ALCOHOL FERMENTATION

PREPARED BY:PRACHI PATELSEM:IIISAURASHTRA UNIVERSITYRAJKOT

INDEX:INTRODUCTION PROCESSORGANISMS USEDSUBSTRET AND MEDIA

COMPOSITION AND IDEAL CONDITION

PRODUCT RECOVERYUSESCONCLUSION

alcoholic fermentation, also referred to as, Ethanol fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen ethanol fermentation is classified as anaerobic.

Conversation Mechanism

C6H12O6

180

C2H5OH + CO2

92 88

100 Kg 51.1 Kg 48.9 Kg

Theoretical Yield : 51.1% Gay-Lussac Coefficient(1815)

The figure uses a symbolic notation familiar in biochemistry. It shows the stepwise transformation of glucose to ethanol through intermediates, pyruvate and acetaldehyde.

C6H12O6    ====>   2(CH3CH2OH)      +        2(CO2)    +  Energy

(which is stored in ATP)   Sugar      ====>       Alcohol             +   Carbon dioxide gas + Energy(Glucose)               (Ethyl alcohol)

Organisms used:Bacteria:Zymomonas mobilisClosteridium acetobutylicumKlebsiella pneumoniaeYeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces carlsbergenesiae Saccharomyces saki Saccharomyces oviformis Candida utilis Mucur sp.

FERMANTABLE SUBSTRATE

Sugary materials Starchy material Cellulosic materials

SUGARY MATERIALS:MolassesSuger caneSugar beetSweet potatoSulfide wasteWeet sorgumWheyglucoseSuccroseLactose

STARCHY MATERIALS

cereals:

wheat,maize,barley,sorgum,corn,rice

Roots: potato,tropicaMild products: wheat flour,corn feed

CELLULOSIC MATERIALSWoodPaper wasteAgricultural waste

Nutrient Raw materialCarbon molasses, starchNitrogen corn steep liquor, soybean

meal, pure ammonia or ammonium salts, urea, nitrate salts, phosphate salts

Vitamins and growth factors

biotin, yeast extract, beef extract, corn steep liquor, wheat germ meal

Fermentation media

CONDITIONS FOR FERMENTATION

Carbon sources: pure sugar or crude sugars/molasses (10-18%).Nitrogen sources: Mostly available in the form of ammonium sulphate.Growth factors: can be provided in the form of molasses.pH: 4.8-5.0.Temperature: 70-80°F. Temp. can be controlled by cooling jacket.

CONTN……..

Time: Depends on yeast strain. Usual time is between 30

to 72hrs.

Yield: 0.4 gallon of ethyl alcohol per one

gallon of molasses. 90%

carbohydrates can be converted in to alcohol.

FERMENTATION PROCESS CARRY OUT BY:

batch fermentationContinuous fermentation continuous fermentation is

used because of several advantages.

FERMENTATIONInoculums size: In range of 3% to 10%

with an evrage about 4%Media: 10 -18%. Concentrations

greater than 20% are not employed as they could be detrimental to yeast.

PRODUCT RECOVERY

Distillation is a separation process for a mixture of liquids or oils. It relies on differences in the boiling points of the component liquids to be separated.

Alcohol can be obtained by distillation and column is known as rectified column.

Can also be recovered by fractional distillation. Distillate contains 95.6% ethyl alcohol and 4.4% water.

BY-PRODUCTSThree byproducts generated1.Carbon dioxide- used for production

of dry ice and pure form used for preparation of soft drinks.

2.Yeast biomass- used for animal fodder because it contains high protein, vitamins etc.

3.Distillery effluents- used as a fertilizer and animal feed.

Ethanol Tolerance

Growth Tolerance Production Tolerance

Ethanol levelat which

Growth ceases

6-9% wt/vol

Ethanol levelat which

Ethanol production ceases

15% wt/vol or higher

USES:Fuels Some alcohols, mainly ethanol

and methanol can be used as an alcohol fuel

PreservativeSolventsAlcohols have applications in industry

and science as reagents or solvents ethanol can be used as a solvent in medical drugs, perfumes and vegetable essences such as vanilla

Alcoholic beveragesAntifreezeAntisepticsEthanol can be used as

an antiseptic to disinfect the skin.

CONCLUSIONThus alcohol production is an important

fermentation because of following reasons:

1.Gives ethyl alcohol used for consumption as well as industrial purposes.

2.Gives byproducts like carbon dioxide, yeast biomass, fertilizer etc.

3.Gives effective utilization of agro-waste eg. Molasses, sulphite waste liquor etc.