Alcohol

Family

WI N

E

Beer

Alcohol

Rubbing

“Are you one of those people having a wrong perception

regarding the NATURE and

APPLICATION of organic compound,

ALCOHOL?”

Alcoholic beverages and rubbing alcohol are

examples of numerous industrial applications of

an alcohol called …

ETHANOL

FACTS ABOUT ETHANOLFORMULA ETHANOL =

CH3CH2OHSYNONYMS = ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol

USES common solvent in flavors & medicines.Industrial starting material.Found in alcohol beverages

TOXICITY Can be ingested at low levels

OTHERSColorlessOdorlessLiquid

FACTS ABOUT ETHANOLETHANOL PRODUCTION =

CH3CH2OH

PREPARATION FROM ETHENE

FERMENTATION Action of yeast on sugarA waste product of yeast metabolism

Complex biochemical process

What leads us to that parteey…parteey…

thinking about ALCOHOL?

AMAZING HISTORY OF

ALCOHOL

OSIRIS

Brewing from the beginning of civilization in ancient Egypt and alcoholic beverages were very important. Symbolic of this is the fact that while many Gods were local or familial, Osiris, the god of wine, was worshiped throughout the entire country. The Egyptians believed that this important God also invented beer, a beverage that was considered a necessity of life; it was brewed in the home "on an everyday basis."

EGYPTIANS

CHINESE A variety of alcoholic beverages were used in

China since prehistoric times. Alcohol, known in Chinese as Jiu was considered a spiritual food rather than a material (physical) food, and extensive documentary evidence attests to the important role it played in the religious life.

"In ancient times people always drank when holding a memorial ceremony, offering sacrifices to gods or their ancestors, pledging resolution before going into battle, celebrating victory, before feuding and official executions, for taking an oath of allegiance, while attending the ceremonies of birth, marriage, reunions, departures, death, and festival banquets."

MUSLIMS The isolation of ethanol (alcohol) as a

pure compound was first achieved by Muslim chemists who developed the art of distillation

The word "alcohol" almost certainly comes from Arabic language "Al" is Arabic word second part may be derived from “al-kuḥl” the name of an early distilled substance, or perhaps from al-ġawl, meaning "spirit" or "demon“ being called "spirits" in English.

But …. the reality, is that there are thousands of different compounds that belong to “Alcohol Family”.

METHANOL

FACTS ABOUT METHANOLFORMULA METHANOL =

CH3OHSYNONYMS = methyl alcohol, wood alcoholUSES

common solvent used in perfumes, other smelly stuff.important industrial starting material

TOXICITY Dangerous if ingestedCan cause blindness and death

OTHERSColorlessOdorlessLiquid

FACTS ABOUT METHANOL

METHANOL PRODUCTION = CH3OH

PREPARATION FROM CARBON MONOXIDE

MADE BY HEATING WOOD IN THE ABSENCE OF AIR Destructive distillation Wood alcohol

2 - PROPANOL

FACTS ABOUT 2-PROPANOLFORMULA 2-PROPANOL

=

SYNONYMS = isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcoholUSES

disinfectant and astringent dry gas, industrial solvent

OTHERSColorlessSlight odorLiquid

TOXICITY highly toxic if ingested

tert - butanol

FACTS ABOUT tert-BUTANOL

FORMULA 2- METHYL-2-PROPANOL =

ALCOHOL IN GASOLINE

Ethylene glycol

FACTS ABOUT ETHYLENE GLYCOL

FORMULA 1,2- ETHANEDIOL = ALCOHOL USED AS ANTI FREEZE

glycerin

FACTS ABOUT GLYCEROL

FORMULA 1,2,3 - PROPANETRIOL =

ALCOHOL USED IN COSMETICS

MENTHOL

FACTS ABOUT MENTHOL

Menthol  is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or other mint oils. It is a waxy, crystalline substance, clear or white in color, which is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above.

FACTS ABOUT MENTHOL

Menthol  

has local anesthetic and counterirritant qualities, and it is widely used to relieve minor throat irritation.

BIOLOGICALALCOHO

LS

CORTISOL: D’ STRESS HORMONE FACTS ABOUT

CORTISOL Cortisol is an

important hormone in the body, secreted by the adrenal glands and involved in the following functions and more:

Proper glucose metabolism Regulation of blood

pressure Insulin release for blood

sugar maintenance Immune function Inflammatory response

CORTISOL

 if you are emotionally disturbed you will produce a lot of this which will eventually destroy your cells...

OXYTOCIN: D’ LOVE HORMONE FACTS ABOUT

OXYTOCIN Oxytocin is produced

mainly in the hypothalamus, where it is either released into the blood via the pituitary gland, or to other parts of the brain and spinal cord, where it binds to oxytocin receptors to influence behavior and physiology. 

The excitement over the hormone began in the 1990s when researchers discovered that breastfeeding women are calmer in the face of exercise and psychosocial stress than bottle-feeding mothers.

OXYTOCIN

 Oxytocin play an important role in helping females manage both emotional and physiological responses during life-altering events such as childbirth-converting potentially stressful experiences into opportunities for expressing joy and love.

CHOLESTEROL: D’ GOOD AND BAD FACTS ABOUT

CHOLESTEROL Cholesterol is a

lipid (fat) which is produced by the liver.

The word "cholesterol" comes from the Greek word chole, meaning "bile", and the Greek word stereos, meaning "solid, stiff".

Cholesterol is vital for normal body function.

Every cell in our body has cholesterol in its outer layer.

CHOLESTEROL

 Cholesterol is carried in the blood by molecules called lipoproteins. A lipoprotein is any complex or compound containing both lipid (fat) and protein.

ESTRADIOL: D’ FEMALE HORMONE

FACTS ABOUT ESTRADIOL

Estradiol is a form of estrogen, a female sex hormone produced by the ovaries.

Estrogen is necessary for many processes in the body.

In women estradiol is responsible for growth of the breast and reproductive epithelia, maturation of long bones and development of the secondary sexual characteristics.

ESTRADIOL

 At menopause, estrogen concentrations in the body fall to low levels. This decrease is often accompanied by vascular instability (hot flashes and night sweats), a rise in incidence of heart disease, and an increasing rate of bone loss (osteoporosis).

TESTOSTERONE: D’ MALE HORMONE

FACTS ABOUT TESTOSTERONE

Testosterone A "male hormone" -- a sex hormone produced by the testes. 

Testosterone is the most potent of the naturally occurring androgens.

The androgens cause the development of male sex characteristics, such as a deep voice and a beard; they also strengthen muscle tone and bone mass.

TESTOSTERONE

  High levels of testosterone appear to promote good health in men, for example, lowering the risks of high blood pressure and heart attack. High testosterone levels also correlate with risky behavior, however, including increased aggressiveness and smoking, which may cancel out these health benefits.

Now the BIG question is …What is an

ALCOHOL ?• Is a compound in which an

(OH) group or hydroxyl group is connected to an aliphatic carbon atom.

PHYSICALPropertie

s

ALCOHOL

Is a derivative of water in which an ALKYL group has replaced one of the hydrogen atoms of water or simply ALCOHOL exhibits hydrogen bonding…

O

H HWater

CH3

O

H

Methanol

Water

HH

O-

+O

H

H

+-

O

HH

+

-

OH

H

-

OHH

+

- “H-bonding” binds water molecules tightly.

That property or … HYDROGEN BONDING

results to much higher boiling point of

ALCOHOL compares to other classes of organic

compounds…

MELTING & BOILING POINTS

SOLUBILITY OF ALCOHOL

ALCOHOL’S with one to five carbon atoms are soluble in water because alcohols can also form hydrogen bonding with water. But as the number of carbon atoms increases , the polar – (OH) group in the alcohol has less effect on SOLUBILITY of ALCOHOL …

NAME FORMULA S – (g / 100 g H2O)

Methanol CH3OH Any amount

Ethanol CH3CH2OH Any amount

Propanol CH3(CH2)2OH Any amount

Butanol CH3(CH2)3OH 8.3

Pentanol CH3(CH2)4OH 2.7

PREPARATIONSHow to produce

ALCOHOL ?

SYNTHESIS OF ALCOHOL

TWO MAIN SOURCESHYDRATION OF ALKENES

HALIDE EXCHANGE

HYDRATION OF ALKENES

HALIDE EXCHANGE

Classifications of

Alcohols

Primary Alcohol (1°) An alcohol in which the

– OH group is attached to CH3 – or to a carbon attached to one other carbon atom.

R – CH2 – OH

Secondary Alcohol (2°) An alcohol in which the carbon

bearing the – OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms.

R – CH – OH R’

Tertiary Alcohol(3°) An alcohol in which the carbon

bearing the – OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms.

C OH

R

R”

R’

NOMENCLATURE

CH3 – OH

CH3 – CH2 – OH

methanol (methyl alcohol)

ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH propanol

(propyl alcohol)

CH3 – CH – CH3

OH2 – propanol

(isopropyl alcohol)

EXAMPLES

CH3 – C – CH3

OH

CH3

2 methyl – 2 – propanol

(tert butanol)

RULES IN NAMING ALCOHOL

Step # 1 Name the longest chain to

which the hydroxyl group is attached. The chain name is obtained by dropping the final –e from the name of the hydrocarbon that contains the same number of carbon atoms and adding the ending – ol.

EXAMPLE

CH3 – CH2 – C – C – C – CH2 – CH3

CH2 – CH2 – CH3

CH2 – CH3

CH3 – CH2

CH3 – CH2 – CH2

OH

CH3

4,4,6,6 – tetraethyl – 5 – methyl – 5 – nonanol

Step # 2Number the longest chain to give the lower number to the carbon with the attached hydroxyl group.

Step # 3 Locate the position of the hydroxyl group by the number of the carbon atom to which it is attached.

Step # 4Locate and name any other groups attached to the chain.

Step # 5 Combine the name and location for other groups, the hydroxy group location, and the longest chain into the final name.

EXAMPLES

OH cyclohexanol (cyclohexyl alcohol)

CH3 – CH = CH – OH 1 - propenol

CH3 – C Ξ C – CH2 – CH2 – OH 3 - pentynol

CH3 – C Ξ C – CH – C = CH – OHCH3

CH3

2,3 – dimethyl – 1 – hexen – 4 – yne – 1 – ol

EXAMPLES

OH – CH2 – CH2 – OH 1,2 – ethanediol

OH

OHOH

1,2,3 – cyclopropanetriol

OH – C – C – OH

CH3

3HC CH3

3HC

2,3 – dimethyl – 2,3 – butanediol

ALCOHOLGAME

MECHANICS All will be given a chance 2 answer I will be D’ one flashing

instructions/structures on screen Then, U will be doing Ur all, to comply with

the given instructions or 2 give name for every given structures.

U will be doing it first on Ur notebook. Then, if you are done U just have 2 “shout out” your name 2 class and spluke D’ magic words “I can answer that ma’am espie”

U will be given 20 seconds 2 answer on D’ board.

3 points will be added on your quizzes or exercises for every correct answer.

Good luck everyone!!!

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019EXAMPLE

1 – cyclobutenol

OH

D’ game startsNow…

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019STRUCTURE # 1

3,4,5 – trimethylphenol (2°)

O║

CH3

CH3

CH3

OH

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019STRUCTURE # 2

5 – ethyl – 4,4,5 – octanetriol (polyhydric)

CH3 – CH2 – C – C – OH

OH

OH

CH2 – CH2 – CH3

CH3 – CH2 – CH2

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019STRUCTURE # 3

4 – ethyl – 4 – propyl – 1 – hepten – 6 – yne – 1 – ol (1°)

CH3 – CH2 – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

CH2 – CH = CH – OH

CH Ξ C – CH2

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019STRUCTURE # 4

4 – cyclohexyl – 1 – cyclohexanol (2°)

HO

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019STRUCTURE # 5

2 – cyclohexyl – 4 – phenyl – 3,3 – pentanediol

(polyhydric)

CH – C – CH

OH

OH

CH3 CH3

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019STRUCTURE # 6

3 – methyl – 2,4 – diphenyl – 3 – pentanol ( 3°)

CH – C – CH

OH

CH3

CH3 CH3

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019STRUCTURE # 7

3,4,5 – trimethyl – 2 – hexanol

( 2°)

OH – CH – CH – CH – CH – CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019STRUCTURE # 8

1 – methyl – 2 – cyclopentyn – 1 – ol /

(1 – methyl – 2 – cyclopentynol) ( 3°)

OH CH3

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019STRUCTURE # 9

2,6 – dicyclopropyl – 3,5 – diethyl – 2,6 – dimethyl – 1 –

heptanol ( 1°)

HO – CH2 – C – CH – CH2 – CH – C – CH3

CH2 – CH3

CH3 – CH2

3HC CH3

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019STRUCTURE # 10

2 - propanol /(isopropyl alcohol) ( 2°)

CH3 – CH – CH3

OH

Chemical Reactions

Elimination ReactionsOxidation

Dehydration

ELIMINATION REACTION

A reaction in which two or more

covalent bonds are broken and a multiple bond is

formed.

OXIDATION REACTIONA reaction of

alcohol in which two hydrogen

atoms are remove by an

oxidizing agent.

DEHYDRATION REACTION

A reaction in which water is

chemically remove from a

compound.

ALCOHOLREACTION

MECHANICS All will be given a chance 2 answer I will be D’ one flashing

instructions/structures on screen Then, U will be doing Ur all, to comply with

the given instructions or 2 give name for every given structures.

U will be doing it first on Ur notebook. Then, if you are done U just have 2 “shout out” your name 2 class and spluke D’ magic words “I can answer that ma’am espie”

U will be given 20 seconds 2 answer on D’ board.

3 points will be added on your quizzes or exercises for every correct answer.

Good luck everyone!!!

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019O║

EXAMPLEWhat will be the products

When heptanol undergoes oxidation reaction?

(Used Potassium Dichromate as your oxidizing agent)

D’ game startsNow…

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019O║

ITEM # 1

Do a dehydration reaction of tert-butanol alcohol

at 180°C using H2SO4

as your catalyst.

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019O║

ITEM # 2When Aromatic alcohol

Phenol and isopropyl alcohol undergoes

dehydration reaction at 140°C with H2SO4 catalyst it will

produce what products?

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019O║

ITEM # 3

How about when 2 – methyl – 2 – propanol

reacts with oxidizing agent Potassium Permanganate

It will produce what product?

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019O║

ITEM # 4

Do an oxidation reaction of industrial

solvent “2-methylcyclohexanol”

using Potassium Dichromate as your

oxidizing agent.

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019If butyl alcohol undergoes

oxidation reactionIt will produce what products?

(used KMnO4 as your oxidizing agent)

ITEM # 5

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019ITEM # 6

If 2 – hexanol undergoes

dehydration at 180°C with H2SO4 catalyst

it will produce what products?

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019O║

ITEM # 7

When isopropyl alcohol and 2 – propanol undergoes

dehydration reaction at 140°C with H2SO4 catalyst it will

produce what products?

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019O║

ITEM # 8

When 3,3 – dimethyl – 1 – pentanol undergoes

oxidation reaction with K2Cr2O7 oxidizing agent it will produce what

products?

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019O║

ITEM # 9

When 2,3,4 – trichloro – 3 – pentanol undergoes

dehydration reaction at 180°C with H2SO4 catalyst it will

produce what products?

181716000102030405060708091011121314152019O║

ITEM # 10When cyclobutanol and

butyl alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction at 140°C with H2SO4 catalyst it will

produce what products?

Dat’s all FOLKS…