al cos – 3, 6, 23, 24, 25, 38, 39, 41 ahsge – standard i objective 1 analyze the methods of...
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AL COS – 3, 6, 23, 24, 25, 38, 39, 41
AHSGE – Standard I Objective 1
Analyze the methods of science used to identify and solve problems.
– Standard II Objective 1 Trace the transfer of matter and energy through
biological systems.
– Standard VI Objective 1 Demonstrate an understanding of factors that affect
the dynamic equilibrium of populations and ecosystems.
Principles of Ecology OutlinePrinciples of Ecology OutlineI. Organisms and their environment
a. Ecology
1. Scientific fields
2. Methods used
b. Abiotic factors
c. Biotic factors
II. Levels of organization in ecology
a. Organisms
b. Populations
c. Communities
d. Ecosystems
e. Biosphere
III. Three major types of ecosystems
a. Terrestrial
b. Fresh water
c. Salt water
IV. Additional notes
V. Three main types of symbiosis
a. Commensalism
b. Mutualism
c. Parasitism
VI. Nutrition and energy flow
a. The sun
b. Autotrophs
c. Heterotrophs
d. Decomposers
VII. Food chain and trophic level
VIII. Food web
IX. Ecological pyramid
X. Water cycle, Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorus cycle
XI. Teacher resources
Organisms and Their Organisms and Their EnvironmentEnvironment
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment.
Ecology combines information and techniques form many scientific fields, including math, chemistry, physics, geology, and other branches of biology.
Ecologists use both descriptive and quantitative methods.
Aspects of Ecological Aspects of Ecological StudyStudy
The Biosphere is the portion of Earth that supports life
- It extends from high in the atmosphere to the bottom of the ocean
-the biosphere is very diverse ranges from desert to tropical rain forest
The two factors that make up the biosphere are the abiotic factors and the biotic factors
The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment are the abiotic factors–Ex. Air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil
All the living organisms that inhabit an environment are called biotic factors.
LevelsLevels of of Organization in Organization in
EcologyEcologyOrganisms- – are all living things
Populations–A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.
Competition may occur if resources (food, water, etc) are in short supply.
Communities - Made up of several interacting populations.
Ecosystems - Made of the interactions among the populations in a community and the abiotic factors
Biosphere–Is made of several types of ecosystems
Three major kinds of Three major kinds of ecosystemsecosystems
Terrestrial ecosystem
Fresh water ecosystem
Saltwater ecosystem
Terrestrial- on land–Ex. Forests, meadows, and desert scrub
Fresh water–Ex. Ponds, lakes, streams
Salt water (Marine)–75% of the Earth’s surface
A habitat is the place where an organism lives out its life.
A niche is the role and position a species has in its environment---how it meets its need, how it reproduces, and how it survives.
Introduction to Ecosystems Introduction to Ecosystems MovieMovie
The relationship in which there is a close and permanent association among organisms of different species is called symbiosis.
3 Main types of symbiosis3 Main types of symbiosis
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism- one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited.–Another Ex. Spanish moss
Commensalism- one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited.–Another Ex. Spanish moss
Mutualism- two species Mutualism- two species of organisms benefitof organisms benefit–Ex. Ants and an acacia treeEx. Ants and an acacia tree
Parasitism- one organism benefits at the expense of another, but usually does not kill the host.–Ex. Ticks
Types of Interactions within Types of Interactions within Ecosystems MovieEcosystems Movie
Nutrition Nutrition and energy and energy
flowflowThe ultimate source of
energy is the sun.Producers(Autotrophs)Consumers(Heterotrophs) Decomposers
Producers(Autotrophs)- make their own food.–Ex. Plants, some unicellular organisms
Consumers (Heterotrophs)- Consumers (Heterotrophs)- consume other organisms for consume other organisms for their energytheir energy–Ex. Animals, humansEx. Animals, humans
Three types of heterotrophs–Carnivores–Scavengers–Omnivores
–Carnivores- kill and eat other animalsEx. Lions
–Scavengers- animals that eat animals that have already diedEx. Black vultures
–Omnivores- eat both plant material and animalsEx. Humans, raccoons, opossums, bears
Decomposers- organisms that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms.–Ex. Most fungi, some protozoans, many bacteria
Food chain- a simple model that scientists use to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem.
–Only shows one route for the transfer of matter and energy.–Usually has three links but no more than five.
–At each link a portion of energy is lost as heat, therefore, the amount of energy remaining in the 5th link is low.
Trophic level- a feeding step in the passage of energy and materials
Food WebFood WebFood web- expresses all the
possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community.–A more realistic model because
most organisms depend on more than one other species for food.
Food chain and food web movie
Ecological pyramid- shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.
-The base of the pyramid, or 1st trophic level are the autotrophs.
- The total transfer from one level to the next is only about 10% because energy is lost due to heat.
A pyramid of biomass expresses the weight of living material at each trophic level.
How to calculate biomass:- Find the average weight of each
species at that trophic level and multiply by the estimated number of organisms in each population.
The Water CycleThe Water CycleIn the water cycle, water
is constantly moving between the atmosphere and Earth.
Water cycle movie
The Carbon CycleThe Carbon CycleCarbon cycle contains both
autotrophs and heterotrophsDuring photosynthesis
Autotrophs convert carbon dioxide gas into a carbon compound called glucose
Heterotrophs eat the autotrophs and/or the glucose.
When they digest the food carbon dioxide gas is released..
Plants use nitrogen to make proteins.
Herbivores eat the plants and convert the nitrogen into proteins.
The Nitrogen The Nitrogen CycleCycle
During urination and when an organism dies nitrogen is released back to the soil.
Bacteria also help put nitrogen back into the air.
The Phosphorus The Phosphorus CycleCycleThe phosphorus cycle is different
from other cycle because phosphorus is found in sedimentary rock, not the atmosphere.
Two cycles:–Short term: phosphorus is in the
soil and plant life–Long term: phosphorus is washed
into the sea
Teacher Activities/LabsTeacher Activities/Labs Food web activity-Gar Gar Gator SIM Lab: Owl pellet(SIM lab disc required) SIM Lab: BioAssessment (SIM lab disc required) SIM Lab: Water Quality (SIM lab disc required) SIM Lab: Stream in a Bucket (SIM lab disc required) SIM Lab Soil Testing: (SIM lab disc required) AHSGE Pathways Lab: Grabbing for Grub(Teacher) AHSGE Pathways Lab: Gone Fishing(Teacher) AHSGE Pathways Lab: Producers-Consumers-
Decomposers (Teacher) AHSGE Pathways Lab: Pass The Energy Please(Teacher) AHSGE Pathways Lab: Cycles of Nature(Teacher) Food Webs in the Bay