccording t

hich consis

Isobutyl al

(1o)

es are:

ontains the

p in the pr

ched to the

is any al

chain or cy

that deter

he rate of

omatic rin

pe of reac

the kind o

t of the na

cohol

OH grou

sent chain,

parent cha

yl or substi

clic. It may

Cyclohe

1,2,3-prop

Glyce

ine the pro

hich the al

and so, th

ions they u

f carbon th

e of the al

tert-but

.

generally

in.

tuted alkyl

contain ot

anol

netriolol

erties

cohol

y differ so

ndergo.

at bears the

yl group

l alcohol

(3o)

sing the lo

er

est


3/12


4/12

Alcohols as acids and bases:

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and weak bases.

The oxygen with its unshared electrons pairs, that makes as alcohol basic.

-HSO4ROHSOHOH-R 242 +++

In alcohols hydrogen is bonded to the very electronegative element oxygen. The polarity of the OH bond

facilitate the breaking of OH bond.

2H2

1RONaNaROH ++

An alcohol A sodium

(A weak acid) (alkoxide, a strong base)

H-RONaOHHOHNa-RO +++

Strong base strong acid weaker base weaker acid

Like water and ammonia, alcohols are stronger acids than alkanes, and readily displace them from their salts

from Grignard reagents

XMg(OR)HRXMgRROH ++ Stronger acid weaker acid

Relative acidities RHNHROHOH 32

Relative basicities -R-NH-OR-OH 2

Rule: one compound is shown to be a stronger acid than another by its ability to displace the second

compound from salts.

++

++ M-

AH-BM-

BH-A Alcohols are weaker acids than water as we mentioned above, an alkoxide is not prepared by the reaction of

alcohols with sodium hydroxide because of the presence of water in the aqueous solution of sodium

hydroxide.

-OHROHOHROH 22 +++

Alkoxide are prepared by reaction of alcohols with the active metal itself (Na, K) in the absence of water.

2H2

1Na-RONaROH ++ +

Alkoxides are useful reagent, they are powerful bases-stronger than hydroxide.


5/12


6/12

Re

1-R

The

the

2-F

Sul

wea

As

as a

ctionofeaction o

hydroxyl

ydroxyl g

a- The rea

Even t

sulfuric

b- Rearra

c- The or

romation

onic acids,

k bases an

result, alk

lkyl halide

lcohols:f alcohol

roup in a p

oup and co

ction is cat

ough the a

acid speed

gement of

er of reacti

of alkyl s

ArSO3H, a

hence goo

yl sulphon

.

with hy

oor leaving

nvert it to

lyzed by a

ueous hyd

s up the for

he alkyl gr

vity of alco

ulfonates

re related t

d leaving g

ArSO

Strong a

tes underg

rogen ha

group. Thi

ood leavin

cids.

ogen halid

mation of a

oup occurs

hols towar

:

sulfuric a

roup.

H

id

nucleophi

lides. Aci

s is accom

g group.

s are them

lkyl halide

except, 1o

HX is 3o

id and are

lic substitu

d catalysi

lished by t

selves stro

s.

lcohol.

2o > 1o

alcohols ethers

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