akm ppt c6 ik&sk

CHAPTER 6MANAGEMENT OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENTIFIC

KNOWLEDGEINDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) are being examined by

academicians, development planners, agricultural scientists (World Bank, 1989).

Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Management are the major issues in the IKS literature.

Theoretical framework for utilizing IKS is to promote sustainable agriculture.

Approached of IKS1. Understanding (cognitive domain) and appreciation (affective domain)

of IKS are essential for promoting Sustainable Agriculture Development2. Indigenous Knowledge Systems provide for nonformal Agricultural

Education programs a cultural basis 3. The implications of IKS should be addressed in a Systematic Approach.

ADAMA RED ONION PLANTED

MANAGEMENT OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

Definition of IKS Emergent field of Study, IK is characterized by

many definitions, fragmented theoretical conceptions and mainstream of Agriculture Knowledge System.

IKS, ITK, Ethnoscience, local science, traditional science, people science and village science (Atte, 1989).

These terms tend to have negative connotations such as backward.


Management of Indigenous Knowledge Process of cognitive mapping, acquiring, coding and

decoding information described by Atte. Farmers who are often assumed to be ignorant

according to top-down technology approaches (Roling, 1988)

IK is Compartmentalized IK is quite integrated in its cognitive, skills and effective

domains and across disciplines (Posey, 1983 p.879) Indigenous perceptions of ‘natural’ divisions in the

biological worlds and plants-animals –human relationships within each division.


IK is seen as holistic and inclusive Epistemological framework and approach to reality.IKS in agriculture is both technical and social and it

has strong cognitive and affective dimensions. Traditional Religion of the Shoona of Zimbabwe

“has the winter 1991, close connection with tribal leadership, ideas of land ownership and land fertility”.

Land Management includes technical knowledge such as how to build and farm terraces as well as religious taboos and sanctions.


Alvord, the founder of Ag Extn for Africans in Zimbabwe

Architect Land Husbandry Act “ every native farming practice ………. Based on tradition, superstition, worship of the departed dead and fear of the unknown”

Acc to Njoroge and Bennars “the cognitive dimension linked directly with the normative dimension given the social character of traditional knowledge”.


Several Writers on Ethnology Argue Beliefs fit together in the logic of those who

believe it. Holistic, integrated knowledge and world view to

avoid labeling or dismissing it as illogical or superstitious (Metuh, 1981, p. 48)

Analytical equivalents to environmental components in the socionatural system.


Emic – Etic Perspective (Emic-Internal, Etic – External) Emic Analysis of behavior is based on Internal Structural

of particular cultural system. Etic Analysis is based on predetermined general concepts

external to the cultural system (Lovelace, 1984) Etic perspective provides the effects of the beliefs on land

management. Soil Conservation during colonial era, Zimbabwe failed

because they ignored emic perspectives Emic-Etic Perspective are the recognition of the holistic and

integrated nature of IKS. Skills to identify, collect and develop indigenous knowledge

into contemporary, useable formats are needed.


Scientific Technology ST is the systematic, conceptual, time bound and

technological innovation which speculates the cause and effect of the determined events.

Hybrid varieties according to the demand of the farmers to fulfill the needs of the nation’s growth and development.

Scientific Farming is the scientific knowledge of ecology and modern technology with traditional farming practices with biological processes.


Relationship between IKS and SKSThere are the terms that seem to replace the word “

Indigenous”1. Traditional Knowledge2. Local Knowledge3. Unscientific Knowledge4. Farmer’s KnowledgeScientific Knowledge is often referred to as “Western

Knowledge”.


Modern Agriculture made the Farmers be sysmatized in all agricultural activities


Differences and Similarities of IKS and SKSA. Substantive Grounds IK is anchored to a particular “social group” in a

particular “setting” at a particular time. IK is concerned with immediate and concrete

necessities of the people daily lives where as SK makes (constructs) general explanation.

IK encompasses non-technical insights-ideas, wisdom, perceptions and innovative capabilities.


B. Methodological and Epistemological Differences• SK is open, systematic, objective and analytical. • It builds on prior achievements for advancement • IK is closed, non-systematic, holistic rather than

analytical, without an overall conceptual framework. • IK advances on the basis of new experiences, not on

the basis of deductive logic • IK supporters attack on the dogmatism and

intolerance of scientists towards insights and methods of inquiry outside the institution/Laboratory.


C. Context Differences IK is specific to local context in terms of social

group and time (temporal and spatial differences) where as SK is diverted from such epistemic framework to attain universal validity.

Danger of Dichotomizing between IKS and SKS Some evidence that contact. Diversity, exchange,

communication, learning and transformation among different systems of knowledge and beliefs. It is difficult to separates IKS and SKS.

FARMERS PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

• Farmer participation in Agricultural Research is primarily required to increase the effectiveness of location-specific research of the particular variety.

• Distinction between the term “Research Driven” and “Development Driven” Farmer Participatory Research activities (Okali, 1994).

• Research-driven Farmer Participatory Research aims to improve the effectiveness of formal agricultural research may be positive impact on the livelihoods.

• Demand-driven Farmer Participatory Research supported group based approaches. Contribution of the local farmers ideas can be a stronger to the research and extension institutions (Sumberg, 2003)

SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM SHIFT “Science is the systemized body of knowledge”-

Constructivism. Standard Models of Agricultural Research are not well suited to

the small groups of potential users. Greater Farmer Participation in the problems to be researched,

the choice of possible solutions, design and trials, indicators of success will increase the practical value of the research.

Farmers have an intimate knowledge of their local environment but the knowledge, experience are normally out of the reach of ‘outsiders’.

Ag Scientists favors Instrumental Rationality i.e. belief in technical intervention in the biophysical world as a solution to human problem.

There are multiple “Life Worlds” towards experts have to satisfy the needs of the social actors.

For Ag Research are often inaccessible and inappropriate for poor farmers.

SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM SHIFT• Using Farmers’ experiments as the keystone of a

new, collegial relationship between farmers and researchers will accrue to both farmer & formal research system.

1. We are concerned only with “Research-driven” farmer participation in agricultural research; where the primary interest is making research more effective.

2. We are not concerned with “Development-driven” farmer participation can be an empowering experience.

FERTILIZER MIXING PLANT BIOFERTILIZER PREPARATION

TRACTOR PLOUGHING

BULLOCK PLOUGHING

JAPAN AGRICULTURE INDIAN AGRICULTURESEEDLING PLANTING

MACHINE WEEDING

MANUAL WEEDING

MACHINE HARVESTING

MANUAL HARVESTING

GRAINS WERE COLLECTED BY MACHINES

GRAINS WERE COLLECED BY MANUAL LABOUR


Danger of Dichotomizing between IKS and SKS Technical solution-oriented development policies and

programs attached to making a clear distinction between IK & SK.

Continuous Interaction or interviewing of IK & SK in which SK provides theoretical framework and IK helps to discern the cultural situation.

Bridging the dichotomy implies associating science with culture making the indigenous of the western knowledge.

IK is inherently scattered and local in character and gain validity from the farmers but no documentation.

Dynamic nature of IK everchanging needs of the farmers seems ill-suited in preserving IK.


Role of Local Group in Informal Management Organization viz., ICRISAT, CIMMYT, ICARDA, ILRI,

IRRI, EARO etc. were trying to impose the beliefs, values and concepts of professionals.

LG and Institution were relatively neglected in agricultural research, extension and development.

Ag Devt. focused on technology rather than on the organizational and institutional setting.

CGIAR came to revisit their approaches and methods in that local group are fundamental for sustainable development.


Four Types of Local Groups 1. Community Development Groups2. Farmer Experimental and Village Research Groups3. Farmer to Farmer Extension Groups4. Natural Resource Management Groups Each Group has to communicate with one another

to promote sustainable Agricultural Development and facilitate information exchange within and between groups.


Functions of Local Groups• Improve access of rural population to information • Improve flow of information to Govt. and NGOs.• Create framework for Cooperative Action• Assist some groups to gain new access to productive

resources.• How to form Local Group Networks enable them to

interact with institutions driven with SK is a challenging question.

• Managing information at different levels is only possible if local group networks are built and strengthened.


A. Strengthening Farmer’s Organizationo Missing link in agricultural research and

extension system. o Organization farmers to help to “exert pressure”

on research and extension organization. o Successful in generating large amount of

information of use to the clients within donors agencies and domestic governments as well as within their organization themselves.


B. Establishing Farmers’ Training Centers (FTC) Opportunity for improving the communications &

learning process between the local group and outsiders.

Establishing Rural Producer Cooperatives1. Composition of the Trainees

2. Time and content of Training 3. Reform of external institutions and professional

approaches.


Scientific Knowledge in Farming Information relating to the psychological,

chemical, biological, technological and mechanical aspects of everything involved in the farming process.

Put the knowledge to work in the most economical, efficient and environmental friendly way possible to produce a product.

Scientific Farming: Excessively low PH in soil will result in toxic amounts of soluble aluminium ions.

How does PH decline?


Excessive application of Fertilizers will affect the plants growth and lack of Farmers knowledge.

Scientific Farming is based on knowledge about soil, plant, water, rain, insecticides, fungicides, farming machinery, irrigation and meteorology for sustainable agriculture.

Scientific Knowledge of ecology and modern technology with traditional farming practices based on naturally occurring biological processes.

Principal methods of Scientific Farming include crop production, green manures and compost, biological pest control and mechanical cultivation.

HAVE A NICE LUNCH

THANK YOU FOR LISTENINGTHANK YOU

akm ppt c6 ik&sk

Documents