ajy vol 33 1931 1932

The American JewishYear Book

5692September 12, 1931, to September 30, 1932

Volume 33

Edited by

HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN

for the

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

PHILADELPHIA

THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA

1931

COPYRIGHT, 1931 BY

THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA

Printed atTHE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY'S PRESS

Philadelphia, Penna., U.S.A.

PREFACE

IN JANUARY, within five days of one another, but separated by theentire width of a continent, two men, who had made philanthropy theirlife work, passed away. One was Nathan Straus of New York, whodied on January 11, and the other, Ben Selling of Portland, Oregon,who died four days later. The fame of the former was world-wide, butthe other's, though more localized, was based on the same nobility ofcharacter and elevation of spirit. Because of the profound impress theymade upon their generation, and because it is believed that their liveswill inspire future generations to live nobly, in consonance with themost exalted teachings of Judaism, brief sketches of the careers of thesetwo men are presented in this volume. The authors knew the subjectsof these biographies closely, and were thus able to present the facts ina manner which succeeds admirably in rendering these sketches warmand sympathetic and, at the same time, vivid portrayals.

The important work in Jewish community life being done by organiza-tions of Jewish women is not generally recognized because its scope andeffectiveness have not, recently at least, been adequately presented.An article describing the genesis, and enumerating the principal services,of the leading national Jewish Women's Organizations in the UnitedStates, will, it is believed, enable the interested reader to appraise thedebt of the Jewish community, here and abroad, to the unselfish anddevoted Mothers and Daughters in Israel who have banded themselvestogether in these organizations. We are fortunate to have been able tosecure as the writer of this article, Mrs. Rebekah Kohut, one of theoutstanding leaders among Jewish women in America, whose numerousservices to Judaism are universally acclaimed, and whose high qualitiesof devotion as well as leadership were recognized in her election asPresident of the World Congress of Jewish Women, organized in 1923,a position which she still holds.

In the winter of 1929, a great deal of discussion of criminality amongJews in the United States was brought on by the remarks of an earnestJew,—remarks which indicated that a compilation of the facts on thissubject would be of great value. The Statistical Department of theAmerican Jewish Committee, with a great deal of effort, has pains-takingly gathered these facts insofar as they are reflected in the statisticsof the population of State prisons and reformatories in the United States,and the results of this study are presented in this volume by Dr. H. S.Linfield, Director of the Department.

Besides these special features, we present several interesting lists—Jews who have served or are serving as Governors of States, as Judgesof United States and State Courts, and as Ambassadors and Ministersof the United States in foreign lands; we present also a complete list ofJews who have won the Nobel Prize, in view of additions to their numbersince the article on that subject appeared in Volume 25.

IV PREFACE

The article on Statistics of Jews contains several interesting supple-ments on the Jews of Russia, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Turkey,Union of South Africa, and Venezuela. These statistics have beenabstracted with considerable effort from voluminous reports of officialcensuses taken within recent years. This article was prepared by theStatistical Department of the American Jewish Committee, which alsoprepared the Directory of National Jewish Organizations and lists ofJewish periodicals and federations.

The editor is again indebted to Dr. Linfield for his wholeheartedcooperation, and to Dr. Cyrus Adler and Dr. Julius Grodinsky, Secre-tary of the Jewish Publication Society, for valuable suggestions inconnection with the contents of this issue.

HARRY SCJTNEIDERMANJuly 16, 1931.

SPECIAL ARTICLES IN PRECIOUS ISSUES OF THEAMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

BIBLIOGRAPHYA LIST OF JEWISH PERIODICALS IN THE UNITED STATES (published up

to 1900), 5660, pp. 271-282; current periodicals are listed in sub-sequent issues.

THE HUNDRED BEST AVAILABLE BOOKS IN ENGLISH ON JEWISH SUB-JECTS, 5665, pp. 309-317; 5686, pp. 260-273.

ONE HUNDRED AVAILABLE BOOKS IN ENGLISH ON PALESTINE, 5666, pp.153-162.

A LIST OF AVAILABLE STORIES OF JEWISH INTEREST IN ENGLISH, 5667,pp. 130-142.

A CLASSIFIED LIST OF STANDARD BOOKS ON JEWISH SUBJECTS, 5684,pp. 204-255.

BIOGRAPHYURIAH P. LEVY, 5663, pp. 42-45.BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF RABBIS AND CANTORS OFFICIATING IN THE

UNITED STATES, 5664, pp. 40-108; 5665, pp. 214-225; 5666, pp.119-125.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF JEWS PROMINENT IN THE PROFESSIONS,ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES, 5665, pp. 52-213.

GERSHOM MENDEZ SEIXAS, 5665, pp. 40-51.BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF JEWISH COMMUNAL WORKERS IN THE

UNITED STATES, 5666, pp. 32-118PENINA MOISE, 5666, pp. 17-31.SOLOMON SCHECHTER. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 5677, pp. 25-67.

JOSEPH JACOBS, 5677, pp. 68-75.MOSES JACOB EZEKIEL, 5678, pp. 227-132JACOB HENRY SCHIFF. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 5682, pp. 21-64.ISRAEL FRIEDLAENDER. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 5682, pp. 65-79.ABRAM S. ISAACS, 5682, pp. 80-83JEWS OF PROMINENCE IN THE UNITED STATES, 5683, pp. 109-218.JEWS WHO HAVE RECEIVED THE NOBEL PRIZE, 5684, pp. 195-203.MAYER SULZBERGER, 5685, pp. 373-403SIMON WOLF, 5685, pp. 404-419.JOSEPH KRAUSKOPF, 5685, pp. 420-447.HENRY BERKOWITZ, 5685, pp. 448-458.BENZION HALPER, 5685, pp. 459-471.EMIL GUSTAVE HIRSCH, 5685, pp. 230-237.JULIUS KAHN, 5686, pp. 238-245.MARTIN ABRAHAM MEYER, 5686, pp. 246-259.ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, 5687, pp. 219-234.KAUFMANN KOHLER, 5687, pp. 285-260.HENRY B. MALTER, 5687, pp. 261-272.

v

VI AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

EIMIRAIM LEDERER, 5687, pp. 273-285.ISRAEL ZANGWILL, 5688, pp. 121-14.1.OSCAR SOLOMON STRAUS, 5688, pp. 145-155.AHAD HA-AM, 5689, pp. 87-99.Louis MARSHALLA Biographical Sketch, 5691, pp. 21-55.

COMMUNAL ACTIVITYTHE ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UKIVERSELLE, 5661, pp. 45-65.THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF NEW YORK CITY, 5670, pp. 44-54.THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY, 5674, pp. 19-187.JEWISH EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 5675, pp. 90-127THE FEDERATION MOVEMENT IN AMERICAN JEWISH PHILANTHROPY,

5676, pp. 159-198.JEWISH WAR RELIEF WORK, 5678, pp. 161-193.FEDERATION FOR THE SUPPORT OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETIES

OF NEW YORK CITY, 5679, pp. 103-146.THE JEWISH WELFARE BOARD, 5679, pp. 88-102.JEWISH SOCIAL RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES, 5681, pp. 31-52.

DIRECTORIESA LIST OF JEWISH PERIODICALS IN THE UNITED STATES (published up

to 1900), 5660, pp. 271-282; current periodicals are listed in sub-sequent issues.

A DIRECTORY OF NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS appears in everyissue.

DIRECTORIES OF LOCAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS, 5660, pp. 105-270;5661, pp. 185-495; 5668, pp. 123-430 (supplementary lists appearin all succeeding issues up to and including 5678); 5680, pp. 330-583; supplementary lists, 5681, pp. 322-339; 5682, pp. 247-265;5683, pp. 264-285; 5684, pp. 301-311, 5685, pp. 522-545, 5686, pp.327-349, 5687, pp. 343-363, and 5688, pp. 191-214.

A LIST OF JEWISH FEDERATED CHARITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 5679,pp. 326-327; and subsequent issues.

LIST OF RABBIS AND INSTRUCTORS IN JEWISH COLLEGES IN THE UNITEDSTATES, 5678, pp. 367-305.

HISTORYPRELIMINART LIST OF JEWISH SOLDIERS AND SAILORS WHO SERVED IN

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 5661, pp. 525-622.THE AMERICAN PASSPORT IN RUSSIA, 5665, pp. 283-305.A SYLLABUS OF JEWISH HISTORY, 5666. pp. 163-170FROM KISHINEFF TO BIALYSTOK. A TABLE OF POGROMS FROM 1903

to 1906, 5667, pp. 34-89.THE PASSPORT QUESTION IN CONGRESS, 5670, pp. 21—13.THE PASSPORT QUESTION, 5672, pp. 19-128.THE BEILIS AFFAIR, 5675, pp. 19-89.JEWISH RIGHTS AT INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES, 5678. pp. 106-160.THE PARTICIPATION OF THE JEWS OF FRANCE IN THE GREAT WAR 5680

pp. 31-97.THE STORY OF BRITISH JEWRY IN THE WAR, 5680, pp. 98-119.

SPECIAL ARTICLES VII

THE JEWISH BATTALIONS AND THE PALESTINE CAMPAIGN, 5680, pp.120-140.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE AND RIGHTS OF MINORITIES, 5680, pp. 156-168; 5681, pp. 101-130.

THE JEWS OF ALSACE-LORRAINE (1870-1920) 5681, pp. 53-79THE JEWS OF AMERICA (1654-1787), 5687, pp. 193-218.

JEWISH LIFE IN OTHER COUNTRIESTHE JEWS OF ROUMANIA (two articles), 5662, pp. 25-87.RECENT JEWISH PROGRESS IN PALESTINE, 5676, pp. 24-558.THE JEWS OF LATIN AMERICA, 5678, pp. 35-105THE JEWS OF SERBIA, 5679, pp. 75-87.THE FALASHAS, 5681, pp. 80-100.THE JEWS OF CANADA, 5685, pp. 154-229.

STATISTICSSTATISTICAL SUMMARY BY STATES (Jewish Organizations in the United

States), 5662, pp. 126-156.THE JEWISH POPULATION OF MARYLAND, 5663, pp. 46-62.JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 5675, pp. 339-378.TEWS IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY AND NAVY (1915-1916), 5677, pp.

76-79.TABLE SHOWING RNROLLMENT OF JEWISH STUDENTS IN AMERICAN COL-

LEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN 1915-1916, 5678, pp. 407-408.THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 5679, pp. 31-74.THE COLLECTION OF JEWISH WAR STATISTICS, 5679, pp. 141-155.AMERICAN JEWS IN THE WORLD WAR, 5680, pp. 141-155PROFESSIONAL TENDENCIES AMONG JEWISH STUDENTS IN COLLEGES,

UNIVERSITIES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS, 5681, pp. 383-393.THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1927, 5689, pp.

101-198.JEWISH CONGREGATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1927, 5689, pp.

199-201.THE COMMUNAL PRGANIZATION OF THE JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES,

1927, 5690, pp. 99-254.

MISCELLANEOUSSUNDAY LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND JUDICIAL DECISIONS HAVING

REFERENCE TO JEWS, 5669, pp. 152-189.IN DEFENCE OF THE IMMIGRANT, 5671, pp. 19-98.THE JEW AND AGRICULTURE, 5673, pp. 21-115.THE NEW ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE, 5678, pp. 161-193.JEWISH AMERICANIZATION AGENCIES, 5682, pp. 84-111.PORTRAITS OF EARLY AMERICAN JEWS, 5684, pp. 147-162.JEWISH METHOD OF SLAYING ANIMALS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF

HUMANITY, 5684, pp. 163-179.KOL NIDRE, 5684, pp. 180-194.THE YIDDISH PRESS, 5685, pp. 165-372.THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SYNAGOGUE, 5687, pp. 155-192.

CONTENTSPAGE

PREFACE 111

SPECIAL ARTICLES IN PREVIOUS ISSUES VCALENDARS:

Abridged Calendars for 5691-5696 2Calendar for 5692 by Months 4Time of Sunrise and Sunset in Six Northern Latitudes 20

SPECIAL ARTICLES:Review of the Year 5691. By Harry Schneiderman 23APPENDICES:

I. Anniversaries and Celebrations During 5691 110II. Appointments, Honors and Elections I l l

III. Special Bequests and Gifts 121IV. Necrology 125

Nathan Straus. By David de Sola Pool 135Ben Selling. By Henry J. Berkowitz 155Jewish Women's Organizations. By Rebekah Kohut 165Jewish Inmates of State Prisons. By H. S. Linfield 203

DIRECTORIES AND LISTS:Jewish National Organizations in the United States 213Federations for Philanthropic Work in the United States 253Jewish Periodicals Appearing in the United States 256Jewish Members of the Congress of the United States 261Jewish Ambassadors and Ministers of the United States 263Jewish Judges of the United States and State Courts 264Jewish Governors 267Jews Who Have Won the Nobel Prize 268

STATISTICS OF JEWS:A. The Jews of the United States 271B. Jewish Population of the World 281C. Jewish Immigration to the United States 288D. Jewish Immigration to Other American Countries 295E. Jewish Immigration to Palestine 299

SUPPLEMENTS:A. The Jews of Russia (U.S.S.R.), 1926 305B. 1. The Jews of Luxemburg, 1927 323

2. The Jews of New Zealand, 1926 3253. The Jews of Turkey, 1927 3294. The Jews of the Union of South Africa, 1926 3335. The Jews of Venezuela, 1926 338

TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH COM-MITTEE, 1930 339

REPORT OF THE FORTY-THIRD YEAR OF THE JEWISH PUBLICATIONSOCIBTY OF AMERICA, 1930-1931 403

CALENDARS

ABRIDGED CALENDARS FOR 5691-5693

Jewish

Month and Date

Tishri

HeshvanKiller

Tebet

ShebatAdar

Adar 8heni

Nisan

Iyar

Sivan

Tammus

Ab

Elul

13

10152223

11

25

1

10

11

11314

115

118

16

117

19

1

Festivals, etc

New YearFast of Gedaliah

Day of AtonementTabernacles

Eighth Day of the FeastRojoioing of the Law

New MoonNew MoonHanukkah

New Moon

Fast of Tebet

New MoonNew Moon

New MoonFast of Esther

Purim

New MoonPassover

New MoonThirty-third Day of 'Omer

New MoonFeast of Weeks

New MoonFast of Tammut

New MoonFast of Ab

New Moon

N'X'tn— 5691

1930-1931

Sept. 23Sept. 25Oct. 2Oct. 7Oct. 14Oct. 15

•Oct. 23Nov. 21Dec. 15

•Dec. 21

Deo. 301931

Jan. 19•Feb. 18

Mar. 2Mar. 3

Mar. 19Apr. 2

•Apr. 18May 5

May 17May 22

•June 16July 2

July 15July 23

•Aug. 14

TThThTTWThFM

S

T

MW

MT

ThTh

SaT

SF

TTh

WTh

F

3"Sin—561931-1932

Sept. 12Sept. 14Sept. 21Sept. 26Oct. 3Oct. 4

•Oct. 12•NOT. 11

Dec. 5

•Dec. 11

Dec. 201932

Jan. 9•Feb. 8

•Mar. 9Mar. 21Mar. 22

Apr. 7Apr. 21

•May 7May 24

June 5June 10

•July 5July 21

Aug. 3Aug. 11

•Sept. 2

92

SaMMSaSaSMWSa

F

S

SaM

WMT

ThTh

SaT

SF

TTh

WTh

F

1932-1933

Oct. 1Oct. 3Oct. 10Oct. 15Oct. 22Oct. 23

•Oct 31•NOT. 30

Dee. 24

•Deo. 301933

Jan. 8

Jan. 28•Feb. 27

••Mar. 11Mar. 12

Mar. 28Apr. 11

•Apr. 27May 14

May 26May 31

•June 25July 11

July 24Aug. 1

•Aug. 23

SaMMSaSaSMWSa

F

S

SsM

SaS

TT

ThS

FW

ST

MT

W

•Second day of New Moon."Fast observed on previous Thursday.

ABRIDGED CALENDARS FOR 5694-5696

Jewish

Month and Date

Tishri

HeshyanKisler

Tebet

ShebatAdar

Adsr Sheni

Nisan

Iyar

Bivan

Tammui

Ab

Elul

13

10152223

11

25

1

10

11

1

1314

115

118

16

117

19

1

Festivals, etc.

New YearFast of Gedaliah

Day of AtonementTabernacles

Eighth Day of the FeastRejoicing of the Law

New MoonNew MoonHanukkah

New Moon

Fast of Tebet

New MoonNew Moon

New MoonFast of Esther

Purim

New MoonPassover

New MoonThirty-third Day of 'Omer

New MoonFeast of Weeks

New MoonFast of Tammui

New MoonFast of Ab

New Moon

Y3£"W—bt»4

1933—1934

Sept. 21tSept.23

Sept 30Oat. 5Oct. 12Oct. 18

•Oct. 21NOT. 19Dec. 13

•Deo. 19

Dec. 281934

Jan. 17•Feb. 16

Feb. 28Mar. 1

Mar. 17Mar. 31

•Apr. 16May 3

May 15May 20

•June 14tJune 30

July 13tJuly 21

•Aug. 12

ThSaSaThThFSaSW

T

Th

WF

WTh

EaBa

MTh

T8

ThSa

FS*

8

nrorTxin—5695

1934-1935

Sept. 10Sept. 12Sept. 19Sept. 24Oct. 1Oct. 2

•Oct. 10Nov. 8Dec. 2

Dec. 7

Dec. 161935

Jan. 5•Feb. 4

•Mar. 6Mar. 18Mar. 19

Apr. 4Apr. 18

•May 4May 21

June 2June 7

•July 2July 17

July 31Aug. 8

•Aug. 30

MWWMMTWThS

F

S

SaM

WMT

ThTh

SaT

SF

TTh

WTh

F

l"2£"in—5696

1935-1936

Sept. 28Sept. 30Oct. 7Oct. 12Oct. 19Oct. 20

•Oct. 28•Nov. 27Dec. 21

•Dec. 271936

Jan. 5

Jan. 25•Feb. 24

"Mar . 7Mar. 8

Mar. 24Apr. 7

•Apr. 23May 10

May 22May 28

•June 21July 7

July 20July 28

•Aug. 19

SaMMSaSaSMWSa

F

S

SaM

SaS

TT

ThS

FW

sT

MT

W

•Second day of New Moon.tFast observed on following Sunday." F a s t observed as previous Thursday

5692is called 692 (a'x-tfi) according to the short system (p'sb).

It is a complete Leap Year of 13 months, 55 Sabbaths, 384

days, beginning on Saturday, the seventh day of the week,

and having the first day of Passover on Thursday, the fifth

day of the week; therefore, its sign is n»r, r for the seventh,

v for complete (no^0) and n for the fifth. It is the eleventh

year of the 300th lunar cycle of 19 years, and the eighth year

of the 204th solar cycle of 28 years, since Creation.

1931, Sept. 12—Oct. 11] TISHRI 30 DAYS m tWl 5692

CivilMonth

Sept.

12131415161718192021222324252627282930Oct.

123456789

1011

Dayof theWeek

ssMTWThFSSMTWThFSS

MTWThFSs

MTWThFSS

JewishMonth

Tishri

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930

SABBATHS, FESTI-VALS, FASTS

New Year r « n tWIT '«New Year rWH 0NTT '3

Fast of Gedaliah

raw rut? irrsn

TI£O DVDay of Atonement

Tabernacles 1TDDT 'N

Tabernacles niSDT '3

I -Tjnon ?in

j Km wytsnnr m y T O P

Eighth Day of the Feast'min nno»

Rejoicing of the Law

an TIDN

[ 'nn '3D] ,rvB>Nn3

New Moon WIT] PNTT 'N

PENTATEUGHALPORTIONS

nvens/Gen. 21\Num. 29: 1-6(Gen. 22I Num. 29: 1-6Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-10

Deut. 32

[Lev. 16JNum. 29: 7-11[Afternoon: Lev. 16

/Lev. 22:26-23:44\Num. 29:12-16

Lev. 22: 26-23: 44Num. 29: 12-16Num. 29: 17-25Seph. 29: 17-22Num. 29: 20-28Seph. 29: 20-25Num. 29: 23-31Seph. 29: 23-28Num. 29: 26-34Seph. 29: 26-31Num. 29: 26-34Seph. 29: 29-34Deut. 15: 19-16: 17Num. 29: 35-30: 1

fDeut. 33: 1-34: 124Gen. 1: 1-2: 3I Num. 29: 35-30: 1

Gen. 1: 1-6: 8

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nntaen

I Sam. 1: 1-2: 10

J

1er. 31:2-20Is. 55: 6-56: 8Seph. nont

Hos. 14:2-10; Joel 2:15-17 or 27; Stph.HOB. 14: 2-10; Mlcah7: 18-20

fls. 57: 14-58: M1 Afternoon: Jonah]Stph.add Mlcah7: 18[-20

Zech. 14

I Kings 8

:• Oi •„•.

I Kings 8

: 2-21

<i

: 54-66

/Josh. 1\Siph. 1:1-9

| I Sam. 20: 18-42\ Seph. add Is. 61: 10;

62:5

* The Book of Ecclesiastes is read.5

1932, Oct

CivUMonth

Oct.

1213141516171819202122232425262728293031Nov.

123456789

10

of theWeek

MTWThFSsMTWThFSSMTWThFS

SMTWThFSSMT

. 12—Nov. 11] HESHVAN 30 DAYS []WH 5692

JewishMonth

H«hv.

123456789

1011121314151617181920

21222324252627282930


New Moon Bnn 'TT '3

ra

[ 'nn 'aoi ,m» "n

pp TISD DV

New Moon ttHn 'TT 'N

PENTATEUCHALPORTIONS

rmno

Num. 28: 1-15

Gen. 6: 9-11-32

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nncasn

/Is. 54: 1-55: 5\Seph. 54: 1-10

'•< • > . • ' . ' . '

i

Gen. 12: 1-17: 27

Gen. 18: 1-22: 24

Gen. 23: 1-25: 18

Num. 28: 1-15

Is. 40: 27-41: 16

f II Kings 4: 1-37\Seph. 4: 1-23

I Kings 1: 1-31

1931, Nov. 11—Dec. 10] KISLEV

CivilMonth

Nov.

1112131415161718192021222324252627282930Deo.

123456789

10

of theweek

wThFSSMTWThFSSMTWThFSsMTWThFXSsMTWTh

JewishMonth

Kislev

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930


New Moon CHIl "VI '3

rn'nn

f [ 'nn 'aoi .senManukkah, TCSWiFeast of Dedication

New Moon EHf! 'TT 'N

30 DAYS n"?D3 5692


riVEHS

Num. 28: 1-1S

Gen. 25: 19-28: 9

Gen. 28: 10-32: 3

Gen. 33: 4-36: 43

/Gen. 37: 1-40: 23\Num. 7: 1-17

Num. 7: 18-29Seph. 7: 18-23Num. 7: 24-35Seph. 7: 24-29Num. 7: 30-41Seph. 7: 30-35Num. 7: 36-47Seph. 7: 36-41Num. 28: 1-15Num. 7:42-47

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

Mai. 1: 1-2: 7

Hos. 12: 13-14: 10; or11: 7-12: 12; or 11:7-14: 10

Seph.11:7-12:12

(Hos. 12: 13-14: 10; or1 11: 7-12: 12; or

Obad. 1: 1-21[Seph. Obad. 1: 1-21

Zech. 2: 14-4: 7

1931, Dec. 11-1932, Jan. 8] TEBET 29 DAYS [HDD 5692

CivilMonth

Deo.

111213141516171819202122232425262728293031Jan.1932

12345678

Dayof t i eWeek

FSsMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMTWTh

FSsMTWThF

JewishMonth

Tebet

123456789

101112131415161718192021

2223242526272829


New Moon VTir\ 'YT '3

(Eighth Day of ,VDO\ Hanukkab ' '

tori

/ naoa mtt>y mx\ Fast of Tebet

t'nn 'aaj n w

[DnpiO] ]Dp "USD DV


nvms/Num. 28: 1-15\Num. 7: 48-53/Gen. 41: 1-44: 17\Num. 7: 54-8: 4

Gen. 44: 18-47: 27

Ex.32:ll-14:34:l-10

Gen. 47:28-50:26

Ex. 1: 1-6: 1

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nntasn

I Kings 7: 40-50

Ezek. 37: 15-28

/la. 55:6-56:8\SepH. none

I Kings 2: 1-12

(Is. 27: 6-28: 13; 29:22. 23

(Seph. Jer. 1: 1-2: 3

1932, Jan. 9—Feb. 7] SHEBAT 30 DAYS [DntC 5692

CivilMonth

Jan.

910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031Feb.

1234567

Dayof theWeek

ssMTWThFSsMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMTWThFSS

JewishMonth

Shobat

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930

SABBATHS, FESTI-VAL, FASTS

/ tnn twn ,«-INI\New Moon

N3

r ,nTts> na» ,rbw2^New Year for Trees

•nn'

[OTIpMi] pp TIS3 QV

,[ 'nn '3D] .D'tsstra

New Moon BTin "VI 'K

PENTATEUCH ALPORTIONS

nVBHS

/Ex. 6: 2-9: 35\Num. 28: 9-15

Ex. 10: 1-13: 16

Ex. 13: 17-17: 16

Ex. 18: 1-20: 23

Ex. 21: 1-24: 18

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nntasn

Is. 66

Jer. 46: 13-28

(Judges 4: 4-5: 11\Seph. S: 1-31

/Is. 6: 1-7: 6; 9:5, 6\Seph. 6: 1-13

I. Sara. 20: 18-42

1932, Feb. 8—Mar. 8]] ADAR RISHON 30 DAYS [Jitffcn TIN 5691

CivilMonth

Feb.

89

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829Mar.

12345678

Dayof theWeek

MTWThFSsMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMT

JewishMonth

AdarRishon

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930


New Moon Win 'TJ '3

noun

mxn

Ntpn '3

,[ 'nn '3D] ,?np'i|a<bpv ' B |

]t3p 1133 DV

New Moon BHn fTT 'N


nvana

Num. 28: 1-15

Ex. 25:1-27: 19

Ex. 27: 20-30: 10

Ex. 30: 11-34: 35

/Ex. 35: 1-38 : 20\Ex. 30: 11-16

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nntssn

I Kings 5: 26-6: 13

Ezek.43: 10-27

/I Kings 18:1 (or 20)-39\Seph 18: 20-39

/II Kings 12: 1-17\Seph. 11: 17-12: 17

10

1932, Mar. 9—Apr. 6] ADAR SHENI 29 DAYS pjp "ON 5692

CivilMonth

Mar.

9101112131415161718192021222324252627"28293031Apr.

123456

D«yof theWeek

wThFSsMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMTW

JewishMonth

AdarSheni

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829


New Moon BHn 'TT '3

'TIpB

•nari'D ,«"ip'i

-inDN mynFast of Esther

D'-nsPurlm, Feast of Esther*

DH1B ]WVDShushan Purlm

,[ 'nn 'noi ,TOIPttann s


nvtns

Num. 28: 1-15

Ex. 38: 21-40: 38

/Lev. 1:1-5:26\Deut. 25: 17-19

Ex. 32: 11-14; 34:1-10

Ex. 17: 8-16

/Lev. 6:1-8: 36(Num. 19

/Lev. 9: 1-11:47\Ex. 12: 1-20

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nnDsn

/I Kings 7:51-8: 21\Seph. 7:40-50

/I Sam. 15:2-34\Seph. 15: 1-34

fis. 55: 6-56: 8\Seph. none

/Ezek. 36: 16-38\Seph. 36: 16-36

/Ezek. 45: 16-46: 18\Seph. 45: 18-46: 15

*The Book of Esther is read.11

1932, Apr. 7—May 6] NISAN 30 DAYS []D'J 5692

CivilMonth

Apr.

789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930May

123456

Dayof theWeek

ThFSSMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMTWThFS

SMTWThF

JewishMonth

Nisan

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324

252627282930


New Moon W]fl CNT

,y-irn

Fast of the First-Bom

Passover flDST 'N

Passover PIDDT '3

1*| lyion inn

Passover PIDST 'F

Passover FIDST Tl

an noNi 'nn 'am ,rriD nn«

New Moon BHri 'T7 '«


nvens

Num. 28: 1-15

Lev. 12: 1-13:59

Lev. 14 :1-15: 33

Ex. 12: 21-51Num. 28: 16-25Lev. 22: 26-23: 44Num. 28: 16-25Ex. 33: 12-34: 26Num. 28: 19-25Ex. 13: 1-16Num. 28: 19-25Ex. 22: 24-23: 19Num. 28: 19-25Num. 9: 1-14Num. 28: 19-25Ex. 13: 17-15: 26Num. 28: 19-25Deut. 15: 19-16: 17Num. 28: 19-25

Lev. 16: 1-18: 30

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

rmcjsn

II Kings 7: 42-5: 19

fMai. 3: 4-24; or Jer. 7:\ 21-8:3;9:22.23\Seph. Mai. 3: 4-24

/Josh. 3: 5-7; 5: 2-6: 27\Seph. 5: 2-6: 2[II Kings 23: 1 (or 4)-\ 9; 21-25/Ezek. 36: 37-37: 14\Seph. 37: 1-14

II Sam. 22

Is. 10: 32-12: 6

Ezek. 22: 1-19: (or 16):or Amos 9: 7-15

T h e Song of Songt is read.12

1932

CivilMonth

Mayrr

789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031June

1234

, May 7—June 4] IYAR 29 DAYS [-p'N 5692

Dayof theWeek

ssMTWThFSSMTWThFSsMTWThFSSMT

WThFS

JewishMonth

Iyar-i

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829


tnn "n 'a ,D'KnpNew Moon

"IDN

'3» nDS

[33d Day IDjn i"7\ of 'Omer

[ Q-ipini pp l isa DV

[ 'nn 'am ,13103


nvens/Lev. 19: 1-20: 27(Num. 28: 9-15

Lev. 21: 1-24:23

Lev.25: 1-26:2

Lev. 26: 3-27: 34

Num. 1: 1-4:20

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nntssn

Is. 66

Ezek. 44: 15-31

Jer. 32: 6-27

Jer. 16: 19-17: 14

I Sam. 20: 18-42

13

1931, June 5—July 4] SIVAN 30 DAYS [|VD 5692

CivilMonth

June

56T89

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930July

1234

DayofthaWeek

sMTWThFSsMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMTWThFSsM

JewiahMonth

Sivan

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930


New Moon BHn PtO

mjroBn'«Feast of Weeks

myaBH 'aFeast of Weeks*

i 'nn '3D] .i1? rhw

]Hp "1133 DV

New Moon tPintPN-n 'N


DVBHS

Num. 28: 1-15

(Ex. 19: 1-20: 23INum. 28: 26-31(Deut. 14: 22-16: 17\Nurn. 28: 26-31

Num. 4: 21-7: 89

Num. 8: 1-12: 16

Num. 13: 1-15: 41

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nncaen

Erek. 1: 1-28; 3: 12

/Hab. 3: 1-19\Sefih. 2: 20-3: 19

Judges 13: 2-25

Zech. 2: 14-4: 7

Josh. 2

•The Book of Ruth is read.14

1932, July 5—Aug. 2] TAM MUZ 29 DAYS [nan 5692

CivilMonth

July

56789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031Aug.

2

Dayof theWeek

TWThFSISMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMTWThFSSMT

JewishMonth

Tam.

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829


New Moon BHn 'TT '3

mp

P^3 ,npn

/norn ntpy njnp mx\ Fast of Tammuz

Dra'B

]tap -ns3 DV


nvens

Num. 28: 1-15

Num. 16: 1-18: 32

Num. 19: 1-25:9

Ex.32:11-14; 34:1-10

Num. 25: 10-30: 1

Num. 30: 2-36: 13

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

rrntJBn

I Sam. 11: 14-12: 22

Micah 5: 6-6: 8

/Is. 55: 6-56: 8\Seph. noiu

Jer. 1: 1-2: 3

/Jer. 2: 4-28; 3: 4\Seph. 2: 4-28; 4: 12

15

1932

CivilMonth

Aug.

3456789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031Sept.i—

l

, Aug

Dayof theWeek

wThFSsMTWThFJ.

SsMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTW

Th

3—Sept. 1 AB 30

JewishMonth

Ab

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829

30


New Moon Win 0N"l

yirn rat? ,D'~m

3 t a nytwi DECFast of Ab*

mm TOO .inriNi

npy

t 'nn 'am ,™n

]Qp TIB3 DV

New Moon BHn tWm '«

DAYS p a 5692


Num. 28: 1-15

Deut. 1: 1-3: 22

[Deut. 4: 25-401 Afternoon:lEx. 32: 11-14;[ 34: 1-10

Deut. 3: 23-7: 11

Deut. 7: 12-11: 25

Deut. 11: 26-16: 17

Num. 28: 1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nnusn

Is. 1: 1-27

Morning:Jer. 8: 13-9: 23Afternoon:Is. 55: 6—56: 8Seph. Hosea 14: 2-10;

Micah 7:18-20

Is. 40: 1-26

Is. 49: 14-51: 3

Is. 54: 11-55: 5

*The Book of Lamentations is read.16

1932

CivilMonth

Sept.

23456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930

, Sepi

Dayof theWeek

FSSMTWThFSSMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTWThF

t. 2-30] ELUL 29 DAYS

JewishMonth

Elul

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829


ttnn B>NTI '3New Moon*

NSn '3

rtw?o'7 O'DOCDSelihot*


flVBHB

Num. 28: 1-15

Deut. 16: 18-21: 9

Deut. 21: 10-25: 19

Deut. 26: 1-29: 8

Deut. 29: 9-31: 30

[^N 5692

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nntjsn

Is. 51: 12-52: 12

Is. 54: 1-10

Is. 60

/Is. 61: 10-63: 9; or\ 55:6-56:8

*The Sephardim say Selihot during the whole month of Elul.17

TIME OF SUNRISE AND SUNSETIN SIX NORTHERN LATITUDES

TIME

Day ofMonth

Jan. 11020

Feb. 11020

Mcb. 11020

Apl. 11020

May 11020

June 11020

July 11020

Aug. 11020

Sept. 11020

Oct. 11020

Nov. 11020

Deo. 11020

OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN

Lat. 44° North(For Maine, Nova Scotia,Northern New York, Michi-gan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,North and South Dakota,Montana, Washington,Northern Oregon, NorthernIdaho)

5'SiHpQ

6.525.515.475.395.295.155.014.434.264.003.413.192.522.362.161.551.471.441.552.122.272.463.063.233.403.554.074.224.354.455.005.105.205.325.395.45

Portland, Me.

Si

7.377.367.307.197.076.526.376.216.036.405.245.074.494.374.264.174.144.144.184.244.324.464.575.075.226.335.455.5S6.096.226.386.517.047.177.277.34

4.314.404.535.095.225.365.486.006.126.276.396.617.057.157.267.387.447.497.497.467.397.267.146.586.376.206.015.415.255.074.494.384.284.214.204.23

S-§t*6.166.256.356.497.017.127.247.377.498.078.218.399.019.149.37

10.0010.1210.1810.109.589.449.259.038.418.207.597.397.166.596.436.286.186.126.076.086.09

Six NORTHERN LATITUDES*

Lat. 42° North(For Massachusetts, NewHampshire, Vermont, Cen-tral New York, SouthernMichigan, Wisconsin, North-ern Iowa, Wyoming, South-ern Idaho, Southern Oregon)

5.485.485.485.385.295.175.024.484.304.083.493.293.072.532.352.172.112.082.122.232.372.553.123.273.443.554.074.234.334.444.585.075.185.295.376.43

Boston

I7.307.297.247.147.046.506.356.216.035.435.275.114.544.444.364.254.224.234.264.324.404.525.015.115.245.345.445.566.066.186.336.446.577.107.197.26

.Mass.

4.384.464.585.145.265.386.506.016.126.266.356.456.597.087.187.297.357.397.407.387.327.207.096.556.366.216.045.435.295.134.554.444.354.294.284.30

i§I*6.206.286.366.506.597.127.237.347.468.018.138.288.479.029.189.379.479.539.549.449.359.178.598.398.167.597.387.177.006.456.306.216.146.096.086.11

Lat. 40° North(For Southern New York,Connecticut, Rhode Island,Pennsylvania, New Jersey,Northern Ohio, Indiana, Il-linois, Southern Iowa, Ne-braska. Northern Colorado,Utah, Nevada. California)

5.465.465.455.375.295.175.034.494.334.123.543.363.163.022.462.322.272.252.282.382.503.063.193.343.504.004.124.254.354.454.575.095.175.275.355.41

New York CityChicago, III.

B=)

CO

7.257.257.197.107.016.486.356.216.045.455.285.134.594.504.394.314.284.294.314.374.444.565.055.155.275.365.455.566.056.156.296.406.537.057.147.20

14.434.515.035.185.295.405.516.016.116.246.336.436.557.047.147.247.297.347.357.337.277.167.066.536.336.196.025.435.315.164.594.494.394.344.334.36

6.226.206.386.517.007.127.227.327.447.588.088.218.328.459.009.239.329.3S9.379.319.219.068.508.338.107.547.367.166.586.436.316.216.156.11 ;6.11 :6.14"'

•Adapted, by permission, from The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI20

TIME OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN SIX NORTHERN LATITUDES*

Day of

Month

Jan. 11020

Feb. 11020

Mch. 11020

Apl. 11020

May 11020

June 11020

July 11020

Aug. 11020

Sept. 11020

Oct. 11020

Nov. 11020

Dec. 11020

Lat. 38°-36° North(For Distriot of Columbia.Delaware, Maryland,ginia. West V

Vir-rginia. South-

ern Ohio, Southern Indian*,Southern Illinois, NorthernMissouri, Kansas. CentralColorado, Central Utah,Central Nebraska, CentralCalifornia)

Washington. D. C

&$

5.435.455.435.365.275.165.044.504.354.153.583.403.223.082.542.412.362.352.392.472.583.143.263.403.544.014.164.274.364.464.575.055.145.255.335.38

Norfolk, Va.

I1

7.197.197.147.066.576.466.336.206.055.465.315.175.024.534.444.364.344.344.374.434.515.005.085.185.295.37

' 5.455.566.046.146.296.406.53C.597.087.14

1a03

4.494.575.085.225.315.425.526.016.116.226.306.406.527.007.097.187.237.287.197.277.217.127.026.496.316.186.025.435.315.165.014.524.444.404.384.40

i-sI*6.256.316.396.527.027.117.217.317.417.538.058.168.328.459.009.139.219.269.279.229.128.588.448.288.067.517.327.136.586.456.316.236.186.136.146.17

Lat. 34°-32° North(For Siouth Carolina, North-ern Georgia. Alabamasisaippl, Louisiana.Southern New Mcxicczona, California)

Savannah, Ga.Charleston. S. C

g.Iai5.355.375.375.315.255.165.074.554.414.254.133.573.433.323.223.133.113.103.133.193.273.393.473.574.084.154.234.324.374.454.545.015.095.175.235.S9

1TO

7.037.037.016.566.486.386.286.196.055.495.375.255.135.054.594.534.524.524.555.005.055.135.195.265.355.405.475.546.006.076.166.256.356.446.516.57

eg

5.055.135.205.325.415.505.576.046.116.206.266.336.416.486,547.017.057.107.117.107.076.586.496.396.256.146.015.455.355.235.115.034.574.554.554.58

Mia-Tcxas,, Ari-

is

6.336.396.476.577.047.117.197.267.357.437.508.008.118.208.318.418.478.528.538.518.458.338.228.087.527.397.237.086.576.456.346.276.236.216.246.28

Lat. 30°-28° North(For Florida, Southerngia, AlabamaLouisiana, Tei

Geor, MississinDias)

Pensacola, Fla.New Orleans, La

5.305.335.325.295.225.155.074.564.434.294.184.043.513.413.333.243.223.223.253.303.383.483.564.044.144.194.274.344.394.444.535.005.065.135.215.26

1a

CO

6.576.586.566.516.436.356.266.166.055.505.395.295.175.115.055.004.594.595.015.055.115.195.245.295.375.425.475.535.596.006.146.216.296.386.466.52

*

15.115.185.255.375.455.525.596.056.126.196.246.306.376.446.506.556.597.047.057.037.006.536.456.366.236.126.015.465.365.255.145.085.015.005.015.04

6.386.426.516.567.057.127.197.257.337.397.457.548.028.138.228.318.378.408.418.388.338.248.138.007.467.357.227.066.556.466.356.306.266.256.276.29

•Adapted, by permission, from The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI

REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5691*

BY HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN

I.THE UNITED STATES

While continuing to give much attention to eventsaffecting their brethren in foreign lands, the Jews of theUnited States, did not, during the past year, watch thesituation of their overseas co-religionists with the sameconcentration as in the preceding twelve-month. Thisrecession in the interest of American Jewry in foreign affairswas owing chiefly to two factors, namely first, to the world-wide depression, which reached a very low level, insofar asthe United States is concerned, during the past year andlay a heavy restraining hand on all communal effort; and,second, to the fact that the past year was not as full, aswas its precursor, of highly significant events abroad.Nevertheless, the scope of the interest of the Americancommunity was extensive, embracing, as it did, manycountries.

As in the preceding year, Palestine stands first amongthese lands. It will be recalled that, in May 1930, justbefore the beginning of the period under review, when thetemporary suspension of the immigration into Palestine ofcertain categories of persons was announced by the BritishGovernment, much indignation was aroused in the UnitedStates, as in other countries. It was in this mood that, ina number of communities, the first anniversary of the Araboutbreaks of 1929 was celebrated during August.

A more optimistic feeling followed the publication of thereport of the Permanent Mandates Commission of theLeague of Nations, which was somewhat critical of GreatBritain's discharge of her duties as mandatory, and this

•The period covered by this review is from July 1, 1930 to June 30, 1931. It is basedchiefly on the dispatches of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency; the Jewish and generalpress and reports of many organizations have also been used as source material.

23

24 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

feeling grew when, at the meeting of the Council of theLeague of Nations, in September, the rapporteur on theCommission's report upheld its criticism, and the Britishrepresentatives, who had previously protested against thefindings, accepted the rapporteur's conclusions, which werethereupon adopted by the Council.

This turn of affairs gave ground for the hope that thereport of the inquiry into Palestine immigration and devel-opment possibilities, which had been conducted by Sir JohnHope Simpson, and the declaration of British policy whichwas to be based on the report, would be favorable from aJewish standpoint. The more profound, therefore, was thedisappointment, and the more violent the protest whichgreeted the publication on October 20, of the SimpsonReport and the accompanying White Paper in which theBritish Government, pointing out that the Mandate imposedupon it the duty not only of facilitating the establishmentof a National Home for the Jewish people, but also of pro-tecting the rights of the existing population, outlined aland and immigration policy which was, in the opinion ofmany, calculated to paralyze any substantial effort by Jewsfor the development of Palestine.

Immediately following the publication of the White Paper,Dr. Chaim Weizmann, President of the Jewish Agency forPalestine, announced his resignation from that office, andFelix M. Warburg, Chairman of the Administrative Com-mittee of the Jewish Agency and Lord Melchett, chairmanof the Council announced their resignation from thoseoffices. In the announcement of his withdrawal, Mr.Warburg, revealed the fact that at a private conferenceon August 22, 1930, with Lord Passfield, Colonial Secretary,the latter had authorized him to make certain statementsto the Administrative Committee of the Jewish Agencywhich was then about to meet. Continuing his statement,Mr. Warburg said: "With deep regret, I must resign asChairman of the Administrative Committee. I had theright to place complete reliance upon the statements madeby Lord Passfield on behalf of the Government; and throughme the Jewish people were misled. Further relations suchas chairmanship of the Administrative Committee entailsare no longer possible." The statement concluded with a

REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5691 25

pledge of a continuance of his efforts to support the work,and an expression of confidence in "the inherent fairness ofthe British people and enlightened public opinion through-out the world, to enable us to overcome the obstacles whichnow confront us."

The American Jewish Congress, which was holding aconvention in Washington, D. C , when the preliminarydigest of the White Paper was published, at once adopteda resolution, calling upon the United States Government,as one of the Powers having an interest in the PalestineMandate, to intervene. Two days later, on October 22, ahuge massmeeting was held in New York City under theauspices of the Zionist Organization of America, at whichthe policy of the White Paper was bitterly criticized bymany speakers, and a resolution was adopted denouncingthe policy outlined in the paper.

On the following day, the meeting of the Americanmembers of the Administrative Committee of the JewishAgency, which had been called by its retiring chairmanMr. Warburg, issued a statement protesting against "thefuture policy in Palestine just announced by the BritishGovernment, which, if acted upon, will constitute a flag-rant violation of the Mandate and a repudiation by theBritish Government of its covenant with the Jewish peopleand its obligations to the League of Nations." Pointingout that the new policy "was formulated in camera andwithout discussion with the Jewish Agency, as providedIn the Mandate," the statement declared that "the proposedpolicy threatens the whole Jewish effort in Palestine," andconcluded with a call to "all Jews to press forward withrenewed vigor the work of rehabilitating the Holy Land infull confidence that the attempted repudiation of Jewishrights of immigration and settlement in Palestine will notbe tolerated by the spirit of fair play of the British peopleand enlightened opinion of mankind."

These sentiments were re-echoed by Jewish leaders andby organizations and massmeetings held in many partsof the country. Such meetings were held in Akron, O.,Baltimore, Md., Boston, Mass., Cincinnati, O., Cleve-land, O., Detroit, Mich., Jersey City, N. J., Louisville,Ky., Newark, N. J., New Haven, Conn., New Orleans, La.,


New York City, Philadelphia, Pa., St. Louis, Mo., andSouth Bend, Ind. In New York City a huge massmeetingtook place in the vast auditorium of Madison Square Gardenon November 2, the thirteenth anniversary of the issuanceof the Balfour Declaration. The Mizrachi, the Orthodoxwing of the Zionist movement at its annual convention onOctober 27, in Baltimore adopted a resolution urging theUnited States to take cognizance of the newly announcedpolicy of the British Government. A protest resolution wasalso adopted by the American Jewish Committee at itstwenty-fourth Annual Meeting on November 9.1 In atelegram to Sir Ronald Lindsay, Ambassador of GreatBritain at Washington, Alfred M. Cohen, president of theB'nai B'rith, protested on behalf of the organization againstthe White Paper and urged careful consideration of thesubject by the British Government.

In the meantime, the American members of the Admin-istrative Committee on the Jewish Agency had establishedan emergency committee which decided to set up a provi-sional committee, under the chairmanship of Dr. CyrusAdler, to dispose of all emergent matters and to maintainformal contact between the American members of theAdministrative Committee and the offices of the JewishAgency in England.

The matter was called to the attention of the Congressof the United States in a speech delivered in the House ofRepresentatives on January 9, 1931, by RepresentativeSamuel Dickstein of New York, in which he called upon theGovernment of the United States "to bring all its powerto bear for a correction of the situation."The United States Government had in the meantime made nopublic pronouncement regarding the matter. On November7, 1930, however, it was unofficially stated that the admin-istration had reached the decision to await debates in theBritish Parliament on the new policy before it considersmaking representations on account of any Americaninterests that might possibly be affected. This attitude, itwas said, implied no lack of sympathy on the part of theAmerican Government with the Zionist movement.

1 For the full text of this resolution see the twenty-fourth Anual Report of theAmerican Jewish Committee, pp. 368-369 post.


In order "to acquaint the public with the true facts inPalestine, and to counteract the untruths which haveemerged from the British Colonial office," as Rabbi StephenS. Wise put it, the Zionist Organization solicited contribu-tions to a special fund of $100,000. A step in this directionwas the publication early in December of "The GreatBetrayal," a book written jointly by Dr. Wise and Jacobde Haas. While Zionist leaders were somewhat encouragedby the announcement that the British Government hadinvited representatives of the Jewish Agency, to confer onthe Government's Palestine policy, the explanations of theBritish Government in the debates in Parliament a fewdays after the middle of November were declared to have"failed to remove the inherent injustices of the WhitePaper," in a resolution adopted by the National ExecutiveCommittee of the Zionist Organization of America, whichreiterated the demand "that the White Paper be eliminatedand annulled."

Nor was the letter of Premier Ramsay MacDonald toDr. Weizmann, made public in February 1931, which, inexplaining the White Paper, softened some of its harshestprovisions, greeted with much enthusiasm by AmericanZionists. While Louis Lipsky, former president of the ZionistOrganization of America, hailed the letter "as the first steptoward rectifying what had become an impossible situation,"and the New York Zionist Region adopted a resolution ex-pressing satisfaction with the document, the AdministrativeCommittee of the Zionist Organization of America issued astatement expressing the view that while the document "isan improvement over the Passfield White Paper in tone,in appraisal of Jewish achievement in Palestine, and inrecognition of trie relation of the entire Jewish people toPalestine," it "omits much that should be made explicit,and inadequately formulates that which it seems to haveaccepted . . . " Referring to the fact that Dr. Weizmannhad publicly expressed satisfaction with the MacDonaldletter, the statement says that "it should be pointed outthat acceptance or rejection of the results of the conferences—between the British Government and representatives ofthe Jewish Agency—is exclusively a matter for the ZionistCongress and the Council of the Jewish Agency.


The interest of American Jewry in Palestine matters waskept alive also by the visit to this country in December, ofM. M. Ussishkin, head of the Jewish National Fund, theland-purchasing Agency of the Zionist Movement, inconnection with an intensive campaign in behalf of theFund, and by the arrival, in March, of Dr. J. L. Magnes,Chancellor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem, whocame for the purpose of arousing increased interest in thatinstitution. Mr. Ussishkin toured the country in an effortto secure pledges for contributions to the Jewish NationalFund, over a period of five years, sufficient for the purchaseof 200,000 dunams (46,140 acres) of land in Palestine—this tract to be divided into sections to bear the name ofeach community which subscribes. At a national conference,held in Washington, D. C , on February 9, a new instru-mentality, called the Keren Kayemeth League, was createdto promote the project. According to a statement issuedby the Jewish National Fund of America, early in June1931, communities in thirty-two states of the Union, exclu-sive of New York City, had subscribed a total of $1,350,000for the acquisition and reclamation of 53,631 dunams(12,273 acres). Plans formulated by the New York City com-mittee called for subscriptions totaling $800,000, to coverthe cost of 40,000 dunams (9,228 acres).

Dr. Magnes also succeeded in arousing much enthusiasm.He announced plans for the organization of an internationalSociety of Friends of the Hebrew University, with Chaptersin many cities in all parts of the world, the organization toserve two purposes,—first, to stabilize the income of theUniversity; and second, to provide the institution with ameans for keeping the outside world informed of its activi-ties. Dr. Magnes also suggested that special chapters couldbe organized by persons interested in a particular depart-ment of learning, to co-operate with the correspondingfaculty of the University. Several chapters were establishedduring Dr. Magnes's visit. During the past year, also, anumber of Jewish collegiate fraternities and youth organiza-tions raised scholarship funds for the support of needystudents of the University.

Another distinguished visitor from Palestine was MissHenrietta Szold, founder of Hadassah, the American


Women's Zionist organization. In the fall, a delegation ofrepresentatives of Histadruth, the Palestine Federation oflabor, and of the agricultural labor organization, and oneof the leaders of the Halutzoth, Women Pioneers in Palestine,visited the United States. They were enthusiasticallygreeted by Jewish labor organizations here, which duringthe summer of 1930 had sent their representatives to visitPalestine. The Palestinians were welcomed at a well-attended convention of the National Labor Committee forthe Organized Jewish Workers in Palestine, held in NewYork City on November 28-29, at which the challenge ofthe Passfield White Paper was met by a resolution for a cam-paign to raise among Jewish workingmen here a fund of$500,000 for Palestine reconstruction, and it was announcedthat, during the preceding year, a total of $174,845, andduring the preceding six years $760,614 had been raisedfor this purpose.

In this connection it is interesting to note that, accordingto a report made public in August 1930, by David A.Brown, Chairman of the Palestine Emergency Fund whichwas set up, one year before, for the aid of victims of theArab outbreaks in August 1929, a total of $2,083,818 hadbeen contributed to that fund in the United States, besides$150,000 which had been sent direct by several individuals;the fund had been increased by some $30,000 interest. Atthe same time it was reported by Dr. Maurice B. Hexter,one of the members of the special Committee appointed todisburse these funds, that a total of $2,945,000 had beenreceived by the Committee from the United States andEngland, and that the funds had been employed to rebuildruined communities, to establish new colonies, to constructroads, to make loans for rehabilitative purposes, to purchaseland, and to care for widows and orphans.

Fund raising for Palestine assumed a new aspect duringthe past year. It will be recalled that, at a conference, onJanuary 17, 1930, between representatives of the JointDistribution Committee and the American Members of theJewish Agency for Palestine, an agreement was reached forconducting an Allied Jewish Campaign, to terminate onDecember 31, 1930, for $6,000,000, of which $3,500,000 wasto be used by the Joint Distribution Committee, and


$2,500,000 was to constitute the American share of the1930 budget of the Jewish Agency. The termination of thejoint effort at the close of 1930 and the launching of twoseparate drives was announced, late in December, by FelixM. Warburg and Doctor Cyrus Adler, on behalf of theJoint Distribution Committee, and the Jewish Agency,respectively. The announcement declared that while thejoint drive had resulted in the creation of important com-munal values and the laying of the foundation, in manycommunities, for enduring co-operation on behalf of Jewishcauses, yet "the inceasingly pressing need for immediatefunds for the achievements of both organizations, the differ-ing budgetary requirements, and the advisability ofpermitting as much freedom of choice and support aspossible during the present trying economic period, havemade it desirable... to separate their fund-raising activities.''The statement also contained the information that duringthe nine months since the Allied Jewish Campaign began,more than 230 cities and towns had held local drives, andthat, in spite of the large sums raised by the PalestineEmergency Fund and the unfavorable economic conditions,the Campaign had succeeded in securing pledges in theamount of $2,500,000 of which almost $1,500,000 had been,at the date of the announcement, paid into the Campaign'streasury. A final important point of the announcement wasthat "every endeavor would be made by both organizationsso to conduct their campaigns as to keep intact the harmony,the mutual goodwill and co-operation which have been suchimportant by-products of the Allied Jewish Campaign,"and that, to promote this harmonious relationship, aCommittee on Campaign relations had been established.

Following this agreement, the American Palestine Cam-paign of the Jewish Agency for Palestine was inauguratedon January 25, 1931, at a conference in New York Cityof delegates from many communities, a fund of $2,500,000being set as the objective; the campaign committee appointedwas made up of both Zionist and non-Zionist members ofthe Jewish Agency. By the end of April, local campaignshad been launched in forty cities. Up to the time this isbeing written, no announcement has been made regardingthe amount realized, but press reports indicated that many


communities had succeeded in raising the quotas assignedto them, and that a spirit of harmony and co-operation wasprevalent.

That this was so was owing to a great extent to the factthat the realignment of Zionist forces brought about at theconvention of the Zionist Organization of America in July1930, had resulted in increased harmony within the Organi-zation. The new administrative committee under thechairmanship of Robert Szold, showed a determination tointensify organizational activities in many directions. Oneof its first steps was the appointment of committees entrustedwith the prosecution of definite tasks. The first meetingof the Executive Committee, in September 1930, indicatedthat the new leadership intended to emphasize the economicmethods for reconstruction in Palestine in order to acceleratethe pace of immigration.

The organization and its various affiliates, especiallyHadassah, the women's organization, Young Judaea, theyouth group, and Avakah, the collegiate Zionists, were veryactive in efforts to consolidate their forces and to meet thecommittments they had made in various directions.

As these lines are being written the eyes of many AmericanJews are turned toward Basle, where at its seventeenthCongress, the World Zionist Organization is endeavoringto find solutions for the many acute problems now facingthe movement as a result of the events of the past two years.

While Palestine affairs absorbed much of the attentiondirected to overseas events by the American Jewish com-munity, it did not remain aloof from Jews in other countries,although its interest in this direction was not nearly askeen as during the preceding year, because the situation inRussia as respects the persecution of religion had becomequiescent, and, except for a few montns of the review period,anti-Jewish outbreaks in Roumania had virtually ceased.

Hope for improvement in the Roumanian situation wasreawakened with the return of Prince Carol, and hisaccession to the throne, in June 1930. Pronouncements byhim and Mr. Maniu, who, after a brief retirement, returnedto the post of Premier, indicated a strong desire to suppressanti-Jewish violence. But on the heels of these benevolent


declarations, a violent agitation began in the southerndistricts of Bukowina, at tacks occurred in many places, and,for a long time, a state of terror existed among the Jews ofthe district; the situation reached its climax in a conflagra-tion, undoubtedly of incendiary origin, in the large villageof Borsa, which rendered fifteen hundred Jews homeless.The American Jewish Committee had, in the meantime,directed Morris D. Waldman, its Secretary, who had goneabroad to examine at first hand some of the major problemsconcerning European Jewry with which the Committee isdealing, to proceed at once to Roumania. After two visitsto tha t country, in the course of which he interviewedmany Jewish leaders and the chief government officials, andvisited the scenes of the recent outrages, Mr. Waldman gaveout, a t Geneva, a statement to the Jewish TelegraphicAgency in which he asserted tha t the press reports of theoutrages had not been exaggerated; that they had beenunquestionably instigated and organized by anti-Semiticagitators, who, because of the economic depression, foundthe peasantry, normally friendly to their Jewish neighbors,fertile soil for their propaganda; and tha t these excesses"would not have occurred had it not been for the government 'ssupport of s tudents ' organizations and so-called patrioticcongresses, and the government's reluctance to suppressillegal anti-Semitic propaganda, out of a mistaken emphasisupon the liberty of the press and assembly." The correct-ness of Mr. Waldman's observations was confirmed byrepresentatives of the American Jewish Congress whovisited the country later.1 Representatives of the latterorganization also called in New York upon Charles A.Davila, the Roumanian Minister to the United States andrequested him to urge his government to make immediateand vigorous efforts to suppress the anti-Jewish agitation.A report on the situation was submitted by Dr. Salo Baron,at the convention of the American Jewish Congress inOctober.

Early in January, the American community welcomedreports from Roumania tha t vigorous steps were beingtaken by the government to suppress anti-Jewish agitation,

1 See Mr. Waldman's complete report to the American Jewish Commmittee, Twenty-Fourth Annual Report, pages, 382-399 post.


that the headquarters of anti-Semitic organizations hadbeen raided, some of their leaders, arrested, and that thegovernment had decided to prosecute such agitators asrebels. In the middle of the same month, Mr. Davila, theRoumanian Minister, delivered an address before theconvention of the United Roumanian Jews of America, inthe course of which he ascribed much of the unrest inRoumania to economic conditions and expressed the hopethat, because of recent changes in the attitude of internationalfinancial circles toward Roumania, and the new policies ofthe government of that country as respects investments offoreign capital, Roumania had passed its most difficultperiod. This convention of the United Roumanian Jews ifAmerica was unusual in that, under leadership of LeoWolfson, its president, its discussions were devoted to meansof helping the economic development of Roumania, ratherthan to the formulation of resolutions of protest, as at somany previous conventions.

Although reports, early in July 1930, of anti-Jewishoutbreaks at Kovel and Zdunska-Vola, Poland, caused someapprehension in America, the Jewish community here wasmore concerned over the very bad economic situation of theJews in that country. In September, the Federation ofPolish Jews submitted a memorandum to the Polish Embassyin Washington requesting the Ambassador to urge hisgovernment to abolish such Tsaristic anti-Jewish laws aswere then still in force. In December, representatives ofthe American Jewish Committee held a conference withDr. Titus Filipowicz, the Polish Ambassador, in the courseof which the economic situation of Poland in general, andof the Jewish population in particular, was discussed. TheCommittee's representatives pointed out that changes whichare rapidly taking place in the economy of Poland, haveresulted in the wide displacement of middlemen, a displace-ment which has had a disastrous effect especially upon theJews, who, because of an historical development, happento be, to an overwhelming extent, middlemen, and that theirsuffering has been aggravated by restrictions and byunfavorable discrimination. A plea was made for therepeal of the Tsaristic laws, for the opening up of statemonopolies and state-owned enterprises to Jews, and for a


change in the taxation system which now imposes a dis-proportionate burden upon city-dwellers.

The Committee's representatives pointed out that it isa moral obligation of the Polish Government as well as toits interests, "to offset the hardships suffered by Jews intheir dislodgment owing to newly-created State monopolies,"by seeing to it that "the Jewish employes are not dischargedfrom their employment in these industries, and, to providefor the large number of Jewish merchants and artisansdeprived of a livelihood by the new industrial developmentin Poland, the Government should encourage new industriesin which the Jews might find opportunity for employment."

According to the official report of the interviewed, "theAmbassador stated that he understands that the Tsaristicrestrictions will be abolished in the near future; he admittedthat the percentage of Jewish workers in some monopoliesand other state-owned enterprises is often very small,adding that the Government intends to increase it to a justproportion, wherever possible, and the Government willlend its good offices to influence municipalities and otherenterprises which are not under Government control, toadopt the same policy; he recognized that the presenttaxation system is detrimental to the city-dwellers andtherefore to the Jews, and indicated that his Governmentintends to bring about a revision of the taxes, diminishingtaxes on commerce, especially the turn-over tax."

The Ambassador also indicated that "an inquiry is beingmade into the question of utilizing waste lands in Polesieand that the Government is favorably disposed to settlementof Jews on these lands."

Discussions along the same lines took place in March, ata farewell reception in New York in honor of Dr. TitusZbszewski, former Polish consul in Jerusalem, before hisdeparture for Chicago to take a similar post there. Thereception, arranged by the Kolo Polskie, a Polish culturalsociety, was attended by a number of Jews, affiliated withthe American Jewish Congress and the Federation of PolishJews in America. In June, at its twenty-third annualconvention, the Federation adopted a resolution deploringthe failure of the Polish Government to act toward theimprovement of the condition of the Polish Jews.


The phenomenal gain of the National Socialist Party(Fascisti) in the German Reichstag election in the middle ofSeptember 1930, and the anti-Jewish riots which occurredon the day the new Reichstag assembled, violently drewthe attention of American Jewry to the situation of theirGerman brethren, because the program of this Party,which is led by Adolph Hitler, bristles with threats againstthe Jews of Germany. While several Jewish organizationsin the United States were deeply stirred by the results ofthe German elections, they took no action, knowing thatthe sister community in Central Europe is well able to dealwith the situation, and feeling confident that the soberjudgment of the mass of the German people would notpermit German honor to be stained by a recrudenscence ofmedieval persecution.

Considerable interest and some misgiving were aroused,however, by the disclosure of the fact that active Hitleritecells exist in the United States, engaged in preaching thephilosophy, and defending the policy, of the German Fascistmovement. Such groups were found in a number of cities,including New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, andMilwaukee. During the year, also, National Socialistnewspapers in Germany frequently devoted space to attacksagainst American Jews,—attacks which were generallyabsurd and fantastic. In November, for example, theVoelkische Beobachter, the leading organ of the Nazis,published an article entitled "Chicago, the City Withouta Soul," asserting that all places of amusement and amajority of the business houses in Chicago are in Jewishhands, and that eighty percent of its judges are Jews and"sell their services mostly to Chicago criminal elements."A count made by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency showedthat only thirteen of the one hundred judges in the courtslocated in Chicago were Jews.

The announcement, in June, by President Hoover of thewillingness of the United States to suspend for one yearpayments on account of debts due the United Statestreasury by foreign governments, provided they suspendpayments on similar debts due them, was looked upon bythe American Jewish community, because of the benefitswhich Germany would derive from such a moratorium, as a


serious setback to the National Socialist movement, which,as Albert Einstein so aptly said, "feeds on the empty stom-ach of the German people."

In May, American Jewry was compelled to turn its eyesto a foreign country much nearer home than Germany.Beginning in November 1930, somewhat disquieting reportshad been coming from the neighbor republic Mexico,indicating that an anti-foreign agitation was afoot in thatcountry, with the small Jewish trader as its chief target.On April 30, came reports that the municipal authorities ofMexico City had forcibly expelled several hundred of thesetraders from one of the markets. On the basis of thesereports, Alfred M. Cohen, President of the B'nai B'rithaddressed a telegram to the United States Department ofState, requesting our government to protest to Mexicoagainst the action of the municipal authorities of theMexican capital. The Department requested the AmericanAmbassador to report on the situation, with the view todeterming if any American citizens had been involved,indicating that unless this was the case it could not makesuch representations as requested by Alfred M. Cohen,President of the B'nai B'rith.

In this connection it is interesting to recall that in 1925the B'nai B'rith had established in Mexico City a bureauto aid refugee Jewish immigrants, for which work it hadreceived a substantial subsidy from the Emergency Com-mittee for Jewish Refugees, which had been established in1924, by a number of national Jewish organizations uponthe initiative of the American Jewish Committee, theAmerican Jewish Congress, and other bodies. The B'naiB'rith had withdrawn its representative in Mexico, J. L.Weinberger, only a short time before the anti-foreign out-breaks. A week after these events Mr. Weinberger wasrequested to return to Mexico to investigate the situation.At the same time Mr. Cohen, the President of the B'naiB'rith, stated that he had been informed by the StateDepartment that the investigation conducted by J. ReubenClark, Ambassador of the United States, indicated that theincidents which had occurred in Mexico City were theresult of the economic depression, which manifested itself indemonstrations against non-Mexican elements, including

REVIEW OF THE YEAR S691 37

Jews, but that there had been no violence. Early in June,the American Jewish Congress also sent a representativeto investigate the Mexican situation.

While the American Jewish community was preoccupiedwith these matters of political concern in various foreigncountries, it did not abate its efforts to ameliorate theeconomic situation of other communities, although, becauseof the business depression and the consequent difficulty ofraising adequate funds, work in this direction had to marktime during the past year. In November, when Dr. BernhardKahn, European director of the Joint Distribution Commit-tee, came to the United States to confer with the leaders ofthat organization, he stated that it had disbursed over onemillion dollars during the preceding year for reconstructiverelief in Eastern Europe. He declared that EuropeanJewish leaders were well aware of the present economiccrisis in America, and that despite the great reduction infunds from the United States and the fact that Europeancountries, too, are suffering from the same depression,theyare ready to carry on the reconstruction work; they wishto be convinced, however, that the existing reduction inAmerica's financial help was only temporary.

During February, announcement was made of the reor-ganization of the Joint Distribution Committee under acharter which provided for a National Council of two hun-dred and fifty, to form the general body, which would electa board of directors of forty-eight and an executive committeeof fifteen. On Saturday evening, March 21st, and Sunday,March 22nd, the reorganized Joint Distribution Committeeheld a national conference in New York City which inaug-urated the campaign for two and a half million dollars forthe work of the Committee for 1931, with Rabbi Jonah B.Wise of New York as national director; Albert Ottinger,formerly attorney-general of the State of New York, wasselected chairman for New York City, which was assigneda quota of one million dollars. The campaign was actuallylaunched in March, and the New York City drive wasstarted in May. Notwithstanding the agreement that hadbeen reached regarding separate campaigns for Palestineand for relief work, joint drives were held in many com-munities, because it was felt by the local leaders that such


campaigns were likely to be more successful than separateefforts. Up to the time this is being written there has beenno announcement of the results of the J. D. C. campaign,which is to be continued in the fall.

Together with a number of Landsmannschaften, the Ort, anorganization which seeks to stimulate the industrializationof the Jews of Eastern Europe, held a national conferenceon November 30th, at which it was agreed that effortswould be concentrated to supply Jewish artisans in EasternEurope with tools and machinery, and with financialassistance for the construction and operation of factories.

The Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society( H I A S ) , another organization which works for the economicrecovery of Eastern European Jewry, found itself faced witha deficit in October, and was compelled to make a specialappeal for funds. In December, Dr. Myron Kreinin,president of the United Jewish Emigration Committees ofEurope (Emigdirekt), arrived in the United States toconsult with the officers of the H I A S regarding the furtherprosecution of the emigration work which was beingconducted jointly by the two organizations and the JewishColonization Association ( ICA) . Dr. Kreinin stated that ,under the joint auspices of the three bodies, some fifteenthousand Jews had been aided during the preceding yearto emigrate to South America, which at the present timeis the best immigration region. He pointed out that becauseof the poorer financial condition of the emigrants who arebeing aided, it is necessary for these societies to subsidizethem to a greater extent than before.

The H I A S which, at the close of the World War, hadprepared facilities for the physical care of a large numberof immigrants, was able during the past year to devote thesefacilities, which were not being employed to the full capacitybecause of the drastic reduction in immigration since 1924,to relieving domestic distress resulting from the unemploy-ment crisis at home. The work of H I A S in this direction, itwas said by Solomon C. Lowenstein, executive director ofNew York Federation, who was chairman of the executivecommittee of the Co-ordinating Committee on Unemploy-ment of the New York Welfare Council, rendered breadlinesand soup kitchens for Jews unnecessary. In May, H I A S


announced that during the preceding four months its ShelterDepartment had served 45,132 free meals and provided6,129 nights of shelter at its headquarters; during thePassover the same department had served 7,026 meals.

The situation of HIAS was typical of that which facedevery Jewish social service organization in the country,—the facilities and services of all of them were in demand asnever before, and yet, at the same time, their resourceswere drastically reduced. As a result, these institutionsfound it necessary to adopt emergency measures. InSeptember, the Jewish Welfare Board called a conference ofexecutives of Y. M. H. A.'s and Jewish Centers, over whichHarry L. Glucksman, Executive Director of the JewishWelfare Board, presided, at which the standards that hadto be observed in the face of the depression, were agreedupon and plans laid down for economies that were compat-ible with the maintenance of such standards. Faced withdeficits, practically every local federation in the countrywas compelled to reduce its budget. In January, the officersof the Chicago Jewish Charities announced that, for thefirst time in the history of that federation it had ended theyear with a deficit. In the same month a conference ofrepresentatives of the leading federations was held in Cleve-land at which plans were elaborated in two directions,namely, first, to tap hitherto undeveloped sources of support,and second, to introduce economies by such devices as wouldnot lower the efficiency or reduce the effectiveness of thework of the agencies.

Several important Jewish institutions were seriouslyaffected by the business depression, especially those whichhad recently shouldered obligations because of new buildings.Partly as a result of the hard times, there were, during theyear, a number of mergers of Jewish social service agencies.Two hospitals in Newark, New Jersey, three societies inOmaha, Nebraska, and two institutions in Jersey City,New Jersey, were among those which combined.

While the situation was somewhat gloomy, it was notaltogether black. The Jewish Federation of Boston, forexample, reported in May that the preceding year had beenthe most successful in its history. At the convention, inJune, of the National Conference of Jewish Social Service


in Minneapolis, Miss Frances Taussig, executive director ofthe Jewish Social Service Association of New York Citywhich engages largely in family relief work, reported thatthe Association and other family relief agencies had suc-ceeded in maintaining their standards in spite of thedepression; and at the Annual Convention of the NationalAssociation of Jewish Center Executives held at LakeGeorge, New York, in June, its president, E. J. Londow,reported that the Jewish Centers had been able to continuefunctioning in a healthy manner.

While several new communal buildings were opened ordedicated during the year, these were, in most cases, financedby endowments, or by funds gathered during the period ofprosperity. In October, the Jewish Theological Seminaryin New York dedicated a group of new buildings, includingthe Jacob H. Schiff Memorial Library, given by membersof the Schiff family; the Unterberg Memorial Building tohouse the Teachers' Institute, the gift of Israel Unterbergof New York in memory of his parents; and the Louis S.Brush Memorial Dormitory Building, provided for in thewill of the late Louis S. Brush. In June, in connection withthe commencement exercises of the Hebrew Union College,in Cincinnati, a new library building, erected at a cost of$250,000, contributions toward which had been gatheredseveral years earlier, was dedicated. In April, the PaulineSterne Wolff Memorial Home for the aged and orphaned atHouston, Texas, endowed by a bequest of Mrs. Wolff whodied in 1921, was opened1. In May, the cornerstone was laidof a new building to house the Jewish Young Men's andYoung Women's Associations at Rochester, New York, forwhich a building fund of over one million dollars had beenpledged in 1929. In the following month, the new buildingof the Bialystoker Home for the Aged, which had costa half million dollars, was dedicated in New York City.

Among other events of interest in connection with Jewishcommunal life, three are worthy of note. In Octoberannouncement was made to the effect that the negotiationsfor the merging of the two philanthropic federations in

1 This institution was omitted, by inadvertence, from the list of Jewish Homesfor Children in the United States, Vol. 32, pp. 204-205. Its Executive Director isAaron D. Faber, formerly Superintendent of the Foster Home for Hebrew Orphans,Philadelphia, Pa.


New York City, the Federation for the Support of JewishPhilanthropic Societies of New York City, which serves onlythe boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx, and the Brook-lyn Federation of Jewish Charities, which serves that bor-ough, had failed, although both bodies had voted in favorof consolidation in December 1929. No explanation of thefailure of the negotiations was made public. A proposalto establish a national union of local federations of organiza-tions of Jewish women was also voted down at a conferenceof representatives of national organizations of Jewishwomen, which took place in New York City in May. Onthe other hand, a conference of Jewish farmers held inOctober decided to form a federation with the object ofco-ordinating the various Jewish co-operatives and otherfarm associations, and to develop "a larger and more satis-fying rural life, and to get the organizations to worktogether to improve the material, social, and economicconditions of the Jewish farmers in this country."

In this connection, it is interesting to record that, in thethirty-first annual report of the Jewish Agricultural Society,issued in February, the general manager, Gabriel Davidson,expressed the view that while they were feeling the effectsof the general economic depression, the Jewish farmersthroughout the country were managing to maintain theirposition.

Several special factors operated to increase the sufferingamong some sections of American Jewry from the slumpin business. Chief of these were the failure of banks in whicha very larger proportion of the depositors and investorswere Jews, strikes in trades employing many Jews, anddiscrimination as against Jews seeking employment. Notonly did Jews participate in all civic efforts to relieve suffer-ing in general, but Jewish organizations also establishedspecial agencies to help meet the crisis. The service ofHIAS in New York City in this direction has already beendescribed. In Detroit a kosher kitchen was opened; inSan Francisco, Congregation Emanu-El decided in Novem-ber to transform its gymnasium, during the ensuing winter,into a dormitory for jobless, homeless men, should theemergency warrant; in Baltimore, the Jewish EducationalAlliance established an employment bureau to supplement


the placement work of the Jewish Social Service Bureau; inNew York, the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregationsorganized a series of massmeetings and concerts to raisefunds for the benefit of the unemployed, and the New YorkBoard of Jewish Ministers appointed a special committee toorganize the congregations of the city to aid the workless;and in Los Angeles, a Jewish group decided to organize anemployment bureau along semi-commercial lines.

The subject of discrimination in employment was dis-cussed at conferences held in New York in December 1930,and January 1931, of representatives of national Jewishorganizations, called by the B'nai B'rith, which resulted inthe formation of a National Conference on Jewish Employ-ment, of which Alfred M. Cohen, President of the B'naiB'rith, and Dr. I. M. Rubinow, executive director of thatbody, and Estelle M. Sternberger, executive Secretary ofthe National Council of Jewish Women, were elected co-sec-retaries. The participating organizations, besides the B'naiB'rith, are: the American Jewish Congress, the JewishWelfare Board, the National Council of Jewish Women,the Independent Order B'rith Abraham, and the UnitedHebrew Trades.

One of the most tragic aspects of the business depressionwas its effect upon some Jewish educational agencies. InOctober, at the annual convention in New York City of theAgudath Ha-Morim Ha-Ibrim (Hebrew Teachers Federa-tion), the economic situation of many of its members wasrepresented as extremely unfavorable, and much dissatis-faction was expressed with the reduction of salaries andthe drastic cutting of staffs. At the convention of theMizrachi, held the same month in Baltimore, an entiresession was devoted to a discussion of the state of Jewisheducation in America, which was described as deplorable.In December, a report submitted to the executive committeeof the National Committee for Jewish Education indicatedthat the Hebrew schools in thirteen of the largest citieshad suffered a considerable fall in income, necessitating inmany cases the reduction of teaching staffs and the con-solidation of classes. In the same month, Bernard Semel,honorary secretary of the Jewish Education Association, inNew York City, published a statement to the effect that, in


282 Talmud Torahs and Jewish weekday religious schoolswith an aggregate registration of 49,000 pupils, the numberof children on the free list had been increased by 2,500,representing an additional burden on the community of$125,000 a year. At the dinner celebrating the ninthanniversary of the Association, Israel Unterberg, itspresident, reported that, in spite of the depression, theattendance at Jewish religious schools in New York Cityhad remained the same during 1930 as in the preceding year,namely 71,462, besides some 30,000 who were receivingprivate instruction. In May, announcement was made thateight Jewish parochial schools in New York City in whichbetween five thousand and six thousand children werereceiving a secular and a Hebrew education, were in dangerof closing because of a dearth of funds. At a meeting ofpersons interested in these schools, held in June, it wasreported that only $25,000 of the $250,000 required tomaintain these schools had been until then raised.

Early in April, it was reported that the Hebrew TheologicalCollege in Chicago was in danger of suspending its activitiesowing to a lack of funds. At the convention, in May, of theUnion of Orthodox Rabbis, the proposal was made that allspiritually-minded orthodox Jews impose a voluntary tax offive dollars a year on themselves for the preservation ofOrthodox Judaism, and it was declared that, unless theyeshiboth are supported, disintegration threatens Ortho-doxy. At the annual conference of the National Council forJewish Education held in Pittsburgh at the end of May, areport of a study of Jewish education in fifteen cities with acombined Jewish population of 3,000,000 was presented,with the comment that the survey indicated that theJewish school is confronted with the problem of saving thestandards achieved over many years of effort and at thecost of millions of dollars, and an urgent plea was made thatFederations of Jewish Charities and similar communalagencies recognize their responsibilities toward JewishEducation and meet them.

In connection with Jewish education it is interesting tonote also that, in October 1930, the Teachers Institute ofthe Jewish Theological Seminary of America opened a modelschool to afford pupils of the institute an opportunity to


obtain practical training while learning to teach in Jewishschools; and that a survey made by Dr. Julius Mailer,director of educational research of the Union of AmericanHebrew Congregations, the results of which were publishedin June, indicated that during the five preceding yearsthe number of children enrolled in Jewish Sunday schoolshad increased by about 44 percent.

That religious institutions were not immune from theeffects of the business depression was indicated at the annualconvention, in July 1930, of the Rabbinical Association ofthe Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, composedof graduates of that institution, when Rabbi Nachman H.Ebin, its president, made a plea that Jewish communitiesin the United States suspend for five years the building ofnew synagogues, because "since the financial crash, com-munities have been overtaxed by the building of new andlarge synagogues." In May, 1931, Rabbi Abraham Schechterof Houston, Texas, published in a local Jewish weekly a pleafor a two-year postponement of the graduation of rabbisand Jewish teachers from theological schools and teachers'seminaries.

While the record of the year was not altogether bare ofthe building of new synagogues, it was notable rather formergers of existing congregations. The list of such mergersincludes two orthodox congregations in Galveston, Texas,another two in Worcester, Mass., and two Reform congre-gations in Cincinnati, O.

Besides those already referred to, two conventions of theyear in the field of religion are noteworthy. The first wasthe 32nd Biennial Council of the Union of AmericanHebrew Congregations, which took place in Philadelphia inJanuary, and where many communal and religious problems,now confronting American Jewry, were discussed in asymposium under the general title, "The Synagogue, itsRelation to Modern Thought and Life." Besides prominentrepresentatives of American communities, Miss Lily H.Montagu of Lortdon, honorary secretary of the WorldUnion for Progressive Judaism, was a speaker.

The other convention was the 42nd annual meeting of theCentral Conference of American Rabbis, at Wawasee, Ind.,


in June, at which a revised hymnal, upon which acommitteeof the Conference had been at work for the past five years,was adopted after a long debate as to the inclusion ofKol Nidre and Hatikvah, the Zionist anthem, the outcomeof which was that it was decided to include the traditionalmelody of Kol Nidre for "its sentimental value," but notthe words, and a motion to exclude Hatikvah was lost bya vote of 54 to 42. As a result of revision of the Union Hymnalwhich is used in 400 Reform congregations throughout thecountry, 177 hymns by non-Jewish poets and composerswere deleted, and 200 hymns by Jewish poets set to musicby Jewish composers were introduced. The Conferencedecided that its forthcoming Year Book be dedicated toProfessor George Foot Moore, who had died on May 16,1931, as a tribute to that great non-Jewish Hebrew scholarand sympathetic interpreter of Judaism. The Conferencealso adopted a resolution expressing disfavor of "the agita-tion on the part of Jews to have bills passed by state legis-latures for the protection of kosher practices."

In connection with the subject of hymnology, it is inter-esting to record the fact that, in October, announcement wasmade that Ernest Bloch, the famous composer, was, andhad for some time been, at work on new musical settingsfor synagogue services, having been commissioned toundertake this task by Gerald F. Warburg of New York City.

A number of interesting events in connection with Jewishritual deserve to be recorded. In July, an orthodox congre-gation in Seattle announced the abandonment of theseparate seating of men and women in its synagogue, andin April, a Conservative Congregation in Detroit announcedthat in its new synagogue, then under course of construction,provision had been made for both mixed and separateseating. In Boston, Orthodox, Conservative, and Reformcongregations joined in the celebration of Hanukah inDecember. In March, the history, ceremonial, and songs ofthe Passover Seder service were broadcast by radio inCleveland, under the auspices of the religious school ofone of the local congregations.

The subject of Kashruth gave rise to a number of disputesduring the year. A conflict between two factions over the


control of the Va'ad Ha-Kashruth of Paterson, N. J., whichbegan in July and threatened permanently to split orthodoxJewry of that city, was not settled until December. Asimilar dispute, which had been raging in St. Louis, Mo., forover a year, was decided in August, 1930, while anotherbroke out in Newark, N. J., in February, 1931. In Spring-field, Mass., the authority of a rabbi to order shohetim torefrain from slaughtering cattle for a local dealer in koshermeat, because the dealer had violated Jewish law, wassustained, in May, by the courts, in a decision in a suitin equity brought by the dealer. In Chicago, a similarsituation was handled by the local community without thedirect aid of civil authority. In December, the Orthodoxrabbinate declared a ban on poultry slaughtered by membersof the local union of shohetim until six officials of the union,who were charged with racketeering and other unbecomingconduct, were dismissed, and the union placed itself underthe control of the Rabbinate. The union retaliated bydeclaring a strike, but after a lapse of only ten dayscapitulated and acceded to all the demands of the rabbis.

In New York City, dissatisfaction with the Kashruthsituation became widespread during the year, the preval-ence of bribery of enforcement officials by butchers notcomplying with, and frequent and flagrant violation of, theState law on the subject being charged. Late in May, aftera conference between Jewish representatives and MayorJames J. Walker, the latter appointed a committee of 25(later increased to 65) rabbis and laymen to draft recom-mendations for the better enforcement of the law.

On the other hand, the Board of Jewish Ministers ofNorthern California vigorously opposed a bill introduced inthe legislature making unlawful the misbranding of terefahmeat as kosher, on the ground that such legislation unneces-sarily injects a religious issue into the laws, that the rabbisare competent to handle the matter without such legislation,and that the proposed law did not designate who was topass judgment on the food in question. The bill was passedand it became law in June.

In connection also with Kashruth, it is interesting torecord that in May, at the annual conference of ChicagoKehillah (Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations), a


resolution favoring the adoption of a tax on kosher meatto provide funds to cover the budget of the Kehillah wasadopted.

A number of events of Jewish literary and cultural interestdeserve recording. In August, a National Jewish Book of theMonth Club was organized in Chicago, under privatesponsorship, and in October a Yiddish Book Club wasestablished as one of the activities of the Yiddish KulturGesellschaft. In the same month the Yiddish ScientificInstitute held a conference in New York City, at whichsome sixty societies were represented, and decided upon acomprehensive study of all phases of Jewish life in America.Another significant conference was that of representativesof the Yiddish press in the United States and Canada, of theYiddish stage, and of various cultural societies, which washeld in the metropolis in April. Called by the Jewish Writers'Club, the conference celebrated the fiftieth anniversary ofJewish mass immigration from Eastern Europe, the discus-sions taking the form of a survey of Yiddish culturaldevelopment in the United States during that period, andplans being laid for stimulating further progress.

Among the significant publications of the year were abook on the Jewish community of Venice by Dr. Cecil Rothof London, issued by the Jewish Publication Society; "AHistory of the Jews in the United States," by Rabbi LeeJ. Levinger, issued by the Union of American HebrewCongregations; "Religion in a Changing World" by RabbiAbba Hillel Silver, which was selected as the January 1931choice by the Religious Book Club, whose board of judgesis composed of leading Christian clergymen; a translationof the monumental history of religious liberty "God inFreedom" by Luigi Luzzatti, under the editorship of MaxJ. Kohler; and the first volume of a two-volume historyof Jewish literature by Dr. Meyer Waxman.

Following the publication in October of "Haym Salomonand the Revolution" by Charles Edward Russell, the move-ment for the erection of a monument, initiated and fosteredby the Federation of Polish Jews, in honor of the Jewishpatriot, gained considerable momentum, but in April ituffered a set-back following the publication by Max J.


Kohler, one of the leading scholars in the field of AmericanJewish history, of a pamphlet entitled "Haym Salomon, thePatriot Broker of the Revolution, His Real Achievementsand Their Exaggeration," in which Mr. Kohler declared thatrecent research indicated that though he was "a true andself-sacrificing patriotic citizen of the country, who renderedit valuable and important services in 'the times that triedmen's souls,' " Haym Salomon neither lent nor claimedlending to the nascent American Republic the large sums,the alleged lending of which is the chief basis for Salomon'sfame. The claims, wrote Mr. Kohler, "rest on fabricationsof evidence, fraudulent concealment, and misrepresentations,of which a son of the patriot or the son's agents were guilty,between 1827 and 1864." Mr. Kohler's pamphlet arouseda somewhat unpleasant controversy in the Jewish press,but the Federation of Polish Jews declared its intention toproceed with its plans for the monument, on the groundthat, Mr. Kohler's disclosures to the contrary notwith-standing, the services of Salomon to the Republic were ofsufficient value and significance to justify this honor to hismemory.

It is also interesting to note in connection with literarymatters that, in April, there was organized the JewishBraille Institute of America, which, with the co-operationof the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods and theSynagogue Council of America, will publish a monthlymagazine, in Braille, for free distribution among the Jewishblind throughout the English-speaking world, will establisha Jewish Braille Library, adopt an international BrailleHebrew code, make possible an adequate supply of He-brew literature for the blind, and adapt the "Moon"system for Yiddish for the benefit of the adult, Yiddish-speaking blind, who lose their sight in later life and areunable to learn the more complicated Braille system.

Financial difficulties in the main were responsible for thesuspension of the publication of The Jewish Tribune, aweekly which had been founded in Portland, Oregon, in1903, by the Rev. Dr. Nehemiah Mosessohn (1853-1926),and had been published in New York City since 1918, byhis sons David N., who died during the past year, andMoses D. Mosessohn. Depressed business conditions were


responsible also for labor troubles in connection with theYiddish theatrical season which opened in the fall of 1930.

The celebration of an annual "Hebrew Week" was inaug-urated, in April, by the Histadruth Ivrith, which also issued,in June, the first volume of a Sefer Ha-Shanah, a Hebrewyear book, under the joint editorship of Menahem Ribalowand Zwi Scharfstein, containing poetical and prose contribu-tions by some forty writers.

Hebrew gained further recognition as a subject of studyduring the year. In July, the recommendation of Dr. HenryI. Gerling, superintendent of schools of St. Louis, thatHebrew be introduced as an accredited language in the highschools was approved by the Board of Education. InSeptember, when the course was inaugurated, more than100 pupils enrolled in two high schools, and Dr. Gerlingpronounced the experiment a success. In the same monthannouncement was made that the College of Puget Sound,Tacoma, Washington, would offer a course in Hebrew andanother on modern Palestine. In April, Frank Cody,superintendent of schools in Detroit, announced the intro-duction of a course in Hebrew in one of the high schools,beginning in the fall. In Massachusetts, the UniversityExtension Division of the State Department of Educationagain offered a course of lectures in Yiddish by Dr. A. A.Roback, this time on Yiddish poetry and drama

There were a number of interesting developments inconnection with the perennial question of religion in thepublic schools, during the period under review. In Water-bury, Conn., the announcement of the educational authori-ties, in July 1930 that beginning with the fall term, religiousinstruction would be given for one hour each week in thepublic schools to all children whose parents desire it, wasgreeted with violent protest by the Jewish population, andalso by many Christians. The authorities ignored theprotest, whereupon Jewish leaders announced their intentionto seek an injunction in the courts. A similar proposalmade in San Antonio, Texas, was defeated as the result ofa protest movement led by Rabbi Ephraim Frisch. TheBoard of Jewish Ministers of Northern California also votedin December to oppose the passage in the Legislature of a bill


permitting the same practice. In this connection muchinterest was aroused by the remarks of Dr. William JohnCooper, United States Commissioner of Education, in twopublic addresses, in which he expressed opposition to theteaching of religion, and also the reading of the Bible, inpublic schools.

The question of Bible reading in public schools wasbrought up in September in the State of Washington whena group of parents and their children filed a petition with theState Board of Education, to make reading and teachingthe Bible compulsory in the public schools, although thequestion had been before the Supreme Court of the Stateand the Attorney General many times, and both had heldthat the use of the Bible in any way was unconstitutional.After a public hearing on the petition, the Board of Educa-tion adopted a resolution that it had no jurisdiction to passupon it, as it involved a constitutional question. Thepetitioners, thereupon, took the matter to the SupremeCourt of the State which decided adversely, but permittedthem to take the matter up to the Supreme Court of theUnited States. Up to the time of writing, tha t tribunal hadnot published its decision. Agitation for Bible-reading wascarried on during the year in Tennessee and in Michigan;in the latter state, a bill providing for Bible-reading in theschools was opposed by the Board of Education of Detroit.

Considerable discussion was aroused in New York City,in June, when announcement was made by the InterfaithCommittee, a group comprised of Catholics, of Protestants,and of Jews, that plans had been made for giving in the fall,instruction in the Bible to High School students after schoolhours, and outside of the school premises, the Committeehaving secured a ruling from the State Board of Regents tothe effect that "a course in Bible study given to HighSchool students outside the school hours, under the instruc-tional conditions satisfactory to the Board of Education,and following a course of instruction approved by the Boardof Education, may, on proper presentation to this Depart-ment, through the local Superintendent of Schools, beapproved for credit." The announcement aroused manyprotests. In the meantime, circulars, explaining the plan,had been distributed among the 12,000 pupils of two high


schools, only 120 of whom returned the blanks signifyingtheir intention to take the course to be offered by theInterfaith Committee in a synagogue and two churches,near each of the schools.

A somewhat novel step in the direction of fostering abetter understanding of Jews on the part of Christian chil-dren was taken, during July 1930, by the Ramsey CountySunday School Association in St. Paul, which conducted, intwelve church vacation schools, courses beginning with astudy of ancient Hebrew life as depicted in the Old Testa-ment, running through present-day conditions, and con-cluding with studies of the lives of outstanding Jewishscientists, philanthropists, philosophers, and rabbis oftoday. The children were also taken to a synagogue whereJewish worship was described and Jewish symbolism andceremonial explained. Other efforts to promote good willbetween Jews and Christians included study circles andseminars, and steps on the part of school, college, and uni-versity authorities to prevent embarrassment of Jewishpupils and students desiring to observe Jewish holidays. InNew York City, the Board of Education agreed to begin theEaster-week school vacation on Thursday, April 2, the firstday of Passover, instead of on the following day, GoodFriday, as was customary, upon the intervention of theofficers of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations;the College of the City of New York and Hunter College,both of which have a large proportion of Jewish students,took similar steps. In Houston, Tex., final examinations inthe schools, which were scheduled for May 22, the first dayof Shebuoth, were postponed upon the request of RabbiAbraham I. Schechter.

A very serious case of conflict of dates arose in Maryland,where it happened that all the four days fixed by theLegislature for the registration of voters in Baltimore, forthe elections in November 1930 fell, on important Jewishholy days,—the two days of Rosh Ha-Shanah and the firsttwo days of Sukkoth. In a petition to Governor Albert C.Ritchie to change the dates, it was pointed out that unlessthis was done the 15,000 Jewish voters of Baltimore wouldbe virtually disfranchised, by circumstances entirely be-


yond their control. Inasmuch as the Governor lacked the nec-essary power, he at once convened a special one-day sessionof the Legislature at a cost to the state of $9,000, in orderto have the dates changed, which was done in one hourand a half.

Similar success did not attend efforts to bring about achange in the date of the opening of the 1931 convention ofthe American Legion, at Detroit, which was scheduled forSeptember 21, Yom Kippur. At its meeting at Indianapolis,in May, the executive committee expressed regret at itsinability to change the date because of the extensivepreparations which had been made, but it decided that, outof respect to Jewish legionaires, the convention would meetonly in the forenoon of the opening day.

Another example of goodwill was the formation in anumber of cities of "Pro-Palestine Good Will Committees"to promote a better understanding of Zionism among non-Jews and to enlist their aid for the rehabilitation of Palestine;the formation of the first of such committees was announcedin January in Chicago, at a dinner given by the Zionists ofthat city in honor of Judge Julian W. Mack, and similarcommittees were formed in St. Louis, Milwaukee, Detroit,Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore,Boston and Washington, D. C. Christian leaders alsopublicly espoused the cause of Jewish charitable institutionsseeking contributions, and contributed to both the campaignof the Jewish Agency for Palestine and that of the JointDistribution Committee. On the other hand there were nota few examples of friendship toward the church on the partof the synagogue.

Not all gestures of goodwill on the part of Christianswere wholeheartedly welcomed by the Jewish community.Thus, when in December, the North American Home Mis-sions Congress adopted a resolution expressing good willand friendly feeling toward the Jewish population, deploringthe long record of injustice and ill-usage on the part ofprofessed Christians, and calling upon Christians to opposeanti-Semitism in every form, Rabbi Israel Goldstein of NewYork who had, three years earlier, addressed the same bodyon the subject of the proselyting of Jews, expressed doubtas to the sincerity of the pronouncement, and the view that


the motive of its suggestions was the hope that "an attitudeof goodwill and friendly feeling toward the Jew would be amore effective means of winning him to Christianity."Rabbi Goldstein's suspicions were apparently supported bythe fact that, at the convention, in January 1931, of theForeign Missions Council of North America, Dr. John R.Mott, President of the International Missionary Council,declared that its International Committee on ChristianApproach to the Jew "will foster deeper understanding andmutually helpful fellowship between Christians and Jews,"and that "missionary work among Jews was a duty in spiteof all protests." The latter statement evoked protests andexpressions of sorrow from leaders of a number of Jewishreligious organizations, and from the Rev. Everett R.Clinchy, Secretary of the Committee on Good Will BetweenJews and Christians of the Federal Council of Churches ofChrist in America.

The production of the Passion Play by a road companywhich toured the country during the year did much tocounteract the goodwill efforts of past years. In some citiesJewish representatives succeeded in having the play banned,by appeals to Christian leaders. This was the case inSavannah, Ga., in September; in Washington, however,although Rabbi Abram Simon succeeded in persuading theBible Class Association to withdraw its sponsorship, theplay was nevertheless produced. In Rochester, N. Y. wherea motion picture version of the play was shown, the protestof Jewish rabbis and laymen was endorsed by Christianclergymen, and the Committee on International Friendshipof the Federation of Churches issued a statement agreeingwith the Jewish position that "any such presentation whichattaches blame to the Jews of today for a crime committedcenturies ago is most reprehensible." A similar attitude wasadopted, in May, by a pastor in Syracuse whose churchcancelled arrangements for the presentation of the PassionPlay.

Goodwill was also responsible in great part for the successattending many of the* efforts of the Anti-DefamationLeague of the B'nai B'rith to bring about the cessation ofunfair and scurrilous references to Jews in books, news-papers, and other publications. The semi-annual report


of the League, published in May, indicated that whencomplaints were presented to editors, or to managers ofradio broadcasting stations, they were always foundwilling to co-operate. As a result of correspondence of theAmerican Hebrew with the publishers of Roget's "Thesaurusof English Words and Phrases," in which obnoxious conno-tations of the word "Jew" had been given in all editions ofthe work since it was first published in 1852, the publishersagreed to eliminate these references. Another instance ofgoodwill in practice was the action taken, in August, by thePhiladelphia Real Estate Board which condemned as"un-American, prejudicial and opposed to the promotionof the best feeling among all citizens toward each other"the practice of the posting of signs on real estate for sale,stating that it would be sold to Gentiles only.

While these incidents are encouraging there are a numberof ugly facts which must also be chronicled. The matter ofemployment discrimination as against Jews has alreadybeen referred to. The wide extent of this practice, as ofdiscrimination in the admission of Jews to colleges andprofessional schools and in other fields, was brought homewith great force in the book "Gentiles Only" published inMarch, in which Heywood Broun and George Britt, theauthors, analyzed these manifestations of anti-Jewishprejudice both qualitatively and quantitatively, and pre-sented an accumulation of facts which was impressive anddepressing at the same time.

The subject of discrimination in admission to medicalschools was much discussed in the Jewish press. In anarticle published in August in The Jewish Tribune, NewYork City, by Dr. A. I. Rongy, who had conducted anation-wide investigation for the National Conference ofJews and Christians, following charges made by Rev. Dr.Frank Gavin of the General Theological Seminary, Dr.Rongy admitted that his inquiry indicated that only oneof every three Jewish applicants is admitted to the medicalschools, but, pointing out that th« enrollment of Jews is V/itimes their proportion of the population, and that theJewish physician's clientele is chiefly Jewish, he insistedthat the restriction on the admission of Jews is for their


own benefit, as otherwise an uneconomic condition wouldexist which would be harmful to Jewish medical practition-ers; he recommended that the Jewish population shoulditself take steps to curtail the number of its young menentering the medical profession. Some interesting figureswere given in an article on the same subject by Dr. HaroldRypins, Secretary of the New York State Board of MedicalExaminers, himself a Jew, published in December, in theAmerican Hebrew. Dr. Rypins pointed out that there areonly 6,000 places for freshmen in all the medical schoolsof the country, whereas the number of applicants is at least12,000. Although he stated that in 1929, the medical schoolsin New York City admitted only 524 students, of whom 226or 43% were Jews, whereas Jews constituted 76% of theapplicants, Dr. Rypins pointed out that 17% of all thestudents in medical schools are Jews, and insisted that theapparent discrimination as against Jews is explained by thepaucity of accomodations and by geographical factors; heagreed, however, that there is nevertheless "a very largenumber of ambitious and capable Jewish students, who,. . . are banned from the study of medicine," and that thesestudents present a special problem which must, and un-doubtedly will, find a special solution.

Two cases of alleged discrimination by universitiesaroused public discussion during the year. In September,Cleveland Jews charged that Western Reserve Universitywas guilty of this practice, and a letter was produced fromthe director of the nursery school maintained by the Schoolof Education of the University, stating that a quota hadbeen established for Jewish children. As the University ismaintained in part by the city, the School Board insistedupon the immediate abrogation of the quota. The dean ofthe school asserted that the form of the letter in questionwas inaccurate, as "there is no policy which has been deter-mined upon which would reflect upon any group who wishedto secure admission to the University School." The caseof Rutgers College in New Brunswick, N. J., was evenmore flagrant. Here, the authorities admitted that theywere limiting the number of Jews "to equalize the propor-tion" and to prevent the University from becoming "denom-inational." The matter was taken in hand by a committee


of representatives of local and national Jewish organizations,which, however, had not made public its activities up tothe time this is being written.

In November, The Jewish Tribune protested against thecontemplated construction, by the State of New York, ofa bobsled run at the Lake Placid Club, in connection withthe 1932 Olympic Games at Lake Placid, on the groundthat the Club is a "notoriously anti-Semitic vacation resort."After considerable discussion, the Lake Placid Club an-nounced that it would relinquish all claims upon the landon which the bobsled run would be constructed, and that,should the State fail to maintain the run after the OlympicGames, the land would be turned over to the village.

As in previous years, the Jewish community watched withlively interest the progress of immigration legislation inCongress. Owing to public concern over the unemploymentsituation, the proposal was made in the United StatesCongress that immigration be suspended for two yearsexcept for certain groups of aliens now exempt from thequota. Subsequently, at the suggestion of the State Depart-ment, this proposal was changed to one providing for ahorizontal cut of 90 per cent in the quotas, without anyexemptions. The measure aroused a great deal of proteston the part of both Jewish and non-Jewish organizationsinterested in bringing about changes in the present lawwhich would facilitate the reunion of members of families,some of whom are in the United States while others arestill abroad. In spite of protests on the part of these organi-zations, the ninety percentum reduction bill passed theHouse of Representatives, but did not come up for a vote inthe Senate because of lack of time before adjournment.

In this connection the action taken by the AmericanJewish Committee to bring about the elimination of theclassification by race of applicants for naturalization, isinteresting. On July 1, 1929, the Bureau of Naturalizationof the Department of Labor issued a new form of applicationrequiring persons seeking naturalization to state their"race" as well as "nationality." The Committee protestedagainst the classification as illegal, and likely to causeconfusion and oppression, and filed a brief on the subject


with the Secretary of Labor, who, advised by the Solicitorof the Department that the classification was not requiredby law, ordered it discontinued. (See 24th Annual Reportof the American Jewish Committee pages 20, 21, and 75-86).

Considerable interest was also aroused by the passage inthe Legislature of the State of Michigan of a law providingfor the registration of all aliens in the state. The measureincluded a number of provisions which,'it was believed,would give rise to the oppression of aliens in the state,especially of those who cannot prove that they had beenlegally admitted to the country. Jewish citizens of the statetook an active part in protesting against the law, and suc-ceeded in securing a temporary injunction; later, with theco-operation of Max J. Kohler, of New York City, a memberof the Executive Committee of the American JewishCommittee, the groups opposed to the law presented anargument to the Supreme Court of the state, which, as thisis being written, still has the matter under advisement.

IIOTHER COUNTRIES*

A. WESTERN COUNTRIES

CANADA

It will be recalled that, early in 1930, the Quebec schoolquestion had been placed on the path of settlement by theappointment of a Jewish School Commission, with thepower to provide schooling for the Jewish children ofMontreal, either in Protestant schools, by arrangement withthe Protestant School Board, or in separate Jewish Schools.(See Volume 32, page 84). About the further developmentsof this episode, a number of events crowded during theperiod under review. The new law, which had been spon-sored by the Liberal Party of the Province, aroused theanger of the Conservatives and the Catholics, the latter

•The leading events of Jewish interest in other countries than the United States,will be classified, as in previous years, as follows: (A) Western Countries, (B) EasternCountries, and (C) Palestine. In a separate section (D) such matters of internationalconcern as have not been mentioned elsewhere will be briefly referred to.


denouncing the measure as an entering wedge toward thesecularization of the school system. The Protestant SchoolBoard, while not opposing, in principle, the creation of aseparate Jewish school system, yet expressed disapprovalof it, the chairman of the Board saying: "We will deploreit for we believe that the self-segregation of the Jews wouldnot be in the best interest of this province, of the countryas a whole, or of the Jews themselves."

The Party in opposition to the Government made theseparate school proposal the basis of an agitation againstthe Liberal Party, and, although it had been in control of theprovince for thirty years, so violent was the agitation thatthe leaders of the latter party felt driven to announce theirintention to abrogate the provision of the law permittingthe creation of separate schools for Jewish children; indoing this, they took advantage of the fact that the JewishSchool Commission had reached an agreement with theProtestant School Board for the education of Jewishchildren in the Protestant Schools. This agreement estab-lishes the full equality of Jewish and Protestant children,gives the former the right to attend any Protestant Schoolin the district in which they live, prohibits their segregationfrom the Protestant children, recognizes thirteen Jewishholidays when Jewish children may be absent without lossof grades, concedes the right of Jewish children to beexcused from studying the New Testament, and pledgesthe Protestant School Board not to discriminate againstJews in the employment of teachers or their promotion.The Protestant School Board also grants to the Jewishcommunity the right to use two schools in the Jewishdistrict, after school hours, for classes in Hebrew, Jewishhistory and religion. On the other hand, complete controlof the schools will remain exclusively in the hands of theProtestant School Board. The agreement is to be in forcefor fifteen years, and, unless notice to the contrary is givenby either party two years before its expiration, it is to beautomatically renewed for another period of fifteen years.

While the agreement was profoundly disappointing tothose Jews who favored separate schools, it was said thatit satisfied the overwhelming majority of the Jews ofMontreal. In April, the Government offered a bill in the

REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5691 • 59

legislature embodying this agreement but repealing thatpart of the law passed in 1930, which gave the Jewish SchoolCommission power, if necessary, to establish separateschools for Jewish children. This action was prompted, itwas charged by Jewish members of the Legislature, chieflyby political expediency; it caused profound dissatisfactionamong the entire Jewish community, and the Jewish SchoolCommission resigned in protest.

Meanwhile, several French Canadian newspapers carriedon a campaign of scurrility, slander and boycot, equal-ling in virulence and shamefulness the worst output ofthe German Hitlerites. So bitter was the animosity againstJews in some Montreal circles that, when, in September,the city authorities gave the customary permission toJewish shopkeepers to do business on the Sunday precedingRosh Ha-Shanah, there was a violent storm of protest. InDecember, signs were posted on municipally-owned news-paper kiosks in Montreal, urging the public to buy papersfrom French-Canadians and not from Jews. The municipalauthorities disclaimed knowledge of these signs and orderedthem removed. In March, in course of a radio address onBolshevism, a Catholic priest accused the Jews of spreadingit, and insinuated that the discredited Protocols of Zionare genuine.

The Jews of Toronto were also subjected to some unpleas-ant and irritating indications of ill-will. In April, FredSinger, K. C , Member of the Provincial Parliament, raisedthe question of the right of automobile insurance companiesto reject the applications of Jews, and the Superintendentof Insurance was directed to make an inquiry. After aconference with a small group of representative managers,the Superintendent issued a letter to all the companiesoperating in Toronto, asking them for a statement of theirpolicy in this regard. Referring to the conference, the lettersaid: "It was conceded that whereas no company shouldbe required or compelled to provide insurance upon a riskwhich inquiry dictated to be unsatisfactory, a seriousquestion of public policy arose when any insurance companyabsolutely refused to entertain applications for insurancefrom any class of citizens based solely upon their nationalityor religion." The results of the inquiry showed that 85%


of the companies consider all applications on their merits,and do not discriminate against Jewish applicants.

In June, a "Gentiles Only" sign at a bathing resort onthe outskirts of Toronto, but in another municipality,caused a flurry of excitement, and a resolution asking thatmunicipality to remove it was adopted by the Toronto CityCouncil. In the same month, the Board of Educationrejected the recommendation of its management committeethat the use of three volumes of "Bible Readings" in thepublic schools of the city be discontinued.

Thanks to the efforts of Frederick Landsberg, chosen lastyear by the Native Sons and Daughters of British Columbiaas "the man who maintains the highest ideals of citizenship"in Victoria, the Christian ministers of that city agreed todisapprove of the production of the Passion Play.

While the routine communal life of the Jews of Canadawent on functioning normally during the year, the economicdepression was an obstacle to any considerable progress.The Montreal community succeeded in raising the $300,000fund required for the budget of the Federation and $100,000needed to complete the construction of the Hebrew Edu-cational Center, which was dedicated on May 31, 1931, andthe cost of which was $200,000. In this connection, theresults of a survey conducted by Louis Hurwich, Super-intendent of the Boston Bureau of Jewish Education, isinteresting. Mr. Hurwich found that of the 11,753 Jewishchildren attending Montreal's elementary and high schools,only 4,997, a little over two-fifths, are receiving any Jewishtraining—3,084 in schools, and 1,913 from private tutors.The United Palestine Appeal Campaign in Montreal failedto collect even half of its $100,000 objective.

Canadian Jewry added its voice to the chorus of protestwhich greeted the publication of the Simpson report onPalestine and the White Paper which accompanied it, in astatement issued by the National Council of the CanadianZionist Organization, which held an Emergency Meetingon October 27. A month earlier at the sixth convention ofHadassah, it was reported that the income for the precedingyear totaled $238,598. In November, a two-day Palestinefair was held in Montreal, under the auspices of Hadassah,


for the benefit of several Palestine institutions in which theorganization is especially interested.

Largely as a result of Montreal Jewry's experience inconnection with the school question, and of the anti-Semiticcampaign which was waged around that question as a pre-text, Canada acquired a new Jewish organization duringthe year. In June, twenty-two national Jewish organizationsand synagogues met in Montreal and organized the Cana-dian Jewish Board of Deputies, with objects similar to thoseof the American Jewish Committee and the AmericanJewish Congress in the United States. In the same month,a conference of representatives of orthodox congregations,also held in the Canadian metropolis, decided to form aunion of orthodox organizations, to regulate the organizedreligious life of the Jews of Canada.

LATIN AMERICA

In October, a committee of Argentine Jews sent a protestto the League of Nations against the Passfield White Paper.In December, the HICEM (HIAS-ICA-EMIGDIREKT) issued awarning against any bulk immigration to Argentine, becauseof the unfavorable business and employment conditionsthere. As a result of these conditions, many Jews in BuenosAires formed societies for the purpose of establishing them-selves on the land. The celebration in December 1931, ofthe centenary of Baron Maurice de Hirsch, founder andfinancier of the agricultural settlement of Jews in theArgentine, was planned by a congress of Jewish farmerswhich met on May 22, at San Salvador.

A somewhat unexpected event was the organizationamong German immigrants, in Buenos Aires, of a "cell"of the Hitler or National Socialist Party; this phenomenonwas not taken seriously by the German population of thecity.

In Brazil, revolution and economic depression wereresponsible for cutting the immigration of Jews in 1930from 5610, the figure it attained in 1929, to 3,505. InDecember, the government issued a special order whichdrastically restricted immigration. Inasmuch as many Jewsin European countries, in preparation for immigrating to


Brazil, had sold their belongings and had taken all necessarysteps, and as a number of local Jews wished to send for theirrelatives, Dr. I. Raffalovitch, director of HICEM in Brazil,intervened with the government, which sent special instruc-tion to Brazilian consuls in Europe to vise the passportsof all immigrants approved by the ICA.

A total of 1,374 Jewish immigrants entered Cuba in 1930—1,060 from Poland, 154 from Roumania, 55 from Lithu-ania, 28 from Palestine, and 77 from other countries—according to a report of the Jewish Center in Havana whichis assisted in its work by HIA.S. The reduction of immigrationas a measure to improve economic conditions was resortedto, in May, also by the Cuban Government, which estab-lished the requirement that all applicants for admissionmust have at least $200 cash in their possession, and mustbe able to put up a bond of $100, guaranteed by a responsiblebusinessman. The Cuban community showed a sign ofstability when, in February, at a dinner in honor of Mr. andMrs. A. S. Freiman, Canadian Zionist leaders, a CubanHadassah group was organized.

A hint that all was not well in the relations between Jewsand non-Jews in Mexico was given in the review of the year5690. (See Volume 32, page 86). That the situation wasreally serious was indicated by a dispatch to The New YorkTimes published in that paper on November 10, 1930,stating that President Ortiz Rubio was expected to takeaction in the next few weeks on proposals advocated by theNational League Against Chinese and Jewish Penetration,calling for the suspension of iicenses of commercial housesowned by Jews and Asiatics. A later report to the JewishDaily Bulletin stated that the National Chamber of Com-merce in the Laguna district, State of Coahuila, representingMexico's leading cotton producing center, had begun anintensive drive to enlist the support of all chambers ofcommerce in Mexico in its protest against the admittance of40,000 Jewish immigrants, falsely alleged to be on theirway to Mexico from Poland and other East European landsIn February, a delegation of Syrian-Jewish merchants calledupon the publishers of the newspaper Excelsior in Mexico


City, protesting against anti-Jewish propaganda that wasbeing published by another small local newspaper. InApril, Excelsior stated that one Miguel Angel Robles,representing Mexican public market men, was solicitingsignatures of market concessionaires and operators of largeand small stores in Mexico City to a petition to be presentedto President Ortiz Rubio demanding the expulsion of allforeign market men, especially Jewish market men, on theground that they are detrimental to Mexican commerce,because they are able to sell cheaply as they deal in smuggledgoods and are aided financially by organizations of whichthey are members.

The event which has aroused grave concern in the UnitedStates took place on April 30 in Mexico City. On that daya squad of policemen ousted the Jewish vendors from theLaguinilla market, not giving them time to remove theirwares. The action of the police, it was first explained, wasbased on a government decree, promulgated some weeksago, providing that no foreigner who came to Mexico as alaborer, be permitted to engage in trade, and that allforeigners admitted as traders, must register and have theirlicenses renewed by April 28; it was alleged that the licensesof the Jewish market men had not been renewed. In May, aspecial correspondent of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency toMexico stated that Jewish circles considered the Mexicanpress responsible for the propaganda which had led to theousting of the Jewish peddlers, feared that the agitationwould not stop there but would spread to other Jewishactivities, and asserted that the government had taken noaction to suppress the dangerous propaganda, but thatopen disorders were unlikely and would meet with sternrepression by the authorities; the propaganda is motivatedchiefly, and almost entirely, by economic competition, theracial and religious elements being employed merely aspretexts; the correspondent warned against regarding thesituation solely as an anti-Jewish demonstration becauseTurks, Arabs, and Chinese, and other Oriental races, andeven Spaniards, are also the targets of denunciations. Theaffair reached its climax on, and rapidly died down after,June 1, 1931, when a large procession of from 15,000 to20,000 persons paraded in Mexico City. Ostensibly the


procession was held as part of a celebration of the firstannual "Dia del Commercio," but many of the manifestantscarried banners and placards bearing expressions of anti-foreign sentiment, some of them specifically directed againstJews. The authorities had evidently feared outbreaks ofviolence, for the paraders were surrounded by police;despite repeated acceptances of invitations to witness theparade, the president and cabinet officers were not present.The paraders marched to the Municipal Palace, where theywere addressed by the Mayor and other municipal officials.In his final dispatch before leaving Mexico, the specialcorrespondent of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency expressedthe view that the agitation was not likely to extend andmay even gradually die out because, first, the governmenthas recently indicated its disapproval, and, second, theagitation could not extend much further without involvingbusiness and commercial interest of foreigners who arenationals of Great Britain, the United States, and otherfriendly countries.

GREAT BRITAIN

It will be recalled that, upon the recommendation of theShaw Commission, appointed to investigate the causes ofthe Arab outbreaks of August 1929, the British Government,on May 1, 1930, appointed Sir John Hope Simpson, a formerofficial in the Indian Civil Service, to investigate thedevelopment and immigration possibilities of Palestine, andthat, in the meantime, the Government had suspended theimmigration of certain categories of Jewish immigrants toPalestine. The latter step was the subject of vigorousrepresentations to Lord Passfield, Secretary of State for theColonies, by a delegation of the Board of Jewish Deputies,early in July. Later in the same month, a conference ofrepresentatives of communal organizations protested againstthe immigration law, and urged the announcement by theGovernment of a definite Palestine policy. The importanceof the announcement of a constructive program was alsostressed by Dr. Weizmann, President of the World ZionistOrganization and of the Jewish Agency, at a meeting inAugust, of the Zionist Actions Committee in Berlin. At aconference early in October, of the British Labor Party,


which took place at Llandudno, Wales, a resolution wasadopted expressing the opinion that the Government shouldapply all the resources at its command to promote thepolicy of the Mandate, by the development of the economicpossibilities of the whole of the mandated territory.

On October 20, the report of John Hope Simpson waspublished, accompanied by a White Paper in which theGovernment outlined a Palestine policy based upon thereport. Following closely Simpson's observations, theWhite Paper declares that, in view of the duty of theMandatory to protect the rights and status of the non-Jewish population, it is clear that, so long as there areunemployed Arabs, the immigration of Jewish laborersshould not be permitted, and so long as Arabs are landless,the further acquisition of land by Jews would be unfair;inasmuch as the land now available is insufficient for theArabs, a program of intensive land development is required,during the execution of which all transfers of land willbe under the control of the Government; in the meantime,says the White Paper, the Jews can develop "the largereserves of land in their possession." The White Paperalso criticized adversely some of the methods and policiesof the Zionist Organization and of the Jewish Labor Federa-tion in Palestine.

Immediately upon the publication of the White Paper,Dr. Weizmann announced his retirement from the presi-dencies of both the World Zionist Organization and theJewish Agency, and Lord Melchett made public his resig-nation as Chairman of the Council of the Agency. Severaldays later, Stanley Baldwin, leader of the ConservativeParty and former Premier, Austen Chamberlain, formerForeign Secretary, and Leopold I. Amery, former ColonialSecretary, published a statement in which they chargedthat the Government would not be doing its two-fold dutyunder the Mandate by crystallizing the Jewish NationalHome at the present state of development. On the sameday, General Jan Christian Smuts, former Premier of SouthAfrica, and, as a representative to the Peace Conference, acollaborator in originating the Mandate system, cabled toLord Passfield, declaring that the new policy was anattempt to alter the Mandate and that it could not be put


into effect without the consent of the participating Powers.On the next day, David Lloyd George, Premier of GreatBritain when the Balfour Declaration was published, asso-ciated himself with Baldwin, Chamberlain, and Amery, intheir protest against the new policy, and was joined thenext day by Winston Churchill, author of the famousWhite Paper of 1922. In the Jewish camp, protest wasvoiced by the Board of Deputies of British Jews, by theAnglo-Jewish Association, and by a huge massmeetingheld on October 27.

The White Paper became a political issue in a by-electioncampaign in Whitechapel, a district of London with anoverwhelmingly Jewish population, which since 1922, hadbeen represented by a Laborite, whose death necessitatedthe election. The Liberals nominated a popular Zionistleader. In spite of the injection of this issue in the campaign,the Labor candidate won, although by a considerablysmaller plurality than at the preceding election, the JewishLiberal candidate coming out a very close second.

Upon the opening of Parliament on October 29, in replyto the question of Stanley Baldwin, whether the WhitePaper does or does not mark a departure in the policy ofthe country in regard to the Palestine Mandate, PrimeMinister MacDonald answered in the negative, pointingout that the Government is "holding strictly to the termsof the Mandate in order to straighten out differences thathave arisen between contradictory parts of certain declara-tions." The question was raised also in the House of Lordsby the Marquess of Reading. A real debate on the WhitePaper did not take place in Parliament, however, untilNovember 17, when the Government was assailed by DavidLloyd George and Leopold Amery, while it was defended byPremier MacDonald and by Dr. Drummond Shiels, Under-secretary of State for the Colonies, who announced that theGovernment was elaborating a vast development schemeaimed at the settlement of about 10,000 families, involvinglarge construction projects including irrigation and drain-age, all involving an expenditure of $12,000,000. The PrimeMinister asked that the Jews take the word of the Govern-ment that the "pull-up" in the rate of the development of


Palestine which the White Paper suggests is "in no sense anabandonment of the Mandate or a change of policy."

The next day, in a memorandum submitted to theBritish Government, the Jewish Agency formally repliedto the White Paper, exhaustively analyzing that documentand showing that, (1) it misrepresents and misinterpretsthe Mandate, (2) it lays down principles which, in vitalparticulars, modify, to the disadvantage of the Jews, thepolicy embodied in the White Paper of 1922, and areincompatible with the normal development of the JewishNational Home as contemplated in the Mandate, (3) itgives a false impression of the findings of Sir John HopeSimpson, emphasing those features of his report which aredisadvantageous to the Jews, and failing to bring out thetrue nature of his constructive proposals, (4) it introducesinjurious, and, in many cases, irrelevant allegations whichcast discredit upon the Jewish Agency, disparage Jewishachievement in Palestine, and are calculated to encouragethe ill-disposed elements of the Arab population, and (5) itis conceived in a spirit "which is not that of a governmentseriously interested in the establishment of the JewishNational Home, and conscious of having, in this regard,responsibilities implying, not merely a reluctant and grudg-ing acquiescence, but active and positive co-operation."

In the meantime, the government had, about the middleof November, invited representatives of the Jewish Agencyto confer with the cabinet in order to clear up doubts andmisunderstanding which had been raised by the WhitePaper. At the conferences which followed, the agency wasrepresented by Dr. Weizmann, O. E. d'Avigdor Goldsmid,President of the Board of Jewish Deputies, Dr. Selig Brodet-sky, and M. Namier; Arthur Henderson, Foreign Secretary,presided; the conferences began about November 18, 1930,and continued, with interruptions and recesses, until aboutthe end of May 1931.

While these conferences were in progress, publicity wasgiven, on February 13, to a letter from Prime MinisterMacDonald to Dr. Weizmann, written with a view toremoving "certain misconceptions and misunderstandingswhich have arisen as to the policy of His Majesty's Govern-ment with regard to Palestine, as set forth in the White


Paper of October, 1930." The letter reaffirmed the intentionof the government to adhere to the Mandate, repudiatedany desire to crystallize Jewish development of Palestineat its present stage, declared that Jewish immigration wouldnot depend on the employment conditions of the Arabs,but uoon the absorptive capacity of the country, that by"landless Arabs" the government understood only suchArabs as can be shown to have been displaced as a conse-quence of land purchases by Jews, and that such purchasesare not to be restricted, merely controlled by the govern-ment; admitted the right of the Jewish Agency to employJewish labor exclusively on enterprises financed by Jewishcapital; promised to consider the claims of Jewish laborfor due share of employment on public works; and deniedthe intention of criticising adversely the labor policy of theJewish Labor Federation and the Jewish Agency.

The MacDonald letter was regarded with satisfaction inLondon Zionist circles, and Dr. Weizmann declared that abasis for co-operation with the Mandatory power had beenrestored, but the Revisionists, the Zionist faction opposedto Weizmann's leadership, expressed the view that it wasdisappointing and highly prejudicial to the future of Zionism,pointing out that the letter does not supersede the WhitePaper. The convention, early in May, of the British Miz-rachi, declared the organization opposed to accepting theletter as an adequate withdrawal of the White Paper'sobjectionable features, and instructed its delegates to theforthcoming World Zionist Congress to press for a completereversal of all policies inimical to the constitution of theJewish National Home.

Two more important events connected with Palestine-British affairs remain to be recorded. In February, thegovernment announced that it had sent another commissionto Palestine, this time to investigate revenue expendituresand general administrative organization in both Palestineand Transjordania. The commission, which consisted ofSir Samuel O'Donnell, formerly a high official of the IndianGovernment, and H. Brittain, Civil Servant in the Treasury,arrived in Palestine on January 28, and remained untilMay 18. On April 11, a dinner was given by the JewishAgency in honor.of David Lloyd George, in recognition of


his services to the cause of Palestine. In the course of thedinner, which was seized upon as an occasion for discussion ofthe new turn of affairs brought about by the changed attitudeof the government, a fund was opened for the establishmentof a colony in Palestine to be named in honor of the formerPrime Minister.

Aside from matters of Palestine concern, Jewish life inGreat Britain pursued a normal course, with but fewunusual events to record. In October, after the GermanReichstag elections, Viscount Rothermere, publisher of theDaily Mail, wrote a scathing attack on the Jews of GreatBritain, but at the same time, advising Hitler, whose1 partyRothermere had praised in a previous article, to eliminateanti-Semitism from the National Socialist program, sayingthat "Jew-baiting is a stupid survival of medieval prejudice."

Besides representing the British community in Palestinematters, the Board of Deputies interested itself in, and tookaction with regard to questions of local concern, such as theadministration of the Alien Law, upon which it made repre-sentations to the government, and the nationality regulationsfor appointments to government service. The Board alsomade arrangements for assisting Jews in filling out theirschedules in the census which was taken on April 26. TheJoint Foreign Committee of the Board and of the Anglo-Jewish Association continued, as in the past, to maintain aclose watch over, and a lively interest in, the political andcivil rights of Jews in other European countries.

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

In the Australian Jewish community, the first importantevent of the period under review was the third annualZionist Conference which took place in Melbourne nearthe end of July 1930, and which was notable for bitterspeeches attacking the British policy in Palestine. When theSimpson report and the Passfield White Paper were pub-lished in October, the Federation cabled to James H. Scullin,premier of the Dominion, who was then in London, askinghim to convey their protests to the British Government.Jewish leaders of New Zealand cabled similarly to G. W.


Forbes, their Prime Minister, who was also then in Londonin connection with the Imperial Conference.

Australia had Reform Jewish services, for the first timein the history of the community, during the fall HighHolidays, when Rabbi Jerome Mark, a graduate of theHebrew Union College in the United States, officiated for anewly-organized liberal congregation, formed with theencouragement and support of the World Union for Progres-sive Judaism. The services were crowded and were broad-cast over the radio. Incidentally, Rabbi Mark was notwelcomed by the rabbinate. With one exception, theydeclined to participate in a conference on the religioussituation of the Jews of Australia. Rabbi Mark 's publicutterances and some of his actions evoked criticism fromthe local rabbis.

Because of depressed conditions, which affected Jewishbusiness men with special severity, many congregations andother communal organizations were compelled to reduce thesalaries of their rabbis and other officials, some of the smallercongregations could not pay the salaries of their rabbis, andseveral rabbis emigrated. Jewish agricultural settlers werealso in difficulties, and their situation was a source of graveanxiety to the Australian Jewish Land Settlement Trust . Atthe same time, the depression did not fail to bring to thesurface, in some quarters, latent anti-Jewish prejudice, andirresponsible remarks about "European Jews bleeding thisyoung southern nation" were heard. In January, immigra-tion was restricted to persons holding land permits, whichwere to be issued only to close relatives of permanent settlers.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

Reports of similar conditions came from the Union ofSouth Africa during the year. Discouragement and apathycharacterized the public at t i tude toward Jewish communaleffort, although the Jews continued to show some interestin Palestine upbuilding. While a campaign of the JewishNational Fund to raise sufficient money for the purchase of15,000 dunams (3,460 acres) of land in the Sharon Valleyin Palestine, in the name of South African Jewry, was acomplete success, a plan for inaugurating a land settlement


project in the Dominion, which had been under considerationfor years, had to be temporarily laid aside, for lack of thesmall fund required to execute it; the Employment Bureaumaintained by the Jewish Board of Deputies, which hadhad notable success in placing both immigrant and nativeJews, was compelled to close. A similar fate overtook theHebrew high school in Johannesburg, an institution inwhich both secular and religious subjects were taught, andwhich received a subsidy from the government.

In the face of these conditions, the Jewish Board ofDeputies opened a campaign, in May, for an endownmentfund of $150,000, the income of which is to be used to stabil-ize and expand the activities of the Board in safeguardingJewish interests. The work of the organization,it was pointedout, is becoming increasingly important in view of recentindications of anti-Jewish feeling, of which the passage ofthe immigration restriction law of 1930 {See Volume 32,pages 90-91) was the most significant.

The voice of South African Jewry also was raised inprotest against the Passfield White Paper. A statement onthe subject was made public by A. M. Abrahams, Presidentof the South African Zionist Federation, and a massmeetingwas convened by the Jews of Witwatersrand. At the sametime, a group of Moslems telegraphed to the Grand Muftiin Jerusalem urging him and his followers to remain stead-fast in their opposition to Zionism, and to the ColonialOffice in London "not to submit to Jewish propagandaand to continue justice to the Arabs." General Jan ChristianSmuts, former Premier of the Dominion, sent a cablegramof protest to Ramsay MacDonald, Premier of Great Britain.{See p. 65 supra) In a message to the annual conferenceof the Jewish federation, held in Cape Town, in January,General Smuts declared that the real crisis in Palestinepolitics is over, and that the policy of a national home forthe Jews is more firmly established than ever.

FRANCE

The increasing number of foreigners, especially Jews fromEast European countries, entering French universities gaverise to minor clashes in some of these institutions, during


the year. While it was not as great as that of other countries,France's unemployment problem also caused some anti-aliengrumbling, which was aimed at foreign Jews as well as atat other groups. There were also small riots staged byRoyalist partisans, whose press is continually agitatingagainst Jews. Feeling ran unusually high during the produc-tion of a French version of a German drama based on theDreyfus case, and disorders at the theatre occurred at everyperformance; after about a three weeks' run, the play waswithdrawn at the request of the police, but when its produc-tion was resumed several weeks later, the disorders wererenewed.

In January, there was an impressive anti-Hitler meeting,attended by 4,000, with former premier Edouard Herriotheading the list of speakers; in June, an old Jewish cemetery,at Rosenwiller, Alsace, was damaged by vandals.

French courts were called upon to deal with two interestingmatters involving Jews. The case of a Jewish butcher,accused of selling terefah meat as kosher, raised the questionas to whether a ruling by the court would be a violation ofthe principle of separation of Church and State, but aftermature deliberation, the court found the butcher guilty offraud. An old French law which permits parents to givetheir children only certain names among which those takenfrom the Bible are included, was invoked when the mayor ofone of the arrondisements of Paris refused to register a childas "Rivka," insisting that this name does not occur in theBible. When the father of the child proved that "Rivka"is the correct transliteration of "Rebekah," the court per-mitted him to register his child as he wished.

In December, an anti-Jewish incident in Oran, Algeria,prompted the discussion, in the Chamber of Deputies, ofthe status of the Jews in that part of the French Republic;at the same time, the difficulties which Jews suffer in FrenchMorocco, because of their legal position, was also referred to.

Much interest was aroused in the Palestine Pavilion at theFrench International Colonial Exhibition, which opened inMay, and was made possible by co-operation between alocal committee and a Palestine group.

A few communal events remain to be recorded. In August,the Alliance Israelite Universelle sent to the Roumanian


Government a letter protesting against the anti-Jewishoutrages which had been taking place in Bukowina. InJanuary, the Alliance made public a report in which it wasshown that during the decade 1920-30, the organizationhad disbursed $300,000 for Jewish welfare work in Russia,Poland, Roumania, and Palestine; one-third of this sumhad been allotted to rabbis and cultural organizations inRussia; $75,000 had been appropriated for the relief ofsufferers from the Palestine riots in 1929; $65,000 had beenemployed for the relief of Jewish students in variouscountries; the remainder had been applied to orphan workin Poland, material aid in Roumania, and the like. At thesame time, the Alliance had maintained its educationalwork in the Orient.

In December, a group of emigres from Russia announcedthe publication, beginning in January 1931, of a weekly inthe Russian language, which was to bear the name "Yev-reskaya Zhizn" (Jewish Life), and was to be anti-Soviet inits Russian policy, and anti-nationalist in its Jewish attitude.In February, Israel Levi the Grand Rabbin of France, andSylvain Levi, president of the Alliance Israelite Universelle,announced that an anonymous donor had made availablea fund of 325,000 francs ($16,000) for "the diffusion ofJewish truths through the publication of works on theJewish religion." A committee was organized to carry outthe purpose of the giver.

SPAIN

After centuries of the sleep closely resembling death,which followed the mass expulsion of 1492, Jewish lifebegan to stir in Spain, after the declaration of the newrepublic on April 14, 1931. Early in May, members of thenew cabinet stated to a correspondent of the Jewish Tele-graphic Agency that, within the economic possibilities of thecountry, the new regime will make no restrictions of anykind regarding the immigration of Jews to Spain. In astatement issued by the Spanish consulate in Cairo, Egypt,it was made clear that the republican government "has nointention of encouraging mass immigration or the creationof a new national home for the Jews, as the conditions in thecountry would make this impossible."


Virtual recognition of the Jewish community was seen inthe dedication on May 1, of the first synagogue establishedsince the expulsion, although the synagogue had beenlegally opened on December 24, 1930, owing to the effortsof Ignacio Bauer, Madrid banker, who was chosen presidentof the congregation; the municipality had also given a plotfor a cemetery. Jewish communities, composed chiefly ofMoroccan Jews, had also been in existence for some time inSeville and Barcelona. Some members of the provisionalgovernment eagerly expressed their benevolent intentionstoward the descendants of the exiles of 1492, pointed outthat there was no legal obstacle to their return, and an-nounced that facilities would be created for their rapidnaturalization. Although some Spanish leaders held that theedict of expulsion had been revoked with the adoption ofthe constitution after the revolution of 1868, in whichJudaism was given limited toleration, the provisional presi-dent, Alcala Zamora, is reported to have declared that theCortes (parliament), to meet after the adoption of the newconstitution, would be asked solemnly to repeat the edict.In June, what was said to be the first public Jewish weddingsince the expulsion took place in Madrid.

ITALY

In October 1930, the Italian Cabinet ratified the new lawdefining the rights, and regulating the functions, of theJewish communities of Italy, and, in January, the law waspublished in the official gazette and thus came into effect.In the opinion of Dr. Angelo Sacerdoti, chief rabbi of Rome,the new organization of the Jewish community will proveof great benefit to the Jews of Italy, as it would mean thestrengthening of Jewish life, the preservation of historic andartistic treasures, the encouragement of culture, the main-tenance of cultural and spiritual communication withJewish communities abroad, and, most important, theunification of Italian Jewry. In May, a delegation of Jewspresented medals to the King, to Premier Mussolini, and toAlfredo Rocco, Minister of Justice, in recognition of theirsponsorship of the new law.


In April, a considerable stir was created by a reportemanating from Prague, Czechoslovakia, that Naftali Fried,a Jewish scholar, had been appointed librarian of theHebrew collection at the Vatican. The story, which wasadorned with many charming details, turned out, uponinvestigation by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, to be basedon the simple fact that Fried, who is a student at theRabbinical Seminary of Frankfort, Germany, was assistingDr. Aaron Emanuel Freiman of that city, who had beengiven permission to pursue research work among the Hebrewmanuscripts and books in the Vatican library.

GERMANY

Owing to the tremendous vote polled by the NationalSocialists (Fascists) in the elections to the Reichstag, inSeptember, grave concern was felt by Jews all over the worldfor the fate of the German Jewish community, because,during the first shock over the Nazi victory, the belief waswidespread that there was great danger that the NationalSocialists would obtain control of the Government. Theresults of the elections caused a veritable panic among someJewish groups in Germany, and a number left the country;the exodus from Bavaria was greatest. That there was noreason for such hysteria was the view of Jewish leaders,including Professor Albert Einstein, who pointed out thatthe huge increase in the votes for the Nazis, did not indicatea corresponding growth of anti-Semitism but was rather asymptom of despair in the face of depressed economicconditions and unemployment.

When the Reichstag opened on October 13, Berlin Jewswere attacked and the windows of shops owned by Jewswere broken, but the police were able to prevent looting.These riots increased existing disquietude in Jewish circles,because of the fear of similar occurrences in other cities, andled to a resumption of the flight of Jews from Germany. Thisoutbreak, the responsibility for which the Hitlerites denied,did much to cast discredit upon the party, which theirantics in the Reichstag, and, especially, their walking outin body in protest against the passage of rules againstobstructionist tactics, went very far to increase.


Both before and after the Reichstag elections, Germanywitnessed the same exhibitions of anti-Semitic fury andfolly as have come to be universally associated with theHitler movement,—street attacks against Jews, molestationof Jews in cafes and theatres, disturbance of religiousservices in synagogues and of Jewish meetings of all kinds,desecration of synagogues, and pollution of cemeteries.Much ado was made by Nazis about the production of thecinema version of "All Quiet on the Western Front" a novelby a German, because the picture exposes the ugliness ofwar and of chauvinism. The Nazis caused disturbances inall theatres where the picture was shown, with the resultthat it was finally forbidden by the police. In November,Nazis surrounded a theatre in Wurzburg, in which the worldfamous Hebrew acting troupe Habimah were staging aperformance, and did not allow any one to enter; the policedispersed the mob and made several arrests.

The spirit of desperation which underlies the support ofthe National Socialists is also prevalent among the studentsof Germany, and there were clashes at several universitiesbetween Fascist students and Jews, as well as demands fora numerus clausus for Jewish students.

Although the success of the Nazis in the Reichstag elec-tions was followed by victories in provincial and municipalelections, which showed, in most cases, that the Party hadgained in popularity, the National Socialists suffered a baddefeat in Thuringia, the only province in which the govern-ment was partly under their control. Early in July, thesupreme court of Germany ruled that the "prayers of hate,"directed against "all aliens who demoralize the Germanpeople," which Dr. Wilhelm Frick, National Socialist Min-ister of the Interior and of Education in Thuringia, hadintroduced in the public schools, were unconstitutional andmust be withdrawn. In April, the Thuringian Landtagvoted no confidence in Dr. Frick, and the coalition whichhad placed him in a position of power fell to pieces. In May,the Landtag abolished the chair in Rassenkunde (racialscience) which had been established by Frick, and occupiedby Hans Guenther, a notorious charlatan race-theorist.

The Jews of Germany did not remain supine during thecampaign of hatred waged against them by the National


Socialists. Through the Central Verein Deutsche Staats-buerger Juedischen Glaubens, the Jews carried on both adefensive and a counter-offensive campaign. Inasmuch,however, as economic suffering was the basic cause of thatstate of mind which lays the German people open to theinfluence of the anti-Jewish agitators, the lessening of anti-Semitism could come only from measures which would bringabout improvement in the situation or, at least hope ofimprovement to come. There are many who believe andhope that the step taken by President Hoover of theUnited States in declaring an inter-governmental debtholiday, will lead to such measures.

Improvement in economic conditions in Germany willnot only go a long way in destroying the despair psychologyafflicting so many millions of Germans, and thus reduce theinfluence of anti-Semitic agitators; it will also be a greatmaterial boon to the Jews of Germany, who, along with therest of the population, have been all but impoverished.Many Jewish bankers, merchants, and professional men,formerly well-to-do and reliable supporters of communalactivities, have been reduced to the ranks of wage-earners,and some of them driven to seeking aid from the very insti-tutions which they formerly helped to maintain. Duringthe winter, Jewish schools and other communal buildingswere used as refuges from the cold by thousands of Jewswho could not afford to warm their own homes, and theBerlin Kehillah was called upon to provide 3,000 childrenand 500 adults with warm clothing. In the German Jewishpress, there were lively discussions on the question of theneed for the Jews to change their vocational habits, particu-larly their tendency to engage in professional pursuits. InApril, at a conference of the Federation of Jewish Communi-ties in Prussia, speakers expressed the view that, aside fromthe world-wide economic crisis and its effects, the underlyingcauses of the economic problem facing the Jews of Germanyare fundamentally the same as those which are affecting theJews of Poland,—the annihilation of the middlemen, theconcentration of capital, the formation of co-operatives, anddiscrimination as against Jews in employment.


The changes in British policy toward Palestine whichwere outlined in the Passfield White Paper met with thesame protest from the Zionists in Germany as the changesevoked in other countries. German protests were formulatedat an emergency meeting held at the headquarters of theZionist Federation, and at two massmeetings. In Novem-ber, the Executive Committee of the German Branch of theJewish Agency, under the chairmanship of Oscar Wasserman,went on record as supporting the attitude of the BritishZionists against the White Paper, and expressed the hopethat the negotiations between the British government andthe Jewish Agency, then in progress, would lead to arestoration of Jewish confidence in the Mandatory Power.

OTHER WESTERN COUNTRIES

According to a report from a correspondent of the JewishTelegraphic Agency, almost sixty percent of all Jewishmarriages in DENMARK are mixed marriages, and thechildren of the Jewish immigrants who came into thecountry from Russia and Poland are fast assimilating itslanguage and customs. The German National Socialistshave begun to make inroads into Denmark. In December,Dr. Joseph Goebbels, a leader of the Nazis, was invited bya Fascist student organization in Copenhagen to deliver alecture, but, believing that it would lead to disorders, thegovernment banned the lecture. In February, nevertheless,a branch of the party was organized and began the publica-tion of Hagenkorset (Hakenkreuz, or Swastika) with theavowed purpose of leading the fight of the "Nordic peoplesagainst international Jewry."

According to statistics published in January, 44% of allJewish marriages in HOLLAND, during 1930, were betweenJews and non-Jews; the percentages of mixed marriages inlarge cities were: Utrecht, nearly 24%; The Hague, 21%,and Amsterdam, 13.3%. The world-wide depression, whichhas tremendously hurt the diamond trade in Amsterdam,largely in Jewish hands, gave Holland Jewry a poor-reliefproblem, for the first time since the World War. In Decem-ber, the municipality of Amsterdam established Kosher


kitchens for the Jewish unemployed, where a meal wasserved for a penny, and, in March, a committee was formedto supply Passover food to impoverished Jews.

The slump in the diamond trade also had a bad effect uponthe situation of many Jews in Antwerp, BELGIUM, andcaused a noticeable exodus to other towns, and even emi-gration. At the same time, owing to bad times, immigrationto Belgium was virtually suspended by a governmentdecree. Many Jews, formerly employed in the diamondtrade, turned to peddling and to selling goods in publicmarkets, with the result that clashes with the older vendorstook place; in Merxem and Elzern, seaport towns, themunicipalities expelled the Jews from the markets, but theywere permitted to return. In June, the government wasengaged in drafting a new law for the regulation of markets,intended to prevent a recurrence of such episodes. InJanuary, when the municipality of Charleroi granted apiece of land for a Jewish cemetery, the fact was broughtout that this is to be the first Jewish cemetery in Belgium;the Jews of the country had been burying their dead inJewish cemeteries in Holland.

B. EASTERN COUNTRIES

AUSTRIA

During the past year, the same conditions affecting thelife of the Jews of Austria, as were enumerated in our reviewof the preceding year, were in operation, but in a morepronounced form, with the result that the Jews were muchmore harrassed and badgered than ever before. Duringthe elections in November, the Jews were worried lest theHeimwehr, the anti-Semitic military organization which isthe counterpart of the National Socialist Party in Germany,should acquire control of the government. Their fear wasthe greater because, with the fall of the government ofJohann Schober, the minority cabinet formed by Dr. KarlVaugoin included two Heimwehr leaders, Prince Ernst vonStahremberg, said to be a close friend of Adolph Hitler, andDr. Franz Hueber. During the election campaign, the Jews


were attacked by the extremists at both ends of the politicalalignment,—the radical Socialists and the Fascists. Theelection resulted in a Parliament almost similar to theformer body, with no party having a majority, and withFascists winning only 5 of the 115 seats. During theelection campaign, the Fascists rejected anti-Semitic slogansand made a bid for Jewish support against the "Marxists,"and a few days before the elections, which took place onNovember 1, a sensation was created by the announcementthat a Jewish unit of the Heimwehr had been formed. Butthis did not prevent a clash between Jewish students of theUniversity of Vienna, who were electioneering for a Zionistcandidate, and a group of anti-Semitic students. In fact,there were anti-Jewish outbreaks of students at that insti-tution and in other schools, several times during the year.In February, when the courts declared unconstitutional theruling of the former rector of Vienna University, requiringthe students to organize as national groups, with theGerman group as supreme, the rioting was so severe thatthe University had to be closed.

Anti-Jewish feeling was manifested also in boycott agita-tion. In December, the office of the Archbishop of Viennaendorsed an appeal to the public not to buy holiday goodsfrom Jews.

In a pamphlet issued in March by Dr. Franz Joseph Weissof Vienna, the author declares that Austrian Jewry is beingdestroyed by an economic war of extermination. He pointedout that 20,000 have taken to peddling, that many of thenewspaper advertisements for help specify that only"Aryans" are wanted, that Jews are excluded from govern-ment employment and from the teaching profession, that,because of the growth of co-operative medical organizations,Jewish physicians are losing their clients, while the practiceof Jewish lawyers is small, and finally, that few Jewishengineers or other technicians are employed by industry.

HUNGARY

There was no change in the situation of the Jews ofHungary during the period under review. A graphic state-ment of the plight of the Jewish communal organizations of


Budapest was given in May in a report from the correspond-ent of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency. The number ofapplicants for assistance is mounting steadily,—from 6,436in 1928, to 17,572 in 1929, and 19,475 in 1930. The numberof inmates in the House for the Aged has increased from100 to 500, with 1800 applicants rejected for lack of room;the proportion of free burials has increased from between40% and 50%, to 80%; other institutions have large deficits.At the same time the income of the community is waning;no fewer than 17,000 of the 26,000 members of the HebraKadisha are in arrears in their dues. As a result, thecommunal organizations have been compelled to makedrastic cuts in their budgets.

In July, at a meeting of the council of the Budapestcommunity, Baron Kohner, the president, appealed to thegovernment, which had expressed the intention of discon-tinuing such subventions, to continue state support ofreligious and cultural work of Jewish communities, as inmany places, these were on the verge of collapse. In August,Hungarian Jewry celebrated the centenary of EmperorFrancis Joseph, whose memory is revered because of hisfriendly attitude toward the Jews of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Anti-Jewish student attacks occured at the Universitiesof Budapest, Pecs, and Szeged, during the year. The out-break at Pecs was said to have been started when one of theprofessors praised the industry of the Jewish students.

Great excitement was caused in November when, at thededication of banners of the Hungarian Order of Heroesat Keckskemet, Minister of War Gomboes declared that hewould oppose the admission of Jewish war veterans intothis order. "In at least one institution in the country," hesaid, "Hungarians are entitled to remain purely Hungarian."While regretting Gomboes' remarks, Premier Bethlenapproved his position, in reply to an interpellation inParliament, on the ground of the disproportionate participa-tion of Jews in the communist revolution of 1918-19.

A few miscellaneous items remain to be recorded. InOctober, the Senate approved a law regulating the statusof "stateless" persons, many of them Jews, and placing


them under the protection of the state. In the same month,it was reported that during the preceding ten years, 1107Jews, who had been converted to Christianity, had returnedto the fold, chiefly as a result of the efforts of Rabbi SigmundGroszmann of Budapest. In March, representatives ofpeasant organizations sent an appeal to Parliament urgingthat they be permitted to sell land to Jews, as the prohibi-tion of such sale has restricted the market and caused a fallin prices of land. During Passover services in one of theBudapest Synagogues, a deranged man broke in and fired arevolver into the massed worshipers, wounding five andcausing a panic in which a number were injured; two ofthose shot subsequently died. The episode caused a sen-sation.

ROUMANIA

During a greater part of the period under review, theoutstanding fact in the life of the Jews of Roumaniaappeared to be the almost daily attacks upon them in onepart of the country or another. The scene of the pastyear's anti-Jewish outrages was chiefly in the agriculturalsection of south Bukowina and Bessarabia, and, to a lesserextent Transylvania. Taking advantage of the depressedcondition of the peasantry, agitators went among them andincited them to do violence to Jews, to whom the agitatorspointed as the cause of the agrarian depression. As a result,the Jews in the villages were subjected to a veritable reignof terror, being in constant fear of attack, when not actuallysubjected to assaults involving physical injury, demolitionof their homes and shops, and looting and pillage. The fewgendarmes constituting the police forces in these villagescould do but little to prevent these onslaughts or to quellthe disturbances, and the central Government, preoccupiedwith political squabbles and harassed by financial difficulties,appeared to regard these outbreaks as of minor importance,and, when they were brought to its attention, issued reassur-ing communiques, minimizing the occurrences and promis-ing, always promising, to take energetic measures. Arrestsof anti-Semitic leaders were frequently made during theyear, but the government could not secure their conviction,not even in the case of the student who in July 1930, shot


Dr. Constantin Anghelescu, then acting Minister of theInterior, in an attempt to assassinate him because of hisefforts to suppress anti-Semitism.

A detailed recital of the numerous reports of anti-Jewishattacks in Roumania during the past year vwuld be scarcelyenlightening as it would be virtually a nauseating repetitionof the accounts of almost every year since the World War.Varna, Kimpolung, Suceava, Orgiev, Beltz, and a score ofother rural centers were the scene of the activities of Danila,a notorious anti-Jewish agitator who would have churchbells rung to assemble the peasants, and, then lead them inattacks upon the Jewish shopkeepers. The governmentcommunique would wave such incidents contemptuouslyaside as agitation directed "only against usurers." In themeantime many terrified Jews had fled from their homesand taken refuge in the forests, while those who remained,barricaded themselves in their homes and shops. Out-breaks were not confined to rural areas. In September, aBucharest newspaper reported that disorders had beenoccurring in Galatz for five months, and that while 1,450anti-Semitic incidents had been reported to the police duringthat time, only thirty had been given any attention;characteristically enough, the chief of police blamed theJews for the disturbances. And yet Dr. Alexander Vaida-Voevod, the Minister of the Interior, declined to disciplinethis official, considering him "useful for diverting the activi-tiesoftheanti-Semitesinto safe channels." Even in Bucharest,business property belonging to Jews was damaged inDecember by student rioters, celebrating the eleventhanniversary of the anti-Semitic student movement. Similar"festivities" were held in Braila, Cluj (Klausenburg), andin Cernauti (Czernowitz).

Reports of these outrages were uniformly accompaniedby statements that the government was "taking measures,"but the measures always came too late, and besides, theMinister of the Interior, it transpired, was a believer in theefficacy of being on friendly terms with the anti-Semiticleaders. Dr. Vaida Voevod explained, in an interviewpublished in the Roumanian press, that his anti-Semiticconnections were the result of his being a "conscientiousfriend of the Jews," and had made it possible for him to


secure promises from the anti-Semites to behave themselves!The Jews of Roumania heaved a sigh of relief when, inOctober, a reorganization of the cabinet, under GregoryMironescu, led to the elimination of this "friend." Thenew cabinet, however, was not any more effective inmaintaining order, than the old, until the beginning of1931, when, after an unsuccessful attempt, by an eighteen-year-old student, on the life of Emanuel Socor, editor of theinfluential newspaper Adeverul (Truth), the governmentmade a sudden show of activity, and announced a newseries of measures, upon the urging, it was said, of the King.Anti-Semitic societies, it was announced, were to be dis-solved, anti-Semites to be classed with Communists, andto be tried as rebels when accused of disorders; studentsconvicted of participating in anti-Jewish disturbances, wereto be expelled from the universities, and inflammatorypublications were to be liquidated. Raids were actuallymade by the police on the headquarters in a number ofcities of the organizations known as Iron Guard andArchangel Michael, where arms and ammunition werefound; and hundreds of high school students, found to bemembers of a secret anti-Semitic society, were expelledfrom the schools. In April, the Jorga Government, whichcame to power as a result of the elections, announced itsintention to suppress all outbreaks against any section ofthe population whatsoever. Since then, reports of outbreakshave become less frequent.

The only specifically Jewish news from Roumania duringthe past year related to the elections, just referred to. Asin the past, there was division among the Jews as to thewisdom of organizing a Jewish Party. Dr. William Filder-mann, President of the Union of Roumanian Jews, opposedthe suggestion but tried, at the same time, to reach anagreement with the Liberal Party for a number of mandatesin return for the support of the Union. A National JewishParty was formed and, in spite of the hostility of the govern-ment officials, succeeded in polling 65,000 votes and inelecting five deputies.


OTHER BALKAN COUNTRIES

The Jews of BULGARIA number 46,431, according to thecensus of 1927, the results of which were published inFebruary 1931. A comparison with the 1920 census showsboth an absolute and a relative increase in the number ofJews engaged in industry, and a corresponding decrease inthe number occupied with commerce; an increase in thenumber of Jewish employees, as laborers and clerks, is alsomarked. While the attitude of the government toward theJewish population is friendly, dissatisfaction was rife duringthe year because of the failure of the government to grantsubsidies to the Jewish schools. Russian emigres andBulgarian students who have attended universities inGermany, Austria, and Poland, were said to be responsiblefor what slight anti-Jewish feeling exists in Bulgaria.

The struggle against anti-Semitism, the right of Gentilesto be converted to Judaism, the issuance of Jewish prayer-and text-books, and the establishment of a Jewish museumwere among the matters discussed at the fourth conference,in December 1930, of the Federation of the CommunalOrganizations in JUGO-SLAVIA, the official, government-recognized, representative body of the Jews of the country.In April, General Peter Zivkovitch, the prime minister, andDr. Voyislav Marinkovitch, foreign minister, were inscribedin the Golden Book of the Jewish National Fund, for theiroutstanding services to the Zionist cause, in a very impres-sive special meeting in the new Jewish Home in Belgrade.In March, representatives of communities from all over thecountry met at Subotica and adopted resolutions protestingagainst insinuations, coming from abroad, aspersing theloyalty to Jugo-Slavia of the Jews living in those sectionswhich were formerly part of Hungary.

In July, Jewish circles in Salonica, GREECE, were pleasedat the announcement of the government that it was makingpreparations to indemnify the owners, many of them Jews,of land expropriated several years ago for the colonization ofGreek refugees from Asiatic Turkey. An opposite reaction,however, greeted a drastic reduction in the subsidy grantedannually by the municipality for the religious and educational


work of the Jewish community. In place of $136,000 grantedthe preceding year, the subsidy for 1930-1931 was fixed at$89,310. The reduction necessitated a restriction of thework of the Jewish institutions and the discharge of em-ployes. In August, the Parliament adopted a law forbiddingchildren of Greek citizens from attending schools maintainedby foreign, chiefly missionary, organizations. In order tocreate facilities for the 1600 Jewish children who had beenattending such schools, the government agreed to constructfive new schools in Salonica, the curriculum to allow atleast ten hours weekly for Jewish subjects to be taught byteachers, appointed and supervised by the Jewish commun-ity, but paid by the government.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

The results of the census of nationalities, made in 1930,in which Jews were permitted to register as members of theJewish nationality, whereas others were required to registeraccording to mother tongues, showed that the Jews of thecountry number 400,000, indicating an increase since 1921of 46,000 or 11%; a total of 35,463 reside in Prague. A driftof Jews to the larger cities was indicated by the report, inJune, that, during the preceding twelve months, elevenJewish communities in Bohemia, and five in Slovakia hadbeen dissolved. On the other hand, it was reported inSeptember that 37 out of the 59 communities in Moraviaand Silesia are without rabbis. The reason assigned for thissituation was that, while the immigration of foreign rabbisis forbidden, the Government does not aid in supporting therabbinical seminaries. According to the government statis-tics, made public in September, one-third of the 4,137foreign students in Czecho-Slovakian higher schools areJews.

In October, after the publication of the Passfield WhitePaper, the Czecho-Slovakian branch of the Jewish Agencyadopted a resolution demanding the removal of the head-quarters of the agency to non-British territory. In January,the organization of one Jewish party for the whole of Czecho-slovakia was effected at a conference of representatives ofexisting parties, but it is significant that Ludwig Singer and


Julius Reich, the Jewish members of Parliament, are toremain members of the Social Democratic Party.

Nationalistic agitation gave rise to clashes in which Jewsand Germans were the objects of attack. In September,Czecho-Slovak nationalists demonstrated against the pro-duction of German talking motion pictures, and in thecourse of these demonstrations, Jews, especially those withGerman names, were assailed. Mobs attacked theatres andshops, and beat pedestrians. The disorders were soonsuppressed by the police, but the anti-German and anti-Jewish agitation in the nationalist press continued.

In October, much excitement was aroused by the arrestof a Jewish peddler charged with extracting blood, forritual purposes, from two school girls in the village of Nova-simera in Carpatho-Russia. A correspondent of the JewishTelegraphic Agency who made an investigation, reportedthat the alleged victims admitted that the charge was apure invention, their injuries having been caused, sixmonths earlier, by a broken window, and that they hadbeen urged to make the accusation by a Hungarian editorand a school teacher. The bringing of the charge wasdenounced in Parliament. Later, the teacher and theeditor, after inducing the children to withdraw the com-plaint, were arrested for perjury, and the military Com-mandant of the district instituted an action against thejudge who made the investigation and the colonel of thedistrict gendarmerie who had caused the arrest of the Jew.

In April, much dissatisfaction was aroused among theJews of Slovakia by the passage of a law providing forcomplete Sunday closing in the province. As a consequence,several Jewish merchants in Bratislava (Pressburg) beganto keep their shops open on Saturday. One of these shopswas attacked and almost wrecked by a Jewish mob, whichwas dispersed by a detachment of mounted police.

Of special interest to American Jews is the fact that inMay, Abraham C. Ratshesky of Boston, Mass., the Amer-ican Minister to Czecho-Slovakia, inspired the organizationof an American Institute in Prague, for the promotion of abetter understanding between the peoples of Czecho-Slovakiaand the United States.


POLAND

Although there was no perceptible improvement in thematerial lot of the Polish Jews during the year, the resultsof the elections in December which gave Marshal Pilsudskiand his par ty a working majority in the Sejm, aroused hopefor better times. Tha t these hopes have not been realizedis owing, probably, to the fact that , while the sad plight ofthe Jews is traceable to the working out of the policy ofEtatism upon which Poland embarked a1 most immediatelyafter the restoration of the Republic, it was also, and to alarge degree, one aspect of the universal depression. Duringthe past year, the central Government did not take anyimportant step in the direction of State control of industry,or the organization of state-aided co-operatives, with theirresulting dislocation of business, especially trade. A stepin this direction was contemplated, however, by the Govern-ment of Warsaw; finding in November that the municipalbakeries it had established sometime ago, were not self-supporting, the city decided to rent them to a privateGerman company; the National Democrats, however,opposed this, but suggested instead the closing of a numberof privately-owned bakeries in order to compel consumersto buy from the municipal shops. This step would have hada disastrous effect on Jewish bakery proprietors andemployees; there is no record of its having been actuallytaken.

According to government's statistics 325,900 out of thetotal of 2,850,000 Jews were out of employment on January1, 1931; Jewish leaders say this number is a gross under-estimate and tha t actually over 1,000.000 Jews are withoutwork. A survey in May of the timber industry in which thebreadwinners of 10,000 Jewish families are employed, andof the grain trade, in various branches of which 100,000Jews earn a livelihood, indicated that , owing to "dumping"by Soviet Russia, of both timber and grain, these two groupswere in a very bad plight.

In March, a report from Lodz, once the greatest textilecenter in Eastern Europe, indicated that the number oflicenses to trade taken out since the beginning of the yearwas from 30% to 4 0 % lower than for the same period of1930; a total of 40,000 unemployed are registered, but the


actual number of jobless is believed to be far greater, whilenot all those who are employed have steady work. As aresult, no fewer than 15,000 of the 40,000 families are onthe charity list of the Jewish community. In Warsaw,5,000 families filed applications for free coal with theJewish community. In January, Beth Lehern, a Jewishcharity society in Warsaw, resorted to a measure used duringthe war, that of sending wagons through the city, dispensingbread and tea to the hungry. Before Passover, impoverishedJews stood in long lines before the Kehillah offices inWarsaw, Lodz, Wilna and other cities, where matzoth werebeing dispensed; the number of these applicants in Warsawalone was 80,000, and at least 3,000 were compelled to gowithout matzoth because the community funds were insuffi-cient to supply all applicants.

In May, the Warsaw Committee of School Physiciansreported that at least 20,000 Jewish children were in urgentneed of summer vacations, but the Jewish community couldafford to extend this form of relief to, at most, six thousandof these undernourished children. In the same month, itwas announced that, unless assistance arrived from Amer-ica, the 48 Jewish hospitals in Poland, in which 50,000patients are treated annually, would be compelled to close.Evidently, the campaign launched jointly, in December, bythe ORT, the Toz, and the HIAS of Poland for 2,500,000Zloty, in anticipation of the inability of American Jewry tohelp the work of these organizations, had not been a success.

In the face of these conditions the Jews of Poland werekeenly interested in the efforts which were made by Jewishorganizations abroad, especially in the United States, toinfluence the Polish Government to adopt measures thatwould relieve the depressed situation of Polish Jewry. Thereport of the conference held by representatives of theAmerican Jewish Committee and the Polish Ambassadorto the United States was eagerly studied by the Jewishleaders in Poland. Though the first fragmentary dispatches,which did not give a complete report, drew forth causticcomments from some, the later, complete reports evokedexpressions of satisfaction, and of the hope that the reliefmeasures promised by the Ambassador would, in the nottoo remote future, be put into effect. (See pages 33-34, supra.)


One of the grievances of Polish Jewry, touched upon at theconference referred to, was the survival, in the region for-merly known as Russian-Poland, of certain anti-Jewishrestrictions which were a vestige of Tsaristic rule. Thehope of the Ambassador, that these were to be shortlyabolished, was realized in April, when both houses of theSejm approved the necessary legislation, after an effort onthe part of Jewish representatives which began in June 1919.

Thanks to the enlightened attitude which has been main-tained by the Polish Government since Marshal Pilsudskitook over the reins of Government in May 1926, the recordof Poland during the past year was sullied by very few ofthose disgraceful incidents which were all too plentiful inRoumania. Early in July, came the report of an anti-Jewishriot in Kovel, in which 40 Jews were said to have beeninjured; later, however, the local rabbi, in a statement to aWarsaw newspaper, declared that the report was exagger-ated, that the incident was not anti-Semitic, and that theauthorities did their duty. Later in the month, a streetattack occurred in Zdunsku-Vola. In June, as a result ofthe spread of a false rumor, the Jewish quarter of Zloczewwas attacked by hooligans; police used tear bombs anddispersed the mob. In the same month, a week after a ballgame in Radom, between Polish and Jewish teams, in thecourse of which two Polish schoolboys were accidentallyinjured, rowdies staged a riot, in the course of which anumber of Jews were injured and Jewish shops looted; thepolice were unable to quell the disturbance until reinforce-ment arrived. In all of these cases, investigations werepromptly made and arrests followed.

The few communal items of interest relate to Palestine.After the publication of the Passfield White Paper, membersof He-Halutz, an organization of Zionist youth, demon-strated on October 23, before the British consulate inWarsaw; in the same afternoon, a second demonstrationwas staged by Poale Zionists, and stones were thrown atthe building by the demonstrators, who were dispersed bythe police. Several days later, the Polish members of theJewish Agency held a meeting and adopted resolutionsassociating themselves with the protest of Dr. Weizmann,


and suggesting that the Zionist Executive be replaced byan Emergency Committee, in which the Revisionists shouldbe invited to participate. An impressive protest meetingtook place in Warsaw on October 28. Similar meetings tookplace in other cities.

BALTIC COUNTRIES

Economic matters were in the foreground of Jewish lifein LITHUANIA during the past year, owing to natural causes,but also, to some extent, to several measures proposed, oractually put into effect by the government at Kovno, or bymunicipalities. That the material situation of LithuanianJewry is miserable is a well-known fact. Up to March28, 1931, a total of 4,000 persons in Kovno alone hadapplied for Passover relief. The crowds which gathereddaily before the .Ma/zo^-distributing depot, were so great,that special deputies had to be assigned to keep the appli-cants in line. During the Passover week, a fire destroyed250 houses, besides communal buildings, in Plungjany,rendering 2,000 Jews homeless and destitute.

In the meantime, the government had filled many Jewswith fear by the passage of the employment law of July 14,1930, requiring all aliens desiring to do business or to obtainwork in Lithuania to secure permits from the Minister ofthe Interior before January 1, 1932. The law was obviouslyintended to give preference in the matter of employment toLithuanian citizens. Inasmuch as there are today in Lithu-ania from 9,000 to 10,000 Jews who are Staatenlos, i. e., notcitizens of any country, there was a veritable panic amongthose of them who were engaged in business or were em-ployed by others. Not long after the passage of the law, thepolice in Kovno began to circulate warnings to employersto make sure to have only Lithuanian workers beforeJanuary 1, 1932, and to obtain from alien Jews signedpledges not to seek the permits required by the law; it wasreported that non-Jewish aliens were not troubled in thismanner. Protest against the law became almost world-wide,and in March, at a conference with a representative of theJewish Telegraphic Agency, the Minister of the Interiorissued a statement that the law would be enforced only with


reference to those aliens who entered Lithuania after July1929, and that the pledges obtained from the workers bythe police would not be considered.

Great interest was attracted by the case of four Jewishmeat market workers who were sentenced in November1930 to imprisonment for long terms for the alleged killingof a meat inspector, who, a coroner's inquest had decided,had died of a fall. Later, in response largely to publicclamor, the four Jews before whose establishment the bodywas found, were charged with having killed him in a quarrelwhen the veterinary had refused to stamp the meat in theirshop. The faith of the Jewish community in the innocenceof the men was strong, and when they were granted a newtrial before a higher court, they were acquitted of themurder, and given short sentences on the alleged groundthat they had attempted to conceal the body. The outcomeof this case and, simultaneously, of the employment lawpanic, did much to restore Jewish confidence in the Lithu-anian government.

Jewish culture was aided by the government when, inJanuary, the Minister of Finance granted the Directorateof the Hebrew Real-Gymnasium in Kovno a building loanof $35,000 on a new gymnasium building, then in processof construction, which is to be named after Edward M.Chase, of Manchester, New Hampshire, who contributed$25,000 for the construction of the building, and whoseStudent Aid Foundation provides tuition, board, andlodging for 62 poor Jewish students in Lithuania.

That the economic condition of the Jews of LATVIA alsois wretched was indicated by the long line of applicants forfree coal which was being distributed by the Riga communityduring the past winter. In April, it was reported that, owingto the depressed condition of those Latvian Jews who hadformerly contributed toward its work, the internationalorganization ORT may have to suspend its activities inLatvia, where, in 1930, it had been giving 400 childrentechnical training and had spent SI00,000 for machineryand tools. In June, it was reported that the work of theJewish co-operatives, of which nearly half of the 96,000Jews of Latvia are members, was becoming more difficult.


The wretched situation of the Jews was brought about bya number of factors, including government monopolizationof the flax industry, discrimination agains Jews in govern-ment employ, the "dumping" of shoes from Czecho-Slovakiaand of lumber from Soviet Russia, and the revocation by thegovernment of loans extended some time ago to stimulatethe creation of national industry. Discrimination ingovernment employ, was the subject, in October, of a threehour debate in Parliament.

In June, the Latvian Parliament passed a law abolishingthe numerus clausus on foreign students which had beenin force at the University of Latvia.

In March, a Latvian National Socialist Party, preachingthe doctrines of Hitler, was organized; its program callsfor the usual measures,—expulsion of Jews who came tothe country since 1917, confiscation of the property of Jews,and the like.

The Hitler movement showed great strength in theFree City of DANZIG; when, in the November 1930electionto the Volkstag, the National Socialist Party polled 34,394votes, twenty-four times the 1,483 they had in the 1927election campaign, there were street attacks upon Jews byHitlerites. Later, after they gained control of the Volkstag,the attacks became more frequent. In protest againstthese disorders and against the failure of the senate topunish the perpetrators, Henry K. Strassburger, PolishHigh Commissioner in Danzig, resigned.

RUSSIA

The past was a relatively quiet and uneventful year forthe Jews of Russia, with the letting-down of the anti-religious drive, and the slowing-up of the collectivizationcampaign. In the meantime, the continued struggle for theadaptation of the Jews to the economic scheme of thecountry was the fact that was uppermost in all the eventsof the year. The edict of the preceding year, regardinglishentzy or declassed, which was expected by some to bringabout a great improvement in the condition of those whowere neither peasants nor factory workers, does not appearto have made a great deal of difference in the condition of


these former pariahs, but there is hope that with theopening up of some of the large industrial plants, now incourse of construction under the famous Five Year Plan,many of these former traders, agents, and professionals,will be able to qualify as workers. The same is true of thekustars, artisans who have been working individually intheir own homes, and of whom there are said to be 100,000among the Jews. Legally, their lot has become easier, whatwith the reduction of taxes and with certain forms of govern-ment aid, but actual improvement in their condition hasuntil now been slow, although there are signs that, becauseof the increasing need for industrial workers, the rate ofimprovement will be accelerated.

Such a sign was the law promulgated in October, pro-viding that government labor exchanges register for worknot only members of trade unions, but all persons applying,even if they had never worked before. This new edictopened up opportunities for the former declassed Jews, butthere are no figures available as to how many were actuallybenefitted. The status of the artisan was elevated somewhatby a decree in November, opening up to their children thesame educational rights as had until then been accordedonly to the children of factory workers, and giving to theartisans equal treatment with those workers. In the samemonth, another law offered further privileges to thoseartisans who would organize artels or co-operatives of notfewer than thirty individuals. Such artisans are to receivethe same food allowances, to pay the same low rents, andto enjoy the same pension rights, as factory workers. Afurther boon was given to these artisans, in May, when areduction of one-third in their taxes was decreed. Anarticle in Ernes, the Yiddish communist daily published inMoscow, indicated that Jewish artisans had had experienceswith the carrying out of some of these laws, made for theirgood, which had made many of them skeptical as to thesincerity of the government.

In December, a "five year plan" for the economic trans-formation of the Jewish artisans and former lishenlzy wasannounced by the Comzet, the government agency forsettling Jews on land and for industrializing them. Duringthe next three years. 135,000 Jewish youths, in addition to


the 30,000 already being trained, will be absorbed in indus-trial enterprises, while the 30,000 subsidized students willbe increased to 65,000; at the same time, 50,000 Jewishartisans will be converted into factory workers and 10,000Jewish professional men will be trained for productive labor.Altogether 450,000 Jews are to be turned to industry, while145,000 are to be absorbed in government employ, and65,000 more are to be placed in agricultural collectives.

That a change has already taken place in the economiclife of the Jewish population of Russia was indicated in areport presented to the All-Russian Central ExecutiveCommittee by A. Merezhin, vice-president of the Comzet.According to this report, the number of Jews in the metalindustries exceeds those in the needle trades, leather work-ing, and other traditional Jewish occupations; of the totalJewish proletariat, 43% are in heavy industries; 10,000Jewish youths are employed in metal factories at Dneper-trovsk, alone, and a large number of girls are going intotextile mills. That conditions in some factories where suchyouths were employed were so bad as to induce some ofthe young men to run away, was brought out in April. Theyouths complained of poor housing conditions, beingcompelled to work as common laborers instead of beingtaught trades, and anti-Semitic incidents. The CentralExecutive Committee took cognizance of these conditionsand ordered the Comzet to pay greater attention to thephysical comfort of the Jewish workers. That the problemof the Jews settled in small towns is still unsolved to alarge extent was brought out at the All Russian Conferencein December of the Ozet, the society for settling Jews onthe land, which, it was reported in May, has 300,000members, more than half of whom are non-Jews. It waspointed out that while the five year industrialization planhas somewhat relieved the economic pressure, only the sonsof artisans are admitted into the large factories, while thedeclassed Jews and their children are still not provided for.

The situation of the Jews engaged in agriculture wasdescribed in statistics made public in May. A total of280,000 Jews are now working on the land in the variousparts of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. Thesefarmers are settled in four autonomous Jewish regions and


hundreds of little communities; eighty per cent of theJewish farmers are members of collectives. In the precedingDecember, the Comzet planned to settle an additional5,500 Jewish families on the land, chiefly in Crimea, andin January it was announced that the government had setaside 20,000,000 rubles for aiding the Jewish colonies during1931. Settlement in Bira Bidjan, in the Far EasternRepublic, was not popular among the Jews of Russia, andthe official in charge of the project was compelled to seekrecruits for it in Latvia, Lithuania, and even Argentine.In February, it was reported that only 2,700 Jews aresettled in Bira-Bidjan. It is interesting to note, in connectionwith the animal industry, that not a few Jews objected tohandling pigs. In May, the Jewish students of the GrainTechnicum in Borisov protested when the authoritiesannounced that it would be changed to an Institute forAnimal Industry, specializing in pig-raising. In a numberof other places in White Russia, some directors of Jewishcollectives threatened to resign when they were ordered toturn from agriculture to pig-raising.

That the work of the Comzet in settling Jews on the landis sometimes hurried and done without due preparation,was indicated in April when the Agro-Joint, the AmericanJewish society, was compelled to conduct widespread reliefactivity among newly-arrived Jewish colonists in theCrimea, a number of whom were found to be unsuited tofarming. Barracks were not ready to receive some of thecolonists, and there was a lack of transportation facilities.Dr. Joseph Rosen, director of the Agro-Joint, at a pressconference in the Berlin office of the Joint DistributionCommittee, in May, outlined the necessity for maintainingand strengthening the Jewish agricultural position in Russiabecause of the possibility of a future movement to the landby a number of the Jews who are now engaged in industry.The Agro-Joint is not only aiding the colonists in developingtheir farms, but is also assisting in maintaining the healthof the Jewish population by subsidizing local societiesengaged in this work. During the five years 1924-29, a totalof 4,846,000 rubles were expended by these societies, and anannual average of 1,017,000 persons were assisted. Theneed for this work is urgent, because government medical


assistance is extended only to members of trade unions,government employes, and basic classes of the peasantry.

In July, after several weeks' negotiation, the governmentrescinded its refusal, in the preceding February, to permitthe Federation of Jewish Relief Organizations of GreatBritain to enter Russia and carry on relief activities (SeeVol. 32, p. 88).

Along with the struggle for economic adaptation, wentdesperate efforts for religious adjustment to the Sovietmilieu. At the Anti-Religious Jewish Congress, held inMoscow at the end of March, some of the measures beingemployed to save Judaism were referred to. The Jews ofLeningrad have decided to admit women to the choir andto participation in the management of congregations, andhave abolished separate seating in the synagogues. Insmaller cities, free Hebrew schools have been establishedand teachers are offering private tuition in Jewish subjectsfree of charge. Itinerant preachers follow groups of colonistsand other migrating, and establish moveable congregationsfor their use. All the rabbis in Russia are willing, it wassaid, to reduce the number of ritual observances if theycan save the essence of Judaism. An example of this wasthe approval given by the rabbi of Briansk for the bakingof Matzoth with rye flour, because of the scarcity of whiteflour and the fear that many Jews would consequentlyabandon the use of Matzoth at Passover.

The drive against religion continued during the year,although not with the speed and vigor of the year before.Reports to the Ernes, from a number of towns and villages,indicated that many anti-religious societies in these placeshad ceased functioning, leaving the field open for "an unhin-dered revival of religious propaganda." In March, the firstathiest magazine in Yiddish began publication in Moscow,promising to give battle both "to the Pope of Rome and theRabbi of Lubawitch," as well as Zionism. This magazineand the rest of the Yiddish communist press agitatedviolently against Jewish religious observances, particularlyat the time of the fall High Holidays and at the Passoverseason, but there are no reports of any public burlesquingof religion as in previous years; nor were there any reports


of the persecution of Hebrew teachers or of rabbis. Alongwith so called counter-revolutionary suspects, some activeZionists were arrested, and several exiled.

While there were not as many reports of anti-Semiticincidents during the past year, as in preceding ones, suchas have appeared indicate that anti-Semitism is still a seriousproblem, with which the government is endeavoring to cope.In an interview, in January, with the correspondent of theJewish Telegraphic Agency, Joseph Stalin, de facto dictatorof Russia, characterized anti-Semitism as "the most danger-ous survival of cannibalism," and declared that in theSoviet Union it is rigidly prosecuted as a "phenomenonprofoundly hostile to the Soviet regime." As a matter offact, the Soviet authorities did look into many complaintsof anti-Jewish persecution, and meted out severe punishmentto persons found guilty.

A rather flagrant case was that of three factory workersin the Izpolit factory near Minski who resented the factthat a Jewish co-worker faithfully carried out orders anddid his work very industriously. After subjecting the Jewto various indignities, the three non-Jews hanged him to abeam, and, when he fainted, they cut him down only tohang him again. One of the assailants was sentenced tosix years imprisonment at hard labor, and the remainingtwo to eight years; all three were deprived of their citizenship for five years. In June, the entire city administrationof Derbent, Republic of Daghestan, were removed and anumber tried, because of anti-Jewish persecution.

In the same month, in a long article in Izvestia, Moscowgovernment organ, Maxim Gorky, commenting upon thefact that a number of contemporary Russian writers haveshown anti-Semitic tendencies, declared that the shamefulstain of anti-Semitism must not find any place in the life orliterature of Soviet Russia, where the foundation was laidfor the brotherhood of all races and peoples. He recom-mended that Russia should learn from England whichcontinually gains strength by infusing, into its politicaland social order, the services of "wise and energetic Jews."


T U R K E Y

The situation of the Jews of Turkey did not improveduring the year. The policy of Ottomanization of thecountry continued to be followed by the Kemalist govern-ment, with the depressing effects on Jewish initiative andprogress which we described in our review last year. {SeeVol. 32, pp. 128-129). Those elements which support thispolicy were greatly irritated and shocked during the fallof 1930, when AH Tethi Bey, leader of the Liberal Repub-lican party in the municipal elections in Istanbul, the firstopposition in seven years, invited the co-operation ofnational minorities, and the Greeks, Armenians, and Jewsof the city, to the number of some 240,000 manifested theireagerness to support that party, and put candidates in thefield, but while the Liberal Republicans succeeded in polling25% of the votes cast, they were defeated by the Popular(Kemalist) Party, with the result that animosity againstthe minorities increased.

In November, one of the leading newspapers demandedthat the government take steps to prevent the furtherexodus of Turkish Jews who "are distinguished for theircreative intelligence and productive activity." The declineof the once flourishing Jewish community of Turkey becamemore evident during the past year, with Jewish institutionsharder put to it than ever to support communal activities,and especially with the falling off in the attendance ofJewish children at community schools. After an intervalof eight years, the Council of Jewish Communities held ameeting in May, and listened to a gloomy report of theserious economic plight of the communities. A very signifi-cant event was the organization, in April, of a Jewish societyin Smyrna which discussed plans to agitate among Jews toabandon the Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) tongue and adopt theTurkish language.

C. PALESTINE

The primary and almost all-absorbing interest of theJews of Palestine, during the period under review, was, ofcourse, the discussions surrounding the formulation of itsPalestine policy by the Mandatory Power, as outlined inthe Passfield White Paper, issued in October 1930. But


before tha t document saw the light, Palestine Jewry wasdeeply stirred by the report of the Permanent MandateCommission to the League of Nations made public inAugust, because tha t document was, in some respects, acounterbalance to the profoundly unsatisfactory report ofthe Shaw Commission which had investigated the Arabriots of August 1929. The Mandate Commission foundtha t two of the four general conclusions of the Shaw Com-mission were open to question; tha t the Palestine adminis-tration had displayed a lack of insight on the eve of theriots in spite of a number of premonitory symptoms; thatthe Mandatory Power had reduced the protective forcestoo rapidly, for a country situated as is Palestine; and thatit had also handled the Wailing Wall controversy in amanner which was not calculated to improve relation be-tween the two groups. Going back to more remote causesof friction between Jews and Arabs, which lay in the failureof the Mandatory to give satisfaction to the aspirationsof the two races, the Commission expresses "regret tha t oncertain points the Mandatory Power has not succeeded ingiving full effect to all the provisions of the Manda te . " TheGovernment's lack of firmness and consistency in applyingall its provisions "inevitably leave the extremists in bothcamps to seek . . . to obtain what the Mandate , loyallyinterpreted and energetically carried out, could not givethem." While expressing approval of the Mandatory 'sintention to restrict immigration in proportion to thecountry's power of absorption, the Commission neverthelessasks "whether the obligation to encourage close settlementby Jews on the land, does not . . . imply the adoption of amore active policy which would develop the country'scapacity to receive and absorb immigrants in larger numberswithout ill effects?" Such a policy has merely been outlinedin a small way; "it is quite clear, however, tha t the JewishNational Home, so far as it has been established, has inpractice been the work of the Jewish organization;" theMandatory has shown itself "unable to provide the essentialcondition for the development of the Jewish NationalHome,—security for persons and property."

The ill effects of the inaction of the Palestine Governmenthave not been restricted to Jews. "The Arab element . . .


might have found its interests safeguarded by the govern-ment agricultural policy, including not only public works todevelop cultivable area, but also the organization of agri-cultural credit, land credit, co-operative societies and aneducational campaign." Had such a policy been followed,the fears of the Arabs, seeing the land passing into Jewishhands, would have been largely allayed. The Mandatoryhad also neglected to take any steps to bring the two sec-tions into closer association, by setting up economic insti-tutions open to both sections; the Mandatory left theestablishment of all such institutions entirely to the Jews.

The Commission warned that agitation against the Man-date itself as well as efforts to distort its meaning are vain,as all such demands must be refused "so long as the leadersof the community persist in repudiating what is at oncethe fundamental charter of the country and, so far as theMandatory Power is concerned, an international obligationwhich cannot be set aside."

The British Government took sharp issue with these andother points in the report of the Mandate Commission andfiled a long answer, to the tone of which the Commissionexpressed objection. On September 8, however, whenHjalmar Procope, rapporteur on Mandates for the Councilof the League of Nations, presented his report upholdingthe views of the Commission, his observations and reportwere unanimously adopted by the Council, after ArthurHenderson, British Foreign Secretary, had made a briefdeclaration, which was interpreted as an apology forthe asperity of Great Britain's answer to the Mandate'sCommission.

This development was greeted with satisfaction in Pales-tine Jewish circles and raised high hopes in anticipation ofthe anxiously awaited new statement of Great Britain'spolicy. The consternation with which the Passfield WhitePaper was received was the more profound. Not since theriots of 1929 was the Jewish Community so aroused. Theresignation of Dr. Weizmann from his dual presidency ofthe World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agencywas interpreted as a serious defeat of World Zionism. Ameeting of the Va'ad Leumi (National Jewish Council) wascalled at once, and Pinhas Rutenberg, on behalf of the


Council, and Colonel Frederick Kisch, representing theJewish Agency, called on the High Commissioner andexpressed indignation at what Palestine Jewry regarded asthe complete extinction of the Balfour Declaration. At itsmeeting on October 21, the Va'ad Leumi adopted a resolu-tion rejecting the statement of policy, and refusing to takeany part in the formation of the legislative council proposedin the White Paper. Feeling ran high in Tel Aviv, wherean anti-British street demonstration took place, and blackflags were hoisted in "mourning" for the Balfour Declaration.

The debates in Parliament on November 17, also keenlydisappointed Palestine Jewry, because of the speeches ofPremier MacDonald and Dr. Drummond Shiels, Under-secretary of State for the Colonies, in which they sought todefend the White Paper. The Va'ad Leumi held anothermeeting on November 19, and adopted a resolution express-ing its amazement at the Premier's confirmation of theWhite Paper and calling on "Jewry throughout the Worldto continue to fight against the repeated attacks of HisMajesty's Government." Jewish public opinion in Palestinewas more cheerful when Premier MacDonald's letter toDr. Weizmann was published. The Hebrew press tookthe position that while a retraction of the White Paper wasstill desirable, the letter did clear up a number of importantquestions.

When, in June the report was published of the Commissionon the Wailing Wall, appointed by the British Governmentwith the approval of the League of Nations, the Jewishcommunity, though dissatisfied, accepted the Commission'sdecisions. The Commission ruled that ownership of theWall is vested solely in the Moslem church, but that, subjectto certain restrictions, which were clearly set forth, Jewshave full access to the Wall at all times for the purpose ofdevotion. The use of benches, chairs, curtains, screens, etc.,is barred, as is also the blowing of the shofar, while theArk and a table to hold the Torah, while it is being read,may be brought to the Wall only on stated occasions. TheMoslems, on the other hand, are forbidden to disturbJewish services and to make any structural additions to theWall which may interfere with its use by Jews. The areabefore the Wall is not to be used for political rallies. The


Commission on the Wailing Wall had sat for several weeksin July 1930 in Jerusalem and held public hearings, at whichJewish and Arab witnesses were heard. These proceedingswere followed with the liveliest interest by both communities.The Commission and the Palestine administration encour-aged a series of conferences between Jews and Arabs, in thehope that they could arrive at an agreement as to the rightsof the respective communities, but these conferences werebroken off, owing, it was said, to the intransigeance of theArab representatives.

The failure of the negotiations was only one symptom ofthe continuing strained relations between the two communi-ties during the entire year. On the one hand, the Jews hadnot forgotten the riots of August 1929, and, on the otherhand, the Arab leaders would not abandon their demandfor the abrogation of the Balfour Declaration and theMandate. Arab bitterness was increased by the definiteand firm rejection by the Permanent Mandates Commissionof Arab demands in this direction; Jewish bitterness wasincreased by the provisions of the White Paper. The Arabshailed this document, and, when the parleys between theBritish Government and the Jewish Agency were takingplace and rumors of a possible retreat were rife, the Arableaders sent frantic messages to London, urging the Gov-ernment not to weaken, and expressing the belief that"explanations of any kind will cause general excitementamong the Arabs." They denounced the letter of PremierMacDonald to Dr. Weizmann as restoring the BalfourDeclaration; in a memorial to the British High Commis-sioner, the president of the Arab Executive stated that theletter "has ruined hope of a policy of co-operation betweenArabs and Jews, if there existed such a hope, and hasrendered the possibility of understanding between the twoparties absolutely impossible;" he went on to state hisintention of proposing a boycott against all Jews in allmatters. In March, the Arab Executive published an appealto the Arabs for an anti-Jewish boycott. "Sell the Jewseverything except land and buy nothing from them," wasthe slogan adopted. Finally, Arab bitterness was once moreincreased with the publication of the report settling theWailing Wall controversy.


The year was full of symptoms of mutual hostility on thepart of both sections of the Palestine population. Theauthorities took extra precautions to prevent disorders onthe anniversary of the outbreaks of August 1929. Pro-cessions were forbidden, but synagogue services werepermitted. Relatives and friends of Jews who had beenkilled made pilgrimages to their graves. In Tel Aviv allplaces of amusement were closed. A few days beforeTisho b'Ab (August 3) the authorities announced unpre-cedented restrictions for the observance of that fast beforethe Wailing Wall.

The Arabs, on the other hand, commemorated the fortiethday after the execution, on June 17, 1930, of the threeArabs sentenced to death for their part in the 1929 riots,and the leaders suggested that the anniversary of the riotsbe marked by a strike, but the government forbade thepublication of the strike call. The Arab Executive calleda strike also in protest against the reprieve of JosephMizrachi Urphali, the only Jew sentenced to death inconnection with the 1929 outbreak.

There were occasional attacks upon Jews, the mostsensational being that which occurred on April 5, near theArab village of Yadjur, in which three Jews were killedand four seriously injured; there were also clashes betweenJews and Arabs; Jewish farmers were annoyed by Bedouins;threshing floors belonging to Jews were burned; fruit treesin orchards belonging to Jews were uprooted by vandals;an Arab newspaper published a ritual murder accusationagainst a Jew.

On the other hand, there were some efforts on both sidesto reach an understanding, as urged by Harry Snell, oneof the members of the Shaw Commission, who suggested theestablishment of bi-national committees in all towns andvillages where the two peoples live. In a letter to the BrithSholom Society, whose president is Dr. J. L. Magnes,Chancellor of the Hebrew University, Mr. Snell madeforty-two concrete proposals for co-operation. When Mr.Snell's letter was published, one of the Arab newspaperssaid that the Arabs would agree to an entente on certainconditions, including the abandonment by the Jews of their"dream" of a National Home. Solemn peace pacts were


entered into between Jews and Arabs in a number ofplaces.

In the midst of all these preoccupations, often in spiteof them, normal life went on. The general economic situa-tion was not as bad in Palestine as in many other countries.Public revenues showed a surplus of $209,500 for the firstten months of 1930. In that year, industry used almost fiftyper cent more electric current, supplied by the Rutenbergplants, than in 1929. In November 1930, the drainageproject on lands of the Jewish National Fund in the HaifaBay section, which had cost $125,000, was completed andthe cornerstone was laid of a Workers Suburb of twothousand cottages, to be constructed at a cost of over$500,000, with the financial assistance of the MortgageBank of the (American) Palestine Economic Corporation,the Keren Hayesod. the Palestine Emergency Fund, and theHassneh Insurance Company. In the same month, prepa-rations were well under way for the settlement of onethousand Jewish families on small holdings in the orange-growing zone along the coastal plain, on land belonging tothe Jewish National Fund. In January, the King DavidHotel, of nearly two hundred rooms, embodying all modernhotel conveniences, was opened in Jerusalem. It had beenerected at a cost of close to $1,250,000, provided, in part,by the London Economic Board for Palestine and thePalestine Economic Corporation. In the same month, thePolish Immigrants' Bank of Palestine was opened in TelAviv, partly with capital subscribed by the Polish Govern-ment, as the bank will function chiefly in the direction offinancing imports from Poland. In February, the corner-stone was laid of the Citrus Experimental Laboratory atRehoboth, on land of the Jewish National Fund.

Several natural disasters caused damage to property,In January, a terrific rain and wind storm struck Palestine,destroying crops and damaging houses. It was estimatedthat fifteen per cent of the orange crop was destroyed. InFebruary, the sudden overflowing of the Yarmuk Riverdamaged the Jordan power plant of the Rutenberg electricproject, and delayed for several months the opening of thatplant. In May, a swarm of locusts covered a large area of


the Jewish colony of Degania and caused considerabledamage to crops. Late in June 1930, a number of cases oftyphoid were reported in the Jewish settlements of theEmek, and all the 40,000 colonists were inoculated againstthe disease, the spread of which was promptly halted, thanksto this and other measures.

One of the points stressed in Premier MacDonald's letterto Dr. Weizmann was the claim of Jewish labor for a shareof employment on public works. This matter was muchdiscussed during the year. A census made by the Federationof Jewish Labor, in July, showed that only 5.7 per cent ofthose employed by the government Department of PublicWorks were Jews. In February, a delegation of Jews calledupon the District Commissioner for Northern Palestineand complained that only ten per cent of the Haifa Harborworkers are Jews, and that, at the Athlit quarries, of the790 workers, only 140 were Jews. In June, a delegationwaited upon the High Commissioner and complained ofthe non-employment of Jews on municipal works, and theHigh Commissioner at once issued orders for more Jews tobe employed.

A number of interesting communal events are deservingof mention. In July, a society was organized to agitate forautonomy for the Jewish community of Jerusalem; thisidea had been under discussion since March 1930, whenthe three Jewish members of the municipal council resigned,because, they alleged, the overwhelming majority beingArabs, they had never had any voice in the affairs of theCouncil. In August, a Jewish labor delegation from theUnited States was welcomed in Palestine and received bythe High Commissioner who expressed appreciation of thework of American Jews in behalf of Palestine. In the samemonth, the Va'ad Leumi adopted a resolution recommendingthat the control of the Jewish School system, now underthe Jewish Agency, be transferred to a joint board of theAgency and the communities; but this proposal was con-demned by the Hebrew Teachers Conference which wasthen in session. In January, elections were held for delegatesto the Asefat Hanivcharim (Representative Assembly), tobe the publicly recognized organ of the Jewish community,


in accordance with the Religious Communities Ordinanceof 1926. The Assembly elects the Va'ad Leumi (NationalCouncil). Considerable excitement marked the pre-election campaign, the British policy, as outlined in thePassfield White Paper, being the most discussed issue. Ofthe 89,590 eligible voters, 54,402 (56 per cent) went to thepolls. Labor candidates won 32 of the 71 seats, while theRevisionists acquired 16. At the first convention of theAssembly in February, the Revisionists left the meeting,when a motion, favored by them, that the question of thecommunity's participation in Dr. Weizmann's furthernegotiations with the British government be referred to theincoming Va'ad Leumi, was lost. In April, announcementwas made that the plans had been completed for the Jewishagricultural school to be built with funds left by Sir EllisKadoorie, of Bagdad; a similar school for Arabs will bebuilt with funds from the same source.

There were 230,000 catalogued volumes in the HebrewUniversity Library when its collection was removed fromthe city to the new Wolffsohn Building on Mount Scopus.According to the report of the Department of Education,409 books and pamphlets, of which 349 were in Hebrew,were published during 1929. In January 1930, a group inTel Aviv founded a Museum of Jewish Art in that city,Meyer Dizengoff, the Mayor, giving his home for the head-quarters of the Museum. The Hebrew versus Yiddishquestion arose in September in connection with the produc-tion of a Yiddish talking picture. The education departmentof the Jewish Agency, the Executive of the Jewish NationalCouncil, and that of the Jewish Teachers Organizationissued an appeal to the Jewish population not to attendthe production. When the picture was shown in Tel Aviv,several Hebrew partisans in the audience demonstratedagainst it, and the exhibitor was compelled to cut out thedialogue and the singing in order to be able to continue theshowing of the film.

The question of football playing on Saturday created agreat stir in the community when, on October 19, such agame took place. The Agudath Israel and the ShomreiShabbos were incensed and rebuked the players, who pro-tested that no tickets had been sold and no vehicles per-


mitted to approach the field, and contended that the gameitself was not a violation of the Sabbath. The controversywas revived in May and June 1931, and the Va'ad Leumiexpressed the view that the sport should be permitted,provided no tickets be sold on the Sabbath and there be nosmoking. The Agudath Israel, however, was not satisfiedwith this decision and appealed to the High Commissionerto promulgate an order forbidding games on Saturday.

Of the 6,433 immigrants to Palestine in 1930, a total of4,944, more than three-fourths were Jews. Of the 2,911emigrants, 1,636, more than half, were Jews, but only 581of these were Palestine citizens. According to an estimate,in April, of the United States Department of State therewere 1,800 American citizens then living in Palestine.

In its annual report submitted to the Permanent Man-dates Commission, the Jewish Agency presents many of thefacts already cited. The following additional data will beof interest. The report states that during the fiscal yearending September 30, 1930, Jewish immigration was 3,436as against 3,585 for the preceding fiscal year, and explainsthat the decrease was due to the suspension of certificatesunder the labor schedule, from May to October 1930, andto the lack of confidence in the good will of the MandatoryPower. The increase in unemployment from 334 in Decem-ber 1929 to 1,950 in the same month of 1931 was due, saidthe report, to the slackening of enterprise resulting from theunsettled political situation. A total of S6,725,000, wasexpended in Palestine by the Agency and its affiliatedorganizations, including the Palestine Emergency Fund.The total Jewish investment in building, in 1930, is estimatedat $3,750,000. The agricultural settlements established orsupported by the Keren Hayesod numbered 58, includingtwo experiment stations and five girls' training farms, witha total population of 71,556, occupying 139,232 metricdunams (34,808 acres). A total of 2,276 industrial enter-prises with an aggregate capital of about 85,000,000,employed 9,362 persons, these not including 12 enterprisesin so-called heavy industry—cement, oil, electric power,etc.—with a capital of $11,315,000 employing 1200 persons;about 10,562 persons were employed in Jewish urban


industries, in which $16,250,000 are invested. Work on theDead Sea mineral concession involving an expenditure of$500,000 was begun in 1930. A total of $980,000 wasspent for health activities by the Hadassah and the Workers'Sick Fund.

The number of children in the Jewish school system in1930 was 22,533 as compared with 21,031 for the precedingyear; there are 258 schools and 897 teachers in the system;the budget of the system was $702,360, of which $426,880came from the Jewish Agency, $151,380 from fees, $98,875from the government, and the remainder from miscellaneoussources. The separate budget of the Hebrew Universitywas $255,000, and a total of 177 students and auditorsattended courses; chairs in medieval Jewish history andrabbinic literature were established during the year.

D. INTERNATIONAL MATTERS

In connection with the question of minorities, it isinteresting to note that the establishment of a permanentminorities commission in the League of Nations was sug-gested at the convention, in September, in New York City,of the International Law Association, attended by repre-sentatives from twenty countries. Both Poland andRoumania appointed special under-secretaries for minoritiesin their governments. In the same month, the WorldCongress of Palestine Workers took place in Berlin. InApril, there took place at Nijon, Switzerland, the secondinternational student conference on anti-Semitism in univer-sities, sponsored by the International Student Service.

A P P E N D I C E S

I. ANNIVERSARIES AND CELEBRATIONS

UNITED STATESJuly 15, 1930. New York City: Celebration of seventieth anniversary

of the birth of ABRAHAM CAHAN, labor leader, editor and author.August 9, 1930. New York City: Celebration of seventy-fifth anni-

versary of the birth of MORRIS WINCHEWSKI, author.December 21, 1930. New York City: Celebration of seventieth anni-

versary of the birth of HENRIETTA SZOLD, Zionist and communal leader.January 4, 1931. Detroit, Mich.: Celebration of eightieth anniversary

of founding of TEMPLE BETH EL.January 14, 1931. New York City: Celebration of sixtieth anniversary

of the birth of FELIX M. WARBURG, banker, philanthropist, communaland civic leader.

February 6, 1931. Washington, D. C : Celebration of seventy-fifthanniversary of founding of WASHINGTON HEBREW CONGREGATION.

April 25, 1931. New York City: Celebration of seventieth anniversaryof the birth of EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN, economist.

April 26, 1931. New York City: Celebration of seventy-fifth anni-versary of the birth of HENRY MORGENTHAU, former ambassador toTurkey, communal worker.

March 1, 1931. Brooklyn, N. Y.: Celebration of seventy-fifth anni-sary of founding of CONGREGATION BETH ISRAEL ANSHE EMETH.

May 19, 1931. New York City: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniver-sary of the birth of Z. H. MASLIANSKY, Zionist leader.

OTHER COUNTRIESJuly 16, 1930. Milan, Italy: Celebration of one hundredth anniversary

of the birth of GRAZIADIO ISAIAH ASCOLI, philologist.August 14, 1930. Tel Aviv, Palestine: Celebration of seventieth anni-

versary of the birth of I. H. RAVNITZKY, publisher, editor, author.September 5, 1930. Konigsberg, Germany: Celebration of eightieth

anniversary of the birth of EUGEN GOLDSTEIN, physicist.September 21, 1930. Berlin, Germany: Celebration of seventieth

anniversary of the birth of SIMON DUBNOW, historian.October 9, 1930. London, Great Britain: Celebration of seventieth

anniversary of the birth of SIR DANIEL RUFUS ISAACS (LORD READING),former chief justice, viceroy of India, and ambassador to the UnitedStates, statesman and communal leader.

November 15, 1930. Berlin, Germany: Celebration of eightieth anni-versary of the birth of JACOB TEITEL, Russian communal leader.

December 14, 1930. Frankfurt a.M., Germany: Celebration ofno


seventieth anniversary of the birth of CAESAR SELIGMANN, teacher andcommunal leader.

December 15, 1930. Riga, Latvia: Celebration of one hundred andfiftieth anniversary of founding of ALT-NEU SYNAGOGUE.

December 20, 1930. Leningrad, Soviet Russia: Celebration of onehundredth anniversary of the birth of JUDAH LEON GORDON, poet andcommunal leader.

December, 1930. Paris, France: Celebration of seventieth anniversaryof the organization of the ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE.

January 10, 1931. London, Great Britain: Celebration of seventiethanniversary of the birth of NAHUM SOKOLOW, journalist, author, Zionistleader.

January 15, 1931. Berlin, Germany: Celebration of the eightiethanniversary of the birth of ALEXANDER MOSZKOWSKI, editor, author,humorist.

February 1, 1931. Budapest, Hungary: Celebration of seventiethanniversary of the birth of JOSEF RONA, sculptor.

March 15, 1931. Budapest, Hungary: Celebration of seventiethanniversary of the birth of JULIUS FISCHER, Rabbi, professor at theJewish Rabbinical Seminary, translator, Zionist and communal worker.

March 23, 1931. London, Great Britain: Celebration of seventy-fifthanniversary of founding of JEWS COLLEGE.

April 6, 1931. Tel Aviv, Palestine: Celebration of the seventiethanniversary of the birth of MEYER DIZENGOFF, mayor, Zionist leader.

May 6, 1931. Vienna, Austria: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniver-sary of the birth of SIGMUND FREUD, physician and psychoanalyist.

June 23, 1931. Oxford, Great Britain: Celebration of one hundredthanniversary of the birth of ADOLF NEUBAUER, Orientalist and librarianat the Bodleian.

II. APPOINTMENTS, HONORS AND ELECTIONSUNITED STATES

AARON, CHARLES L., Milwaukee, Wis., re-elected Judge, Circuit Court,April 7, 1931.

AARONSON, ISADOR, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

ABRAMSON, LEON, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

ACKERMAN, JOSEPH N., Cleveland, Ohio, elected to State Senate,November 4, 1930.

ADELBERG, ABRAHAM A., Cedarhurst, L. I., elected Mayor, March17, 1931.

ALBERT, HERMAN M., New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

ALLEN, MAX, Dorchester, Mass., elected to State Senate, November4, 1930.

ALTERMAN, MEYER, New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.


ALT MAN, JOSEPH, Atlantic City, N. J., re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

BACHARACH, HARRY, Atlantic City, N. J., re-elected Mayor, July11, 1930.

BACHARACH, ISAAC, Atlantic City, N. J., re-elected to United StatesHouse of Representatives, November 4, 1930.

BAER, HERMAN A., New Hyde Park, N. Y., elected Mayor, March,1931.

BARNET, SAMUEL, New Bedford, Mass., appointed by Governor,Judge, Bristol County District Court, November 19, 1930.

BEHRENDT, HENRY, Detroit, Mich., elected Sheriff of Wayne County,November 4, 1930.

BENDER, ALBERT M., San Francisco, Cal., made Chevalier of theCrown of Italy, November 24, 1930.

BENJAMIN, ROBERT, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

BERCOVICI, KONRAD, New York City, elected member, AcademieFrancaise de Science Internationale, April 24, 1931.

BERG, JULIUS S., New York City, re-elected to State Senate, Novem-ber 4, 1930.

BERMAN, PAUL, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Senate, November4, 1930.

BETTMAN, GILBERT, Cincinnati, Ohio, re-elected Attorney General,November 4, 1930.

BILDERSEE, ADELE, Brooklyn, N. Y., appointed by Board of Educa-tion, Dean of woman's branch of Brooklyn College, January 20, 1931.

BINDER, LOUIS, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Assembly, Novem-ber 4, 1930.

BINSTOCK, Louis, New Orleans, La., awarded by Hebrew UnionCollege, Cincinnati, Ohio, degree of Doctor of Divinity, May 31, 1931.

BLOOM, SOL, New York City, re-elected to United States House ofRepresentatives, November 4, 1930.

BLUM, MARTIN E., Cleveland, Ohio, elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

BLUMBERG, ARNOLD M., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legisla-ture, November 4, 1930.

BOAS, FRANZ, New York City, elected President of American Associa-tion for Advancement of Science, January 1, 1931.

BROWN, ELMER, Perth Amboy, N. J., re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

BUNGARD, MAURICE Z., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legisla-ture, November 4, 1930.

BUTZEL, HENRY M., Detroit, Mich., re-elected Judge, State SupremeCourt, November 4, 1930.

CAPLAN, JACOB, New Haven, Conn., elected to State Senate, Novem-ber 4, 1930.

CARDOZO, BENJAMIN N., New York City, awarded by Governor,Roosevelt Medal for Distinguished Service, June 23, 1931.

CASSON, ABRAHAM, Roxbury, Mass., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

CAYTON, NATHAN, Washington, D. C , appointed Judge, MunicipalCourt, District of Columbia, February 14, 1931.


CELLER, EDWARD, New York City, re-elected to United States Houseof Representatives, November 4, 1930.

COHEN, ALBERT M., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

CROUNSE, J., Omaha, Neb., elected to State Legislature, November4, 1930.

DICKSTEIN, SAMUEL, New York City, re-elected to United StatesHouse of Representatives, November 4, 1930.

EDELMAN, LEON, Chicago, 111., elected Judge, Municipal Court,November 4, 1930.

EINSTEIN, MORRIS, Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Senate, Novem-ber 4, 1930.

FALK, ALEX A., New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

FEIGENBAUM, B. J., San Francisco, Cal., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

FELD, A. SPENCER, New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

FERBER, EDNA, New York City, awarded honorary degree of Doctorof Letters, Columbia University, June 2, 1931.

FINE, MELVIN L., Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

FINKELSTEIN, BERNARD, Dorchester, Mass., elected to State Legisla-ture, November 4, 1930.

FLEISHER, MANUEL, Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

FLEXNER, SIMON, New York City, elected corresponding member ofthe French Academy of Sciences, division of medicine and surgery,April 27, 1931.

FOREMAN, MILTON J., Chicago, III., appointed Lieutenant-general,Illinois National Guard, April 18, 1931.

FRIEND, HUGO M., Chicago, 111., appointed by Illinois Supreme Court,Judge, Appelate Court of Illinois, October 20, 1930.

FURTH, JACOB, Philadelphia, Pa., awarded by American MedicalAssociation, Gold Medal, Class I, for original investigations, June 11,1931.

GARSON, MURRAY WM., Brooklyn, N. Y., appointed special AssistantSecretary of Labor, February 26, 1931.

GETTLEMAN, BERNARD, Milwaukee, Wis., re-elected to State Senate,November 4, 1930.

GIMBEL, RICHARD, Philadelphia, Pa., promoted Major, United StatesReserve Corps, March 26, 1931.

GOLDBERGER, LEO, Perth Amboy, N. J., appointed by Governor,Judge, District Court, of Perth Amboy, January 14, 1931.

GOLDEN, BENJAMIN M., Philadelphia, Pa., re-elected to United StatesHouse of Representatives, November 4, 1930.

GOLDSTEIN, JONAH J., New York City, appointed by Mayor, Judge,Municipal Court, March 6, 1931.

GOODMAN, MOSES, Ann Harbor, Mich., elected President, AmericanChemical Society, January 1, 1931.

GOODMAN, ALEXANDER, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.


GORFINE, EMANUEL, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

GRADISON, WILLIS D., Cincinnati, Ohio, elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

GREENBERG, JOSEPH, Jersey City, N. J., re-elected to State Legisla-ture, November 4, 1930.

GREENSTEIN, ARTHUR L., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legisla-ture, November 4, 1930.

GREENSTEIN, SAMUEL, Woodbine, N. J., re-elected Mayor, November4, 1930.

GROSSMAN, JOSEPH, Quincy, Mass., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

GUGGENHEIM, HARRY F., New York City, awarded by Georgia Schoolof Technology, Atlanta, Ga., honorary degree of Doctor of Science,June 6, 1931.

HAHN, JEROME J., Providence, R. I., appointed by Governor, Judge,State Supreme Court, February 28, 1931.

HARTMANN, MOSES, St. Louis, Mo., re-elected Judge, Circuit Court,November 4, 1930.

HEYMAN, C. I., New York City, elected to State Legislature, Novem-ber 4, 1930.

HOFSTADTER, S. H., New York City, re-elected to State Senate,November 4, 1930; appointed Chairman of Legislative Committee toinvestigate administration of the City of New York, April 7, 1931.

HOLLZER, HARRY A., Los Angeles, Cal., appointed Judge, UnitedStates District Court, Southern California, February 27, 1931.

HORNER, HENRY, Chicago, 111., re-elected Judge, Probate Court,November 4, 1930.

HYMAN, SOL. A., New York City, elected to State Legislature, Novem-ber 4, 1930.

JAFFE, NATHANIEL E., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

KAHAN, HENRY 0., New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

KAHN, MRS. FLORENCE PRAG, San Francisco, Cal., re-elected toUnited States House of Representatives, November 4, 1930.

KAHN, LOUIS D., New York City, elected Judge, Municipal Court,November 4, 1930.

KIRSTEIN, Louis E., Boston, Mass., elected President, Board ofTrustees of Boston Public Library, May 15, 1931.

KLEINFELD, PHILIP M., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Senate,November 4, 1930.

KOHN, ROBERT D., New York City, re-elected President of AmericanInstitute of Architects, April 22, 1931.

KRAMER, SAMUEL E., Cleveland, Ohio, re-elected Judge, Court ofCommon Pleas, November 4, 1930.

LANDSTEINER, KARL, New York City, awarded Nobel Prize for medi-cine, October 31, 1930.

LEBSON, ABRAM A., Englewood, N. J., appointed by Governor, Judge,Bergen County Criminal Court, March 25, 1931.

LEHMAN, EUGENE H.,Tarrytown,N.Y., elected Mayor, March 17, 1931.


LEHMAN, HERBERT H., New York City, re-elected Lieutenant-Gov-ernor of State, November 4, 1930; awarded Gottheil Medal, Zeta BetaTau Fraternity, May 4, 1931.

LEVEY, EDGAR, San Francisco, Cal., re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

LEVINE, JACOB, Nashville, Tenn., re-elected Judge, County Court,Davidson County, August, 1930.

LEVINE, MARCUS, Dorchester, Mass., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

LEVITAN, SOL, Madison, Wis., re-elected State Treasurer, November4, 1930.

LEVY, SAMUEL, New York City, elected by Board of Alderman,President of the Borough of Manhattan, January 16, 1931.

LEWIS, HARRY S., New York City, awarded by Jewish Institute ofReligion, honorary degree of Doctor of Jewish Theology, May 24, 1931.

LITWIN, DAVID M., Newark, N. J., re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

LIVINGSTON, JACOB H., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legisla-ture, November 4, 1930.

LOEVINGER, GUSTAVUS, St. Paul, Minn., appointed by Governor,Judge, Ramsey County District Court, March 13, 1931.

LYONS, HARRY, LOS Angeles, Cal., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

MACK, ALFRED, Cincinnati, Ohio, elected Judge, Court of CommonPleas, November 4, 1930.

MACK, MRS. WALTER S. Jr., New York City, appointed by Mayor,member, Board of Higher Education and trustee of Hunter College,February 11, 1931.

MANDELBAUM, SAMUEL, New York City, re-elected to State Legisla-ture, November 4, 1930.

MARINE, DAVID, New York City, awarded by New York Academyof Medicine, gold medal, January 7, 1931.

MAYER, JOSEPH, Belmar, N. J., re-elected Mayor, May 19, 1931.MAYER, MORRIS J., Cleveland, Ohio, appointed by Governor, Judge,

Municipal Court, December, 1930.MEDALIE, GEORGE Z., New York City, present United States Attor-

ney, Southern District of New York, January 28, 1931.MEIER, JULIUS L., Portland, Ore., elected Governor, November 4,

1930.MELNIKER, AARON A., Bayonne, N. J., elected Judge, Hudson

County District Court, November 4, 1930.MENDELSON, JOSEPH A., Washington, D. C , appointed Major,

December 9, 1930.MEYER, EUGENE, New York City, appointed Governor, Federal

Reserve Board, September 5, 1930.MEYER, HARRY, Butte, Mont., elected to State Legislature, Novem-

ber 4, 1930.MEYER, MAURICE J., Cleveland, Ohio, appointed by Governor,

Judge, Municipal Court, December, 1930.MILLER, JULIUS, New York City, elected Judge, State Supreme

Court, November 4, 1930.


MITTLER, BENJAMIN B., New York City, re-elected to State Legis-lature, November 4, 1930.

MORGENTHAU, HENRY, JR., New York City, appointed by Governor,Commissioner of State Conservation, December 7, 1930.

MOSES, ISAAC, Providence, R. I., elected to State Senate, November4, 1930.

NATHAN, LOUIS, Miami Shores, Fla., elected Mayor, December 8,1930.

NATHANSON, JACOB P., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legisla-ture, November 4, 1930.

NEUSTEIN, IRVING D., New York City, elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

OKO, ADOLPH S., Cincinnati, Ohio, awarded by Hebrew Union College,Cincinnati, Ohio, degree of Doctor of Hebrew Laws, May 30, 1931.

PACK, CARL, New York City, elected to State Legislature, November4, 1930.

PARIS, DAVID, New York City, elected to State Legislature. November4, 1930.

POSNER, Louis S., New York City, appointed by Mayor, member.Board of Education of City of New York, February 21, 1931.

REICH, JULIUS, North Bergen, N. J., re-elected Mayor, May 19, 1931.RITTENBERG, SAMUEL, Charleston, S. Car., re-elected to State Legisla-

ture, November 4, 1930.ROEDER, JEHIEL, New York City, elected Judge, Municipal Court,

November 4, 1930.ROOT, MORRIS J., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legislature,

November 4, 1930.ROSENSTEIN, FILBERT L., Paterson, N. J., appointed Judge, Second

District Court, April 15, 1931.ROTH, BENJAMIN, Brooklyn, N. Y., awarded by Secretary of War,

soldiers' medal for heroism while serving as member of the 1928-1930Byrd Antartic Expedition, July 9, 1930.

ROTH, LESTER W., LOS Angeles, Cal., appointed by Governor, Judge,Superior Court, March 21, 1931.

RUBIN, BEN, Milwaukee, Wis., elected to State Legislature, Novem-ber 4, 1930.

RUBINER, CHARLES, Detroit, Mich., appointed by Governor, Judge,Court of Common Pleas, June 24, 1931.

SABATH, ADOLPH, J., Chicago, III., re-elected to United States House ofRepresentatives, November 4, 1930.

SALUS, SAMUEL W., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Senate,November 4, 1930.

SAMBERG, HARRY A., New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

SCHACKNO, H. G., New York City, re-elected to State Senate, Novem-ber 4, 1930.

SCHANZER, ALBERT D., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legisla-ture, November 4, 1930.

SCHEINMAN, BENJAMIN I., Los Angeles, Cal., appointed by Governor,Judge, Municipal Court, January 27, 1931.

SCHIFF, MORTIMER L., New York City, elected President, NationalCouncil Boy Scouts of America, May 6, 1931.


SCHILLER, JOSEPH, Chicago, 111., elected Judge, Municipal Court,November 4, 1930.

SCHOENFELD, FRANK, Jersey City, N. J., re-elected to State Legisla-ture, November 4, 1930.

SCHWARTZ, LOUIS, Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

SCHWARTZ, WILLIAM, New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

SCHWARTZWALD, JACOB J., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legis-lature, November 4, 1930.

SCHWARZ, LEON, Mobile, Ala., elected by City Commission, Mayorand President of City Commission, October 1, 1930.

SELIGMAN, ARTHUR, Santa Fe, N. Mex., elected Governor, November,4, 1930.

SELIGMAN, EDWIN R. A., New York City, awarded by RoumanianGovernment Order of the Crown of Roumania, February 12, 1931.

SEMAN, PHILIP L., Chicago, 111., appointed by Governor, Chairman,Committee on Inspection of social service institutions, January 29, 1931.

SHIENTAG, BERNARD L., New York City, re-elected Judge, StateSupreme Court, November 4, 1930.

SHULMAN, MRS. SADIE LIPNER, Dorchester, Mass., appointed byGovernor, Judge, Municipal Court, December 11, 1930.

SILBERT, JOSEPH H., Cleveland, Ohio, elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

SINGER, JACOB, Chicago, 111., appointed lecturer in Liturgy and Musicof the Synagogue, Northwestern University, June 10, 1931.

SIROVICH, WILLIAM I., New York City, re-elected to United StatesHouse of Representatives, November 4, 1930.

SOBEL, JULIUS, Dorchester, Mass., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

SOBELOFF, SIMON E., Baltimore, Md., appointed United StatesAttorney, District of Maryland, January 28, 1931.

SOLOMON, ELIAS L., New York City, awarded by Jewish TheologicalSeminary of America, degree of Doctor of Hebrew Letters, June 8, 1930.

SPANN, MAX J., Pittsburgh, Pa., elected to State Legislature, Novem-ber 4, 1930.

SPEIER, HERMAN, New York City, awarded by Roumanian Govern-ment, medal of the Order of the Roumanian Star, March 9, 1931.

STEIN, BENJAMIN, Paterson, N. J., re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

STEINGUT, IRWIN, Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

STEUER, ALFRED L., Cleveland, Ohio, appointed by Governor, Judge,Municipal Court, December 24, 1930.

STRAUS, JESSE ISIDOR, New York City, awarded honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws, by University of Georgia, Athens, Ga., June 17, 1931.

STREIT, SAUL S., New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

STROOCK, MOSES J., New York City, re-elected Chairman, Board ofHigher Education of the City of New York, October, 1930.


STROOCK, SOLOMON M., New York City, awarded honorary degreeof Doctor of Hebrew Letters, Jewish Institute of Religion, Mary 24,1931; awarded by Columbia University, university medal in recognitionof achievements since graduation, June 2, 1931.

SUGARMAN, GEORGE, Chicago, 111., appointed by Mayor, President,Chicago Civil Service Commission, March 20, 1931.

SYKES, PHILIP L., Baltimore, Md., re-elected Judge, Orphans' Court,November 4, 1930.

TAHL, HERMAN J., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

TAUSSIG, FRANCES, New York City, elected President of the AmericanAssociation of Social Workers, June 12, 1930.

ULIN, MAX, Dorchester, Mass., elected to State Senate, November4, 1930.

ULLMAN, JOSEPH H., New Haven, Conn., elected President, Board ofFire Commissioners, February 4, 1931.

WALDMAN, HENRY J., Elizabeth, N. J., appointed by Governor, Judge,Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court of Union County, April 15, 1931.

WARBURG, FELIX M., New York City, awarded Zeta Beta TauFraternity Gottheil medal in recognition of greatest service to AmericanJudaism, May 10, 1930; elected President, American Association forAdult Education, May 21, 1931.

WARBURG, PAUL M., New York City, awarded honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws, by Occidental College, Los Angeles, Cal., April 13,1931.

WEINSTEIN, MAXWELL, Sergeant, Brooklyn, N. Y., awarded byUnited States Congress, Medal for Valor, April 21, 1931.

WEISBERG, A. LESTER, New York City, awarded bronze medal byCarnegie Hero Fund Commission, January 28, 1931.

WISE, R. S., Passaic, N. J , re-elected to State Assembly, November4, 1930.

WITKIN, MARTIN, Philadelphia, Pa., re-elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

WOLF, MORRIS, Philadelphia, Pa., elected member, Board of Judges,Court of Common Pleas, December 5, 1930.

WOLFF, ALVIN A., St. Louis, Mo., elected to State Legislature,November 4, 1930.

WOLMAN, PAUL C , Baltimore, Md., elected Commander-in-Chief,Veterans of Foreign Wars, September 5, 1930.

OTHER COUNTRIESBICKART-SEE, Paris, France, appointed Commander of the Legion of

Honor, January 22, 1931.BLUM, PAUL, Strasbourg, France, appointed Officer of the Legion of

Honor, January 22, 1931.BLUMENTHAL, HERMAN, Berlin, Germany, awarded State Medal by

Academy of Arts, December 24, 1930.BODENHEIMER, FRITZ, Jerusalem, Palestine, appointed Visiting Pro-

fessor, University of Minnesota, spring 1931, February 25, 1931.BRILL, SAMUEL, Paris, France, awarded by Emperor of Abyssinia,

Order of Negus Negesti, December 11, 1930.


BROD, MAX, Prague, Czecho-Slovakia, awarded by Government,State Prize for novel "Reubeni," October 28, 1930.

BURTON, MONTAGUE, London, created Knight, on occasion of 66thbirthday of King, June 3, 1931.

CEPILLI, GIACAMO, Trieste, Italy, made Officer of Order of the Legionof Honor, January 27, 1931.

CITROEN, ANDRE, Paris, France, made Officer of Legion of Honor,January 30, 1931.

COHN, GEORG, Copenhagen, Denmark, chosen by United States andPolish Governments, Joint Commissioner on the Treaty of Arbitrationand Conciliation between the United States and Poland, December 6,1930.

CROLL, DAVID ARNOLD, Windsor, Canada, elected Mayor, December2, 1930.

DA FANO, ALESSANDRO, Rome, Italy, awarded Order of the GrandOfficiale, June 17, 1931.

EICHELBAUM, SAMUEL, Buenos Aires, Argentine/awarded by munici-pality, annual prize for play "Senorita," May 15, 1931.

EINSTEIN, ALBERT, Berlin, Germany, awarded by Oxford University,London, honorary degree of Doctor of Science, May 23, 1931.

ENRIQUES, FEDERIGO, Rome, Italy, elected honorary member, RoyalAcademy of Science, Stockholm, April 22, 1931.

FEIBUSCH, HANS, Berlin, Germany, awarded State Medal by Academyof Arts, December 24, 1930.

FRANKFURTER, SOLOMON, Vienna, Austria, awarded by President,silver medal of the Austrian Republic for achievements in education,May 11, 1931.

FREUD, SIGMUND, Vienna, Austria, awarded by City of Frankforta. M., Germany, Goethe prize—1930, August 28, 1930.

GOLDSCHMIDT, ADOLPH, Berlin, Germany, awarded by PrincetonUniversity, Princeton, N. J., honorary degree of Doctor of Letters,June 16, 1931.

GONSENHEIMER, KURT, Berlin, Germany, awarded by King of Italy,medal for bravery, June 11, 1931.

GOTTLIEB, JOSHUA, Warsaw, Poland, awarded by Government, deco-ration marking 12th anniversary of Polish independence, November 10,1930.

HAAS, ROBERT, Paris, France, appointed by Council of League ofNationa, Director of section communication and transit of the Secre-tariat of the League of Nations, June 26, 1931.

HAIMOFF, JOSEPH, Dupnitza, Bulgaria, awarded by King, decorationof Officer's Cross for achievements in social welfare, June 4, 1930.

HARTOGH, M. DE, Amsterdam, Netherlands, made by King of Bel-gium, Officer of the Order of the Cross, February 16, 1931.

HOOFIEN, SIGFRIED, Jerusalem, Palestine, awarded Order of theBritish Empire by King on occasion of 66th birthday, June 3, 1931.

HOROWITZ, AARON, Cornwall, Canada, re-elected Mayor, December,2, 1930.

HYAMSON, ALBERT, Jerusalem, Palestine, awarded Order of theBritish Empire by King on occasion of 66th birthday, June 3, 1931.

ISAACS, SIR ISAAC ALFRED, Melbourne, Australia, appointed Gover-nor-General of Australia, December 2, 1930.


KLAFFERN, CECELIA, Lemberg, Poland, awarded by Government,decoration marking 12th anniversary of Polish independence, November10, 1930.

KLOTZ, LTJCIEN, Paris, France, made commander of Legion of Honor,June 4, 1931.

KRONFELD, ROBERT, Vienna, Austria, awarded by InternationalAviation League, International Flier's Trophy, 1929, November 17,1930.

LEVINSTEIN, HERBERT, London, awarded by Society of ChemicalIndustry, medal for work in dye stuff, January 2, 1931.

LIMBURG, J., Amsterdam, Netherlands, made Grand Officer of theOrder of Nassau, April 27, 1931.

LOEWE, FRITZ, Berlin, Germany, elected leader, German GreenlandExpedition, June 7, 1931.

LUDWIG, EMIL, Berlin, Germany, awarded by Rutger's University,New Brunswick, N. Jv honorary degree of Doctor of Letters, June 5,1931.

MARK, JACOB, Cernauti, Roumania, awarded by King, Order of theRoumanian Star, September 30, 1930.

MAY, PAUL, Brussels, Belgium, appointed Ambassador to the UnitedStates, December 6, 1930.

MAYER, RENE, Paris, France, appointed Officer of the Legion ofHonor, June 12, 1931.

MEYER, LEON, Havre, France, appointed Under-Secretary of Com-merce, December 13, 1930.

MINKOWSKY, Warsaw, Poland, elected President, State ExportInstitute, July 10, 1930.

MOSCOVITSCH, LUCA, Sofia, Bulgaria, awarded by King, decorationof Officer's Cross for achievements in social welfare, June 4, 1930.

MYERS, CHARLES S., London, elected Principal, Institute for Indus-trial Psychology, December, 1930.

NAHUM, CHAIM, Cairo, Egypt, appointed by King, member of Senate,June 13, 1931.

NATHAN, MANFRED, M., K. C , Johannesburg, Union of South Africa,appointed Judge, Income Tax Court, February 13, 1931.

NUSSBAUM, THOMAS, Prague, Czecho-Slovakia, appointed to StateSupreme Court, May 29, 1931.

ORNSTEIN, LEONARD SALOMON, Amsterdam, Netherlands, electedRector, University of Utrecht, June 27, 1931.

OTTOLENGHI, CHIEF RABBI, Venice, Italy, made Commander, Orderof the Crown of Italy, January 5, 1931.

PONTREMOLI, M., Rome, Italy, appointed Admiral, January 28. 1931.PUGLIESE, UMBERTO, Rome, Italy, appointed Chief of naval con-

struction and Commander of the Marine Corps, March 14, 1931.RAVENNA, FELICE, Rome, Italy, appointed by Government, Royal

Commissioner of Italian Jewish communities, March 18, 1931.ROSENBAUM, SAMSON, Jerusalem, Palestine, awarded by Lithuanian

Government, Order of Gedimin, September 16, 1930.ROSMARIN, HENRY, Lemberg, Poland, elected Seim deputy, Novem-

ber 17, 1930.ROTHSCHILD, BARON ROBERT DE, Paris, France, appointed Officer

of the Legion of Honor, January 30, 1931.


ROTHSTEIN, THEODOR, MOSCOW, Soviet Russia, appointed to StateAcademy of Sciences, November 26, 1930.

SASSOON, SIEGFRIED, London, awarded by Royal Society of Litera-ture, A. C. Benson medal, February 18, 1931.

SCHULSINGER, JOSEPH, Brussels, Belgium, awarded State prize forliterature—1931, for play Le Septenare, May 29, 1931.

SELIGMAN, CHARLES GABRIEL, London, awarded by Asiatic Societyof Bengal, the Annandale memorial medal for research in anthropologyof Asia, February 7, 1931.

SELIGMANN, CAESAR, Frankfurt, a.M., Germany, awarded by HebrewUnion College, Cincinnati, Ohio, honorary degree of Doctor of HebrewLaw, May 30, 1931.

SIMON, LEON, London, appointed Director, Department of Telegraphand Telephone, January 1, 1931.

SOMERSTEIN, Lemberg, Poland, elected to Seim, November 17, 1930.STARKENSTEIN, EMIL, Prague, Czecho-Slovalcia, elected rector, Ger-

man University at Prague, May 12, 1931.STEINBERG, JOSEPH, Cracow, Poland, awarded by Government

decoration marking 12th anniversary of Polish independence, November10, 1930.

STEINHAUS, HUGO, LWOW, Poland, appointed Dean, Department ofMathematics, University of Lwow, June 25, 1931.

STEINKOPF, MAX, Winnipeg, Canada, awarded by Czecho-SlovakianGovernment, Order of the White Lion, January 28, 1931.

STERN, JACQUES, Paris, France, appointed by Prime Minister, Under-secretary of the Navy, December 24, 1930.

TAGLIACOZZO, PIO, Rome, Italy, appointed Commissioner for theJewish community of Rome, March 19, 1931.

THON, OSIAS, Cracow, Poland, re-elected to Sejm, November 17, 1930.

III. SPECIAL BEQUESTS AND GIFTSUNITED STATES

COWEN, WILLIAM, New York City, bequeaths residuary estate esti-mated at $100,000 to Jewish Theological Seminary of America, inmemory of parents, to be known as Newman and Rachel Cowen Memo-rial Trust, January 29, 1931.

DAVIDOW, MYER, Scranton, Pa., don. $100,000 for erection of 'abuilding to house Jewish charities of the city, March 10, 1931.

EPSTEIN, MRS. PAULINA, St. Louis, Mo., bequeaths $100,000 forestablishment of hospital or orphan asylum, to bear husband's name,in which dietary laws shall be observed, August 8, 1930.

FALK, LEON and MRS. MARJORIE FALK LEVY, Pittsburgh, Pa., don.$325,000 for Falk elementary school to be conducted in conjunctionwith the University of Pittsburgh School of Education, June 24, 1931.

FEIST, LEO, New York City, bequeaths $100,000 for Leo Feist Chari-ties Trust for prompt and temporary relief of needy persons, February5, 1931.

FRANK,NATHAN,St. Louis, Mo., bequeaths $50,000 to Temple ShagareEmeth for erection of a memorial chapel; $50,000 to Jewish Federation


6f Charities, and $25,000 to the St. Louis Community Fund, April 9,1931.

FRIEDENBERG, MONE S., Philadelphia, Pa., bequeaths $100,000 to theUniversity of Pennsylvania and residue (conditionally) to Jewish Wel-fare Society of Philadelphia for erection of a memorial to parents,Samuel M. and Esther Fridenberg, April 9, 1931.

FRIEDENWALD, LEO W., Baltimore, Md., bequeaths $300,000 formemorial fund for the support of Associated Jewish Charities, SinaiHospital, Jewish Children's Society, Jewish Educational Alliance,Hebrew Free Burial Society, Jewish Home for Consumptives, HebrewFriendly Inn and Aged Home, Hebrew Home for Incurables, HebrewEducational Society, Baltimore Talmud Torah Society, and 6 otherJewish and 3 non-Jewish societies, in memory of himself and wife,August 30, 1930.

FRIEDMAN, MICHAEL, New York City, bequeaths $60,000 to HebrewOrphan Asylum, Montefiore Hospital, and Federation for the Supportof Jewish Philanthropic Societies, in equal parts; $10,000 to TempleEmanu El; $80,000 to four non-Jewish charities; collection of paintings,tapestries and other art objects to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,and residue of estate to trustees for distribution among charitableinstitutions, April 6, 1931.

FUCHS, EMIL, New York City, bequeaths $194,977 and collection ofworks of art to Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, May 30, 1931.

GALLAND, JULIUS, Spokane, Wash., bequeaths $97,500 to TempleEmanu El, $37,790 to Keneseth Israel Temple, $275 to two other Jewishcharities, and $96,463 to non-Jewish charities, October 25, 1930.

GUGGENHEIM, DANIEL, New York City, don. $100,000 to ClarkUniversity, Worcester, Mass., for exploration of the atmosphere at highaltitudes, July 9, 1930; bequeaths $1,500,000 to the Daniel and FlorenceGuggenheim Foundation and $475,000 to the Daniel Guggenheim Fundfor the Promotion of Aeronautics, October 4, 1930.

HALLGARTEN, ALBERT N., New York City, bequeaths $10,000 toMt. Sinai Hospital, $50,000 to establish Albert N. Hallgarten Corpora-tion for free musical education for needy persons, and $110,000 to non-Jewish charities, January 26, 1931.

HART, HARRY, Chicago, 111., bequeaths $130,000 to charity, February25, 1931.

HAYMAN.MINNIE, New York City, bequeaths $721,956 to MontefioreHome, New York City, North Woods Sanitarium, Saranac, N. Y., andHospital for Joint Diseases, New York City, in equal parts; $20,000to Ethical Culture School for scholarships, and $15,000 to Mt. SinaiHospital, New York City, October 17, 1930.

HEINSHEIMER, ALFRED M., New York City, bequeaths $5,113,573 toNew York Foundation, $1,000,000 to Hospital for Joint Diseases,$500,000 for its convalescent home and $142,000 to other charities,February 2, 1931.

HENDRICKS, HARMON W., New York City, bequeaths $250,000 to theMuseum of the American Indian, $60,000 to the United Hebrew Chari-ties, Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews,Mt. Sinai Hospital, Hebrew Sheltering and Guardian Society, and Con-gregation Shearith Israel, June 29, 1931.

KIRSTEIN, Louis E., Boston, Mass., don. to City of Boston, Edward


E. Kirstein branch library, valued at $200,000, in memory of father,February 3, 1931.

KUPPENHEIMER, ALBERT, Chicago, 111., bequeaths $50,000 to JewishCharities of Chicago, $20,000 to Chicago Home for Jewish Orphans,$5,000 to National Jewish Consumptive Hospital at Denver, Colo.,$5,000 to Jewish Consumptives' Relief Society, Los Angeles, Cal.,$50,000 to Visiting Nurses' Association of Chicago, $60,000 to othernon-Jewish charities, and residue to the University of Chicago endow-ment fund for medical research ($1,500,000) and to the Michael ReeseHospital ($750,000), June 23, 1931.

LEBLANG, JOSEPH, New York City, bequeaths $100,000 to Federationfor the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies in New York City;$50,000 to establish Joe Leblang Fund for twenty years, income to bedistributed among charities; $25,000 to Jewish Education Association,for loan fund; $25,000 to Lebanon Hospital, $5000 to the Jewish Theatri-cal Guild, and $40,000 to non-Jewish charities, April 24, 1931.

LEFFMAN, HENRY, Philadelphia, Pa., bequeaths $200,000 to charity,January 9, 1930.

LEITH, ARTHUR B., New York City, bequeaths (conditionally)$100,000 to Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropies of NewYork City, January, 1931.

LITTMAN, HERMAN, New York City, bequeaths (conditionally) estateof $360,296 to 12 Jewish and 5 non-Jewish organizations, August 12,1930.

MEINHARD, MORTON H., New York City, bequeaths $125,000 toHebrew Orphan Asylum, $10,000 to Hebrew Technical Institute forBoys, $500,000 to the Henry Meinhard Memorial Settlement, $350,000to Rosa Meinhard Home, and $24,000 to 15 other organizations, April24, 1931.

MEISELMAN, MORRIS, Brooklyn, N. Y., bequeaths $179,000 to Jewishcharities, September 17, 1930.

PAM, MAX, Chicago, 111., bequeaths $150,000 to Michael ReeseHospital for Max Pam Metabolic Unit to investigate diseases of meta-bolism, July 26, 1930.

ROSENBACH, A. S. W., Philadelphia, Pa., two gifts, collection of5,500 American Jewish historical books, pamphlets, and documentsvalued at $150,000 to the American Jewish Historical Society of America,in memory of mother, Isabella H. Rosenbach, October 19, 1930—and$20,000 to the University of Pennsylvania, to establish Fellowships inBibliography, November 9, 1930.

ROSENBERG, MAX L., San Francisco, Cal., bequeaths $1,000,000 toestablish the Rosenberg Foundation for charitable and educationalpurposes, June 19, 1931.

ROSENWALD (JULIUS) FOUNDATION, Chicago, 111., donates $105,000to Mental Hygiene Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadel-phia, Pa., for 6 years; $15,000 to the Interstate Bureau; $15,000 toSurvey Graphic for 3 years; and $7,500 to New York State Departmentof Labor for experiments in public employment agency work, October1, 1930.

ROSENWALD, MR. AND MRS. LESSING J., Philadelphia, Pa., give$100,000 to Committee for unemployment relief of Philadelphia, cam-paign for $5,000,000, February 12, 1931.


SACHS, MRS. ALICE GOLDSCHMIDT, New York City, bequeaths$100,000 for charitable purposes, to be designated by executors, April17, 1930.

SALOMON, WILLIAM and HELEN N., New York City, bequeath$75,000 to the Educational Alliance, New York City, $25,000 to theUnited Hebrew Charities, $10,000 to Mt. Sinai Hospital, and $10,00 tothe Hebrew Orphan Asylum.

SAVADA, ABRAHAM, New York City, bequeaths $100,000 to Jewishcharities, December 29, 1930.

SCHIFF, MORTIMER L., New York City, bequeaths $500,000 to Federa-tion for for the Support of Jewish Philanthropies of New York City;$100,000 to Henry Street Settlement, Jewish Welfare Board, Library ofthe Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Solomon and Betty LoebMemorial Home for Convalescents; $20,000 to Hebrew Free LoanSociety; $100,000 to Boy Scouts of America; $100,000 to AmherstCollege and to the New York Zoological Society; and $165,000 to othernon-Jewish organizations, June 14, 1931.

SCHWAB, SIDNEY, New York City, bequeaths $925,476 to SidneySchwab Estate Foundation for charitable purposes, June 17, 1931.

SELLING, BEN, Portland, Ore., bequeaths $100,000 to establish BenSelling Perpetual Scholarship Loan Fund for loans to needy studentsat college, university or normal school in the State of Oregon, or at anyrabbinical college in the United States, January 22, 1931.

STONE, NAT, Milwaukee, Wis., bequeaths (conditionally) $250,000 toestablish, ten years after his death, a foundation for charitable andeducational purposes, January 28, 1931.

STRAUS, SIMON W., New York City, bequeaths $100,000 to Jewishcharities to be designated by widow, September 22, 1930.

WARBURG, FELIX M., New York City, gives $50,000 to the AmericanPalestine Campaign, March 19, 1931, and $50,000 to American JewishJoint Distribution Committee, May 8, 1931.

WINBURN, JESSE, New York City, bequeaths $25,000 to the Brother-hood of Temple Emanu El, and $165,000 to non-Jewish organizations,June 24, 1931.

OTHER COUNTRIESABRAHAMS, MRS. FANNIE, London, Great Britain, bequeaths £7,080

to Jewish charity, October 3, 1930.BERG, MRS. CAROLINE, London, Great Britain, bequeaths £2,600 to

Jewish charities, £1,900 to non-Jewish charities, and £350 (condition-ally) to Jewish and non-Jewish charities, May 15, 1931.

BLANK, ARISTIDE, Bucharest, Roumania, presents palace to Rou-manian Government for the reception of foreign representatives inmemory of father, Mauricius Blank, December 27, 1930.

BROUDE, ISAAC, Johannesburg, Union of South Africa, establishesfund of £5,000 for local Jewish charities, £500 for non-Jewish localcharities; £1,000 to Zionist institutions in Palestine, and to Jewishcharities in Lithuania, June 5, 1931.

MEURTHE, SUZANNE DEUTSCH DE LA, Paris, France, gives 2,500,000francs ($100,000) and a house to Maison des Cieles (Hospital), June 4,1931.


HAFFKINE, WALDEMAR MORDECAI WOLFF, Paris, France, bequeathsestate of 1,500,000 Swiss francs ($290,000) to establish Haffkine Foun-dation for the Support of Yeshiboth, foundation to be administeredjointly by Bank Vadoise, Lausanne, and the Hilfsverein der deutschenJuden, Berlin, December 10, 1930.

LUCAS, FREDERICK LOUIS, London, Great Britain, bequeaths £2,200to Jewish charities, £25,000 and home for Heen Lucas hostel for gentle-,men, £11,250 to other charities and residue to University of CambridgeBritish Museum, and museums of art, February 27, 1931.

MESSA, SELIM MENAHEM, Aden, gives 50,000 Rupees to the SelimSchool for girls, for a new building, January 9, 1931.

IV. NECROLOGYUNITED STATES

ALEXANDER, JACOB, pioneer settler in Texas, Civil War veteran,Laredo, Texas, aged 92, August 26, 1930.

AUERBACH, ISAAC, dramatist, New York City, aged 68, January, 1931.BEHAR, NISSIM A., social worker, communal leader, Brooklyn, N. Y.,

aged 83, January 1, 1931.BELASCO, DAVID, playwright and theatrical producer, New York

City, aged 76, May 15, 1931.BERKOWITZ, SAMUEL, merchant, organizer of Independent Order Brith

Sholom, former grand master, communal worker, Philadelphia, Pa.,aged 68, November 5, 1930.

BERMAN, BENJAMIN N., former grand master of Independent OrderBrith Sholom, communal worker, Philadelphia, Pa., aged 63, October20, 1930.

BLOCH, MAX, tenor, Metropolitan Opera, New York City, at Dussel-dorf, Germany, aged 40, August 19, 1930.

BRICKNER, WALTER M., surgeon, author, former editor AmericanJournal of Surgery, New York City, aged 54, July 22, 1930.

COHEN, AARON, retired grain merchant, former president Federationof Jewish Philanthropy, civic and communal worker, Pittsburgh, Pa.,aged 70, April 1, 1931.

COLE, LOUIS M., communal and civic worker, Los Angeles, Cal.,aged 60, September 28, 1930.

COWEN, EDWARD DAVID, editor, Seattle Press, Seattle, Wash., aged73, December 7, 1930.

DAVIS, MRS. LEAH H., founder of Gold Star Mothers' Association,San Francisco, Cal., aged 50, October 9, 1930.

DINKELSPIEL, HENRY G. W., attorney, former member, State Legis-lature, civic and communal leader, San Francisco, Cal., aged 64, April20, 1931.

DOLITZKI, MENAHEM MENDEL, teacher, poet, novelist, Los Angeles,Cal., aged 78, February 22, 1931.

ECKMANN, MAX, former member of State Assembly and communalworker, New York City, aged 80, June 22, 1931.


ELLSBERG, SAMUEL, physician, communal leader, New York City,aged 59, May 20, 1931.

ELSAS, LOUIS J., manufacturer, captain, World War, communalworker, Atlanta, Ga., aged 51, March 23, 1931.

ESKOLSKY, JACOB, rabbi, author, New York City, aged 55, February7, 1931.

EZEKIEL, HENRY CLAY, merchant, Civil War veteran, Cincinnati,Ohio, aged 85, September 18, 1930.

FARBER, RUDOLPH, rabbi, Chicago, 111., aged 65, August 11, 1930.FATMAN, MORRIS, manufacturer, communal worker, New York City,

at Atlantic City, N. J., aged 73, September 26, 1930.FINE, ISRAEL, merchant and Hebrew poet, Baltimore, Md., aged 83,

November 23, 1930.FLEISCHMANN, SIMON, attorney, former chairman, City Council,

Buffalo, N. Y., aged 71, August 31, 1930.FRACHTENBERG, LEO J., social worker, former assistant United

States Commissioner of Immigration, lieutenant-colonel, World War,Chicago, 111., at Waterloo, Iowa, aged 47, November 25, 1930.

FRANK, ISAAC W., engineer, manufacturer, communal worker, Pitts-burgh, Pa., aged 76, December 2, 1930.

FRANK, NATHAN, lawyer, founder and former owner of St. Louis Star,former member of Congress, civic and communal leader, St. Louis, Mo.,aged 79, April 5, 1931.

FRANKEL, MORDECAI DAVID (Rabbi of Promishlian), hasidic Rabbi,New York City, at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., aged 58, August 17, 1930.

FRIEDSAM, MICHAEL, merchant, art collector, civic and communalworker, New York City, April 7, 1931.

FURTH, EMANUEL, lawyer, former member State Legislature, author,Philadelphia, Pa., aged 74, March 17, 1931.

GIMBEL, ISAAC, pioneer merchant and communal worker, PortChester, N. Y., aged 74, April 11, 1931.

GOLDENSON, ABRAHAM BEHR, rabbi and author, St. Louis, Mo., aged60, February 7, 1931.

GREENBAUM, SAMUEL, former judge, State Supreme Court, and com-munal worker, New York City, at Larchmont, X. Y., aged 76, August26, 1930.

GUGGENHEIM, DANIEL, industrialist, founder of Daniel and FlorenceGuggenheim Foundation, communal worker, New York City, aged 74,September 28, 1930.

HARRIS, CHARLES K., song writer and music publisher, New YorkCity, aged 65, December 22, 1930.

ISAACS, MARTIN J., Judge, Cook County Superior Court, communalworker, Chicago, III., aged 59, January 5, 1931.

JACHES, PHILIP, communal worker, New York City, aged 80, August26, 1930.

JACOBY, MORRIS, real estate operator, former member State Legisla-ture, civic and communal worker, New York City, aged 73, August 24,1930.

JAFFA, JOSEPH S., attorney, instructor, Colorado School of Mines,Denver, Colo., aged 60, September 13, 1930.

JAFFA, MYER EDWARD, professor emeritus, University of California,erkeley, Cal., aged 73, June 29, 1931.


KITSEE, ISIDOR, inventor, Philadelphia, Pa., aged 87, April 26, 1931.KOPALD, Louis J., rabbi, communal leader, Chicago, 111., at Baltimore,

Md., aged 45, January 4, 1931.LEBLANG, JOSEPH, theatrical producer and communal worker, New

York City, aged 57, April 17, 1931.LEVY, ISAIAH, rabbi, New York City, aged 50, October 28, 1930.LIEBMAN, WALTER H., lawyer and former member, State Assembly,

New York City, aged 56, January 2, 1931.LIPP, SAMUEL I., attorney, former member of State Legislature, Cin-

cinnati, Ohio, aged 37, August'21, 1930.LISSNER, MEYER, lawyer and civic worker, Los Angeles, Cal., aged 59,

July 28, 1930.LOWENSTEIN, J., major, newspaper man, communal worker, St. Louis,

Mo., at Terre Haute, Ind., aged 69, March 20, 1931.MAIMON, ABRAHAM, rabbi, Seattle, Wash., aged 57, January 29, 1931.MANN, LOUIS, playwright, actor, New York City, aged 65, February

15, 1931.MARCUS, JOSEPH, member, State Legislature, Pittsburgh, Pa., aged

47, October 25, 1930.MEARS, OTTO, contractor, Civil War veteran, Indian Commissioner,

member of first State Legislature, Denver, Colo., aged 91, June 25, 1931.MEINHARD, MORTON H., manufacturer, communal worker and philan-

thropist, New York City, at sea, aged 58, April 15, 1931.MEYER, EDWIN F., lawyer, financier, and communal worker, Chicago,

111., aged 65, January 12, 1931.MICHELSON, ALBERT A., former professor at the University of Chi-

cago, Nobel prize winner, Pasadena, Cal., aged 79, May 9, 1931.MINTZ, MOSES, physician, publisher, communal worker, New York

City, aged 71, September 3, 1930.MOSES, LIONEL, architect, former assistant general manager of United

States Housing Corporation, New York City, aged 61, February 19,1931.

MOSESSOHN, DAVID N., chairman of Associated Dress Industries,editor, Jewish Tribune, New York City, aged 48, December 16, 1930.

Moss, MICHAEL L., dentist, professor of oral surgery at New YorkUniversity, New York City, aged 72, March 15, 1931.

PINES, JOSEPH, retired manufacturer and banker, communal worker,Brooklyn, N. Y., aged 57, September 20, 1930.

RAYEVSKY, CHARLES, physician, labor leader, Liberty, N. Y., aged64, December 22, 1930.

REIS, JACOB, former member, State Senate, Kingston, N. Y., aged 83,July 28, 1930.

REVITCH, CHAIM LIPMAN, rabbi, Wilmington, Del., aged 65, Septem-ber 1, 1930.

ROSENAU, MRS. MYRA FRANK, civic and communal worker, Boston,Mass., aged 53, November 6, 1930.

ROSENBAUM, MORRIS, banker, communal worker, Philadelphia, Pa.,aged 82, February 9, 1931.

ROSENFELD, SYDNEY, dramatist and author, New York City, aged 75,June 13, 1931.

ROSENKRANZ, ELIAS V., Judge, Superior Court, communal worker,Los Angeles, Cal., aged 42, November 17, 1930.


ROSENTRETTER, ADOLPH, rabbi, St. Louis, Mo., aged 71, April 16,1930.

SANDLER, JACOB KOPPEL, musician, composer, New York City, aged78, February 23, 1931.

SCHIFF, MORTIMER L., banker, philanthropist, civic and communalleader, New York City, aged 54, June 4, 1931.

SCHILDKRAUT, RUDOLPH, actor, Hollywood, Cal., aged 65, July 15,1930.

SCHINASI, LEON, manufacturer, communal worker, New York City,at Juan lies Pins, France, aged 40, August 19, 1930.

SCHWARTZ, EMANUEL A., retired broker, former assemblyman, WhitePlains, N. Y., aged 83, January 21, 1931.

SCHWARZ, JOSEPH, physician, former professor, University of Ala-bama, captain, World War, Mobile, Ala., aged 52, March 13, 1931.

SELDNER, RUDOLPH, manufacturer, founder (together with sisters) ofAmalie Seldner Home for Jewish Girls, communal worker, Brooklyn,N. Y., aged 58, May 11, 1930.

SELLING, BENJAMIN, Portland, Ore., aged 78, January 15, 1931 (seepp. 155-163).

SILVERMAN, JOSEPH, rabbi, communal leader, former president, Cen-tral Conference of American Rabbis, New York City, aged 70, July26, 1930.

STIEFEL, HERMAN, lawyer, former Grand Master Independent OrderFree Sons of Israel, civic worker, New York City, aged 80, July 3, 1930.

STONE, NAT, merchant, communal and civic leader, Milwaukee, Wis.,aged 64, January 20, 1931.

STRAUS, NATHAN, retired merchant, philanthropist and communaland Zionist leader, New York City, aged 83, January 12, 1931. (See pp.135-154.)

STRAUS, S. W., banker, communal worker, New York City, aged 64,September 7, 1930.

SUFRIN, SOLOMON, former assemblyman, communal leader, Brooklyn,N. Y., aged 49, April 2, 1931.

SULZBERGER, JOSEPH E., retired manufacturer, communal worker,Philadelphia, Pa., aged 89, January 5, 1931.

SWIG, LOUIS, former judge, District Court, civic and communalworker, Taunton, Mass., aged 49, May 13, 1931.

VOORSANGER, ABRAHAM W., founder, editor, and publisher of Emanu-El,San Francisco, Cal., aged 70, November 19, 1930.

WEINSTEIN, L. J., Professor of Metallurgy, Northwestern University,Evanston, 111., in New York City, aged 49, May 14, 1930.

WEISSBERGER, CHARLES H., physician, author, New York City, aged71, February 16, 1931.

WISE, NATHAN, painter and inventor, Mt. Vernon, N. Y., aged 52,August 19, 1930.

WOLF, ALBERT, banker and communal worker, Philadelphia, Pa.,aged 62, February 16, 1931.

WOLFF, LOTTA V., research associate, Institute of Child Welfare,University of California, San Francisco, Cal., June 25, 1931,

ZAMETKIN, MRS. ADELLA KEAN, journalist, labor leader, New YorkCity, aged 68, May 19, 1931.


ZEISLER, SIGMUND, lawyer, former lecturer at Northwestern Univer-sity, civic worker, Chicago, 111., aged 71, June 4, 1931.

ZEITLIN, LEO, musician, composer of Jewish folk songs, Brooklyn,N. Y., aged 38, July 8, 1930.

OTHER COUNTRIES

ABRAMSON, ISAAC MENDEL, rabbi, author, London, December 27,1930.

APPELBAUM, MORRIS, painter, theatrical decorator, Katovitz, Poland,aged 44, January 3, 1931.

AUERBACH, MENAHEM N., rabbi, Jerusalem, Palestine, aged 71,August 30, 1930.

BAERWALD, ALEX, architect, instructor at Jewish Technical Institute,Haifa, at Jerusalem, Palestine, aged 53, October 27, 1930.

BANETH, EDUARD, professor, College for the Science of Judaism,Berlin, Germany, aged 75, August 8, 1930.

BARMAN, SIMON (SAMUEL ZIRINSKY), banker, communal worker,Brussels, Belgium, aged 48, December 20, 1930.

BAUMINGER, ISAAC, former senator, communal leader, Crakau,Poland, aged 63, December 5, 1930.

BEDJARANO, CHAIM, Chief Rabbi, author, Istanbul, Turkey, aged 85,March 23, 1931.

BERNHEIM, LOUIS, Lt. General, inspector general of infantry, Com-mander first army corps during World War, Brussels, Belgium, in Paris,France, aged 70, February 13, 1931.

BOGOSAVSKI, M., engineer, professor at Institute for Communica-tions, Leningrad, Soviet Russia, aged 71, October 8, 1930.

BRAUN, SAMUEL SOLOMON (Rabbi of Lukov), rabbi, author, Warsaw,Poland, aged 65, December 15, 1930.

BRESLER, ALTER, translator, writer, Warsaw, Poland, aged 64, June25, 1930.

CANTER, LOUIS, minister, Brighton, England, aged 83, January8, 1931.

CARNIOL, DAVID, engineer and communal leader,. Bucharest, Rou-mania, February 26, 1931.

CASPARY, EUGEN, communal leader, Berlin, Germany, aged 67,February 8, 1931.

COHEN, SOLOMON, Chief Rabbi, Nimes, France, aged 77, January 11,1931.

DIAMOND, HERMAN, lawyer, member in Seim, labor leader, Lemberg,Poland, aged 71, February 25, 1931.

DESSAU, HERMAN, Professor of Ancient History, University of Berlin,editor, author and communal worker, Berlin, Germany, aged 75, April15, 1931.

DREYFUSS, ROBERT, physician, professor, University of Strassbourg,communal worker, Frankfort, a. M., Germany, aged 65, May 13, 1931.

EISENBERG, W., printer, founder of Yiddishe Zeitung, communalworker, Clara, Entre Rios, Argentine, aged 72, September 26, 1930. •

EISENSTEIN, KARL, former member of Seim, communal leader, War-saw, Poland, aged 56, December 1, 1930.


EULENBERG, SALOMON, lawyer, communal leader, Budapest, Hun-gary, aged 78, August 17, 1930.

FANO, GIULIO, physiologist, former member of Senate, and communalworker, Mantua, Italy, aged 59, October 1, 1930.

FEIFERT, ISRAEL MORDECAI, merchant, journalist, author, communaland Zionist worker, Capetown, Union of South Africa, aged 80, February1, 1931.

FINKEL, LUDWIG, professor, University of Lemberg, Lemberg, Poland,aged 72, October 27, 1930.

FRANCO, MEYER, rabbi, Hebron, Palestine, aged 65, October 19, 1930.FUCHS, ERNEST, oculist, professor at University of Vienna, author,

Vienna, Austria, aged 78, November 21, 1930.GEFEN, W. HIRSH, physician and communal worker, Kowno, Lithu-

ania, aged 44, October 6, 1930.GOLDSTEIN, EUGEN, director, Astro-physical department, Potsdam

Observatory, author, Berlin, Germany, aged 80, December 29, 1930.GOLLANCZ, SIR HERMAN, rabbi, professor of Hebrew, University of

London, author, London, aged 77, October 16, 1930.GUGGENHEIM, CAMILLE, Judge, Federal Supreme Court, Berne,

Switzerland, aged 36, September 30, 1930.HAAS, LUDWIG, member of Reichstag, captain, World War, statesman,

Karlsruhe, Germany, aged 55, August 2, 1930.HAFFKINE, WALDEMAR MORDECAI WOLFF, former Assistant Professor

of Physiology at University of Geneva, bacteriologist, discoverer ofinoculation for cholera, author, Paris, France, at Lausanne, Switzerland,aged 70, October 27, 1930.

HAMBURSKI, EMANUEL, editor, Lodzer Togblat, communal worker,Lodz, Poland, aged 60, June 13, 1931.

HOLLANDER, FELIX, playwright, journalist, novelist, Berlin, Germany,aged 63, May 30, 1931.

HOROVITZ, JOSEPH, Professor of Semitics, University of Frankfort,author, Frankfort a. M., Germany, aged 57, February 6, 1931.

HULDSCHINER, RICHARD, physician, author, Innsbruck, Austria, aged61, May 29, 1931.

JACOBSOHN, MOSES, rabbi, Hamburg, Germany, aged 77, November17, 1930.

JESSEL, SOLOMON, Crimean War veteran, London, Great Britain,aged 98, April 5, 1931.

JOEL, SOLOMON BARNATO, lieutenant-colonel, financier, communalworker, London, aged 65, May 22, 1931.

KANTOROVITZ, SAMUEL S., author, Warsaw, Poland, aged 62, Janu-ary 18, 1931.

KATZENELLENBOGEN, DAVID TUBIAH, rabbi, communal leader, author,Leningrad, Soviet Russia, aged 81, December 30, 1930.

KATZENELSON, JACOB BENJAMIN (pseud. Ben-Yemini), Hebrew andYiddish writer, Lodz, Poland, aged 75, November 26, 1930.

KELLER, HERMANN, physician, author, Rheinfelden, Switzerland, aged72, June 30, 1930.

KIRSCHBRAUN, ELIJAH, jewelry dealer, former member of Sejm,communal leader, Warasw, Poland, aged 49, February 22, 1931.

KLOTZ, LOUIS LUCIEN, former Minister of Finance, Paris, France,aged 62, June 15, 1930.

REVIEW OF THE YEAR(5£91 131

KORNFELD, NICOLAI, lawyer, author, Warsaw, Poland, aged 75,February 6, 1931.

KRASNOSIELSKI, CHAIM, dentist, journalist, author, Vilna, Poland,aged 50, February 23, 1931.

KRAUSZ, JACOB, journalist and editor, communal worker, Vienna,Austria, aged 64, September 1, 1930.

KRAUT, A., minister, Newcastle-on-Tyne, aged 54, February20, 1931.KREISER, DAVID, rabbi and dean of talmudic school at Kletzk,

Poland, in New York City, aged 48, January 5, 1931.KROLL, LEON, lawyer, former professor of law, University of Harbin,

associated with Kerensky government of Russia, Paris, France, aged 68,January 4, 1931.

KROSHKIN, VLADIMIR YOACHIMOVITCH, rabbi, civic and communalleader, Cetatea Alba, Roumania, aged 93, June 12, 1929.

LACHS, ISAAC, dramatist and journalist, Paris, France, aged 40,September 8, 1930.

LAMBERT, MAYER, professor, Ecole Rabbinique de France, author,communal worker, Paris, France, aged 67, October 30, 1930.

LOEWY, JOSEF, engineer, communal leader, Vienna, Austria, March25, 1931.

LOURIE, ASHER GERSHON, rabbi, Ripin, Poland, aged 82, May 3,1931.

MAZLIAH, NISSIM, lawyer, former member of Parliament, Istanbul,Turkey, at Beyrout, Syria, aged 53, March 26, 1931.

MENKES, HERMANN, editor Neue Wiener Journal, author, Vienna,Austria, age 62, June 11, 1931.

MEYERSON, ARIAH LEIB, rabbi, Liskowo, Poland, January 29, 1931.MINKOWSKI, MORITZ, painter, Buenos Aires, Argentine, aged 49,

November 22, 1930.MINKOWSKI, OSCAR, Professor of Medicine, University of Breslau,

author, in Berlin, Germany, aged 73, June 18, 1931.MEYER, SIR MANASSAH, K.B.E., and G.O.M., importer, civic and

communal leader, Singapore, Strait Settlements, aged 84, July 1, 1930.MOND, ALFRED MORITZ (Lord Melchett), industrialist, financier,

former Minister of Health, civic, communal and Zionist leader, London,aged 63, December 27, 1930.

MUTNIK, ABRAHAM (pseud. Glieb), labor leader, Berlin, Germany,aged 62, September 10, 1930.

NOERDLINGER, KARL, lawyer and communal leader, Stuttgart, Ger-many, aged 63, March 15, 1931.

NORSA, DRONIGIO, journalist, editor, Illustrazione Italiana, author,Milan, Italy, aged 83, April 2, 1931.

NOZIERE, FERNAND (Weil), dramatist and journalist, Passy, France,aged 57, March 25, 1931.

PASCIN, JULES (JULIUS PINCAS), painter, Paris, France, aged 45, June5, 1930.

PASMANIK, DANIEL, physician, writer, Zionist leader, Paris, France,aged 61, July 5, 1930.

PISTINER, JACOB, physician, member of Parliament, labor leader,writer, Czernowitz, Roumania, aged 49, August 24, 1930.

POLLAK, ILLES, lawyer, former president, National Bar Association,author, Budapest, Hungary, aged 78, October 3, 1930.


PORTO-RICHE, GEORGES DE, author, dramatist, Paris, France, aged83, September5, 1930.

PRUSZANSKI, CHAIM, publisher of Yiddish daily Moment, communalworker, Warasw, Poland, aged 61, October 19, 1930.

RABBINOVITCH, FISHEL, rabbi, Kreizburg, Latvia, November 28, 1930.RABINOWITZ, HAYIM, rabbi, dean rabbinical college at Telz, Telz,

at Kono, Lithuania, aged 70, October 30, 1930.ROSENBAUM, THERESA, teacher, communal worker, Warsaw, Poland,

aged 61, March 22, 1931.ROSENBERG, MARC, former professor, technical high school, author,

Karlsruhe, at Baden-Baden, Germany, aged 80, September 10, 1930.ROTHSCHILD, THERESE JAMES DE, baroness, communal worker, Paris,

France, aged 91, April 9, 1931.RUBENSTEIN, Louis, alderman, communal worker, Montreal, Canada,

aged 68, January 3, 1931.SANTILLANA, DAVID DIAZ DE, professor of Moslem Law, University of

Rome, Rome, Italy, aged 75, March, 1931.SCHWARZ, ADOLF, rabbi, rector, Jewish Theological Seminary, author,

Vienna, Austria, aged 84, February 13, 1931.SEGAL, BENJAMIN WOLF, physician, author, Vienna, Austria, at

Pistyan, aged 64, March 13, 1931.SHAPIRO, ISAAC, journalist, tran slator, author, Warsaw, Poland, aged

67, February 15, 1931.SILBERSTEIN, JOSHUA, rabbi, author, Vasz, Czecho-Slovakia, aged 73,

August 8, 1930.SIMCHOWITZ, SASCHA, dramatist, editor, Berlin, Germany, at Cologne,

aged 66, October 30, 1930.SIMON, GERSON, merchants and communal leader, Berlin, Germany,

aged 72, February 6, 1931.SLIOSBERG, ISAAC, musician, composer, WTarsaw, Poland, aged 53,

November 5, 1930.SOKOLOWSKI, MOSCHE, dean, Talmudical school of Brest Litovsk,

author, Brest Litovsk, Poland, aged 65, January 8, 1931.SOLOMON, HAROLD J., O.B.E., M.C., Lieutenant-Colonel, Zionist

leader, former Director Commerce and Industry in Palestine, London,England, at Valmont, Switzerland, aged 44, August, 1930.

TIKFINSKY, ABRAHAM, former Dean of Talmudical College at Mir,Minsk, Russia, aged 76, January 8, 1931.

TWERSKI, JACOB JOSEPH (Rabbi of Stanislau) hasidic rabbi, Vienna,Austria, aged 58, May 1, 1931.

UJVARI, PETER, journalist and author, Budapest, Hungary, aged 61,January 15, 1931.

VILLIERS, SIR JOHN ABRAHAM JACOB DE, cartographer, author, civicand communal worker, London, England, aged 67, April 2, 1931.

WAGENAAR, LION, rabbi, principal, Jewish Rabbinical Seminary,communal worker, Amsterdam, Netherlands, aged 74, June 13, 1930.

WEISBROD, DAVID, Zionist worker, author, Tel Aviv, Palestine, aged60, September 9, 1930.

WEISL, FRANZ VON, lawyer, author, Vienna, Austria, aged 74, June24, 1931.


WEISSELBERGER, SALO VON, lawyer, former Mayor of Czernowitz,former member of Parliament, Czernowitz, in Vienna, Austria, aged 64,March 20, 1931.

WIMBORN, MARK LEIB, rabbi, London, England, aged 71, October 6,1930.

WOLF, LUCIEN, communal leader, author, London, England, aged 73,August 24, 1930.

ZAGORODSKY, ISRAEL CHAIM, journalist, former co-editor of Hazefirah,author, Warsaw, Poland, aged 67, February 5, 1931.

ZITRON, SAMUEL JUDAH, journalist, author, Wilno, Poland, aged 70November 8, 1930.

ZWICK, SUSSIE, rabbi Ung. Hradiste, Czecho-Slova.ia, aged 59,August 8, 1930.

NATHAN STRAUS

By DAVID DE SOLA POOL

SEVENTY years ago, a growing lad in Georgia was dream-ing how wonderful it would be if he could save a human life.That lad, Nathan Straus, grew up to be a man to whomuntold multitudes of men and women living today owetheir lives. He was an immigrant boy who had been bornin Otterberg, Rhenish Palatinate, on January 31, 1848.His great grandfather, Jacob Lazar Straus was a man ofhigh ability, a leading member of the Sanhedrin convenedby Napoleon in 1806. His grandfather, Jacob Straus, diedyoung. In the political reaction after 1848, his father,Lazarus Straus, a landowner and dealer in grain, found hisnative Bavaria unsympathetic to his democratic views, andin 1852, like many another aggressive and independentspirit in the Germany of those days, he made his way west-ward to the freedom of America. After spending some timeas an itinerant vendor of general merchandise on the plan-tations of Georgia, he settled in 1853 in that State, at Tal-botton, as the keeper of a general store. A year later hewas in a position to bring his family from Germany, andin September, he was joined by his wife, Sara (who was alsohis first cousin, the daughter of his father's youngest brotherSalamon) and his children, Isidor, a lad of nine, Hermina, ayear and a half younger, Nathan a boy of six, and Oscar, ababy of three and a half years.

A charming picture of those early days has been drawnby Oscar Straus in his volume of memoirs "Under FourAdministrations." We catch glimpses of the boy, Nathan,attending the local Baptist Bible School for two years, butat the same time being trained in Judaism by his father, aHebraist of parts and a lover of the traditions of Jewishlife. In a little log cabin, and later, at the CollingsworthInstitute, the young Nathan obtained his primary educa-tion. Then came the Civil War, and the older boys, Isidor

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and Nathan, took a hand in the running of the store. Evenin those early days the young Nathan showed his originalityand business acumen. When, for example, the Civil Warmade it very difficult to obtain face powder, he took a lumpof talcum and cut it into small balls which he sold in placeof face powder. Similarly as a lad of fifteen, when hemp hadbecome very scarce in the South on account of the war, hecollected or bought up odd pieces of hemp rope and soldthem at a handsome profit. The future owner of splendidspeedy horses was foreshadowed in the lad who used thatprofit for the purchase of a pony.

During the Civil War, the Straus family moved to Colum-bus, Ga. The end of the war left the family ruined, itswealth in cotton burned, its savings swept away. Thirteenyears after Lazarus Straus had laid the foundation of hisAmerican home, he found himself, at the age of fifty-six,again virtually at the bottom of the ladder. But, this timehe had at his side his three rarely-gifted sons. Moving toNew York in 1865, he first paid off his creditors every dollarthat he owed them, and then established the firm of LazarusStraus & Son, importers of pottery and glassware. The"& Son" meant Isidor, for Nathan was then only seventeen.But after completing a course in Packard's Business College,Nathan joined the firm next year, 1866, as a salesman. OnMarch 17, 1874, he called on the firm of R. H. Macy withtwo porcelain plates under his arm. The clever salesmaninterested Mr. Macy so successfully that he arranged for thefirm of Lazarus Straus & Son to rent the basement of theMacy store for a crockery department. In the same year,when Nathan was twenty-six, he and his brother Isidorbecame partners in the Macy firm, and in 1887, they werethe sole owners of the business. The romance of the brilliantand phenomenal growth of this enterprise is due to a com-bination of the executive ability of Isidor and the originalityand daring vision of Nathan Straus. On one occasion, whenIsidor was worried because the firm needed more cash,Nathan solved the problem by originating the idea of theDepositors' Account, which brought into the business anabundance of ready cash. On another occasion, one of thesaleswomen fainted. It was learned that she had been vir-tually starving herself in order to be able to look after an

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invalid mother. The future prince of philanthropists is seenin the reply which Nathan Straus gave to the challenge ofthis situation. He did not content himself with givingfinancial aid to the girl's family, but he originated thesystem, which has since been widely adopted, of installing alunchroom in the store, where the employees could get goodmeals at nominal cost. In the same way, he originated theprovision of rest rooms and medical care for the employeesof the store. The legal and diplomatic career of the youngestbrother, Oscar took him here and there, but Nathan andIsidor Straus lived and worked in the closest associationuntil the death of the latter. The loss of the thoughtful,gentle brother Isidor in the sinking of the "Titanic" in 1912affected Nathan deeply. Shortly thereafter, he retired fromthe firm of Macy's, and in 1914 he retired from active con-cern with business, some years later severing his relationsalso with the firm of Abraham & Straus of Brooklyn, whichthe two brothers had entered in 1888 in exactly the sameway as they had entered the firm of R. H. Macy & Co.

An incident in his early business career led to a perfectfife-long romance. In 1877 he went to Europe on a businesstrip, and, in Mannheim, he made a call on a friend of hisfather's. Between him and the daughter of the house, LinaGutherz, there was love at first sight, and with that char-acteristic impetuousness which sometimes amounted tosecond sight, Nathan Straus laid such ardent siege to thelady's heart that the next day they were engaged. In Aprilthey were married, and, for fifty-three years Lina GutherzStraus, a saintly woman of rare culture of mind, tendernessof heart, and nobility and purity of spirit, worked with himin his benefactions and public service, adored by him andloved by all who were privileged to know her.

While Nathan Straus was becoming a merchant prince,other sides of his richly endowed personality were alsomaturing. He was quick to grasp a public cause, and he hadan instinct for dramatizing a situation so as to focus publicattention upon it. But he was always too frankly andforcibly outspoken in his opinion of men and causes toqualify him for the type of public service his brother Oscargave. Yet the great popularity of his warmhearted, generousnature, and his ardent desire to do the greatest good in the


most direct way carried him to some extent into public life.From 1889 to 1893 he was Park Commissioner of New YorkCity, and in 1893 a member of the New York Forest Pre-serve Board. In the following year he received the honor ofbeing the nominee of the Democratic Party for Mayor of thecity, a nomination which he declined. He knew he hadneither the patience to deal with the infinite detail of thatoffice, nor the suave political indirection it imposed. But in1898, when working for the adoption of compulsory pasteur-ization of milk, he accepted the office of president of theBoard of Health of the City. One other occasion on whichhe let himself be drawn into public life was in 1917, when,charges having been made that improper conditions existedon the U. S. Hospital Ship "Solace," Josephus Daniels,Secretary of the Navy, appointed him as one of an impartialcommittee of three to investigate the charges.

Although Nathan Straus did not seek public office, it wasimpossible to keep him out of the public eye. There was adash, an originality and a picturesqueness about his person-ality that could not be obscured and that inevitably madehim both a widely known and a popular figure.

One of his interests which helped keep him in the forefrontof popularity was his love of animals. He would not sitdown to eat at his country home unless the birds in the gar-den had been fed. Of all animals, those he loved best werefast horses. He was fond of telling how, as a young man, notbeing able to afford a trotting horse for himself alone, hebought one in partnership with a friend. Each would drivethe horse on alternate days. When he married, he felt hecould not afford to keep both a wife and his half of the horse,and he sold his share in the horse to his partner. But hefelt the sacrifice of his pet so keenly that he could not sleepthat night, and, early the next morning, he bought back hisshare of the animal.

In those days, Seventh Avenue was the far from satis-factory speedway of the city, and it was in a large measuredue to the initiative and renown of Nathan Straus as adriver of fast trotting horses that the Speedway was builtalong the Harlem River. When Robert Bonner, CommodoreVanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, E. H. Harriman, H. B.Claflin, and other notables were daily to be seen driving

NATHAN STRAUS 139

their fleet handsome horses, Nathan Straus was the recog-nized king of the Speedway. While men like Bonner werespending fortunes to own fast trotting horses, with an almostuncanny instinct, Nathan Straus purchased for nominalamounts historic horses such as Denver 2:14>£, never beatenin a race, and the undisputed champion of the speedwayfor five years, or Majolica 2:17, or Cobwebs, the favorite ofall of the trotting horses which he drove, the unbeatenrecord holder of the Speedway with the mile in 2 minutes 12seconds. Oldtime sportsmen declared that it was the superbhorsemanship of the man who drove him and who couldmake the spirited animal respond instantly to the sound ofhis master's voice which made Cobwebs the fastest andmost perfect harness horse ever seen on the Speedway ofNew York.

His interest in sport was not limited to swift horses,although they were his first love. Himself of spare andathletic build and ready to fight when need be, he was anardent advocate of all clean and manly sports. His was theenthusiasm of a college student when in 1926, thoughrapidly approaching his eighties, he gave the kick-off at thefirst New York game played by the Champion HakoahSoccer Team of Vienna. He took a lasting and warm per-sonal interest in the achievements of Benny Leonard, theworld champion lightweight pugilist. In his later years,after he had sold his yacht, he could be seen daily on thegolf links. It was his delight to give financial and personalencouragement to the sports meets arranged by such organ-izations as Young Judaea, for he was an enthusiastic advo-cate of robust, upstanding physical development especiallyfor Jews, warped by long harsh centuries of urbanization andintellectualization.

Exactly when Nathan Straus began his outstandingcareer as a philanthropist he could not recall. Probably hisfirst large gift was that of a building which he presented tothe Trudeau Tuberculosis Sanitarium at Saranac in theAdirondacks. But he leapt into the heart of the publicduring the winter of 1892-3. With a vision which saw theneed long before others realized it, and with his character-istic directness of action which translated his vision intosimple reality while others were still discussing symptoms


and methods of t rea tment , he built up a system of emergencyrelief by establishing a chain of depots for the distribution offood and coal to any of New York's poor who would applyand pay 5 cents for it. This cutting of red tape was criticizedby the advocates of a more discriminating and investigatingrelief. Nathan Straus answered "Supposing I am victimizedto some extent. By making those mistakes I am not likelyto miss any of the deserving cases tha t come to my station.And do not the organized charities make mistakes too withall their investigating? When a poor woman comes down totake away coal in a baby carriage, she is investigated enoughfor me." During tha t winter he distributed no less than1,500,000 buckets of coal, and incidentally pointed the wayto a development of public service by obtaining the use ofcity piers for his coal depots.

The next winter, 1893-4, was again a panic winter ofdepression and unemployment. Then again, a t his ownexpense, he opened and maintained four lodging houseswhich gave bed and breakfast for five cents to 64,409 casesof New York City's unemployed, hungry and homeless.Those who had not even the five cents were given a chancet o earn it by work done around the lodging house. Duringtha t winter he issued over 2,000,000 five cent tickets entitlingthe bearer to coal, or bread, or groceries, or lodging andbreakfast. On this occasion, and it was the only one whenhe accepted aid from others in his work, he received a con-tribution of $50,000 from J. Pierpont Morgan towards carry-ing on these works of mercy. In the hard winter of 1914-15,which followed the outbreak of the World War, he served inhis milk stations in New York, 1,135,731 one cent meals,consisting of coffee or milk, and roll and butter or a cheesesandwich.

I t would be vain to a t tempt even to list his philanthropies.They include such varied undertakings as the donation ofan ice plant for the soldiers suffering in Santiago, Cuba, in1898 during the Spanish-American War, aid in building aRoman Catholic Church in Lakewood, N. J., the gift offood, clothing and medical supplies for the victims of theMessina earthquake in 1909, a cottage presented to theJewish Consumptive Sanitarium in Duarte , Cal. (1916), thegift to the Government in 1918 of the use of land in Lake-

NATHAN STRAUS 141

wood, N. J. for the erection of Red Cross and of armyhospital buildings, a model dairy presented to the NationalFarm School in Doylestown, Pa., and free distribution ofpasteurized milk to soldiers and sailors in 1918.

There were other benefactions which demanded nomoney, but only imagination and heart. It was originallythe idea of Nathan Straus that waterside piers should beused as recreation centers for the crowded city. Though hissuggestion was rejected by the Dock Department, he kepthammering away until the city finally adopted it, andopened recreation centers on its piers. But when moneywas called for, he always managed to find it. He frequentlysaid, "The opportunity to make money will always be here,this opportunity to do good will be gone forever if I let itpass. I can wait to make more money. I cannot wait togive."

It has been said that Nathan Straus came to his mostenduring piece of world philanthrophy through the accidentof hearing a cow cough. But when he was asked in lateryears where he got the idea of pasteurizing milk, he pointedto his head and said "here," and to his heart and said"here." What set him on the path of his undertakings wasnever so much an incident as it was intuition, and it wasthis intuitive vision which carried his campaign for puremilk to world-wide triumph.

The incident of the cow that coughed is characteristic ofthe directness of methods and the unswerving eagernesswith which he followed out his intuitions. A cow on hisfarm sickened and died. Questioning why the beautifullooking animal should have died prematurely notwithstand-ing the superb care it had always received, he orderedan autopsy to be made. This revealed tubercular destruc-tion of lung tissue as the cause of the animal's death.Nathan Straus believed that the milk of a tubercular cowmight transmit the disease to human beings, unless themilk were treated in some way that would kill the germs ofthe disease. In 1892, after taking counsel with somephysicians, he launched his campaign for the pasteurizationof milk as the best means of bringing within the reach ofeveryone, especially the children of the poor, milk whichwould be free of disease germs and which would have i


paired palatibility, digestibility and nutritive qualities. Athis own cost, he established in New York City a laboratoryfor furnishing milk that had been properly modified andpasteurized for infant feeding. In 1894, the laboratory wasenlarged, and the six distributing stations he had thenestablished gave out, at nominal cost, over 2500 bottlesa day.

In 1897, when he was Health Commissioner of the City,he erected a pasteurization plant on Randall's Island. Heknew the dreadful fact that at that time many of the city'swaifs died. Without any other change in the dietary of theinstitution except that from raw to pasteurized milk, thedeath rate among the children on Randall's Island fell from41.81 per hundred for the years 1895-7 to an average of21.75 for the next seven years. In 1891, before NathanStraus began his work, out of every thousand babies bornin New York City, more than 241,—almost one out ofevery four—would die before they reached their first birth-day. During four years, of 20,111 babies who had the benefitof pasteurized milk from his stations only six died. InMamaroneck, where Mr. and Mrs. Straus had their summerhome, a model health center with a milk pasteurizationplant reduced the death rate among children under fiveyears of age from 85 per thousand to the phenomenally lowfigure of 17 a thousand.

Such irrefutable figures made of him a tireless campaignerfor compulsory pasteurization of milk. Deep sorrow in hislife gave the sense of consecration to his devotion to thiscause. The death of a little daughter, a babe of two years,on board ship during a European trip might have been pre-vented, both Mr. and Mrs, Straus thought, had good milkbeen available for her. Some years later he went on a tourof inspection of his milk stations with his son Jerome, ayouth about to enter Cornell University. A few days later,the lad developed pneumonia. As he lay on his sick bed hesaid to his father "Father, you should sell your horses sothat you can go on with your milk stations." That night,the boy died, and Nathan Straus carried with him to theday of his death the sacred charge of those words.

He kept opening additional milk depots, until there wereeighteen, covering every district in Manhattan, all of them

NATHAN STRAUS 143

maintained entirely at his personal cost. He used to say,with a twinkling smile, that he had milk on the brain.Entrenched against him were public ignorance and indiffer-ence, professional prejudice, and commercial greed. Buteven when the attack on him was maliciously personal, hewould say "Abuse won't kill, but raw milk will," and theincredulity, derision and bitter opposition which he encount-ered only strengthened his purpose to force on the medicalprofession and public health officers a general applicationof the discoveries of Pasteur. Once when he tried to intro-duce pasteurization of milk into a city of Germany he metopposition and the rejection of his plan. Tears of disappoint-ment welled up into the eyes of Mrs. Straus. "Never mind,my dear" he said "don't cry. Now we have something tofight for." Ever a good fighter, he met every attack with anoffensive by opening up some new milk depot or some newpasteurizing plant, until in 1920 he had 297 milk stationsdistributed in 36 cities. The opposition of dairymen, milkdistributors, a number of politicians and some physicianspersisted. Once his opponents caused him to be arrestedand haled before the Court of Special Sessions, on thecharge of having watered milk,—a charge based on the factthat at some of his stations the milk had been modified forinfant feeding.

The battle continued for years, but the facts, the majorityof the medical profession led by Dr. Jacobi, and a constantlygrowing public opinion, were with him. He was tireless inpropaganda, reading papers on the prevention of infantmortality before State Legislatures, at medical, social andother conferences and congresses in the United States andvarious countries of Europe, and contributing forcefulletters to the press, and to mayors and municipal healthofficers. In 1909, Public Health Service of the UnitedStates Treasury Department issued an elaborate volume onmilk, in which were recorded such facts as that pasteurizedmilk was first made available for infants in general in NewYork City in 1893 when Nathan Straus dispensed 34,400bottles of milk from one depot, and that in 1906, seventeenmilk stations served 3,142,252 bottles and 1,078,405 glassesof pasteurized milk. The Treasury Department's reportrecorded further that the general death rate of children


under five had been halved largely as a result of the pasteur-ization of milk, the average death rate in the months ofJune, July, and August having fallen from 136.4 per thou-sand to 62.7 per thousand. Such bodies as the AmericanMedical Association, in 1911, and the International HealthCommission of the Rockefeller Foundation, in 1917, addedtheir testimony, and finally, in 1914, after an epidemic ofmilk-borne typhoid fever, the year before, had taught itsdisastrous lesson, New York City officially introduced thecompulsory pasteurization of all milk, other than that pro-duced and handled under exceptional conditions.

In 1920, when the battle was over, Mr. Straus presentedhis pasteurizing laboratory to the city. But in the mean-while he had been carrying far and wide his campaign againstwhat is called "The White Peril" of raw milk. He gavepasteurizing installations to various cities both in theUnited States and abroad. In Europe, he began his work byestablishing a pasteurization plant at Heidelberg in 1907,and thereafter he carried it on in Sandhausen, Karlsruhe,Eberswalde, and elsewhere. In recognition of his brilliantservice to childhood, and of the untold thousands of littleones who owed their lives to his insight, single-mindedtenacity of purpose, and single-handed generosity, PresidentTaft, in 1911, appointed him to the Berlin Internationalcongress for the protection of infants, as the sole delegatefrom the United States. The next year, he was a delegateto the Tuberculosis Congress in Rome. The first inter-national Child Welfare Congress held under the auspices ofthe League of Nations in August, 1925, put on record itspraise of his pioneer life-saving work. Ever more widely incountries and communities the world over, has the pasteur-ization of milk been made obligatory, and from all over theworld wherever pasteurized milk was introduced there cameto Nathan Straus the unvarying story of reduced infantmortality, and the moving joy and precious reward of theblessings of grateful mothers. Wherever pasteurization ofmilk is conscientiously carried out, the death rate from milk-borne germs of typhoid fever, streptococcus sore throat,scarlet fever, diphtheria and diarrhoeal diseases has beencut to nothing. Layman though he was, and without anypretense to medical knowledge, Nathan Straus lives ki the

NATHAN STRAUS 145

annals of medicine as one of the pioneers in public health,and as the man who saved untold thousands, and eventuallymillions of little children, fiom premature death. What hebegan with his private means, is every day being moregenerally adopted as a public obligation.

One word must be added to complete the story of thisoutstanding achievement of his life. In all the vast labor andunwearying struggle of propaganda, as well as in the organ-ization of the infinite detail of the establishment and main-tenance of the Straus laboratories and milk stations in theUnited States and abroad, Mrs. Straus worked day and nightat his side. It was she who, in 1917, compiled the volume"Diseases in Milk—The Remedy Pasteurization." Herextraordinary patience and marvelous care for detail assuredthe carrying through of those quick intuitive decisions of herhusband that were as brilliant and illuminating as a flashof lightning.

Another pioneering undertaking in public health thatgrew out of his passionate interest in combatting tuberculo-sis by cleansing the milk supply, was his institution in 1909,of a tuberculosis preventorium for children. He had cometo the conclusion that the inception of many cases of tuber-culosis in adults was to be looked for in a childhood spentin contact with a case of the disease. He reasoned that thesechildren could be saved from becoming victims of the diseaseif they were taken from such homes and cared for in a healthful environment. In this way, he evolved the idea ofpreventorium rather than a remedial sanitarium for children,thereby not only coining a new word for the English lan-guage, but also giving practical validity to what had there-tofore been only a theoretically recognized idea. He housedhis preventorium at first in "The Little White House," acottage in Lakewood, N. J. which he had often placed at thedisposal of President Cleveland, and later at Farmingdale,N. J., on a piece of land presented by Arthur Brisbane. Thispioneer preventorium has become the model for similarinstitutions in many lands.

As the years went on, philanthropy in the broadest senseof the term became the ruling passion of Nathan Straus.He regarded his wealth, never near as great as popularly


estimated, as a trusteeship, not an ownership. He did notcount his benefactions. In fact, he could never tell how muchhe had spent on them, though he knew he was deliberatelyand materially reducing his fortune. His motto was "Givewhile you live." He would ask "Why should people profitmore by your death than by your life?" In later years, heloved to castigate those rich men who, he believed, were notgiving to public causes in accordance with their means. Inseason and out of season, in private homes, at public gather-ings or by letter, he would give strong and sometimes drasticexpression to his doctrine of the blessedness of giving duringone's life time. Stringent and stinging as sometimes were hiswords, he was able to express himself in this way becauseeveryone knew that, in proportion to his means, he was givingmore than were others. He would try to make more contract-ed hearts understand the rejuvenating joy and life-givinghappiness which he derived from seeing in his lifetime thefruits of his philanthropy. On his seventy-fifth birthday hedeclared, "I feel ten years younger than I did ten yearsago, because I have given so much of my money to thosewho needed it worse than I did, and I intend giving it awayuntil I die."

The colossal suffering caused by the World War inspiredhim to heights of generosity which matched his magnificentcampaign for pure milk. The experiences of life, so far frombringing any hardening to his nature, made his heartincreasingly more tender and responsive to human suffering.The tears would come to his eyes as he would hear or readof the woes of the men in uniform, or the tragedy of thenon-combatants, and in response to appeals for their reliefhe gave lavishly of his means and of himself. His was thegift with the giver, and munificent as were his financial con-tributions, his gift of himself was of even higher value. Itwas he who suggested the slogan for one of the campaigns forrelief of sufferers from the war "Give until it hurts," but helater revised this to "Give until it feels good." His wingedwords of personal appeal, ringing out from a heart exquisitelyattuned to every emotion of pity and love, moved men fromcoast to coast. He was always the first to give, and hisprincely donations set a high standard and a contagiousexample. In 1917, he opened the Jewish War Relief Fund

NATHAN STRAUS 147

with a gift of $100,000, the largest single contribution of itskind, given by an individual, up to that time. In 1916, hesold his luxurious steam yacht to obtain funds which wereused for the aid of war orphans in Palestine. He tried to sellhis beautiful home on West 72nd Street, setting up a largenotice over the front door announcing that the proceeds ofthe sale would be devoted to the relief of sufferers from theWar. Not succeeding in finding a ready purchaser, he set afair price on the house and sold securities to realize thatamount for War Relief, though he had to take a loss in adepressed market. Besides giving lavishly to alleviate someof the hideous sufferings of the War, septugenarian thoughhe was, he wrote hundreds of personal letters, traveled tovarious centers, and attended innumerable meetings. Theclose of the War left him an ardent lover of peace, andthereafter the cause of world peace found an enthusiasticadvocate in him who had always embraced humanity in onebrotherhood, transcending creed or nationality. Never didhe give a truer revelation of this side of his character thanwhen he penned the beautiful words "In the Titanic tragedyall creeds were united in the brotherhood of death. If onecould only hope for a brotherhood of life! Why wait fordeath to teach us the lesson of human fraternity?"

This sense of human brotherhood strengthened his loyaltyto the Jewish people, the people of sorrows among thenations of the world. Moreover the Jewish strain in NathanStraus was vigorous and proud. The strong Jewish tra-ditionalsim of his father's home, as well as his wife's tenderlyemotional Judaism, were potent religious influences in hislife. Though brought up in a community where, except forhis own family, there were no Jews, he was a synagogue Jewby choice, becoming affiliated with Reform Judaism onmoving to New York. Yet, in his later years he felt thatReform Judaism of those days had abolished more than washealthy for the survival of Judaism. Addressing a conven-tion of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations ofAmerica a few years before his death, he roundly declaredthat Orthodox Jews had the right stand, because in Reformcircles the younger generation had gone too far from Jewishtraditions.

He was sensitive and quick to defend the honor of the


Jewish name. When some members of the Straus family,desiring to go to Lakewood for a period of convalescence,were refused admission to one of the hotels because theywere Jews, the characteristically vigorous reply of NathanStraus was to get potential control of the situation by pur-chasing land in the immediate vicinity of several of theleading hotels, and building the Lakewood Hotel with noother policy than to throw it open to all, whether Jew orGentile. President and Mrs. Cleveland, his warm friends,showed their appreciation of his s tand and their disapprovalof prejudice by becoming guests a t the hotel. I ts construc-tion and management proved to be a costly undertaking inwhich Mr. Straus in the end lost a large sum of money. Buthe always said tha t he would have been willing to spend orlose much more if necessary, in defense of Jewish honor. Hisgenerous contribution towards building a Catholic Churcha t Lakewood was another expression of his detestation ofthe religious prejudice suffered a t t ha t t ime in Lakewood byCatholics as well as by Jews.

He had many a tilt with James Gordon Bennet t because ofanti-Semitic tendencies shown by tha t distinguished editor.In later years when the campaign against Jews sponsored byHenry Ford was a t its height, Na than Straus issued a publicchallenge to Mr. Ford to submit the egregious Protocols ofthe Elders of Zion to any impartial jury, and he, NathanStraus, would undertake to refute them. The nation-widepublicity given to this challenge by the best loved and mosttrusted Jew of the land, together with the Sapiro and Bern-stein trials, focused public at tention upon the issue, and it isbelieved, helped materially to bring about Mr. Ford's fulland frank recantation. Whenever Na than Straus rose tofight prejudice against the Jew, he did so because, as he said," T h e Jews have a work to do in the world not merely infighting for toleration of their own race, but in defending thecause of religious freedom throughout the world."

When Ignace Paderewski denied tha t there had been po-groms against the Jews of Poland during the t ime that hewas prime minister, Nathan Straus entered the lists againsth i m as Chairman of the Committee for the Defense of theJ ews in Poland, and challenged his s ta tement by citations ofexcesses which had undeniably occurred. He expressed his

NATHAN STRAUS 149

fighting Jewish spirit through his interest in movements andorganizations for the defense of Jewish rights, associatinghimself actively with the first American Jewish Congress ofwhich he was elected Chairman in 1916, and also with thepresent organization of which he was Chairman in 1920,President in 1922, and Honorary President in 1918 and 1925.

He was as emphatic in his appreciation of accomplishmentby Jews as he was sensitive to slights put upon the good nameof the Jew. The thrill of Jewish pride which he felt when heread of the extraordinary exploit of Abraham Krotoshinsky,the World War hero of the Lost Battalion, moved him tosettle Krotoshinsky as a farmer on the soil of Palestine.

In his devotion to the cause of Palestine, the Jewish soul ofNathan Straus came to its fullest, most vigorous and mostorganic expression. The place which his campaign for pasteur-ized milk had taken in his life at the turn of the nineteenthcentury was filled in the last two decades of his life byZionism. It was in 1904 while on a Mediterranean tour thatMr. and Mrs. Straus first visited Palestine. Even then, pre-war Paletine with all its discomforts and discouragement forthe tourist, made so deep an impression on them that theychanged their plan of proceeding to Damascus in order tostay longer in the Holy City. It was not until 1912, whenthey visited Palestine a second time together with Dr. J. L.Magnes, that the full magic of the ancient Jewish homelandentered into and possessed their souls. It was then that Mr.Straus attempted to raise the economic standards of Haluka-ridden Jewry by establishing a domestic science school forgirls, and a factory for making buttons and souvenirs out ofmother of pearl. Instinctively sensing the importance of theland problem, he bought land outside of Bethlehem oppositethe Tomb of Rachel, and another piece of land which is nowthe center of Talpioth, a Jewish suburb of Jerusalem, whichhe planned originally to be the site of the Hebrew Universityor of the home which he hoped to build for himself in theHoly City. To cope with the pitiful problem of poverty, heopened a soup kitchen in the Old City. This began by dis-pensing 300 free meals to the destitute. Now, twenty yearslater, the two Straus soup kitchens, one in the Old Cityand one outside the Walls, filling in some measure the func-tions of old age and widows' pensions and insurance for the


disabled and unemployed, are giving an average of nearly3,000 free meals daily. So deeply did this imperativelyneeded philanthropy appeal to Mr. Straus that a decadebefore his death he established a foundation to insure thecontinuance of these kitchens so long as poverty shouldexist in Jerusalem.

It was during the 1912 visit, that he laid the foundation ofthat work for public health in Palestine with which his nameis preeminently and lastingly associated there, by founding aHealth Department to cope in some measure with themalaria, trachoma and other ills of insanitation whichscourged the pitifully neglected Holy Land. In the mean-while, the Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization ofAmerica had been founded by Henrietta Szold. But itsgrowth not being rapid enough to suit Nathan Straus, bring-ing back to America as he did his vivid impression of thedeplorable health conditions in Palestine, he assumed theexpense of one of the two nurses through whom Hadassahbegan its work, and in January, 1913, less than a year aftertheir previous visit, he and Mrs. Straus sailed again forPalestine, taking with them Hadassah's two nurses, settlingthem in Jerusalem, and thereby beginning Hadassah'spioneer work in the Land of Israel. At that time also,Nathan Straus established a Pasteur Institute in Palestine,which, together with his Health Department, played animportant part in controlling epidemics during the War.

When the problem of a Jewish Palestine became one ofimmediacy through the British conquest of the Holy Land,Zionism became and remained the dominant interest in thelife of both Nathan and Lina Straus. It would be hopelessto attempt to list the superlatively munificent gifts withwhich he led and responded to every appeal to Palestine,beginning with his supplying half of the cargo of $100,000'worth of provisions sent from America to Palestine in 1915,on the U. S. collier Vulcan. It was a significant, though forthem but a minor incident when Mrs. Straus gave toHadassah all the jewels which a lifetime of love had showeredon her. It was the crowning of a lifelong interest, whenNathan Straus founded and equipped Hadassah's ChildHealth Welfare Stations. The fruit of a fourth visit toPalestine, in 1923-1924, was the establishment of the monu-

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mental Nathan and Lina Straus Health Center in Jerusalem,and later a similar Health Center in Tel Aviv. On these twomagnificent institutions, Mr. Straus expended $325,000. In1927, when almost an octogenarian, he sailed again forPalestine, and, in the laying of the cornerstone of hisJerusalem Health Center, saw the pledge of his dream'srealization.

The inscription which he caused to be set up at theentrance to the Health Centers, declaring in English, Arabicand Hebrew that they are for the benefit of all inhabitantsof the land, Christian, Moslem and Jew, was characteristicof all his humanitarian work in Palestine as well as elsewhere.When, in July 1927, an earthquake shook Palestine, whileothers, fascinated with fear, were still reading the news, hetook the swift and finely-inspired action of cabling $25,000to Jerusalem, stipulating that it was to used for all the suffer-ers from the disaster without distinction of race, creed ornationality. Though in 1922 he had given $1,000 to aMoslem orphanage in Jerusalem, and the next year again$1,000 for the poor Arabs of Jaffa, and on other occasionssubstantial sums for aiding the Arab poor, he declared thatnothing he had ever done before gave him quite the same joyas came to him from receiving the enthusiastic praise andexpressions of appreciation from the Arabs of Palestine,almost the sole beneficiaries of his gift for the sufferers fromthe earthquake.

For the last fifteen years of their lives both Mr. and Mrs.Straus lived ardently for Palestine. Nathan Straus spokethe simple truth when he said "Others may be better ablethan I to talk about Zionism, but none can feel it moredeeply than I." A naive story illustrates how the love ofZion dominated Nathan Straus, occupying his thoughtsnight and day, and giving color to his whole life. A guestwho had been living in Palestine for some time arrived at theStraus home one evening. His first question, with character-istic directness was "How is Palestine?" To such a compre-hensive question, especially when asked by an elderly manwhose heart bled for every story of trouble, there could be nodiscussion of difficulties, but only one answer, and thatalmost casual answer was given: "Palestine is splendid."The next morning, Straus opened the conversation by saying


to his guest, "You do not know what you did for me bytelling me yesterday evening that things are fine in Palestine.For months I have not slept as well as I did last night."Zionism was so intense a passion in his life that when, in1923, Israel Zangwill made his famous speech in CarnegieHall trenchantly criticizing the policy of the Zionist move-ment, Mr. Straus could not restrain himself from publiclydenouncing him, and Zangwill, who until then had been aguest in the Straus home, found it necessary to find otherquarters. In the last two decades of his life Nathan Strausgave nearly two-thirds of his whole fortune to Palestine.His known gifts to Zion total more than $2,000,000.

It can be readily imagined what pain was his when thedispute broke out about the Wailing Wall. In a publicletter he appealed to the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem to endthe strife. The bloody outbreak by the Arabs in August1929, which was the culmination of their agitation, almostbroke his heart. It robbed both Mr. and Mrs. Straus of thejoy of life. That cowardly blow against the peaceful Jewsof the Holy Land broke the spirit and hastened the deathof Lina Gutherz Straus. For many weeks after the murder-ous Arab riots, Mr. and Mrs. Straus entered into mourning,refusing themselves to all but their dearest friends. But tothe end of his days, Nathan Straus retained his convictionthat the cause of Zionism would triumph. When, on accountof growing weakness, he could no longer attend Zionistconferences and meetings, he would, from his retirementissue clarion words of sturdy hope and encouragement.

Ever since the nineties when his vivid personality and theheart which he put into his public benefactions singled himout as one of America's greatest philanthropists, he had beena popular and beloved figure among all classes. But whenthe fervor of Zion took possession of his soul, he became thedarling of the Jewish masses. Forgotten were all the asper-ities that had been stirred up during his long battle for puremilk. Forgiven were his forcible criticism of those whodiffered from him. As President Taft expressed it "Dear oldNathan Straus is a great Jew and the greatest Christian ofus all." He was everywhere accepted as the Grand Old Manof American Jewry. The last twenty years of his life were acontinuous personal triumph. In the year 1923, on the

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occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the creation ofgreater New York, Nathan Straus was chosen by popularvote as the citizen who had, during that quarter of a century,done the most for public welfare in the empire city. Hisseventieth, seventy-fifth and especially his eightieth birth-days were the signal for popular celebration led by the pressof the whole country, and hundreds of letters of admirationand congratulations poured in on him from leaders in everysphere of life, from the Old World as well as the New. In theearly summer of 1930, the National Institute of SocialSciences awarded him a gold medal in recognition of his"distinguished and widespread social service rendered inbehalf of humanity." His every appearance at a publicgathering was the signal for an outburst of applause andcheering, and his rugged, forceful, direct and racily uncon-ventional words of courageous hope, or challenge stirred hisaudiences to enthusiasm, far greater than that whichpolished orators could evoke. But the death on May 4, 1930,of his life's companion, the sweet and rare-souled LinaGutherz Straus, left him a lonely and a broken man. Theyhad always agreed that the one who survived would carryon the work to which they had unitedly devoted themselveswith such perfect understanding and complementary gifts ofcharacter. But brave as was his spirit, without her by hisside, he could no longer capture the joy and the thrill oftheir life's work, and on January 11, 1931, shortly before hiseighty-third birthday, he passed gently into that sleep ofpeace for which his tired frame and bereaved soul were long-ing. And all that he held in his cold, dead hand was what hehad given away.

The death of the Grand Old Man of American Jewrycalled forth tributes from high and low, from far and near.At his funeral two days later, thousands of men and women,most of them from the humbler walks of life, gathered to paytribute to the one whose heart had always beat with allhumanity, and to express the love that they bore for one whohad not been a remote philanthropist but who had ever beenas one of themselves. Some 3,500 men and women crowdedinto Temple Emanu-El, and perhaps twice as many morestood outside and around the Temple in a solemn silence topay their tribute of reverent respect to the best-loved leader


of the Jewish people and one of the great benefactors ofmankind.

Few words are needed to complete the picture, for the lifestory of Nathan Straus here limned was consistent through-out with his personality. The distinctiveness and originalityof his character, that made it possible to force him into anymold and that differentiated him from any type or class,may be traced to his extraordinary combination of bothmental and emotional gifts. He achieved the impossible inresponding equally and at the same time to the keen, soundjudgments of his vigorous mind, and to the undisciplinedspontaneity and impulsiveness of his great and tender heart.One may list a combination of his fine qualities, as in thepregnant words with which Adolph S. Ochs described him:—"A model husband; indulgent father; an inspiring example offilial love; an upright and sagacious businessman; a civicleader in progressive and far-seeing enterprises; a man ofexalted spirituality, and firm convictions of righteousness inpublic and private affairs; a world-famed philanthropist witha heart overflowing with human sympathy and understand-ing, and, withal, a patriot of the highest order." Add to thissuccinct characterization that he was an harmonious combi-nation of opposites, a practical visionary, a fighting philan-thropist, a belligerent pacifist, a lover of all men, yet capableof strong dislikes, an idealist, yet a hearty lover of the goodthings of life, a democrat in every fibre of his being, yet oneof God's noblemen. Though he, foreign born, was a passion-ate lover and servant of America, he was no less devotedly alover and servant of Palestine. Though his was a humanitywhich transcended creed and race, he was a deeply feeling,loyal Jew, who loved and who led his Jewish people by theinspiration of that unique personality which was NathanStraus.

BEN SELLING

By HENRY J. BERKOWITZ

ON THE 15th of January, 1931, the flags that fly over thecity of Portland, Oregon, hung at half mast. The sad tidingshad been announced that Ben Selling, Oregon's "firstcitizen," had been called to his reward. The Legislature,sitting at Salem, immediately adjourned. The crowds in thedowntown streets went about with troubled faces. Portlandwas plunged into mourning.

It was said by the oldest inhabitants that in their memo-ries no death had ever brought such consternation as that ofBen Selling. It was a genuine catastrophe to thousands ofpeople, for they knew that such a man happens only oncein a generation and that he could never be replaced. Hisfuneral was held in the Temple Beth Israel on Sunday,January 18th, at noon, and throngs filled the aisles, crowdedabout the doors, and stood about in solid masses on thespacious lawns. Men of all creeds and races came and weptover the loss of their beloved friend, and all the eulogisticoutpourings were inadequate to express the sorrow whichfilled the hearts of these silent thousands—high and low,great and obscure, captains of industry and the outcasts ofsociety.

To understand why this unique man had won such uni-versal affection, it is necessary to go back into the earlyhistory of Portland when it was a frontier town of about5000 people. A pioneer city settled by New Englanders andmiddle-western emigrants, Portland was incorporated in1851. Among the earliest Jewish settlers was Philip Selling,who in 1862, came with his family from San Francisco,where his son, Ben, had been born on April 29, 1852. Hence,when the family came to Portland and set up in business,the young Selling was a boy of ten years, and the city itselfwas but one year older. Thus the major portion of the lifeof Ben Selling ran parallel with the history of Portland. He

155


saw it grow to more than 300,000 inhabitants in the spanof his lifetime, and in that progress he played so conspicuousa part that when, in 1928, he was named as its first citizenby the Portland Realty Board, there was universal approvalof the choice.

Upon his arrival, Ben Selling's father operated a generalmerchandise store at First and Yamhill Streets. The boyattended the Beth Israel Religious School, and later Port-land Academy; he was not graduated from the latter,because his father needed him in the store. In 1880, whenhe was twenty-eight years of age, he went to San Francisco,where he was married to Tillie Hess, on March 14 of thatyear.

The year following his marriage, Selling left the employof his father and established a wholesale boot and shoebusiness under the firm name of Akin-Selling Company.This venture was continued until 1893, when he becameinterested in the Moyer Clothing Company. Three yearslater, a second store was established under his own name atthe corner of Fourth and Morrison Streets, and for a periodof over thirty years that corner was a landmark in the lifeof Portland. The sign outside read: "Ben Selling, Clothier."Though named Benjamin by his parents, he was alwaysknown as Ben, that listing being found in the city directoryas far back as 1881. He always enjoyed the fact that he wasknown, not as "Selling" or "Mr. Selling," but as plain "BenSelling." With the passing of the years his abbreviatedgiven name came to have all the significance of that of aTalmudic sage. The Orthodox Jews, who adored him,thought of ben Zoma, ben Zakkai and ben Selling asequals.

Selling was intensely loyal to Portland and Oregon, andfrom the time he began his career as a newsboy in the lastdays of the Civil War, he was active in the promotion of cityand state welfare. He became interested in Republicanpolitics, and served as a member of the State Senate foreight years, including a term as President. For a short timehe was acting governor. He also served as a member of theHouse of Representatives and as its Speaker. He was acandidate for the United States Senate in 1912, and, as aRepublican nomination in Oregon was tantamount to an

BEN SELLING 157

election, he would have been swept into office, except for theunexpected appearance of an independent candidate whobroke the Republican lines and thus made possible theelection of a Democra t . Despite this fact Selling wasdefeated by fewer than eight hundred votes.

I t was not for these activities, however, t ha t his namebecame a synonym for all t ha t is noble and generous. Hisinternational reputat ion came as a result of a lifetime ofunrivaled generosity in every conceivable field. His storewas a mecca for indigent s tudents , bankrup t business men,i t inerant beggars, traveling insti tutional solicitors, cam-paign directors, Old World rabbis, and representat ives ofnumerous other categories. He had no office, only a desktucked away in a t iny corner of the balcony. There was onlyroom for Selling and for one extra chair, and t h a t chair wasalways occupied by some suppliant . T h e clothing businesswas of secondary importance and, from all appearances, wasmaintained merely in order t ha t the great phi lanthropistmight have a headquar te rs for his chari table activities, forhe gave up the major portion of his t ime to his manifoldphilanthropic interests . His huge correspondence withpersons in all pa r t s of the world was carried on entirely inlong-hand, for Selling was old-fashioned enough to cling tothe pen-and-ink method of letter writ ing. His desk revealedthe character of the man. Simple and plain, i t was stuffedwith records of old campaigns which he had personallyconducted. He had every subscription list for Jewish"dr ives" t h a t had ever been conducted in the city, all ofwhich he led and whose records he kept himself. He hadint imate personal letters from every great Jew of our t ime.He loved to indulge in reminiscences of many a well-wonstruggle to raise money, and he could relate countlessanecdotes of bat t les he had waged to teach his people howto give generously. As a money-raiser he was a recognizedexpert. One of the reasons for his success was his ownextraordinary munificence. Few people refused him, firstbecause he was held in such affection, and second because hehimself set a noble example. Besides, many to whom hewent for contr ibut ions were indebted to him for their ownprosperity. An astonishing number of Jewish merchants inPort land owe their s t a r t to Ben Selling's personal assistance,


and it was his pride that he had often assisted his immediatecompetitors in their financial difficulties.

It is almost impossible to name all the institutions andorganizations which he fostered and served. The scope ofhis charitable interests overleaped the bounds of creed andrace, state and nation. Organizer and President of thePortland Remedial Loan Association, President of the Fed-erated Jewish Societies, President of the first Hebrew Benev-olent Association, President of the B'nai B'rith, Director ofthe Community Chest, patron of the Symphony Orchestra,promoter of the Waverly Baby Home, Chairman of theArmenian Relief Campaign, supporter of the Big Brotherfarm at Lebanon, are only a few of the positions he held inlocal societies.

In matters of foreign relief he set many a record. It wasas a result of his efforts that more money per capita wasraised in Portland than in any other city in the UnitedStates, for East European Jewry. He gathered thousandsfor sufferers from floods in China and earthquakes in Japan,and for the Near East Relief. During the war, he personallypurchased $400,000 worth of liberty bonds and circulatedthem by selling them to citizens of modest means at therate of a dollar down and a dollar a week. In 1914, whendepression threatened, he set up the Working Men's Clubwhere 450,000 meals were served for five cents apiece, andas a result of his generosity many were helped to livethrough that trying period.

His interest in education won him the undying gratitudeof hundreds of students. A few years before his death thegreat Oregon State College at Corvallis conferred upon himan honorary Doctor's degree. Upon his death, the collegesand normal schools of Oregon were at a loss to know howthey would continue their loan funds. President ArnoldBennett Hall, of the University of Oregon, testified to thisfact in the following statement:

"In the death of Mr. Ben Selling the state has lostone of its great men and one of its most distinguishedcitizens. His citizenship reflected itself in manyforms of intelligent and generous philanthropy.There is not a school or community in the statewhere boys and girls have not found through his

BEN SELLING 159

sympathetic generosity an opportunity for the edu-cation that they desired.

"Perhaps the rarest and most distinguished char-acteristic as a citizen was his high minded and intelli-gent conception of public service. It was my privilegeonly recently to discuss with him a scientific programfor the social development of Oregon. I found himprofound in wisdom, keen in his understanding ofsocial problems, broad in human understanding, andfarsighted in his vision. I came away from the con-ference with the conviction that there was a manwho combined in a rare degree the technical under-standing of the trained mind, the human compassionof a great soul, and the desire to serve of a greataltruist."

It will probably never be known how many boys and girlswere put through college by this great benefactor. Those soassisted have taken degrees in all parts of the United States.Monmouth Normal College alone is said to have educatedclose to five hundred teachers who were aided by the studentloan funds supplied by Mr. Selling. Upon his death heprovided in his will for the continuation of this work, byleaving a hundred thousand dollars in trust.

As a Jewish leader he played a prominent part in organ-ized efforts of every kind. He was a member of the Board ofGovernors of the Hebrew Union College, and won inter-national fame by his gifts to the library of that institution,which made it possible for the library to acquire some of therarest oriental Jewish manuscripts and books. He launchedthe campaign for a new library building by giving the firstcontribution and raising the rest through a series of personalletters to Jewish philanthropists in the east. In the councilsof the Joint Distribution Committee he belonged to theRosenwald-Warburg group, and was in constant touch withthese stalwarts. He served on the American Jewish Com-mittee since the organization of that body; was the onlynon-Zionist representative, west of Chicago on the JewishAgency; and was an honorary member of the Board of theUnion of American Hebrew Congregations. He was at ornear the top of the subscription lists of these and practicallyevery other Jewish cultural and philanthropic institution in


the country. He gave annually the largest single contribu-tion to Palestine of any Jew in Portland, despite the fact hedid not class himself as a Zionist.

All of Mr. Selling's giving was of the most intelligent sort.He understood the technique of scientific philanthropy, andthrough years of experience developed a philosophy whichhe followed consistently to the end. He never gave indis-criminately, bu t always with a clearly defined socialobjective. He did not believe in pauperizing the people whocame to him. Where there was actual disability he wouldgive outright, but when it was a case in which constructivecharity was necessary he " loaned" the money, permittingthe recipient to refund the debt on his own terms. Mr.Selling's gifts to institutions were never based on whatothers gave. He determined what he believed to be his justshare and gave it, and as a result he stood a t the top ofmany a list. I t was his firm conviction tha t giving should bedone during a man 's lifetime, when he could administer themoney himself. Over the period of many decades in whichBen Selling distributed his wealth, he managed to giveaway several fortunes, and he had the joy of witnessing thegreat good tha t this money wrought. The most remarkablefact about all these activities was tha t his income wascomparatively limited. Ben Selling was not a rich man, aswealth is measured in our time, but he was willing to giveaway practically his entire income very year. His ownneeds were exceedingly modest. He was simple in histastes to the point of austerity. He used to joke about histwo suits a year, taken out of his own stock, and his plainlittle black bow tie.

When Ben Selling walked on the streets of Portland,every face greeted him with a smile. Ha ts were raised insalute. His progress was constantly arrested by people whowished to greet him. Crippled newsboys, elevator men,clerks and policemen counted him as an int imate friend. Inhis home he was a devoted father and husband. His childrenare Dr. Laurence Selling, a distinguished physician in Port-land, and Mrs. A. C. U. Berry.

Those who knew Ben Selling best in his lifetime speak oftwo important characteristics of the man tha t were notapparent to the casual acquaintance. One of these was his

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gracious hospitality to high and low alike, and the other washis willingness to admit when he was wrong and to acceptthe other man's point of view.

His hospitality was noteworthy. Few men were his equalas perfect host. One who has had the pleasure of being hisguest can testify to the joy Ben Selling took in lavishing hisbounty upon his friends. But what was more remarkablewas his ability to offer the same hospitality to entirestrangers. He entertained scores of men and women whopassed through Portland, on one mission or another, atvarious times. If nobody else knew them or would havethem, Ben Selling made it his business to give them aluncheon or a dinner. It became a tradition. If the indi-vidual was engaged in some humanitarian work, theluncheon was a large affair. His invitations were seldomrefused. They came on a plain postcard, often written outin long-hand by Ben Selling himself. He sat at the head ofsuch a table with unusual grace and charm.

The second characteristic known to those closest to himwas that yielding quality of his nature which became mani-fest after he became convinced of the Tightness of anopponent's point of view. Ben Selling was a man of decidedopinions and absolutely unafraid to express them. When hethought he was right he took a firm stand. But he was ajust man with it all. Many a time he would lock horns withhis co-workers on a matter of policy in some communalproject, but after expressing his opinion he was alwaysready to listen to the other side. On many an occasion hespoke those beautiful words, "I am wrong and you areright."

Ben Selling was an excellent public speaker, though hewas extremely modest about that particular attainment.He made an imposing appearance when he stood up toaddress a meeting. He would often apologize for rising totalk, but would always deliver an address that was cogent,straightforward and interesting. He could achieve genuineeloquence when he was stirred. When engaged in his favo-rite pursuit of raising money for philanthropic purposes hewas at his best. He would lash out at the niggardly giverswith prophetic wrath.

Another of his outstanding characteristics was the mili-


tancy of his Judaism. This quality became intensified withthe years. It was his pride to stand forth openly andarticulately as a Jew. In public meetings and civic gather-ings, he invariably made reference to his Jewish origin andallegiance. In every case of discrimination or prejudice hefought rigorously for the rights of Jews. As a result, he wonthat high respect which is inevitably gained by a Jew whorespects himself.

Every visiting rabbi or Jewish leader coming to Portlandfor the first time made a pilgrimage to meet Ben Selling. Itwas one of the outstanding purposes that brought them tothe city. When the famous librarian of the Hebrew UnionCollege, Adolph S. Oko, came to Portland personally tothank Ben Selling for his benefactions to the great library,he arrived when Mr. Selling was out of the city. A numberof years passed, and Mr. Selling's benefactions continued,until finally Mr. Oko made a special trip across the conti-nent, as he said, "just to look at Ben Selling to see if hewere a man or a myth." Their meeting was typical of hun-dreds of such interviews, and as Oko looked at Selling andtheir hands clasped, the book-man said in his characteristicway, "When I look at you my heart actually melts."

Time and again Mr. Selling was beseeched to come eastto participate in momentous deliberations in Washington,New York and Chicago. His associates in many activitieswished to have the privilege of meeting and knowing him,and of paying him tribute; but it was the fear of adulationthat kept him away. When the Union of American HebrewCongregations met as near as San Francisco, Mr. Selling'smodesty kept him from going. He was human enough toenjoy the appreciation of his fellows, but his modesty wasdeep-seated.

Mr. Selling's personal habits were extremely regular. Hearose very early every morning, walked to his store and wasat his desk before any of his employees arrived. He workedsteadily until noon, went back to his hotel for lunch, took arest, and then returned to work until six. He often said thatthis brief sleep after lunch, which he took regularly fortwenty-five years, helped to preserve his splendid vigor andyouthful appearance. In the evenings, he went to bedregularly at ten o'clock, except when he attended concerts.

BEN SELLING 163

He and Mrs. Selling were always devotees of good music.His only other recreation was a weekly card game at hisclub. Family celebrations were many and frequent, thefamily ties being strong and close.

The surviving widow is honored and beloved by all, as awoman of saintly character and charming personality;throughout her husband's significant career she played animportant role.

When Ben Selling was seventy years of age, in 1922, theentire city paid him homage at a great banquet presidedover by Rabbi Jonah B. Wise. Tributes were national andinternational. He was overwhelmed with the affectionatepraise of his countless admirers. Ben Selling was acclaimedthe leading Jew of the Pacific Coast, and his well-deservedreputation grew to such proportions that his name became asynonym for Portland, Oregon. When he passed away, theeditorial columns of the secular and Jewish press pouredforth their meed of praise. His own state mourned withuniversal grief, and in the person of this noble Jew and greatAmerican there were recognized those qualities that yieldthe truest immortality. At his funeral, it was truthfullysaid:

"In our day the divine arbiter of Israel's destiny hasvouchsafed unto us many a steadfast leader, and among thegreatest of these there stood the man Ben Selling. In himthe ideal of social righteousness found concrete embodiment.Ben Selling loved his neighbor better than himself. He wasan Eved Adonoy, a servant of the Most High. His memorywill be written across the years as one who loved mankindand died in possession of life's chiefest treasure, a noblename."

JEWISH WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONIN THE UNITED STATES

By REBEKAH KOHUT

IThe exemption of the woman from the performance of all

legal and ceremonial obligations imposed by Jewish law onthe male has placed her in an anomalous position where sheappears virtually ignored, whereas, morally, she is an objectof exaltation. However, from time immemorial, we see hercombating this supposedly inferior social status, and todaywe see that she has successfully assumed a place of leader-ship in the community, and has applied to this task all theinherent wisdom and beauty of spirit which have becomeproverbial of the Jewess.

As a matter of fact, time and tradition have alwayslinked the ingenuity of the Jewess with the desire to dogood. In Proverbs we find it said of the ideal woman: "Shemay open her mouth to wisdom, but her tongue must knowthe law of kindness." For thousands of years, the Jewishwoman has applied her surplus energies to the law of kind-ness, or as society has come to call it, "charity." The con-ception of charity is also not a vague quantity which theJew had to discover and formulate for himself. In Deuter-onomy, we find the term amply explained and its elementsadequately stressed to make it endure through the ages.

In simple and graphic style, charity is described thus:"When thou cuttest down thy harvest in thy field, thoushalt not go again to fetch it; it shall be for the stranger, forthe fatherless, for the widow.""When thou beatest thy olive tree thou shalt not go overthe bow again; it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless,for the widow.""When thou gatherest the grapes for the vineyard, thoushalt not glean it afterwards; it shall be for the stranger, thefatherless, and the widow."

165


The field, the olive tree and the grapes have evolvedthrough the centuries as symbols of the past. Then we hadstrange continents, ghetto streets and small shops. Now anew world—America. Larger ghettos and bigger shops.But the stranger, the fatherless and the widow are everpresent.

The first implied reference to organized Jewish charity inAmerica is found in the letter of the Dutch West IndiaCompany to Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Amster-dam (as New York was called by its Dutch founders), datedApril 26th, 1655, which says in part: "After many consulta-tions, we have decided and resolved upon a certain petitionmade by the Portuguese Jews, [the first Jewish newcomers]that they shall have permission to sail and trade in NewNetherland, and to live and remain there, provided that thepoor among them shall not become a burden to the company orto the community, but be supported by their own nation."

In other words, the first settlement of the Jew in Americadepended upon the execution of the above promise. Itappears to have been comparatively easy for these firstsettlers to vindicate themselves in the eyes of Mr. Stuy-vesant, for they were a group of sturdy industrious men,who quickly found means of self-support in the new land,and the ensuing trickle of immigrants was also made up ofself-reliant people. Jewish womanhood was present at thispact in the first era of Jewish life here, in the person ofRicka Nounes, and was present in every succeeding period,where such pacts were undertaken or understood withoutany word from the neighbors.

From this point on, as Jews settled in Rhode Island,Pennsylvania, Maryland, and points south, we do not hearof the woman stepping outside of her restricted communalpale, and her name was not sounded outside the confines ofthe hearth until about 150 years later. At the end of theeighteenth century, after the Revolutionary War, when theJewish population of the states was about 2,000, and therewere substantial Jewish congregations in Philadelphia, NewYork, Richmond, Newport, Charlestown, and Savannah,women were undoubtedly admitted to services on the Sab-bath and High Holy Days, in a separate section of the syna-gogue, but certainly they were not given any voice in the

JEWISH WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION 167

issues of these growing communities. There is no doubt,however, that with the piety and simplicity with which theycarried out the other precepts of the Prayer Book, they alsodid "Zedakah," by helping the stranger, the fatherless, andthe widow.

In the beginning of the nineteenth century, a new tide ofimmigration swept the shores of the recently formed UnitedStates; Jews formed a small but significant part of thisinflux. Unlike their immigrant predecessors who hailed fromSpain, Portugal and Holland, these Jews came from Eng-land, Germany, and Poland, which had been swept bypolitical and religious oppression after the fall of Napoleon.

Fortunately, the thriving Jewish communities here wereable and willing to absorb the incoming streams of immi-grants. And it is interesting, most interesting, that nosooner do we have a large colorful, polylingual and hetero-geneous Jewish community, with all its healthy "ailments,"we behold woman coming to the fore to do good. Such acommunity first came to life and maturity in Philadelphia.By 1815, Philadelphia already boasted of a number ofsynagogues built by German and Polish Jews, and somefraternal and benevolent organizations.

It was in this city that in 1819, the first step in organizedwoman's endeavor was taken. The story of this firstwoman's organization in America, known as "The FemaleHebrew Benevolent Society," reads like a romantic chapterof pioneer life. Henry Solomon Morais in his "History of theJews of Philadelphia" tells us that it was a stormy day in themonth of October, and apparently a good many poor Jewswere without adequate shelter. This state of affairs "cameto the attention of two Jewish ladies, Mrs. Aaron Levy andMiss Hannah Levy and, sensible to the suffering, theydecided to canvass some of the Jewish homes and enlist thewomen in their effort to aid the needy of their community."

In this way, we are told, these ladies formed the FemaleHebrew Benevolent Society, and we are further told thatthe Secretary of the Society was Miss Rebecca Gratz. ThisRebecca Gratz is well known in American history. Jewsand non-Jews are still inspired by her ineffable beauty andglamorous wit. And all of us are prompted to selflessness


and sacrifice by the unbounded devotion that RebeccaGratz extended to her people. A woman of rare culture, amember of one of the most distinguished and beloved Jewishfamilies in the New World, a person of great charm and wit,Rebecca Gratz was not satisfied with being the "SalonDame," the hostess of an intellectual milieu. So she turnedher head and her eyes to those outside of her drawing room,for she felt that there, among the less fortunate, was hercalling.

I am elaborating somewhat on this first organization be-cause its coming into being and the circumstances surround-ing it are so very interesting to me as a woman and as aworker. I have before my eyes a picture of these verycomely, sheltered, well-mannered, soft-spoken women,dressed in yards and yards of rich velvets, with beautifulplumage on their large hats; their dark eyes shining fromunder these hats with a full, warm glow. I also see themhuddling their little hands into muffs as they enter thecarriages which will take them to the house of Mrs. Levyfor the first meeting. I am veritably charmed by the pre-amble which they wrote to their Constitution, which is ascharacteristic of the particular time and purpose, as thecause is eternal.

"In all communities, the means of alleviating the suffer-ings of the poor are considered of high importance by thebenevolent and the humane. The subscribers, members ofthe Hebrew congregation (Mikveh Israel) of Philadelphia,and citizens of the United States and of the State of Penn-sylvania, sensible to the calls of their small society anddesirous of rendering themselves useful to their indigentsisters of the House of Israel, have associated themselvestogether for the purpose of charity, and in order to make thebenefit permanent, have adopted this Constitution."

Thus, the first Constitution was composed by the firstwoman's organization in America, which incidentally isstill in existence, functioning along the same lines as origin-ally designated, and conducted largely by the descendantsof its founders. The work of the Society was thoroughlysystemized. The city was divided into districts, each incharge of a manager. Among these managers, we find suchnames as Sim'ha Peixotto, Ellen Phillips, Esther Hart,


Richea Hays, Phila Pesoa; many of these names are asprominent today as they were five generations ago.

Some years later, Miss Gratz spurred a group of thesewomen to organize the first Hebrew Sunday School as abranch of the Society. It was resolved that: "Teachers beappointed among the young ladies of the Congregation."This school, which was formally opened on March 4, 1838,was the first Hebrew Sunday School in America. Then MissGratz started the Jewish Foster Home, the Fuel Society,and the Sewing Society, enlisting as many members of afamily as possible, and delegating to them various duties, asshe saw fit, thus helping to organize one of the most pros-perous and exemplary Jewish communities of the NewWorld.

II

By 1840, there were 15,000 Jews in the United States, andwhat was to be one of the most significant waves of Jewishmass immigration took place in the next ten years. For by1850, we have 50,000 Jews in this country. The reasons forthis are well known: The failure of the revolutions of 1848,and the Gold Rush in America. And as these masses werepouring into the port of New York, most of them realizedimmediately the opportunities west and south of NewYork. They were small tradesmen, and they picked up thepeddler's pack with the same agility as they formerlyhandled the wanderer's stick. They scattered all over thecountry, settling in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wiscon-sin. The great bulk of the newcomers were Germans.

It was during this period of immigration, that the firstwoman's organization of national scope, the first effort onthe part of Jewish women to effect a nationwide movement,was initiated by German Jewesses. This organization, "TheUnited Order of True Sisters" was organized April 21, 1846,by a group of women who prayed at the Temple Im-Manuel(now known as Emanu-El), the most distinguished congre-gation in the city. The women originally took the name of"Unabhangiger Orden Treue Schwestern." The guidingspirit of this organization was Henrietta Bruckman, whoinspired the women "to unite in sisterly affection and


esteem; to give moral and material aid to their dependents;to render philanthropic, civic and other services to commun-ities in which the lodges are located." The medium ofcommunication of the society was originally German, butafter five years, the English language was adopted and TheTreue Schwestern became the Grand Lodge United Orderof True Sisters.

The U. O. T. S. has the distinction of being the firstnational as well as the first fraternal Jewish women's organ-ization in the United States. Today, the Order consists ofthe Grand Lodge in New York City, and 34 subordinatelodges throughout the country, with a total membership of12,000. Each lodge is engaged in its own special philan-thropic and charitable work, besides co-operating in thegeneral work of the central organization. Besides affordingto its members the usual medical and financial aid extendedby benevolent organizations, the latter provides a Widow'sEndowment Fund, and maintains an Emergency Fund foraiding victims of national disasters.

There are eight lodges in Manhattan. These have formedjointly the New York Philanthropic League In Aid OfCrippled Children, founded by Mrs. Rose Baran. ThisLeague whose President is Mrs. Carrie Hollander, doesincalculable good for unfortunate crippled children in NewYork City.

It is interesting to note that the U. O. T. S. is the firstfraternal woman's organization in the country to erect itsown club house, which not only serves as the NationalHeadquarters but also as the meeting place for the Man-hattan lodges, as well as the headquarters for the NationalConvention held in December. A great deal of the beautydwelling within and without this house is a result of thecontinued efforts of its founder, Mrs. Emma Schlesinger,who is it chairman. The Order also issues a monthly organ,called "The Echo," which is edited by Mrs. Esther Davis.

Although the membership of the U. O. T. S. is entirelyJewish, it does not function as a sectarian body. All itsactivities and benevolent work is extended to all the needyand suffering, regardless of sex or creed. Among the wellknown names identified with the Order are Mina Schotten-


fels, Amelia Oppenheimer, Clara Sommerich, besides thosementioned above.*

Reform Judaism was taking a strong hold of the Jews inGermany and also making its way into the New World. Thismovement affected the social status of the Jewess in thecircles of Reform Judaism, which introduced a great manymodifications which spelled her emancipation.

One of the noted reformers of that period, AbrahamGeiger, in his essay "The Position of the Woman of ourTime," which found an echo in every part of the world, andgave rise to a great deal of controversy in Jewish communalcircles, said: "Let there be from now on no distinctionbetween duties for men and women unless flowing from thenatural laws governing the sexes, no assumption of thespiritual minority of women as though she were incapableof grasping the deep things in religion."

The protagonist of Reform Judaism in this country wasthe venerable scholar, Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, whoarrived here in 1846, and, for a half a century, wielded greatpower in the spiritual life of American Jewry. It was RabbiWise who introduced the family pew, and later the partici-pation of women in the choir. This innovation was followedby the inclusion of women in Minyan, the quorum of adultsnecessary for conducting a service. These changes andreforms served as an impetus to many of the women in theReform Congregations to organize, but it brought outstrong opposition in the more conservative groups, wherethe answer was also in a union of forces.

During the two decades after the Civil War, women'sclubs and welfare organizations were springing up every-where, both as auxiliaries of existing societies and as inde-pendent bodies. But each was an isolated organism. Letme mention but a few of these organizations which came tolife during the early part of the second half of the nineteenthcentury: The Israelitische Frauen Verein, or the HebrewLadies' Benevolent Association, founded in San Franciscoin 1855; The Hebrew Free Sewing Society, Baltimore, Mary-land, 1861; The Ladies' Hebrew Widow and Orphan Society,

•The president of the Grand Lodge ia Henriette N. Prinstein, with Hermine Breiten-feld as Treasurer, Fanny M. Marx—Recording and Corresponding Secretary, andJulia Levy—Financial Secretary.


Denver, Colorado, 1864; The Hebrew Ladies' BenevolentSociety, Charleston, South Carolina, 1869; and dozens ofsimilar ones throughout the states.

Ill

Then a new era of immigration dawned. German Jewswere beginning to enjoy greater freedom at home, and wereno more lured to the States. And as German Jewish immi-gration was slowing down, the German Jews here weregrowing more prosperous and more influential from day today. "The German Jews in America gain in influence daily,being rich, intelligent, and educated, or at least seekingeducation," wrote a German American in 1869.

However, there was no lull in Jewish immigration. Inunprecedented numbers, Jews began to migrate from theSlavic countries, and this tide of East-European immigra-tion lasted for about two generations and formed a goodlypart of the four million Jews now living in the land offreedom.

The first substantial evidences of the presence of the newpolyglot throngs were the welfare organizations created by.the older and affluent citizens here, most of these beingbrought to life by men. In 1871, we have the establishmentof the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, and two yearslater, the Union of American Congregations. In 1874, NewYork Jewry consolidated its charitable forces in the UnitedHebrew Charities. The Mount Sinai Hospital was erectedat about the same time. About five years later, we have theHebrew Sheltering Guardian Society and many other kin-dred organizations. This sequence of establishing Jewishcenters was followed out by the Jews of Philadelphia,Chicago, and the other large Jewish communities, not tomention the innumerable synagogues, temples, fraternalorganizations, social clubs, etc., that came into existenceduring that period.

However, no indication of any specific Jewish women'sundertaking on a large scale was as yet evident. We know ofwomen's auxiliaries to these institutions, and we know ofdozens of small organizations founded and maintained bywomen for the traditional social duties, such as aiding poor


maternity cases, providing dowries for poor girls of mar-riageable age, arranging weddings for poor brides, and caringfor the needy and the sick. These societies were usuallyorganized as Landsmannschaften, being composed of groupscoming from the same city or the same districts or country"back home." These groups usually were found in theghettos, and functioned within the dimensions of thedistrict.

And the ghettos were growing in number and scope. Weremember 1881 and the pogroms in Southern Russia,which were followed by another mass immigration to theseshores. I should like to recall that this catastrophe broughtto the fore Emma Lazarus, one of the most gifted of thewomen of her generation, who with her lyrical pen, tried toarouse the world to protest against the injustice which wasbeing done to the Jews. And it was Emma Lazarus who,giving up the warmth of her study chamber and thegeniality of her world of dreams, stood in the grim structureknown as Castle Garden and was the first to smile andextend a warm hand to the weary and battered Jews, "thehuddled masses yearning to breathe free," who came to seeknew life here.

Those were the years of the sweat-shop, those were theyears of hopes and aspirations, those were the years whenthe children of pushcart peddlers studied to become states-men, and those were the years when children of rabbis andscholars became gangsters and thieves. The Melting Pot, asubject for romance for many an imaginative mind, washard and inhuman to many of these Jews. Their needs,social and moral, were growing by the hour, as the processof their adaptation to the new environment was takingplace. Here were seething masses, hurtled from theirsources, trying to transplant the roots. Here were strangerstrying to find their way.

To help the masses out of this maze, to guide somewhatthe bewildered throngs, came the National Council ofJewish Women, the first women's philanthropic organiza-tion of national scope. It may be said that the women whoformed the Council came to put the House of Israel in order.Its formation is a chapter of the history of the Jews in


America which will always be underscored with the grati-tude of the immigrant masses.

It was in 1893 that the Parliament of Religions was totake place in Chicago simultaneously with the World'sFair or the Columbian Exposition. To this Parliament ofReligions the Jews were also invited by a communication tothe Jewish communal and spiritual leaders. This was amost gratifying missive to the new Jewish world here,especially after the disheartening occurrences in othercountries at about that time. In the American Hebrewof June 16, 1893, we read a letter signed by the Union ofAmerican Hebrew Congregations, the Central Conferenceof American Rabbis, and the Local Committee on JewishChurch Congregations, calling the attention of the entireJewry to the auspicious event and in conclusion, saying:"Since the existence of our religion, no such opportunity asthis has ever been extended to the Jew to set himself rightbefore the whole world."

Some of the most prominent Jews and Jewesses rallied tothis gathering. The Parliament of Religions was held underthe auspices of the World's Congress Auxiliary of the Expo-sition, and among the women who presented papers wereMinnie D. Louis on "Mission Work Among the Unenlight-ened Jews," Josephine Lazarus, sister of Emma, on "TheOutlook of Judaism," and Henrietta Szold, of whom weshall hear more later, on "What Judaism Has Done ForWoman."

But these singular instances do not constitute the entirefunction of the Jewish women at that Congress. For a groupof Chicago women headed by Mrs. Henry Solomon decidedto use this rare historic moment of universal importance, toconceive and give life to what was destined to become one ofthe greatest women's organizations in the world. Mrs.Solomon invited women from surrounding states to repre-sent their respective communities at this momentousgathering. Ninety-three delegates, representing twenty-nine cities came to Chicago. I shall again resort to theAmerican Hebrew in order to describe that first gathering, sothat we may visualize it in the spirit which pervaded theentire event, for we must not forget that we are speakingof something which happened almost four decades ago, and


it is interesting to feel the spirit of the time, if only as trans-mitted through the written word. In the issue of September15, 1893, we read the report: "Lack of space prevents ourdoing justice to the gathering of Jewish women in Chicagolast week. . . The Congress was opened by Mrs. CharlesEhnrotten, Vice-President of The World's Congress, whointroduced Mrs. Henry Solomon as the Chairman of themeetings. Mrs. Solomon, before delivering her address ofwelcome, called upon Miss Ray Frank, of Oakland, Cali-fornia, a student at the Hebrew Union College, to offer aprayer.

"Mrs. Louise Mannheimer of Cincinnati read a paper on'Jewish Women Prior to the Sixteenth Century,' and wasfollowed by Mrs. Helen Kahan Weil, of Kansas City, in acompanion paper on 'Jewish Women From That Time ToThe Present.'

"On Tuesday, Miss Julia Richman, of New York, gave anaddress on 'Women As Wage-Earners' with special referenceto directing immigrants."

Perhaps some of my readers remember Julia Richman.Perhaps some of them knew her. Her untimely deathrobbed the immigrant Jews of one of their staunchestfriends and sympathizers. It was Julia Richman who for-mulated the Constitution and read it at the final session ofthe gathering. The chief purpose was stated thus: "Re-solved, that the Congress become a permanent organizationto teach all Jewish women their obligations to the Jewishreligion." The name was adopted as the National Councilof Jewish Women, and its objects outlined as follows: "Itshall seek to unite in closer relation women interested in thework of religion, philanthropy, and education, and shallconsider practical means of solving problems in these fields.It shall organize and encourage the study of the underlyingprinciples of Judaism. It shall apply knowledge gained inthis study to the improvement of the Sabbath school andthe work of social reform. It shall secure the interest andaid of influential persons in arousing the general sentimentagainst religious persecutions whenever and by whomevershown, and in finding means to prevent such persecution."

Mrs. Hannah G. Solomon (Mrs. Henry) was elected presi-dent, and Miss Sadie American, Corresponding Secretary.


Thus, the Council of Jewish Women came into being inthe Middle West, some thirty seven years ago, soon to be-come a household word to Jews the world over. Thus, wasstarted one of the finest philanthropic organizations inAmerica to serve as a source of joy and pride to AmericanJewry, and a source of mercy and Jewishness for all theJews.

I t is not easy to enumerate the achievements of theCouncil, not because the world has not kept record of them,but because they have been so extensive and intensive andhave been marked by so much glorious undertaking andfulfillment tha t an outline would prove inadequate. But Iwill mention some of the outstanding accomplishments.First of all, the National Council of Jewish Women is thefirst and only national organization in the history of Amer-ican Jewish womanhood that enables all groups of Jewry tomeet on a common platform. Then, it deserves unstintedpraise for its immigration work which took on worldwideproportions and which gained worldwide recognition for theexpert program evolved for the protection of the Jewishimmigrant particularly the Jewish immigrant woman andgirl traveling to America.

This program provides for the immigrant aid a t EllisIsland and at other ports of entry as well as in the localcommunities, and includes the education and Americaniza-tion of the foreigner.

Wha t the Council did for the Jews of Europe after theWorld War marks one of its most noted chapters. Theechoes of those piercing cries from the devastated Jewishsettlements all over the continent will probably never ceaseto remind us of that dark period in the history of the Jews.'In the spring of 1920,' I have noted in " M y Portion," mybook of memoirs, ' the president of the Council, the lateRose Brenner, appointed me chairman of the Reconstruc-tion Committee and ordered me to go abroad and make astudy of the conditions of the various countries and deter-mine what aid was needed.

'So I left for Europe with my personal secretary. Wevisited London, Paris, Antwerp, The Hague, Rotterdam,Berlin, Kattowicz, Vienna, Budapest and Frankfort.


'If my tears could have left an indelible imprint, theywould have made a line along the streets of Europe. . .

'Everywhere one met little children who had been lost inthe shuffle; mothers looking into the eyes of the lost ones inthe hope of finding their own children, who had strayed fromthem, when city after city and village after village had beenevacuated. . .

'Amid this chaos, anti-Semitism was rampant. As wasusual, the classes who had made the war sought a scapegoatto divert attention from themselves; and the Jew—alreadybowed and broken from his sufferings—proved a convenientone.

'Jews are massacred in the Ukraine, harassed in Poland,driven in refugee bands from place to place—a starving,footsore, weary-eyed army. The Asyl of Paris was filledwith refugees; yet the misery was mild compared with thetented colonies in Belgium, and the overcrowded quartersin the German and Austrian cities. . . Twenty thousandrefugees were living in tents at The Hague, besides thenumber who were quartered in the Montefiore Home inRotterdam . . . "

We organized classes in English so that the people whowere waiting for their turn to migrate would lose no time inlearning the language of their new country. Council groupswere organized at Riga, Libau, Rotterdam, Danzig, andAntwerp for constructive service to the Jewish emigrantsthrough their ports.

In the autumn of 1920, a reconstruction unit headed byCelia Strakosch was dispatched to Europe to follow outsome of the work which I outlined in my report. Anotherunit was sent in 1921, consisting of social service experts,and still another unit in the spring of 1922, headed by Mrs.Elinore Sachs-Barr and Doris Maddow, and one year later,Clara Greenhut and Dr. Margaret Paukner headed stillanother unit.

The vital part that the Council played in the reconstruc-tion and rehabilitation of the Jewish war refugee can prob-ably never be fully estimated. If I may use a concrete formof symbolism I might say that thousands upon thousands ofJewish lives were saved at that time through the efforts ofthe Council of Jewish Women.


We must not, however, forget tha t these above-mentionedactivities are comparatively recent, and bu t few of all thosepursued in the history of the Council. We must remembertha t for more than twenty-five years before this reconstruc-tion work, the Council carried on philanthropic and com-munal tasks all through the states and tha t it always livedup to its mot to "Fa i th and Human i ty " to its fullest extentand in its most consumate sense. We must also remembertha t the membership and, with it, the efficiency of theCouncil grew enormously from year to year. The Councilstarted with a membership of ninety-three. In 1896, threeyears later, the reports reveal 50 sections with a membershipof 3,370. In 1914, when the Council was twenty years old, ithad 56 sections in 24 states. In 1920, it had 164 sections, in40 states, with a membership of 28,000. Of these sectionsfive were in Canada, one in Cuba, and 41 were juniorsections. In 1925, it reached a total membership of 52,000.

Along the lines of its usual activities, the Council hasformed close to 100 s tudy circles in religion and philan-thropy throughout its chapters. Fourteen religious schoolshave been opened by individual sections. T h e Councilsponsors two Vacation Societies caring for hundreds ofchildren. Sewing schools, Jewish libraries, Sabbath schools,etc., have been formed in many par ts of the country. Butthese activities, I take it for granted, are understood to bewithin the normal functions of an organization of this type.I shall therefore give a cursory review of some of the otheractivities and turn again to the work which the Council hasdone, I may say, on an international scale.

The Council provides many communities with their firstvolunteer workers in the field of Jewish philanthropy.Through its social welfare program, it has stimulated theestablishment of many neighborhood houses, homes for girls,clinics, recreational centers, and vacation camps. I t hasalso developed work among the blind and the deaf. I t hasaroused nation-wide interest in the movement to providescholarship funds for deserving students, under the auspicesof Council sections. I t has established a Depar tment ofFarm and Rural Work, to keep the lonely Jewish women inthe scattered rural communities of several of our mostpopular states, in touch with the Jewish world outside. It


has interested the Jewish woman in the progress and welfareof the child in the public schools, through its "SchoolFr iend" System.

Among its publications is "The Jewish W o m a n " the firstperiodical devoted entirely to the interest of Jewish woman-hood; and " T h e Immigran t , " a monthly bulletin on immi-gration questions published by the Council 's Depar tmentof Immigran t Aid. Holiday calendars are also issued by theCouncil to schools, colleges, universities, and insti tutions,where the Jewish holidays are noted. Besides i t boasts of animposing list of publications of Jewish interest which aremade easily accessible to all its Sections and members.

Not the least significant of the Council 's achievementswas its summoning of the World Congress for JewishWomen, which is the first international body of its kind inJewish history. I t was in 1923 tha t the Council acted ashostess to a group of representative women of the variousJewish centers of Europe, who were called together inVienna. I t was m y great pleasure to be there and to see theWorld Congress of Jewish Women come into being,drawing its breath from some of the greatest Jewesses ofour present generation. There were among us then BertaPopenheim and Paula Ollendorf of Germany, Anita Muller-Cohen of Vienna, women of magnificent cultural s ta ture andwomen who embodied all the bounty of kindness anddevotion to their race. We banded together to discuss thevarious problems which were facing the Jews of Europeafter the war. W h a t was to be done with the hundreds ofthousands of orphans? W h a t about the refugees? And wha tan appalling situation the homeless girl presented withwhite-slave traffic spreading its net! These and more s tarkquestions faced us, and the Council, representing the mostprosperous Jewish communi ty in the world, of course,assumed most of the material burden of this internationalbody. I am proud to say t h a t I have served as its presidentsince its inception and tha t a t its last conference in Ham-burg, in the spring of 1929, the Council was again very wellrepresented and Mrs . Estelle M . Sternberger, who hasserved as Executive Secretary of the Council for the lastfew years, was elected Secretary of the World Congress.

Although the problems tha t confront the World Congress


naturally undergo certain modifications as time goes on, yetthe work is always of vital importance in its fundamentalJewish aspects, and I would set this World Congress downas one of the glowing jewels in the crown of achievement ofthe Council of Jewish Women.

I should also like to mention that the Council participatedin an exhibit of a general nature at Paris in 1905, also partici-pated in the same year in the Jamestown Exposition, and in1915, gave an exhibit of its work at the Panama-PacificInternational Exposition. In each instance, it carried off agold medal in recognition of its excellent work.

In the many years of my association with the Council andin the various offices that I occupied, I have had the goodfortune to meet most of the outstanding workers and itsguiding lights. I shall mention only a few of them: HannahG. Solomon, Marion L. Misch, Bertha F. Rauh, and thebeloved Rose Brenner who departed from us all too soon.As for the splendid personality heading the Council now,Mrs. Joseph E. Friend, and the very brilliant service ren-dered by the Executive Secretary, Mrs. Sternberger, I feelcertain that all of my readers know of them.

IV

The vast scope of the Council of Jewish Women absorbedthe finest elements of Jewish womanhood in America. Andthe work of the Council spread like a powerful river downthe valley of Jewish life; the valley with the numerous hillsand rocks, with the endless rows of weeds. This mightyriver sent its many branches far and wide,—all coming fromthe clear springs of charity, all going to the deep sea ofwelfare. For the extent of the Council work is all-pre-vailing and all-embracing.

Soon, however, another great woman's organization cameto life, a peer we might call it, both in integrity of purposeand in its blessed vision. For the Council of Jewish Womenand Hadassah are today among the most important Jewishnational bodies in the country, and among the most forcefulwomen's organizations in the world. Although the scope ofthe younger organization is more limited, yet Hadassah inits comparatively short existence, has managed to attract


the attention of the world to its unique type of welfarework.

I should like to outline briefly the premises upon whichthe Hadassah structure was founded. We are now passingfrom the nineteenth century to the twentieth century. TheJews were facing the new century with mortification andrenewed horror. For a good many years to come, they werenot able to shake off the abominable effects of the Dreyfuscase. Jews and non-Jews alike were shaken by this incidentwhere the Jewish army officer was accused of the most dis-graceful crime, and the world was shocked because itoccurred in France, the religious and political haven of themodern world.

And if France could become anti-Semitic, what hope wasthere for the Jew in the notoriously anti-Semitic countries?

This was the state of mind of the Jews of the world. Andout of this came a strong Zionist tide. Orthodox as well asassimilated Jew saw after the Dreyfus Affair that Zion wasthe only answer. And when Theodor Herzl came to thefore with his political program, and the first Zionist Con-gress, the response throughout the world was overwhelming.

Very soon, it reverberated in America. When the Federa-tion of Zionist Societies of Greater New York and vicinitywas organized in 1897, and one year later became known asthe Federation of American Zionists, it boasted as memberssome of the best known names in American Jewish history.Professor Richard J. H. Gottheil became its president, withDr. Stephen S. Wise, as secretary, and with Henrietta Szold,by this time a writer of note, and Judah L. Magnes, on theGoverning Board. Soon the Federation had 25 societiesthroughout the states, and took its place among the activeZionist groups of the world.

The Zionist ranks were also recruited from the immigrantmasses who were coming to America in large numbers atthat time.

American Jews, those of adequate means of course, wereheard of taking their annual vacation in Palestine ratherthan any of the other famous resorts. Jewish touristswended their way to the hills of Judaea. Women were alsoamong them. In 1911, a group of these women made a tourthrough the Holy Land, and returned with the light of Zion


gleaming in their eyes, and the work for Zion throbbing intheir pulse. Henrietta Szold, who was then occupying theimportant post of Secretary of the Jewish PublicationSociety, was motivating this woman's expedition, and upontheir return, Miss Szold realized the golden moment toorganize the American women into a Zionist body.

Henrietta Szold arranged for a meeting, at which thewomen who returned were the speakers, and their stirringand moving accounts of "the Jewish pioneers there whosetask was even more difficult than that of our pioneers herein the West", swept the small assembly of women, and rightthere and then, they organized into the Women's ZionistOrganization of America. They chose the name "Hadassah,"which was the Hebrew name of Queen Esther, and as theirmotto and inspiration "the healing of the daughter of mypeople," from the very beautiful and sad verse of Jeremiah:

"Behold the voice of the cry of the daughter ofmy people

From a land far off:'Is it not the Lord in Zion?Is not the King in her?'

Is there no balm in Gilead?Is there no physician there?Why then is not theHealing of the daughter of my people recovered?"

(Jeremiah 8:19-22)Thus, Hadassah was born in 1912.

Before I tell about Hadassah's program and its adherenceto the motto "the healing of the daughter of my people," Imust stop for a moment and say something about the greatneed for Hadassah in Palestine. Let me first quote from ajournalist's description of the country at that time: "Herewas no paternal government giving homesteads to worthymen, but here were people buying back from Arab land-owners at high prices, land that had been abused by genera-tions of bad farming, that had to be carefully nursed backinto fertility. Here, too, was constant danger from bands ofmarauding Arabs, intensely hostile to these people, tryingto settle again in this land.


"Hardships were numerous. Physicians and nurses weretoo expensive, too difficult to be even thought of. Swampsabounded and mosquitoes were numerous—is it to be won-dered that malarial fever was a common occurrence? Waterwas scarce, and the idea of biological protection never had ahearing. As a result, typhoid fever claimed far too manyvictims. The climate differed from that of Eastern Europe,whence came most of the colonists, but who was to instructthese people in the necessary change of diet?

"There was no provision for caring for maternity cases,except a missionary hospital to which mothers might beadmitted only if their children were to be baptized into theChristian church. The Jewish mothers naturally refrainedfrom using these facilities. The resulting infant death ratewas frightful among the entire population."

Hadassah was going to heal. Hadassah was going to turndeath into life. Hadassah was going to bring Westernscientific culture into the land.

Technically speaking, Hadassah was founded with thedual program: to foster Zionist ideals in America and toestablish a system of medical and social service in Palestine.Of course, every Hadassah member is automatically a mem-ber of the Zionist Organization of America, which hasdeveloped out of the Federation of American Zionists. Thisnot only means paying the annual Shekel but also annualcontributions to the Keren Kayemeth, or the NationalFund, which is the land-buying agency and to which allZionist factions contribute alike.

Now if Henrietta Szold gave to Hadassah life and pur-pose, then it may be said that Nathan and Lina Straus gaveto Hadassah its first practical move in life. No sooner wasHadassah founded, than the Strauses financed the trip oftwo American Jewish nurses to do district nursing in Pal-estine. In 1913, Miss Rachael Landy and Miss Rose Kaplanleft for the Holy Land to start Hadassah's task which wassoon to gain recognition from the entire civilized world.

But the kind and magnanimous Strauses were not satis-fied with representatives alone. So the aged couple took thetrip themselves and saw the beginnings of Hadassah work.They watched the modern scientific methods of district


nursing being introduced into Palestine. Under the super-vision of the Hadassah nurses and with the assistance ofexperienced midwives, maternity nursing in the home wasestablished. But how inadequate these few agents of healthseemed in the face of all the vast numbers who needed them!

So the Strauses provided the funds for a small NursesSettlement which was opened at the home of the twoAmerican nurses in Jerusalem. Here, a class of girls weretrained and instructed in the elements of nursing, first aid,and hygiene.

But just as Hadassah was getting its hopeful roots intothe desolate soil of Palestine, the World War broke out andsuspended all activities. For two years, all Hadassah workpractically ceased, as did that of all other foreign welfareagencies. However, in 1916, when the Actions Committeeof the World Zionist Organization appealed to the Zionistsin America to send a medical unit to the disease-riddenterritories of Palestine, the Zionist Organization here en-trusted to Hadassah the task of organizing such a unit.With the aid of the Joint Distribution Committee and theWorld Zionist Organization, Hadassah organized a unit offorty-four physicians, dentists, nurses, and sanitary engin-eers, and in 1918, the unit reached Palestine and immedi-ately plunged into the arduous task. The various hospitals,dispensaries, and health stations that were established wereof course staffed and financed by Jews, but their ministra-tions were by no means confined to Jewish patients. Wecan easily imagine the pestilence and disease raging in thecountry at that time after the battles and skirmishes there.Hadassah threw its doors open to Jew and Arab alike, con-ducting inspection and waging anti-malarial campaigns.

In that same year, the first training school for nurses wasopened with headquarters at the Rothschild Hospital inJerusalem. This training school served a twofold purpose:it established a self-perpetuating group of nurses for thecountry, and it also gave Palestinian young women anavenue of employment. The three-year training course(given entirely in the Hebrew language) offers here theequivalent of any nurses' training course given in America,and the diploma is recognized the world over.


While all this intensive health work was going on inPalestine, Hadassah began, in the United States, a hugecampaign for hospital apparel and linens. The PalestineSupply Department was formed under the leadership ofMrs. A. H. Fromenson with numerous Hadassah chaptersturning out linens and hospital supplies through its sewingcircles and linen "showers." At the same time, a programof Zionist cultural work was outlined here, and carried outby all the chapters.

In 1920, Hadassah here saw its first-born brought tolight. Junior Hadassah, comprising the daughters andyoung sisters of the older Hadassah-members organizedwith the specific purpose of caring for the children of Pal-estine. This young group, which numbers more than 10,000members, in 260 chapters throughout the country, foundedand maintains Meier Shfeyah, a rural school for children, anda Nurses' Training School, besides, of course, supportinggeneral Zionist efforts.

To date, senior and junior Hadassah have a joint mem-bership of 50,000. And here is some of the monumentalwork Hadassah has done and is doing: There are fourHadassah hospitals and five dispensaries in Palestine, andprovisions for medical service in fifty rural districts. Thereare 21 infant welfare stations, 18 pre-natal clinics, besidesspecial clinics for obstetric and pediatric service, and amental hygiene clinic. Hadassah is also soon to realize adental clinic made possible through the assistance of a NewYork dentist, who is endowing the clinic in the memory ofhis wife, Clara Wachtel, whose name the clinic will bear.

Hadassah conducts regular medical inspection of 24,000school children and a system of penny luncheons preparedby expert dieticians in 14 schools and 15 kindergartens.Continuous campaigns are waged against tuberculosis, smallpox, trachoma, typhoid and malaria.

A million dollar fund is being sponsored by both juniorand senior Hadassah jointly to help found a hospital inconnection with the Hebrew University. Senior Hadassahalso has a fund for scholarships for graduates of the nurses'training school in Palestine to come and study in America.There is also a fund for the publication in Hebrew of text-


books for the nurses. Again with junior Hadassah, $70,000has been raised for the Jewish National Fund for the re-demption of the Haifa Bay land.

I must not forget to mention the special hospitals whichhave been erected for the benefit of the Halutzim who areengaged in agricultural work in the remote sections of thecountry, and also the X-ray Institute which is now operatingas part of the Hadassah Hospital of Jerusalem.

Two years ago, the names of the late beloved Lina andNathan Straus, bigger and brighter than ever, came up againin the annals of Hadassah. The crowning glory of Hadassah,the Straus Health Centers in Palestine, became a reality.These Straus Health Centers, of which one is in Jerusalemand the other in Tel-Aviv, will unite all the public healthactivities in one institution. The keynote of these centerswill be guarding health rather than treating illness. Thefirst contribution of the Strauses toward the Health Centerswas $50,000, but the late Lina Straus' devotion to Hadassahexceeded all financial bounds, and, about two years beforeher death, she gathered all the jewels which her family hadpresented to her up to that time, and gave these to Hadassahto go towards a Reserve Fund for these Centers. The jewelsbrought a great deal of money and were returned by thechapters to Hadassah, which, in turn, presented them toLady Samuel, formerly the First Lady of Palestine.

In the past ten years, Hadassah has raised $3,500,000towards its medical work, which requires about $600,000 ayear. Again I wish to stress the point that all Hadassahwork is extended to the non-Jews as well.

Before closing the story of Hadassah, one of the mostmagnificent chapters of Jewish womanhood in history, Iwish to make reference to the immense growth in the Jewishpopulation of Palestine to show the great needs that Hadas-sah had to fill. In 1916, Palestine had 85,000 Jews; afterBalfour issued the historic Declaration, the populationjumped by leaps and bounds, and in 1929, it was 157,800.And Hadassah is there, ready to serve these incomingmasses, and to help make their dream of Zion come true.

I have already mentioned Henrietta Szold, whose name issynonymous with Hadassah. After her term of presidencywhich began with the first day of Hadassah and terminated


eight years later, many another loyal and devoted Jewesscame to the fore and carried on the magnificent work ofHadassah. Among them are Lotta Levensohn, Alice Seligs-berg, Mrs. Edward Jacobs, who was elected president at thelast convention in Buffalo after many years of devotion andservice to Hadassah, Mrs. Irma Lindheim, who served aspresident for three years, and Mrs. Robert Szold who hadadded glory to the name Szold, during her long associationwith Hadassah.

Thirteen years after Hadassah was instituted, the secondNational women's organization to espouse the cause ofrebuilding Zion came into existence. It called itself Women'sOrganization for the Pioneer Women of Palestine. It grewout of the ranks of the Poale-Zion (Socialist Zionist Party),that faction of modern Zionism which speaks for the prole-tariat. In America, the Poale-Zionist Party was organizedabout twenty-seven years ago and has found great responseamong the Jewish workers, who are imbued with the spiritof Zionism. The women who are responsible for the PioneerWomen's Organization were and still are members of thePoale-Zion Party, or the National Jewish Worker's Allianceof America, its outstanding fraternal Order. Among thesewomen are Mrs. Meyer Brown, Sophie A. Udin, Mrs.Louis Siegel, and Mrs. Baruch Zuckerman.

These women made the welfare of the worker in Palestine,particularly the working woman, their objective. In otherwords, they not only help foster in Palestine the usual wel-fare work with which liberal women are identified, but theyalso take steps to strengthen the position of the workingwoman there, in order to improve her social and economicstatus, and also to enable her to participate more fully in theupbuilding of the Jewish National Homeland. The Hista-druth, as the Federation of Labor in Palestine is called, com-prises 30,000 workers, including 12,000 women. It is withthis group and the groups of young Halutzoth, the womenPioneers working on the land, that the organization con-cerns itself.

Immediately upon its inception, information was dis-seminated among the Jewish working women here, tellingthem of the life and the needs of the Jewish working women


in Palestine, the important part she plays in the moral andeconomic growth of the country, the heroism she has shownin overcoming the difficulties under which she had to rearher family while doing her work, etc., etc. As a result, thePioneer Women's Organization in the five years of itsexistence has enlisted 5,000 women throughout the countryand Canada, in 60 different clubs. In this short time, it hasbecome the buttress of spirit and substance of the workingwoman in Palestine, so that the latter uses her new freedomto the best advantage in doing her share, if not more than anequal share with the man, in improving the living conditionsof the worker. Those who have visited Palestine in the pastfew years speak with utmost admiration of the Halutzah,who with face uplifted toward the Eastern sun, her shouldersstraightened by the new freedom, with her hands eagerlymothers the neglected soil which she loves so dearly. Andthe lot of this Halutzah has been greatly improved thanks tothe efforts of the Pioneer Women's Organization.

The Pioneer Women's Organization has raised already$175,000 for the girls' Kvutzoth, or the agricultural settle-ments where the Halutzoth live and work, enabling the girlgroups to acquire land for co-operative farms in Rechvia,Schechunath Borochov, Tiberias and Petach-Tikvah. Pro-vision has also been made for other girls' settlements inTel-Aviv, Jerusalem, and Haifa, the larger centers wherethey are employed. Funds have been given to them for thepurpose of erecting farm structures, for the purchase ofcattle and farm implements, and the development of dairies,bee-raising, and tree nurseries. Several agricultural trainingschools have been founded for these Halutzoth, which havealready sent out a number of expert agriculturists who arenow, in turn, directing the training in the newer girls'settlements.

Some of these settlements have already proven to be notonly self-supporting, but profitable. So successful have theybeen in their dairy produce, honey culture, and, particularly,tree-raising that they have been able to dispose of all theirexcess quantity at a good price, and many of these girls havebeen invited by their Jewish and non-Jewish neighboringfarmers to take care of their trees. There are ten such girls'settlements, or Kvutzoth, sponsored by the Pioneer Wo-


men's Organization, where 600 girls are housed and trainedfor agricultural and other work.

To provide the means for maintaining the agriculturaltraining schools the organization carries on an independentcampaign annually. In 1929 a total of $55,000 was raised.The money is remitted to the Women's Council of theHistadruth. The organization also maintains three kinder-gartens and day nurseries where children of working mothersare looked after during the day.

The National Fund, being the one institution which is abasic part of all Zionist factions, occupies an important placein the program of the Pioneer Women, which provides forparticipation in the general drive as well as special cam-paigns. In its immediate affiliation, it supports all the moregeneral undertakings of the Poale-Zion Party.

In order to keep the members well informed of its activi-ties in Palestine the organization publishes the "PioneerWoman" a bi-monthly bulletin, employing both Yiddish andEnglish. It also distributes the literature pertaining to oremanating from the working classes of Palestine. Theyhave, however, found an even more effective method ofarousing interest in their work by inviting leaders of theworking women to come to America.

Another recent publication is a Hebrew one called "DivreiPoaleth" (What The Working Women Have To Say). Thisis a compilation of fifty-seven essays, written by as manywomen workers telling their experiences as toilers on theland. This work is indeed an interesting document in thehistory of the new woman and I do hope it will be translatedinto the European languages so that it will be accessible tothe women outside of Palestine.

Instead of a president, the Pioneer Women's Organizationis lead by an Executive Committee, which consists of Mrs.L. Siegel, B. Caller, and Mrs. Dr. I. Applebaum.

V

At the third convention of the Reform Rabbis held inCincinnati, in June 1871, the idea of the Hebrew Union Col-lege was born, and with it, the idea of organizing all theReform Congregations into the Union of American Hebrew


Congregations. About the Hebrew Union College and thegreat spirits that dwelt therein as well as the men it has sentforth to "Torah, Hohmah, Ma'asim Tovim," I cannot stopto speak here. We will pass over forty-one years of theexistence of the Union, whose chief objects are the main-tenance of the College and the promotion of religiousinstruction, and come to the creation of the counterpart ofthe Union, the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods.

It was in December, 1912, that the President of theUnion, Mr. J. Walter Freiberg, issued a "call to all ladies'organizations belonging to the Union to appoint or electdelegates for a meeting to be held in Cincinnati, duringJanuary 20-23, 1913. This meeting is for the purpose oforganizing a Federation of Temple Sisterhoods."

Representatives of fifty Sisterhoods from almost as manycities attended this conference. Some of these women are nomore with us, but their memory always serves to inspire thecause of this organization. The sessions were attended byhuge throngs, and prominent speakers, men and women,addressed them. In summing up his remarks, Rabbi DavidPhilipson of Cincinnati said to the women: "Your organiza-tion when formed will become the counterpart of the Unionof American Hebrew Congregations. The two organizationswill be the obverse and reverse of the same shield, the con-gregation as the basis of Jewish representation."

With the object of bringing the various Sisterhoods of thecountry into closer co-operation and association with oneanother, of quickening the religious consciousness of theJew by strengthening spiritual and educational activity, andof working with and for the Hebrew Union College, theNational Federation of Temple Sisterhoods took its place asthe first national congregational organization in the country.

After thirteen years, the Federation numbers now 56,000members divided among 340 Sisterhoods in the UnitedStates and Canada, and one Sisterhood in England. Thenumerous activities are carried on through National Stand-ing Committees on Religion, Religious Schools, HebrewUnion College Scholarships and Dormitory Maintenance,Isaac M. Wise Sisterhood Memorial Fund, Union Museum,Uniongrams, Sisterhood Extension, Federation of Young


Folks' Temple Leagues, Student Activities, Programs, Peace,Jewish Literature for the Sightless, State Federations,Co-operation.

Recognition for much of the growth and increased influ-ence of the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoodshould go first of all to its former presidents, Mrs. AbramSimon, Mrs. Joseph Wiesenfeld, and Mrs. J. Walter Frei-berg, and to Mrs. Maurice Steinfeld, its present president.Among the other women who have gained distinction intheir efforts in the name of the Federation are the late Mrs.Sally Kubie Glauber, Miss Edna Goldsmith, Mrs. Albert J.May, (a daughter of Rabbi Isaac M. Wise), Mrs. DavidGoldfarb, Mrs. Joseph Stolz, Mrs. Jacob Wertheim, andMrs. Adolph Rosenberg.

Mention should also be made here of Miss Elsa Weihl,Mrs. Miriam Dreyfuss, and Miss Helen Straus, who haverendered invaluable service to the Federation, and therebyalso to the Jewish community, in the capacity of ExecutiveSecretary.

Just as the spirit and message of Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wisepermeates the existence of the Hebrew Union College, andconsequently the other institutions born of the inspirationglowing from the College, namely, the Union of AmericanHebrew Congregations and the National Federation ofTemple Sisterhoods, so the spirit of Professor SolomonSchechter dwells in the midst of the Jewish TheologicalSeminary and the two organizations created to promote itsteachings and principles—the United Synagogue of Amer-ica, and the more recently established Women's League ofthe United Synagogue.

The former organizations foster Reform Judaism; thelatter, conservative or traditional Judaism.

The Jewish Theological Seminary was established in1886. It was not until 1902, when Doctor Solomon Schechterassumed the presidency, that the need for a united congre-gational body to work with the seminary was realized.However, it was not until February, 1913, that DoctorSchechter succeeded in bringing the United Synagogue ofAmerica into being. The establishment of a women's leaguewas forecast at the organization meeting of the United Syna-gogue, when Doctor Schechter said: "I would even suggest


that the United Synagogue assign a certain portion of itswork to women, and give them a regular share in its activi-ties. They can become more than an auxiliary to us; indeed,helpful in many respects where, as conditions are in thiscountry, their influence is more far reaching than that oftheir husbands."

However, five years elapsed before these wives of theUnited Synagogue members formed the Women's League.And as Solomon Schechter gave the impetus to the organiza-tion of the United Synagogue, Mrs. Schechter inspired theWomen's League. This was in January, 1918, when thebroader objects of the newly-formed organization had to beset aside to make room for an immediate program of workin connection with the War.

With the characteristic devotion and zeal manifested bythe Jewish woman in those days, the Women's Leagueimmediately launched a special drive for funds to provideextra provisions, and other necessities for the Jewish soldiersstationed in nearby training camps. Of course, the chiefconcern was that the food should be kosher and served, asfar as possible, in conformity with the Jewish dietary laws.The very first substantial achievement of the new groupwas the Jewish Students' House near Columbia University,which was originally intended as a canteen for the Students'Army Training Corps of the Jewish Welfare Board. ThisStudents' House served as a cozy corner for the Jewishstudent soldier. After the Armistice, this House remained agathering and study place for Jewish students and scholarsconnected with Columbia, the Jewish Theological Seminarynearby, and other schools. Soon, this example of The JewishStudent House was followed by the Philadelphia Sister-hoods, under the leadership of Mrs. Cyrus Adler, whoerected one near Dropsie College. Today we also havesimilar institutions in Denver and Detroit. In all of these,hundreds of Jewish students living away from home areable to find a truly Jewish atmosphere and all that goeswith it.

In speaking of the war activities of the Women's League,I wish to mention the substantial remittances of money andshipments of clothes made to the Jews of Palestine duringthe months of abysmal suffering in that country. And I


will also not omit the shipments of matzoth made by theSisterhoods to the Jewish soldiers at their various campingpoints at that time.

It is very interesting and significant that at its secondannual convention in 1919, a little more than a year afterits inception, the League already numbered 57 Sisterhoodsthroughout the country with a total membership of 6,000.

Though still revolving around its axis, the tenets of con-servative Judaism, the work of the Women's League hasradiated diverse activities. Each Sisterhood conducts studycircles on Jewish subjects, chiefly Jewish history. Theobservance of the Sabbath is always stressed and the adher-ence to Kashruth always emphasized. These measures arenot only taken up by the Sisterhoods for their own imme-diate families, but each unit endeavors to see to it that thelaws of Kashruth are observed in local Jewish institutions,such as hospitals, orphan asylums, and day nurseries. Sim-ilar effort is made in the cause of Sabbath observance. TheSisterhoods enlist individuals as well as groups to keep theSabbath in more Jewish spirit, and to persuade institutionsand business houses not to make their workers break theSabbath.

The Women's League also publishes pamphlets on Jewishsubjects which are distributed among the members andamong the children in the Sabbath schools, which are theLeague's strongholds.

For a good many years now, the League has been award-ing annual scholarships to students of the Seminary, andalso doing a great deal of Jewish cultural work among theJewish students at women's colleges. Prominent among theLeague's personalities, besides the late Mrs. SolomonSchechter and Mrs. Cyrus Adler, already mentioned, areMiss Emily Solis-Cohen of New York, Miss Sarah Kussy,Newark, Mrs. Moses Hyamson, New York; Mrs. CharlesI. Hoffman, Newark; Mrs. Israel Unterberg, New York;Mrs. Samuel Spiegel, New York, who is now president;Miss Deborah Kallen, Boston; and Mrs. A. H. Vixman,New York.

What the Union of American Hebrew Congregations is tothe Hebrew Union College, and the United Synagogue ofAmerica to the Jewish Theological Seminary, the Union of


Orthodox Jewish Congregations is to the Rabbi IsaacElchanan Yeshivah.

The Orthodox Congregations united in 1898 "to advancethe interests of positive Biblical, Rabbinical and historicalJudaism," and the Women's Branch, which came in 1924,many years later, naturally grew out of the same principles.

As in the case of the parent organization, the Women'sBranch is aiming to further and intensify Orthodox Judaismin the home, in the religious school, and among students andin institutions of higher learning. The activities of theWomen's Branch are divided into ten departments, eachone concerning itself with a different phase of the work,all the phases converging toward the central point, thepreservation and intensification of Orthodox Judaism.

It may be said that the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Yeshivahis the apple of the eye both of the older organization as wellas the Women's Branch. This Yeshivah, whose locale hasbeen transformed from humble ramshackle quarters on theEast Side of New York, to its present magnificent edificeuptown, owes a good deal of its present beauty and glory tothe efforts of the Women's Branch. More than $300,000 wasraised by the women for the dormitory adjoining the Yeshi-vah. The Women's Branch also awards annual scholarshipsto needy students.

These Yeshivah students may be the pets of the Women'sBranch, but they are by no means monopolizing the atten-tion and devotion of the women. The Collegiate Branch ofthe organization holds large gatherings in celebration ofeach of the Jewish holidays, at which young students fromall the schools are invited and are given an opportunity toenjoy the holiday in its true Jewish spirit. Furthermore,arrangements are made for members of the Women'sBranch to invite out-of-town students as their guests forSabbaths and holidays.

There is also an Educational Committee, which dis-tributes appropriate literature in advance of each holiday,giving a resum6 of the significance and observance of thefestival. This literature is also circulated among its con-stituent Sisterhoods and individual members for their infor-mation and guidance.


The subject of Kashruth is one of the most importantconcerns of the Women's Branch. Not only are the womenexhorted to observe scrupulously the Jewish dietary laws intheir own homes, but as an organization, they have under-taken to investigate the Kashruth of manufactured foodproducts. This is done by Rabbis, who are appointed by theRitual Commission of the Union, and employed by theWomen's Branch. Furthermore, they endeavor, whereverpossible to persuade manufacturers to substitute kosher fornon-kosher ingredients. Thus far, the Women's Branch haswon the approval of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre-gations of America for seven kinds of kosher crackers manu-factured by a large baking company, for a butter productin wide use, for many of the canned and bottled goods of anational manufacturer, and for bread and cakes of anotherbaking company. The Kashruth Committee also answersquestions coming from housewives pertaining to certainhousehold matters, after consultation with authorities.

Another important agency of the Women's Branch is theFamily Purity Committee which has as its task to bringhome once more the value and importance of the old laws ofTaharath Hamispacha, under its supervision, efforts arebeing made to modernize the existing ritual baths.

But the crowning glory of the Women's Branch lies in itsmost recent achievement—the establishment of an institu-tion of which organizations of much longer standing mightwell be proud. For in spite of its short existence, theWomen's Branch is reaping glory and satisfaction from theTeachers' Training School for Girls. This school, which hasalready been in existence three years, trains young Jewishgirls to become competent Hebrew and religious teachers,employing the most modern pedagogic methods combinedwith a genuinely religious spirit. This past year, ninety-fivegirls from all parts of New York and New Jersey enrolled inthe school. The curriculum here compares favorably withthat of any Hebrew Teachers' College in Palestine or inEurope, offering courses in the Hebrew language, history,religion, Mishnah, Agadah, pedagogy, and other kindredsubjects. The language of instruction throughout isHebrew.


VI

The idea of fraternal college societies is indeed a cheerfulone. This American scholastic institution is associated withyouth and the campus, and all the social amenities thatmake up college life. The idea of the Jewish fraternal col-lege society, however, has a somewhat sad phase in it. Whyshould these Jewish boys and girls form their own fraterni-ties and sororities, unless they were not made to feel wel-come in the organization of their non-Jewish college mates?Nevertheless, this negative point has practically disap-peared, with the rise of dozens of Greek letter societies ofJewish students who are motivated by constructive andnationalistic aims and views.

The first college fraternity in the United States wasformed in 1776 at the William and Mary College in Virginia.There being very few Jewish families in the South in thosedays, it is not strange that no Jewish names are associatedwith the foundation of the famous Phi Beta Kappa frater-nity. The fraternities which followed were either sectarianChristian or, if non-sectarian, set drastic limitations uponthe admission of Jews. In the early days, when the Jewishpopulation was small and there were comparatively fewJewish college students, the number affected by this exclu-sion from fraternities was too small for any thought of theorganization of Jewish fraternities, whether as a defensivemeasure, or for frankly Jewish fraternal advantages. Withthe growth in the number of Jews attending our colleges theproblem became increasingly acute, and eventually led tothe organization of fraternities by Jews. This does not meanthat all so-called Jewish fraternities were formed merely toprovide a refuge for Jewish students who yearned for hekind of fellowship afforded by existing societies but wereexcluded from their membership, for a considerable propor-tion of the fraternities of Jews are at the same time Jewishfraternities. Such was the first of these societies: the ZetaBeta Tau, which came to life at the Jewish TheologicalSeminary in 1898. The purpose of this first Jewish collegefraternity was: "so that a socially congenial group of Jewishcollege men banded together to demonstrate by their everyword and deed in public and in private the best of which


Jewish manhood is capable, and the inherent excellence ofthe Jewish character."

The Jewish sorority was the result of a similar evolution,and the first Jewish sorority was also Jewish in a positiveway. It was Iota Alpha Pi and was formed in 1903 atHunter College, "to promote opportunities for social con-tact among Jewish college women." In the beginning, themeetings were devoted to extensive study of women char-acters in the Bible, and also contemporary Jewish literature.Soon they plunged into social and welfare work, doingsettlement case work on the East Side of New York, andhelping individual cases of consumptives through the Den-ver Consumptive League.

At first, the Iota Alpha Pi was known as the J. A. P., andthus existed at Hunter as a local Sorority, until 1913. Withthe adoption of the Greek Letters, and with the addition ofmany new members, the original organizers grouped them-selves into the Alpha Chapter, and the succeeding groupbecame the Beta Chapter, which was in time inducted intothe Hunter Pan-Hellenic Council.

In speaking of the original group the following names ofthe organizers should be mentioned: Hannah Finkelstein,now Mrs. Swick, Mrs. Olga Edelstein Ecker, Mrs. SadieApril Glotzer, Mrs. Rose Posner Bernstein, Mrs. Rose Del-son Hirschman, Mrs. May Finkelstein Spiegel, Mrs. FrancesZellermayer Delson.

Expansion at first extended to chapters in the vicinity ofNew York City, with Delta Chapter at New York Univer-sity, Gamma at the Brooklyn Law School, and Epsilon atthe New Jersey Law School.

In 1924, a Rotation Scholarship Fund was instituted,with money to be loaned to worthy students on the expecta-tion of it being repaid to the Sorority. This fund is wellknown to the Deans of the various colleges at which IotaAlpha Chapters are found, and they co-operate with theSociety in the selection of students worthy of help.

In 1925, this Sorority began to issue its own bulletin, adignified semi-annual booklet.

Among the women who have been very active in IotaAlpha Pi, beside those mentioned above, are: Professor


Vera Loeb, New York City, Miss Bertha Weinlander, NewYork City, Mrs. Beatrice Rosenthal Reuss, New York City,Mrs. Hilda Meyer Podoloff, New Haven, Connecticut, MissCharlotte Sternberg, New York City, Mrs. Sadie HaymanLeiss, Brooklyn, Mrs. Meriam Wilson Futterman, NewYork City, Mrs. Ethel Isaacs Reisman, New York City, Dr.Leoni Newmann Claman, New York City, Meriam Perl-stein Cane, New York City, Amelie Spiegel Rothschild, NewYork City, Daisy Cohen Shapiro, New York City, HannahF. Sokobin, Newark, New Jersey.

Four years ago, Iota Alpha Pi celebrated a quarter of acentury of existence. Members came from all over thecountry to celebrate the Silver Jubilee, many of themmarried and mothers of grown children, others shining incareers of their own. For Iota Alpha Pi boasts of manysuccessful lawyers, politicians, musicians, and teachers. Butdoing its splendid bit of work for needy students, it is amongthe finest of American fraternal societies.

Seven years after Iota Alpha Pi was organized, AlphaEpsilon Phi, the next Jewish sorority was founded at Barn-ard College on October 24, 1909 by Ida Beck, Helen Phillips,Rose Salmowitz, Stella Straus, Rose Gerstein, Tina Hess,and Bertha Stenbuck, with the object of fostering closefriendship between the members, of stimulating their intel-lectual, social and spiritual life, and counting as a forcethrough service rendered to others.

The program of the Society is carried out in the usualfraternal way, every chapter doing local philanthropic work,with the national body of the Sorority giving scholarshipsfor academic training as well as social service.

The total membership of Alpha Epsilon Phi is 1,900 ofwhich number 1,400 are in the Alumni Group, and theremainder active members now attending college. They aredivided into 24 chapters in various colleges throughout theUnited States and Canada.

The Sorority is governed by a National Council consistingof 9 members elected at each convention. Among its publi-cations are "The Quarterly," collections of Jewish songs,and national directories of the Society.

Among those whose work has been especially influentialare some of the past and present officers: Mrs. Samuel


Greene, Montclair, N. J.; Mrs. Nathan H. Feitel, New-Orleans, La.; Mrs. Mitchell Edelson, Chicago, 111.; Mrs.Ellis Slatoff, Newark, N. J.; Mrs. Nat Bloom, New YorkCity; Mrs. Aaron Schaffer, Austin, Texas; Miss HarrietMoses, New York City, and Miss Elizabeth Eldridge, SanAntonio, Texas.

Alpha Epsilon Phi has five national honorary members,—Mrs. Joseph Friend, New Orleans, La., now president of theNational Council of Jewish Women, Mrs. Edward Lazan-sky, New York City, Mrs. Enoch Rauh, Pittsburgh, Pa.,Mrs. Israel Unterberg, New York City, and CongresswomanFlorence P. Kahn, San Francisco, Calif.

A very long and influential list of matrons have affili-ated with the various chapters as honorary members orpatronesses.

It was quite natural that Hunter College, being the onlyfree college for women in New York City, and having as aresult a preponderance of Jewish students, should have morethan one Jewish Sorority, and in 1913, Phi Sigma Sigmawas organized with the purpose "of working charitable goodwithout regard to creed or sect."

Among the founders of the Society were Fay Chertkoff,Ethel Gordon Krauss, Estelle Melnick Cole, Claire WunderMcArdle, Gwen Zaliels Snyder, Josephine Ellison, ShirleyCohen Goldstein, Rose Scherr Seidman and JeanetteLipka.

The growth of this Sorority is quite extraordinary. In1918, the Beta chapter was chartered at Tufts College, andthe Gamma chapter at New York University. In 1920, cameDelta at the University of Buffalo, and Epsilon at theAdelphi College, Brooklyn, N. Y. Then came in rapidsuccession Zeta at the University of California; Eta, at theUniversity of Michigan; Theta, at the University of Illinois;Iota, at the University of Pittsburgh; Kappa, at the GeorgeWashington University; Lambda, at the University of Cin-cinnati; Mu, at the University of California; Nu, at theUniversity of Pennsylvania; Xi, at Temple University;Omicron, Louisiana State University; Pi, Syracuse Univer-sity; Rho, Ohio State University; Sigma, Long IslandUniversity; Tau, University of Texas; and Upsilon, at the


University of Manitoba. The total membership of the 20chapters is 1,105.

Among the activities and the achievements of Phi SigmaSigma, are scholarships, the maintenance of Camp Rainbow,at Croton-on-the-Hudson, and the United Charities Campfor undernourished children. In commemoration of itstenth birthday, the Society endowed in perpetuity a bed inthe Beth David Hospital in New York. The following year,the Zeta Chapter presented and equipped to the DuarteSanitarium of California a model barber shop. In 1926, theSociety financed the addition of a Children's Section to theNational Library of Jerusalem.

The official publication of the Sorority is "The Sphinx"which is issued quarterly.

Sigma Delta Tau, the fourth Jewish sorority was foundedin March of 1917, at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,with the pursuit of culture, scholarship, and charity, as itsobject. The founders of this Society were Regene RobinsonFreund, Dora Bloom, Inez Dane Ross, Marion Gerber,Leonore Rubinow, and Pirie Miller Harris.

The total membership of Sigma Delta Tau is 700. Itschapters are found all through the states, and each activechapter undertakes some special worthy charitable activitywithin the city of its establishment. The National Organ-ization has also a system of endowment funds for aiding girlsthrough college, and the Scholarship Cup which is awardedannually to the chapter with highest scholastic standards.Its official organ is "The Torch."

The present national officers are: President, Mrs. MiriamSimon Levy; Vice-President, Alice Loeb; Secretary, Mrs.Mildred Elkes Wallens; Treasurer, Mrs. Olga StrashunWeil.

We have noted only the national Jewish women's organi-zations. Obviously the reasons for so doing is because tomention others, of which the number is legion, even a bookwould not suffice. However, it must be mentioned that justforty years ago, there was organized in New York Cityby that vivid personality Hannah B. Einstein, then Presi-dent of the Emanuel Sisterhood for Personal Service,


Federation of Jewish Women's Organizations which shouldact as a clearing house for all organizations conducted byJewish women in New York City. Under the brilliantleadership of Mrs. David Goldfarb the Federation to-daycounts more than one hundred organizations in its member-ship. Realizing the value of such a federation as an educa-tional and practical factor in human and humane endeavor,about thirty cities have followed New York's example.

The National Organizations, such as the Council, Sister-hoods and Temple Leagues, also have organized themselvesinto a Conference which acts as a clearing house for theiractivities, and helps to bring about better understandingamong the Jewish women's organizations everywhere.

Just as the women of the Bible were noted for theirremarkable outstanding traits which earned for them thatpoetic title, Mothers in Israel, and called forth the Psalmistsmost hallowed songs, so down the ages, Jewish womanhoodhas been conscious of her privileges and responsibilities, andhas given good account of herself.

The forward march of women in general has foundJewish women keeping step, and while opportunities ineducation, politics, and professions have offered Jewishwomen great enrichment in their lives, they have, throughthe possession of these opportunities, integrated their effortsinto Jewish life and Judaism, and have everywhere been afactor for good always.

The World War, the machine age, the recognized changesin the standards of life and living have necessarily calledforth new effort, and greater need for services. But thepledge given by our pioneer Jewish American mothers isstill kept by us, and we can hope and expect that thegenerations that will follow will remember and reverence it.

JEWISH INMATES OF THE STATE PRISONSOF THE UNITED STATES

1920-1929

BY H. S. LINFIELDDirector, Department Statistics,

of theAmerican Jewish Committee

NOTE—The following article presents only the results of a comprehensivestudy of the number of Jewish inmates of state prisons and reformatories in theUnited States, together with summary tables, all based on official statistics.The basic detail table, as well as notes of a technical nature, will be presentedin a reprint of this article to be published, in due course, by the StatisticalDepartment of the American Jewish Committee.

During the ten years 1920-1929, a total of 394,080prisoners were received from the courts1, at the receivingprisons and reformatories of the states of the Union. Thisnumber included 6,846 Jews, or 1.74%. During the sameperiod, the average percentage of Jews to the total popula-tion of the United States was 3.43%.2 The number of Jewsin the prisons of the country was thus 49.27% smaller thanthe percentage of Jews to the total population of thecountry. In other words, Jews furnished a little over halfof their numerical quota to the population of the prisons.

1 By the term "prisoners received from the courts" is meant, here as elsewhere inthis article, sentenced prisoners (felons) committed by the courts. In other words, theterm excludes persons received at the prisons for safe-keeping, as well as all thosereceived from sources other than the courts, such as those transferred from otherinstitutions, escaped prisoners who had returned or been recaptured, violators ofparole, etc.2 The percentage of Jews of the total population at the end of 1917 was 3.27, and atthe end of 1927, 3.58. See the writer's Jews in the United Slates, New York, AmericanJewish Committee, 1929.

203


TABLE I

JEWISH PRISONERS RECEIVED1 AT THE STATE PRISONS AND

REFORMATORIES, 1920-1929(BY STATES)

State

UNITED STATES2

Arizona . . . .

ColoradoConnecticutDelaware .

GeorgiaIdahoIllinois

Iowa

KentuckyLouisiana . .

MarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesota . . . . .

MontanaNebraskaNevada . . . .

New York. .North Carolina . .North DakotaOhioOklahoma.OregonPennsylvania . . .Rhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennessee. .TexasUtah

Virginia...WashingtonWest Virginia . .WisconsinWyoming..

Number

Total

394,080

8,2132,5109,471

16,9377,2453,9501 9576.817

10,4901,329

17,11412,7096,799

12,14111,5047,5962,133

18,0716,673

19,0926,4556,074

13,5832,5463,790

9205 4 5 •

11,1411,900

32,4405,1071,820

27,97114,4102,571

16,1752,3222,9721,9297,088

13 7711,5743,2958,9826,9907,1276,5201,311

Jews

6,846

813

733711911930

695

28147252110

13282265248

943

1386

16143

3798

3,33769

4509

152955384

1014548

40/

51S

PercentageJewish

Prisoners

1.74

0.100.520.071.991.643.011.530.090.090.371.640.380.370.170.090.090.611.563.971.301.460.051.020.240.421.520.553.400.42

10.290.11

0.491.610.060.581.822.280.270 210 140 100.320.120.090.570.100.780.61

Percentage olJews to Total

Population(Average)

3.43

0.490.350.372.441.685.441.980.840.750.234.350.890.690.550.670.771.014.505.162.021 490.262.330.381.040 400.675.490.24

16 000 240.312.890 281.303.943.420.330 210 760 860.700.600.850.760.401 180.41

1 Sentenced prisoners received from the courts. See footnote 1 to p. 203.1 Exclusive of the District of Columbia which, of course, has no state prison.

JEWISH INMATES OF THE STATE PRISONS 205

Not only in the country as a whole, but als© in everygeographical division of the country, the number of Jews inthe prisons is proportionately small. But the percentage ofJews in the prisons differs due to variable factors such as, forexample, the age and sex distribution of the Jewish popu-lation, family structure (ratio of unmarried to married),communal organization. The percentage of Jews in theprisons is lowest in the Division of the South1 and highestin the division of the West. But even in the latter thepercentage of Jews in the prisons is proportionately small.In the state prisons in the South, the percentage of Jewsis but 16% of the quota, had the Jews of the South contrib-ted to the prison population of the division in proportion totheir number among the total population; in the North, thepercentage is 53% of the quota; and in the West, 86%.

Within the divisions, the number of Jews in the prisons ofNew York is 64.3% of the quota, but only 46.2% of thequota in Pennsylvania, and as high as 98% in the state ofMinnesota of less than 50,000 Jews. In the South, thepercentage ranges from 50% in the state of North Carolinato 10.7% in the state of Florida. But in the West, in thestate of Colorado (20,321 Jews), the Jews have 97.6% oftheir quota in the prisons, and in the other MountainStates with a combined Jewish population of 9,666, thepercentage reaches 129% of the quota; while the State ofCalifornia, 81.5%, Washington 75%, and Oregon 44.6%.2

1 In the South, the negro population shows a high ratio of inmates in the prisons, andthe percentage for the Jews is thus abnormally small.a The number of Jews in the prisons is less than the percentage of Jews of the totalpopulation, in every state of the Union except the following, all but one of which arein the Mountain Division and which have a combined population of 7,980: Arizona,Idaho Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, and Wyoming.


TABLE II

JEWISH PRISONERS RECEIVED AT THE STATE PRISONS, 1920-1929

(BY STATES AND DIVISIONS)

UNITED STATES

NorthSouthWest

NORTH1

Massachusetts

New York

Ohio

Illinois

Other States2

SOUTH'

Florida

Tennessee

TexasOther States'

WEST

Other States*

Fewish Po-pulation

1927

4,228,029

3,821,045225,940181,044

225,63425 00391,538

1,903,890225 306404,979

70,871173,97689,46235,935

345,98027,24443 19716,40480,68714 20930,730

25 6568,252

23,17913 40219,53322,53212,8918,850

16 43246,64828,565

20,32114,69813,075

123,2849,666

Prisoners

Total

394,080

228,625119,62245,833

6,6732,3223,950

32,44011,14116,17518,07127,97119,0926,520

17,11412,7096,4556,799

13,5833,790

23,820

8,9825,107

10,4906,817

11,5047,0888,2139,4717,596

13,77130,583

7,2456,9902,571

16,93712,090

Jews

6,846

6,164112570

26553

1193 337

37929528245024851

28147

1 9425

138168 4

8696

1010

877

1427

1194015

33759

P. C.

1.74

2.700.091.24

3.972.283.01

10.293 401.821.561.611.300.781.640.371.460.371.020.420.35

0.090.120.090.090.090.140.100.070.090.100.09

1.640.570.581.990.49

P. C. ofJews of

Total po-pulation

(Average)

3.43

5.070.571.44

5.163.425.44

16.005.493.944.502.892.021.184.350.891.490.692.331.040.62

0.850.240.750.840.670.760.490.370.770.860.32

1.680 761 302.440.38

P. C.of

Quota

50.73

53.2515.7986.11

76.9466.6755.3364.3161.9346.1934.6755.7164.3666.1037.7041.5797.9953.6243.7840.3853.03

10.5950.0012.0010.7113.4318.4220.4118.9211 6911.6328.13

97.6275.0044 6281.56

128.95

1 Including the States of Maryland and Delaware.* Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota and

Kansas.1 West Virginia, South Carolina, Mississippi and Oklahoma.* Wyoming, Utah, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.1 Excluding the States of Maryland and Delaware.


The number of women received at the state penal insti-tutions is small. During 1920-1929, the state prisons ofNew York, Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio and seven otherstates, for which data is available, received from the courts4,618 prisoners directly described as Jews, and these in-cluded 466 women. The Jewish prisoners constituted 3.4%of the total (compared with average of 6.5% Jews of totalpopulation), and similarly was the percentage of Jewishfemale prisoners of the total number of female prisoners,3.43%.'

'The slightly greater percentage of Jewish" emale prisoners is due probably to thelarger percentage of Jewish women of the total number of women in the country.

TABLE III

JEWISH WOMEN RECEIVED1 AT STATE PRISONS AND

REFORMATORIES, 1920-1929

State

ALL STATES

ColoradoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasMassachusetts. . .MinnesotaNew YorkOhioOregonVermont

Number

Total

BothSexes

135,413

7,24517,11412,7096.799

12,1416,6736,455

32,44027,971

2,5713,295

Women

13,603

280252327428

3,4301,325

2953,5003,345

52369

Jews

BothSexes

4,618

118279

462420

26291

3,314447

143

Women

466

31010

455

3971400

P. C. of Jews

Total

3.41

1.631.630.360.350.163.931.41

10.221.600.540.09

Women

3.43

1.070.40

00.23

03.401.70

11.340.42

00

See footnote 1 to p. 203.


Of the total number of Jewish prisoners received at thestate prisons in New York during the ten years, 11.83%were committed during 1920, and the percentage reached18.71% in 1922. The number committed the following yearwas much lower (7.88%), and the number committedincreased during 1924-1925 (8.18% and 8.99% respectively).The following year, 1926, witnessed again a drop in thenumber of Jewish prisoners committed (7.69%) and thenumber decreased slightly during the years that followed.

Of the total number of prisoners, 10.13% were committedduring 1920 and the numbers, as in the case of the Jews,increased during the following two years, reaching 14.55%in 1922. The percentage then dropped to 7.08% in 1923, andthe number committed increased during the following yearsuntil they reached 10.48% in 1926, 9.32% in 1927, 8.66%in 1928, and 9.40% in 1929, compared with 7.64%, 7.39%,7.66% and 7.12% for the Jewish prisoners during thereported four years.

TABLE IV

MOVEMENT OF JEWISH PRISONERS IN THE STATE PRISONS

OF NEW YORK, 1920-1929

Year

1920-1929

1920192119221923192419251926 ;192719281929

Number

Total

32,440

3,2873,8484,7202,2972,8633,1453,4013,0222,8073,050

Jews

3,314

392482620261271298255245254236

Distribution

Total

100.00

10.1311.8614.55

7.088.839.69

10.489.328.669.40

Jews

100.00

11.8314.5518.717.888.188.997.697.397.667.12


SUPPLEMENTJEWISH PRISONERS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Also in foreign countries the ratio of Jewish prisoners tothe total Jewish population appears smaller than that of thetotal number of prisoners to the total population. Thefollowing paragraphs deal with Poland, Roumania, andLatvia. These countries represent 25.51% of the total Jewishpopulation of the world (and together with the Jewishcommunity of the United States 53.61% of the total).

In Poland, during 1923-1926, a total of 558,224 prisonerswere sentenced by the courts1, including 22,307 Jews,4.8% of the total; whereas the Jews constituted 10.49% ofthe total population of the country in 1921.

In Roumania, during 1923-1927, a total of 158,229 sen-tenced prisoners were committed to the prisons, including5,403 Jews or 3.41% of the total, whereas 5.5% of the totalpopulation in 1925 were Jews.

Finally, in Latvia, during 1925-1929 a total of 47,728prisoners were sentenced by the civil courts and the courtsmartial, including 1,634 Jews or 3.41%; whereas the Jewswere 5.2% of the total population in 1925 and 5% in 1930.

As in the case of the United States, the number of Jewishwomen prisoners in these three foreign countries is small. InPoland during the years 1924-1926, for which years statis-tics are available, the Jewish women sentenced by thecourts, constituted 4.43% of the total number of womensentenced by the courts, (compared with 10% that Jewsconstitute of the total population), and in Roumania,the Jewish women, committed to the prisons, during 1923-1927, formed but 2.36% of the total number of sentencedwomen, (compared with 5.5% Jews of the total population).On the other hand, in Latvia, the number of Jewish womensentenced by the courts, 3.84% of the total number ofwomen, was slightly in excess of the percentage of Jewssentenced by the courts (3.42% of the total sentenced). Buteven in the latter country the percentage of Jewish womenin the prisons, 3.84% was less than the percentage of Jewsof the total population, 5.18% in 1925.2

1 The number excludes sentenced prisoners, whose appeals to higher courts werepending.

2 See "American Jewish Year Book," Vol. 32, p. 271.


TABLE V

POLAND

PRISONERS SENTENCED BY COURTS DURING 1923-1926

Year

1923—1926

1924—1926

1923192419251926 . . .

Number

Total

BothSexes

689,418

558,224

131,994184.391184,964188.869

Women

125,870

100,055

25,81534,01332,53933.503

Jews

BothSexes

34,479

26,740

7,7399,0238,4229,295

Women

4,433

1,5041,4021,527

P. C. of Jews

Total

5.00

4.79

5.864.894.554.92

Women

4.43

4.424.314.56

TABLE VI

ROUMANIA

SENTENCED PRISONERS COMMITTED TO THE PRISONS, 1923-1927

Year

1923—1927

1923119241

1925119261 . .1927

Number

Total

BothSexes

158.229

73,84121,13820,20819,39523,647

Women

14,801

4,7542,6992,4852,1382,725

Jews

BothSexes

5,403

2,554690707684768

Women

349

12452584669

P. C. of Jews

Total

3.41

3.463.263.503.533.25

Women

2.36

2.611.932.332.152.53

JEWISH INMATES OF THE STATE PRISONS

TABLE VII

LATVIA

PRISONERS SENTENCED BY CIVIL COURTS AND BY MARTIAL

COURTS, 1925-1929

211

Year

1925—1929

19251926192719281929

Number

Total

BothSexes

47,728

7,3448,7729,062

10,31512,235

Women

9,893

1,6741,8791,8062,0622,472

Jews

BothSexes

1,634

226349317316426

Women

380

5688677594

P. C. of Jews

Total

3.42

3.083.983.503.063.48

Women

3.84

3.354.683.713.643.80

Of the total number of prisoners sentenced by the courtsin Latvia, during 1927-1929, a total of 9,098 were recidivists.Of these only 3.23% were Jews, compared with 5% for thepercentage of Jews of the total population of the country,the number of women recidivists was small, both for thetotal population and for the Jews; and the percentage ofJewish women recidivists of the total number of womenrecidivists was 5.1% similar to the percentage of Jewishwomen of the total number of women in the country.1

TABLE VIII

LATVIA

RECIDIVISTS SENTENCED BY COURTS DURING 1927-1929

Year

1927—1929

19271928 . .1929

BothSexes

9,098

2 3122 8113,975

Number

Total

Women

1,430

367442621

BothSexes

294

7486

134

Jews

Women

73

181936

P. C. of Jews

Total

3.23

3.203.063.37

Women

5.10

4.904.305.80

See footnote 2 page 209.

JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THEUNITED STATES

1 National Organizations organized after April 1, 1930, are not included in this list.

ALEPH ZADIK ALEPH OF THE B'NAI B'RITHOrg. 1924. OFFICE: 650 Omaha National Bank Bldg., Omaha, Neb.Seventh Annual International Convention, July 12-14, 1930, Oak-

land, Cal.Chapters 140. Members, 5,000.PURPOSE: Mental, moral and physical development of Jewish youth.

Inculcation of Jewish ideals.SUPREME ADVISORY COUNCIL: Pres., Sam Beber, Omaha, Neb.; First

Vice-Pres., Jacob J. Lieberman, Los Angeles, Cal.; Second Vice-Pres.,Julius J. Cohn, Chattanooga, Tenn.; Third Vice-Pres., Joseph Herbach,Philadelphia, Pa., Treas., Harry Lapidus, Omaha, Neb.; Sec, I. F.Goodman, Omaha, Neb.; Ex. Sec, Philip M. Klutznick, Omaha, Neb.;Asst. Exec. Sec, Julius Bisno, Omaha, Neb.; Alfred M. Cohen, Cincin-nati, O.; Wilfred B. Feiga, Worcester, Mass.; Hyman M. Goldstein,Washington, D. C.; Leo Kaminsky, Indianapolis, Ind.; Joseph Karesh,San Francisco, Cal.; Henry Monsky, Omaha, Neb.; I. M. Rubinow,Cincinnati, O.; Aaron Tollin, Chester, Pa.; Isadore Weiss, Oakland, Cal.

ALEXANDER KOHUT MEMORIAL FOUNDATIONOrg. 1926. OFFICE: 1185 Park Avenue, New York City.

Annual Meeting, March 27, 1930, New York City.Number of Branch Societies, 5.PURPOSE: TO promote original research and to publish works bearing

upon Jewish literature and related subjects.OFFICERS: Pres., Hon. Julian W. Mack; Vice-Pres., Alexander Marx;

Sec, Julius Bewer; Treas., Albert Tallmer; Exec. Dir., George A. Kohut;Exec. Sec. for America, Benjamin Barondess; Exec. Sec. for Europe, Dr.Emil Damask.

ALPHA EPSILON PHI WOMEN'S FRATERNITYOrg. 1909. OFFICE: 2026 Broadway, New Orleans, La.

Biennial Convention, July 26th—30th, 1929. Mackinac Island, Mich.Next Biennial Convention, July 6-10, 1931, Asheville, N. C.Members, 2,160.PURPOSE: TO foster close friendship between members, to stimulate

the intellectual, social and spiritual life of the members, and to countas a force through service to others.

OFFICERS: Dean, Bertha Wolbrette Feitel; Scribe, Aline LazardRoos, New Orleans, La.; Field Sec, Elizabeth Eldridge, San Antonio,

213


Texas; Exec. Sec, Louise W. Wolf, New Orleans, La.; Sub-Dean,Gertrude Friedlander Markel, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Treas., Irma LoebCohen, Cleveland, O.; Ritualist, Lucy Cooper; Historian, BeatriceFeingold, N. Y. C.; Editor, Viola Land Rusnak, Chicago, 111.; AlumnaeSec, Martha Kaplan Freedman, Brooklyn, N. Y.

ALPHA EPSILON PI FRATERNITYOrg. 1913. OFFICE: Woolworth Bldg., New York City.

Eighteenth Annual Convention, Dec. 26-29, 1931, Philadelphia, Pa.Chapters, 21. Alumni Clubs, 12. Members, 1,940.PURPOSE: An intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity, maintaining an

educational and social service.OFFICERS: Supreme Master, Max S. Schrieber; Supreme Lieutenant

Master, Lester Harwood Block; Supreme Scribe, J. George Greenberg;Supreme Exchequer, Alexander L. Grossman; Supreme Historian, AlvinAppel; Exec. Sec, Lester Harwood Block, 233 B'way, N. Y. C.

ALPHA MU SIGMA FRATERNITYOrg. 1914. OFFICE: 327 W. 84th, New York City.

Annual Convention, Dec. 24-28, 1930, New Haven, Conn.Members, 850.PURPOSE: TO foster and perpetuate the fraternal spirit among its

personnel, to cultivate and promote an ideal social relationship amongthem, to voluntarily give aid to fraters in distress and to perpetuate theideals which gave origin to its existence.

OFFICERS: Hon. Grand Prior, Irving H. Fisher, Brooklyn, N. Y.;Grand Prior, Morton M. Grossman; Grand Vice-Prior, LawrenceLevitas; Grand Chancellor of the Exchequer, Milton S. Abramson, N.Y. C ; Grand Scribe, Leon S. Imrey, 124 Remington, New Rochelle, N.Y.; Grand Historian, David Miller, Portsmouth, N. H.; Chairman Bd.of Trustees, Abba A. Orlinger, Brooklyn, N. Y.

ALPHA OMEGA FRATERNITYOrg. 1907, Inc., 1909. OFFICE: Secretary, 419 Boylston, Boston, Mass.

Twenty-fourth Annual Convention, Dec. 25-27, 1931, Buffalo, N. YChapters, 25. Alumni Clubs, 9. Members, 2,500.PURPOSE: TO uphold the highest standards of the dental profession,

further the causes of Judaism and to promote fraternalism.OFFICERS: Chancellor, Henry Brown, N. Y. C.; Vice-Chancellors,

Edward Pressman, Philadelphia, Pa.; Max Rabinovich, San Francisco,Cal.; Leonard Sidlow, Detroit, Mich.; Supreme Scribe, A. M. Flaschner,419 Boylston, Boston, Mass.; Quaestor, J. W. Malkinson, Hartford,Conn.; Editor, Joseph Gruber, Detroit, Mich.; Historian, Max Soifer,Hartford, Conn.; Marshall, M. D. Wolfsohn, Buffalo, N. Y.; Macer,H. H. Goldberg, Buffalo, N. Y.

ALPHA ZETA GAMMA DENTAL FRATERNITYOrg. 1910. OFFICE: 55 E. Washington, Chicago, 111.

Annual Convention, Feb. 2, 1931, Chicago, 111.Members, 1684. Chapters, 12.

JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 215

PURPOSE: For professional and social betterment of members.OFFICERS: Supreme Grand Master, M. Schneider; Supreme Grand

Treas., B. Krohn; Supreme Grand Scribe, A. D. Newberger; SupremeGrand Fin. Scribe, R. Friedman.

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF DROPSIE COLLEGEOrg. 1924. OFFICE: Broad and York, Philadelphia, Pa.

Annual Meeting, March 8, 1931, Philadelphia, Pa.Members, 41.PURPOSE: TO advance the interests of the Dropsie College and further

spirit of friendship among its graduates.OFFICERS: Pres., Solomon Grayzel, Philadelphia, Pa.; Vice-Pres.,

William Chomsky, Philadelphia, Pa.; Sec.-Treas., Joseph Reider, Broadand York, Philadelphia, Pa.

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE HEBREW UNION COLLEGEOrg. 1889. Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, O.

Annual Meeting, June 17, 1931, Wauwausee, Ind.Members, 200.PURPOSE: TO promote welfare of the Hebrew Union College and to

strengthen fraternal feeling among graduates of the college.OFFICERS: Pres., Emil Leipziger, New Orleans, La.; Vice-Pres.,

Eugene Mannheimer, Des Moines, la.; Sec, Ira E. Sanders, Capitol HillApts., Little Rock, Ark.; Treas., Solomon Bazell, Louisville, Ky.;Historian, Julian B. Feibelman, Philadelphia, Pa.

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE JEWISH INSTITUTEOF RELIGION

Annual Meeting, March 17, 1931, New York City.OFFICERS: Pres., J. X. Cohen, N. Y. C.; Vice-Pres., Maurice A.

Hirshberg, Chicago, 111.; Treas., Baruch Braunstein, N. Y. C.; Sec,Morton M. Berman, N. Y. C.

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE TRAINING SCHOOLFOR JEWISH SOCIAL WORK

Org. 1927. OFFICE: 71 West 47th, New York City.Annual Meeting, Oct. 12, 1930, New York City.PURPOSE: TO maintain friendly relationships among the members; to

maintain cordial relations with the Training School; to support its aimsand aid its development; to aid in the maintenance and developmentof professional standards.

OFFICERS: Pres., Herman Jacobs; Eastern Vice-Pres., Elsie Lakoff;Mid-Western Vice-Pres., Sam'l Levine; Eva Sackeroff; Western Vice-Pres., Charles Schottland; Treasurer, Moses Beckelman; Sec, EstherDavison.

AMERICAN ACADEMY FOR JEWISH RESEARCHOrg. 1920, Inc., Dec. 20, 1929. OFFICE: Philadelphia, Pa.

Members, 285; Honorary members, 5.


PURPOSE: The furtherance of Jewish learning through periodicalmeetings at which learned papers shall be presented and discussed; theformulation and carrying into effect of scholarly undertakings of aco-operative character; the issuance of publications; the promotion ofrelations of fellowship and co-operation between scholars and learnedorganizations in America and those in other countries; furnishingopinions upon scholarly projects submitted to the Academy; andthrough such other means as may, from time to time, be determinedby the Academy.

OFFICERS: Pres., Louis Ginzberg, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., AlexanderMarx, N. Y. C ; Treas., Jacob Z. Lauterbach, Cincinnati, O.; Corr. Sec,David S. Blondheim, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Rec.Sec, Leo Jung.

AMERICAN COMMITTEE OF HEBREW TEACHERS COLLEGEOF JERUSALEM

Org. May, 1925. OFFICE: 50 E. 58th, New York City.PURPOSE: TO secure contributions for Hebrew Teachers College of

Jerusalem and to advance its purpose in America.OFFICERS: Chairman, Harry Friedenwald, Baltimore, Md.; Treas.,

Israel Unterberg; Sec, David de Sola Pool; Exec. Sec, J. Max Weis,N. Y. C ; and Alfred M. Cohen, Alexander M. Dushkin, Harry P.Fierst, Israel Goldstein, George A. Kohut, Arthur M. Lamport, LouisLipsky, Solomon Lowenstein, Julian W. Mack, Henrietta Szold,Stephen S. Wise.

AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY,JERUSALEM, PALESTINE

Org. 1925. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City.PURPOSE: TO disseminate information about the Hebrew University,

and to promote interest in and support of its activities.OFFICERS: Chairman, Felix M. Warburg; Yice-Chairman, Julian W,

Mack, Walter E. Meyer; Treas., Maurice Wertheim; Sec, Elisha M.Friedman; Chairman Office Comra., Solomon Lowenstein; Director.David Tannenbaum.

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEEOrg. Nov. 11, 1906; Inc., March 16, 1911. OFFICE: 171 Madison Ave.,

New York CityFor report, see p. 339.

AMERICAN JEWISH CONGRESSOrg. 1920. OFFICE: 33 West 42nd, New York City.

Eighth Session, Oct. 19-20, 1930, Washington, D. C.Delegates, 400.PURPOSE: TO further and promote the full rights of Jews; to safeguard

and defend such rights wherever and whenever they are either threat-ened or violated; to deal generally with all matters relating to andaffecting specific Jewish interests.


OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Dr. Stephen S. Wise; Pres., Bernard S.Deutsch; Vice-Pres., Wm. M. Lewis, Nathan D. Perlman, Carl Sherman,Mrs. Archibald Silverman, Robt. Szold, Baruch Zuckerman; ChairmanAdministrative Committee, Nathan D. Perlman; Chairman ExecutiveCommittee, Joseph Tenenbaum; Treas., Jacob Leichtman, Ex. Dir.,B. G. Richards, 33 W. 42nd St., N. Y. C.

AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETYOrg. 1892. OFFICE: N. E. Cor. Broadway & 122d, New York City.

Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting, Nov. 14-15, 1931, New York City.Members, 450.Has issued thirty-two volumes of publications and an index to publica-

tions 1-20. Maintains a collection of books, manuscripts, and historicalobjects in its rooms in the building of the Jewish Theological Seminary,Jacob H. Schiff Memorial Library, N. E. Cor. Broadway and 122d,N. Y. C.

OFFICERS: Pres., Abraham S. W. Rosenbach, Philadelphia, Pa.; Vice-Pres., Simon W. Rosendale, Albany, N. Y.; David Philipson, Cincinnati,O.; Richard J. H. Gottheil, Max J. Kohler, N. Taylor Phillips, N. Y. C ;Treas., Henry S. Hendricks; Librarian, Edw. D. Coleman; Curator,Leon Huhner; Cor. Sec, Albert M. Friedenberg, 116 Nassau Street,N. Y. C ; Rec. Sec, Abraham A. Neuman, Philadelphia, Pa.

AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT AGRICULTURAL CORPORATION

Org. July, 1924. OFFICE: 7 Hanover, New York City.PURPOSE: TO assist and give material aid to Jews to engage in agri-

cultural pursuits and to settle upon the land in Russia, and to act as theoperative agency in Russia of the American Society for Jewish FarmSettlements in Russia, Inc., and to render other constructive aid toJews in Russia.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS: Pres., Joseph A. Rosen; Vice-Pres., E. A.Grower; and S. E. Lubarsky, Bernard Kahn, D. J. Schweitzer.

AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE

Org. Nov. 24, 1914. OFFICE: 7 Hanover, New York City.PURPOSE: Distribution of funds for the relief and rehabilitation of

Jews overseas.MAJOR ACTIVITIES: Economic reconstruction directly and in co-opera-

tion with the American Joint Reconstruction Foundation; child care,medical, cultural-religious, vocational training, etc.

OFFICERS: Chairman, Felix M. Warburg; Vice-Chairman, HerbertH. Lehman, James N. Rosenberg; Treas., Paul Baerwald; Assoc. Treas.,Geo. W. Naumburg; Comptroller, Mrs. Jonah J. Goldstein; Sec, Jos.C. Hyman.

AMERICAN MEMBERS OF COUNCIL OF THE AMERICAN JOINT RECON-STRUCTION FOUNDATION: Felix M. Warburg, Herbert H. Lehman,Bernard Flexner, Peter Wiernik, Meyer Gillis, Leonard G. Robinson;Sec, Jos. C. Hyman.


DIRECTOR FOR EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE: Dr. Bernhard Kahn.DIRECTOR FOR RUSSIA: Dr. Joseph A. Rosen.

AMERICAN JEWISH PHYSICIANS' COMMITTEE

Org. May 24, 1921. OFFICE: 106 E. 85th, New York City.Tenth Annual Meeting, May 12, 1930, New York City.Members, about 1,000.PURPOSE: TO build a medical college and hospital in connection with

the Hebrew University in Palestine.OFFICERS: Pres., Nathan Ratnoff; Vice-Pres., Meyer R. Robinson

and Albert A. Epstein; Treas., Harry E. Isaacs; Sec, Israel S. Wechsler,N. Y. C ; Chairman, Exec. Comm., Emanuel Libman, N. Y. C.

AMERICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE WORLD UNIONFOR PRESERVING HEALTH OF JEWS

Org. May 10, 1929. OFFICE: 1919 Madison Ave., New York City.Annual Convention, Jan, 11, 1931, New York City.Members, 28.PURPOSE: TO promote health, hygiene and sanitation among East

European Jews.OFFICERS: Chairman, Milton J. Rosenau; Vice-Chairman, Emanuel

Libman; Sec.-Treas., J. J. Golub.

THE AMERICAN ORTOrg. 1922. OFFICE: 220 Fifth Ave., New York City.

PURPOSE: Promotion of technical trades and agriculture among theJews in Eastern and Central Europe.

OFFICERS: Chairman, Murray Levine; Chairman Exec. Com., HenryMoskowitz; Vice-Chairmen, Edward Lazansky, Joseph Baskin, Louis B.Boudin, Samuel Ellsberg, Gustave Hartman, B. C. Vladeck; Treas.,Morris Berman; Hon. Sec, Herman Bernstein; Exec. Sec, EzekielRabinowitz.

AMERICAN PRO-FALASHA COMMITTEEOrg. Aug. 1922; Inc., 1923. OFFICE: 305 Broadway, New York City.

PURPOSE: The educational and religious rehabilitation of the FalashaJews of Abyssinia.

OFFICERS: Hon. Chairman, Cyrus Adler, Philadelphia, Pa.; Chair-man, Norman Salit; Vice-Chairmen, Mordecai M. Kaplan, NathanStern, Peter Wiernik; Treas., S. Herbert Golden; Hon. Sec, IsaacLandmann, Elias L. Solomon, N. Y. C.; Executive Director, JacquesFaitlovitch.

WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN PRO-FALASHA COMMITTEEOrg. February 1, 1930.

OFFICERS: Hon. Chairman. Mrs. Rebekah Kohut; Chairman, Mrs.Nathaniel Levy; Vice-Chairman, Mrs. Herbert S. Goldstein, Mrs.Samuel Spiegel; Treas., Mrs. Eva Levy; Fin. Sec, Mrs. Max J. Branden-burger; Rec Sec, Mrs. David Kass.


AMERICAN RELIEF SOCIETY FOR THE YEMENITE TEWS OFJERUSALEM, PALESTINE, INC.

Org. Feb. 3, 1928. OFFICE: 196 Henry, New York City.Members, 1,000.PURPOSE: TO extend assistance to Yemenite Jewish poor and to

Yemenite Jewish institutions in Jerusalem, Palestine.OFFICERS: Treas., David Freiberger; Sec, A. Gabli. Committee:

Reuben Arbib, G. Bublick, Mordecai Danzis, Samson Erdberg, JacobFischman, David Freiberger, Harry Friedenwald, Jacob Goell, Jos.Solomon Houred, Maximilian Hurwitz, Leo Jung, Max N. Koven,Solomon Lamport, Israel Levinthal, Wm. Levy, Jos. Lookstein, Davidde Sola Pool, Israel Rosenberg, Michael Salit, Norman Salit, JudaSeltzer, Elias L. Solomon, Peter Wiernick, Stephen S. Wise.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR JEWISH FARM SETTLEMENTSIN RUSSIA, INC.

Org. Nov. 13, 1928. OFFICE: 7 Hanover, New York City.Operative Agency in Russia: American Jewish Joint Agricultural

Corporation (Agro-Joint). Dir., Joseph A. Rosen.PURPOSE: TO encourage, aid. and facilitate the creation, development

and increase of farm settlements among the Jews in Russia.OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Julius Rosenwald and Felix M. Warburg;

Pres., James N. Rosenberg; Treas., Paul Baerwald; Associate Treas.,Lewis L. Strauss; Sec, Joseph C. Hyman.

AMERICAN ZION COMMONWEALTHOrg. 1914. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Av., New York City.

Last Annual Convention, June, 1930.Members, 6,000.PURPOSE: Acquisition and sale of Palestinian land and securities.OFFICERS: Pres., David Freiberger; Vice-Pres., Louis Germain; Treas.,

Morris Weinberg; Sec, S. Kobak, N. Y. C.

AVUKAH, AMERICAN STUDENT ZIONIST FEDERATIONOrg. June, 1925. OFFICE: 1133 Broadway, New York City.

Fifth Annual Convention, Dec. 24-28, 1930, Boston, Mass.Members, 1,200. Chapters, 34.PURPOSE: TO conduct Zionist educational activity in American

universities and colleges.OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Max Rhoade, Washington, D. C ; Pres., Sam-

uel M. Blumenfield, Chicago, 111.; Vice-Pres., Mitchell S. Fisher, N. Y.C ; Sidney Jacobi, N. Y. C ; Maurice B. Pekarsky, N. Y. C ; Hon.Treas., Charles Rosenbloom, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Treas., R. Lewin-Epstein,N. Y. C ; Hon. Sec, James Waterman Wise, N. Y. C ; Exec. Sec, Geo.M. Hyman.

BARON DE HIRSCH FUNDOrg. Feb. 9, 1891; Inc., 1891. OFFICE: 233 Broadway, New York City.

Fortieth Annual Meeting, Feb. 1, 1931, New York City.


PURPOSE: Endowed by Baron and Baroness de Hirsch in sum of$3,800,000. Americanization and assimilation of Jewish immigrants,their instruction in trades and agriculture and promotion of agricultureamong them.

ACTIVITIES: 1. Aid to agriculture through the Jewish AgriculturalSociety, N. Y. C , and the granting of scholarships to agriculturalschools. 2. Baron de Hirsch Trade School, N. Y. C , which offers freetrade instruction. 3. Immigration aid port work through subsidizedsocieties. 4. The town of Woodbine, N. J., which was founded by itin 1891.

OFFICERS: Pres., S. G. Rosenbaum; Vice-Pres., Arthur H. Sulzberger;Treas., Simon F. Rothschild; Hon. Sec, Max J. Kohler, 25 W. 43d.,N. Y. C.

B'NAI B'RITHOrg. Nov. 1, 1843. OFFICE: 9 W. 4th, Cincinnati, O.

Thirteenth Quinquennial Convention, April 27—May 1, 1930, Cin-cinnati, O.

Members, 75,000.Lodges, 602 (399 in North America, 203 in Europe, Asia, and Africa).Districts, 15 (7 in the United States).Institutions founded by the Order in the United States: HEBREW

ORPHANS' HOME, Atlanta, Ga.; B'NAI B'RITH CEMETERY, Chicago, 111.;FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAU, Chicago 111.; JEWISH WIDOWS' AND OR-PHANS' HOME, New Orleans, La.; TOURO INFIRMARY, New Orleans, La.;HOME FOR AGED AND INFIRM, Yonkers, N. Y.; JEWISH ORPHANS' HOME,Cleveland, O.; B'NAI B'RITH FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAU, Pittsburgh,Pa.; RELIEF COMMITTEE, Hot Springs, Ark.; B'NAI B'RITH CLUB, SanFrancisco, Cal.; HOME FOR JEWISH ORPHANS, LOS Angeles, Cal.; IMMI-GRANT SCHOOLS at Kalamazoo, Mich., and Memphis, Tenn.; SABBATHSCHOOLS, at Houghton, Mich.; Trenton, N. J.; Sharon, Pa.; and Madi-son, Wis.; B'NAI B'RITH ORPHANAGE, at Erie, Pa.; LEO N. LEVI HOS-PITAL, Hot Springs, Ark.; BOY'S VACATION CAMP, Chicago, 111.; SOCIALSERVICE BOYS SUMMER CAMP, Minneapolis, Minn.; B'NAI B'RITHHILLEL FOUNDATIONS at Universities of Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio,Michigan, California, West Virginia, Texas, and Cornell University;NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITAL FOR CONSUMPTIVES, Denver, Colo.;MEXICO IMMIGRATION BUREAU; and numerous other institutions.

OFFICERS: Pres., Alfred M. Cohen, Cincinnati, O.; First Vice-Pres.,Lucius L. Solomons, San Francisco, Cal.; Second Vice-Pres., ArchibaldA. Marx, New Orleans, La.; Treas., Jacob Singer, Phila., Pa.; Sec,I. M. Rubinow, Cincinnati, 0 .

B'NAI B'RITH HILLEL FOUNDATION COMMISSIONOrg. 1923, OFFICE: Electric Building, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Foundations, 8.PURPOSE: The maintenance of foundations devoted to social and

religious work among students at the university.ADMINISTRATORS: Acting Dir., Louis Mann, 4600 S. Parkway, Chi-

cago, 111.; Fred Bernstein, Alfred M. Cohen, A. B. Freyer, Solomon


Goldman, James G. Heller, Edward L. Israel, Nathan Krass, Joseph L.Kun, Edgar C. Levey, Joseph Rosenzweig, I. M. Rubinow, E. J.Schanfarber, Philip L. Seman, Abba Hillel Silver, Morris D. Waldman.

BUREAU OF JEWISH SOCIAL RESEARCH, INC.Org. April, 1919. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City.

Merger of Bureau of Philanthropic Research of New York City, andField Bureau of the National Conference of Jewish Charities, and sup-ported by funds provided by the New York Foundation, HofheimerFoundation, Federations of Jewish Philanthropies throughout thecountry, private contributions, and fees for seryice.

PURPOSE: Research into problems of Jewish social and communalwork in the United States and in other centers of Jewry throughoutthe world, with a view to improving their programs of social work andto integrating them with general social work activities.

OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Adolph Lewisohn; Pres., David M. Heyman;Vice-Pres., Lee K. Frankel, Felix M. Warburg; Treas., Walter N.Rothschild; Sec, Solomon Lowenstein; Ex. Dir., H. L. Lurie.

CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN RABBISOrg. July 9, 1899. OFFICE: Cincinnati, O.

Forty-second Annual Convention, June 17-21, 1931 Lake Wawasee,Ind.

Members, 268.Has issued thirty-nine volumes of its Year Book; and besides, the

Union Prayer Book; the Union Hymnal; the Union Haggadah; Prayersfor Private Devotion; Army Ritual for Soldiers of the Jewish Faith(1916); and various other publications.

OFFICERS 1930-1931: Pres., Morris Newfield, Birmingham, Ala.;Vice-Pres., Samuel H. Goldenson, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Treas., Felix A.Levy, Chicago, 111.; Rec. Sec, Isaac E. Marcuson, Macon, Ga.; Cor.Sec, Harry S. Margolis, St. Paul, Minn.

COUNCIL OF YOUNG ISRAEL AND YOUNG ISRAELSYNAGOGUE ORGANIZATIONS

Org. 1912. OFFICE: 120 Wall, New York City.Annual Convention, June 19-22, 1931, Asbury Park, N. J.Members, 8,000.PURPOSE: TO promote traditional Judaism and to further the religious

and cultural development of the American Jewish youth.OFFICERS: Pres., Edward S. Silver; Vice-Pres., J. David Delman;

Esther Garfunkel; Treas., Chas. Levine; Fin. Sec, David Lowenkron;Rec. Sec, Sadie Wachtelkenig; Ex. Dir., Harry Bluestone.

COUNCIL ON AMERICAN JEWISH STUDENT AFFAIRSOrg. 1925. OFFICE: New York City.

PURPOSE: Advisory body for discussion of problems of interest toJewish students at American colleges and universities, and presentation


of such recommendations as the Council shall deem wise, proper andconstructive, educational and otherwise.

OFFICERS: Chairman, Harold Riegelman, N. Y. C ; Sec.-Treas.,Aaron E. Stein, 22 W. 77th St., N. Y. C.

DROPSIE COLLEGE FOR HEBREW AND COGNATELEARNING

Org. 1905. Inc. May 20, 1907. Broad and York, Philadelphia, Pa.Incorporated in State of Pennsylvania.Invested funds about $900,000.LIBRARY: Volumes and pamphlets, 39,250.OFFICERS: Pres., Cyrus Adler; Vice-Pres., Horace Stern; Treas., D.

Hays Solis-Cohen; Sec, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Phila., Pa.BOARD OF GOVERNORS: The Officers, and Arthur Bloch, Philadelphia,

Pa.; Harry Friedenwald, Baltimore, Md.; Isaac Gerstley, Louis Gerst-ley, Howard S. Levy, Simon Miller, A. S. W. Rosenbach, Edwin Wolf,Philadelphia, Pa.

FACULTY: Pres., Cyrus Adler (M. A., Pennsylvania; Ph. D., JohnsHopkins; D. H. L. Hebrew Union College; D. Litt., Pennsylvania);Professor in charge of the Biblical Department, Max L. Margolis (M. A.,Ph. D., Columbia); Professor in charge of the Rabbinical Department,Solomon Zeitlin (Th. D., Ecole Rabbinique; Ph. D., Dropsie); AssociateProfessor Historical Department, Abraham A. Neuman (M. A., Colum-bia; H. L. D., Jewish Theological Seminary of America); AssociateProfessor Department of Egyptology, Nathaniel J. Reich, (Ph. D.,Vienna); Instructor Biblical Department and Librarian, Joseph Reider(B. A., College of the City of New York; Ph. D., Dropsie); Instructor inArabic, Solomon L. Skoss (M. A., Denver; Ph. D., Dropsie).

THE EX-PATIENTS' TUBERCULAR HOMEOF DENVER, COLO.

Org. 1908. OFFICE: 505 Interstate Trust Building, Denver, Colo.Home located at 8000 E. Montview Blvd., Denver, Colo.Members, 55,000. Auxiliaries, 4.PURPOSE: TO care for patients who have been discharged from a

Tubercular Sanatorium or Hospital, who are in need of further treat-ment, and to rehabilitate these patients so that they will again becomeself-respecting and self-supporting citizens.

OFFICERS: Pres., Max Bronstine; Vice-Pres., Harry Stern; Sec, A. M.Blumberg, P. O. Box 1768; Treas., Morris Binstock.

FEDERATION OF AMERICAN JEWS OFLITHUANIAN DESCENT

Org. Nov., 1928. OFFICE: 63 Fifth Ave., New York City.PURPOSE: TO extend co-operation to the Jews of Lithuania.OFFICERS: Hon. Pres.j Wm. M. Lewis; Pres., Henry Hurwitz; Vice-

Pres., (United States); A. B. Cohen, Edward M. Chase, AlexanderIsserman, Meyer Kreeger, Israel Matz, Herman L. Winer; Vice-Pres.,


(Canada); Lyon Cohen, A. B. Freiman, S. Kronick; Treas., LeviRokeach; Sec, Mordecai Katz.

FEDERATION OF HUNGARIAN JEWS IN AMERICAOrg. Nov. 1 1909. OFFICE: 145 Nassau, New York City.

Tenth Convention, May 25-26, 1930, New York City.Members, 36,000. Societies, 107.PURPOSE: TO promote the political, educational, social and religious

interests of the Hungarian Jews here and in Hungary.OFFICERS: Pres., Samuel Buchler; Vice-Pres., Bernard Price; Treas.,

Alexander Altman; Acting Sec, Dorothy Buck, N. Y. C.

FEDERATION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF AMERICA, INC.Org. 1926. OFFICE: 252 E. Broadway, New York City.

PURPOSE: To promote Judaism in America and to help the "Agunoth"in Europe.

ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE: L. Oartenhaus, S. L. Hurwitz, I.Maierovich, J. Peimer, B. S. Trainin; Exec. Sec, Aaron Dym.

FEDERATION OF PALESTINE JEWSOrg. July, 1929. OFFICE: 38 Park Row (Room 501) New York City.

Annual Convention, July 6, 1930, New York City.Members, 1,000. Branches, 15.PURPOSE: TO extend assistance to Palestinian Jews in America and

Canada, and to promote the upbuilding of Palestine.OFFICERS: Pres., J. M. Charlop; Treas., U. Felshin; Sec, Jacob L.

Moinester, 38 Park Row, New York City.

FEDERATION OF POLISH JEWS IN AMERICAOrg. 1908. OFFICE: 32 Union Square, New York City.

Twenty-third Annual Convention, June 6-7, 1931, Asbury Park, N. J.Members, 15,000.PURPOSE: TO cultivate and maintain friendly relations and co-opera-

tion among the Landsmannschaften in America; To extend assistance tothe Jews of Poland; To promote cultural activities among affiliatedsocieties; To extend medical assistance to members.

Publishes a bi-monthly, in Yiddish and English, Der Verband.OFFICERS: Pres., Benjamin Winter; Hon. Vice-Pres., Jacob Glad-

stone, Chas. Green; Vice-Pres., M. Halpern, A. Harris, Herman B.Oberman, Sol Rosenfeld, Alfred Rosenstein, J. Stofsky; Treas., JacobLeichtman; Sec, David Trautman; Exec. Dir., Z. Tygel.

HADASSAHTHE WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGANIZATION

Org. 1912. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Ave., New York City.Sixteenth Annual Convention, Oct. 26-28, 1930, Buffalo, N. Y.Chapters, 304. Sewing Circles, 900.Junior Hadassah Groups, 220.PURPOSE: TO promote Jewish institutions and enterprises in Pales-

tine, and to foster Zionist ideals in America.


OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Henrietta Szold; Pres., Mrs. Edward Jacobs,N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Pearl Franklin, Chicago, III., Mrs. Samuel Halprin,Brooklyn, N. Y., Mrs. Henry Harris, San Francisco, Cal., Mrs. RobertSzold, Pelham, N. Y.; Treas., Mrs. S. J. Rosensohn; Sec, Mrs.Moses P. Epstein, N. Y. C.

HEBREW SHELTERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETYOF AMERICA

OFFICE: 425 Lafayette, New York City.An amalgamation of the Hebrew Sheltering House Association,

organized Nov., 1888, and the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, organized1901.

Twenty-second Annual Meeting, March 1, 1931, New York City.Contributors, over 100,000.PURPOSE: TO facilitate the lawful entry of Jewish immigrants at the

various ports in the United States, to provide them with temporaryassistance, to prevent them from becoming public charges, to discouragetheir settling in congested cities, to prevent ineligibles from immigratingto the United States, to foster American ideals, and to instil in them aknowledge of American history and institutions, and to make betterknown the advantages of desirable immigration and, in conjunctionwith other organizations, to maintain offices in European countries forthe purpose of advising Jewish emigrants concerning conditions in landsof immigration, and to prepare them for life in these new countries;and, in the lands of immigration other than the United States, to meetthem upon arrival, shelter them and enable them to become self-supporting therein.

OFFICERS: Pres., Abraham Herman, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., AdolphCopeland, Chicago, III.; Harris Poorvu, Boston, Mass.; Aaron Benjamin,N. Y. C ; H. H. Cohen, Phila., Pa.; Max Meyerson, Newark, N. J.;Jacob Massel, N. Y. C ; Israel Silberstein, Baltimore, Md.; NathanSchoenfeld, N. Y. C ; Harry K. Wolff, San Francisco, Cal.; Treas.,Harry Fischel, N. Y. C ; Hon. Sec, James Bernstein; General Manager,Isaac L. Asofsky, N. Y. C.

HEBREW THEOLOGICAL COLLEGEOrg. 1921. OFFICE: 3448 Douglas Blvd., Chicago, 111.

Ninth Annual Meeting, Jan. 13, 1931, Chicago, 111.Graduates, Rabbinical Course, 1928, 12.Whole number of Graduates, Rabbinical Course, 31.Graduates, Teachers' Course, in 1928, 4.Whole number of Graduates, Teachers' Course, 20.PURPOSE: An Institution for Higher Jewish Learning, and the pro-

motion and perpetuation of Traditional Judaism in America, giving itsstudents the opportunity to become well prepared Rabbis, Teachers,and Leaders of American Israel.

OFFICERS: Pres., Saul Silber; Vice-Pres., A. I. Cardon, Mrs. WilliamLavin, Samuel Levin; Treas., Louis Bomash; Rec Sec, M. Perlstein;Fin. Sec, J. L. Rubin; Exec Sec, Samuel S. Siegel.

FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE: Pres., Rabbi Saul Silber, President of theFaculty and Lecturer in Homiletics; Professor in Talmud and Codes,


Rabbi Chaim Yitzok Korb, Professor in Bible Jewish History andPhilosophy, Meyer Waxman; Instructors in Talmud: Rabbi Ch.Regensberg, Rabbi Ch. Rubinstein, Rabbi Z. Starr; for Codes, Rabbi A.Soladar; for Bible, Hebrew Grammar and History, Rabbi A. Shulman;Hebrew Grammar and Literature, A. Soladar; for Public Speaking, J. R.Tysen; Teachers' Institute: Bible, Hebrew Literature and History, A.Soladar; Hebrew Grammar, Composition and Pedagogy, S. Soladar;Preparatory Dept.; Instructor in Talmud, Rabbi N. Bar, Rabbi N.Kaplan; Bible and Talmud, Rabbi N. Sax, Rabbi Soladar; Bible JewishHistory and Talmud, Rabbi M. Schultz; Elementary Hebrew andGrammar, S. Soladar; Hebrew and Jewish History, A Braude; Dean andLibrarian Rabbi Jacob Greenberg.

HEBREW UNION COLLEGEOrg. 1875, Inc., Cincinnati, 0.

Maintained by the UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW CONGREGATIONS(q. v.) until 1926.

Chartered separately under the laws of the State of Ohio, with theUnion of American Hebrew Congregations recognized as a patronizingbody.

LIBRARY: Printed volumes, about 86,000; manuscripts, over 2,000.Fifty-sixth Commencement, May 30, 1931, graduates Rabbinical

Course in 1931, 15; whole number of graduates, 331.School for Teachers in New York City, established 1923. Graduates

1931, 15; whole number of graduates, 146.OFFICERS: Chairman, Board of Governors, Alfred M. Cohen,

Cincinnati, O.; Vice-Chairman, Maurice J. Freiberg, Cincinnati, O.;Treas., Carl E. Pritz; Sec, Benj. Mielziner, Cincinnati, O.

FACULTY: Julian Morgenstern, Ph.D. (Heidelberg), President,Professor of Bible and Semitic Languages; Moses Buttenwieser, Ph.D.(Heidelberg), D.H.L. (Hebrew Union College), Professor of BiblicalExegesis; Jacob Z. Lauterbach, Ph.D., Professor of Talmud; HenryEnglander, Ph.D., Professor of Mediaeval Jewish Exegesis; IsraelBettan, D.D., (Hebrew Union College), Professor of Homiletics andMidrash; Abraham Cronbach, D.D. (Hebrew Union College), Professorof Jewish Social Studies; Jacob Mann, M.A., Litt. D. (London), Pro-fessor of Jewish History and Literature; Samuel S. Cohon, Rabbi(Hebrew Union College), Professor of Jewish Theology; Abraham Z.Idelsohn, Professor of Jewish Music and Liturgy; Z. Diesendruck, Ph.D.(Vienna), Professor of Jewish Philosophy; Jacob R. Marcus, Ph.D.(Berlin), Associate Professor of Jewish History; Sol. B. Finesinger,Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins), Instructor in Rabbinics; Sheldon H. Blank,Ph.D. (Jena), Instructor in Hebrew Language and Bible; NelsonGlueck, Ph.D. (Jena), Instructor in Hebrew Language and Bible;Abraham N. Franzblau, M.A., Instructor in Jewish Education; ShalomB. Maximon, Registrar; Lawrence E. B. Kahn, M.A. Rabbi (HebrewUnion College), Heinsheimer Fellow; Adolph S. Oko, Librarian; SpecialInstructors, David Philipson, D.D. (Hebrew Union College), LL.D.(Cincinnati), D.H.L. (Hebrew Union College), Lecturer on the Historyof the Reform Movement; Jacob S. Golub, Ph.D. (New York Univer-sity), Lecturer on Jewish Education; Cora Kahn, B.A., Instructor in


Elocution; Clarence C. Abrams, B.S. (Cincinnati), Physical Director;Corresponding Members of the Faculty: Aaron Hahn (1887); DavidDavidson (1892).

HISTADRUTH IVRITHOrg. 1916. Re-org. 1922. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Ave., New York City.

Convention, June 29—July 1, 1930, Cleveland, O.Societies, 103. Members, 3,130.PURPOSE: Development of Hebrew culture and Hebrew language.OFFICERS: Chairman Exec. Comm., Ab. Goldberg; Chairman Adm.

Comm., A. Spicehandler; Treas., Boris Margolin; Sec, S. K. Mirsky.

INDEPENDENT ORDER B'RITH ABRAHAMOrg. Feb. 7, 1887. OFFICE: 37-7th, New York City.

Forty-fifth Annual Convention, June 7-9, 1930, Saratoga Springs,N. Y.

Members, 100,000. Lodges, 505.OFFICERS: Grand Master, Nathan D. Perlman; First Deputy Grand

Master, Isidore Apfel; Second Deputy Grand Master, Wm. Bluestein;.Grand Sec, Max L. Hollander, Grand Treas., I. Frankel.

INDEPENDENT ORDER BRITH SHOLOMOrg. Feb. 23, 1905. OFFICE: 506-508 Pine, Philadelphia, Pa.

Twenty-sixth Annual Convention, June 14-16, 1931, Atlantic City,N. J.Members, 21,350. Lodges, 156.

OFFICERS: Grand Master, Hon. William M. Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa.;Vice-Grand Master, Moses N. Helfgott, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Grand Sec,Martin O. Levy; Asst. Grand Sec, Adolph Rosenbaum; Grand Treas.,Jacob Edelstein, Philadelphia, Pa.

INDEPENDENT ORDER FREE SONS OF ISRAELOrg. Jan. 18, 1849. OFFICE: 257 W. 93d., New York City.

Triennial Convention, May 30, 1930, Atlantic City, N. J.Districts, 2. Lodges, 62. Members, 8,564.OFFICERS: Grand Master, Samuel Sturtz; First Deputy Grand

Master, Simon M. Goldsmith; Second Deputy Grand Master, Sol Kahn;Third Deputy Grand Master, Isaac G. Simon; Grand Treas., LeoBenjamin; Grand Sec, Henry J. Hyman; Controller, David H. M.Weynberg; Counsel, Maurice B. Blumenthal; Medical Director, IsraelL. Feinberg.

INDEPENDENT WESTERN STAR ORDEROrg. Feb. 13, 1894. OFFICE: 1127 Blue Island Ave., Chicago, 111.

Last Annual Convention, June 22, 1930, Chicago, 111.OFFICERS: Grand Master, H. Waiss, Detroit, Mich.; Grand Sec, I.

Shapiro, 1127 Blue Island Ave., Chicago, 111.


INDEPENDENT WORKMEN'S CIRCLE OF AMERICA, INC.Org. Dec. 28, 1906. OFFICE: 86 Leverett, Boston, Mass.

Twenty-first Annual Convention, May 29—June 1, 1931, Boston,Mass.

Members, 5,933. Number of Branches, 85.OFFICERS: Chairman, Louis J. Hyson, Roxbury, Mass.; Vice-Chair-

man, Abraham Trucktman, Revere, Mass.; Treas., Samuel Wilcon,Brookline, Mass.; Rec. Sec, William Rivkin, Dorchester, Mass.; Gen.Sec, Morris H. Tubiash, Dorchester, Mass.

IOTA ALPHA PI SORORITYOrg. 1902. OFFICE: Chalfonte Hotel, New York City.

Convention, Dec. 20-25, 1930, New York City.Chapters in United States and Canada, 700.PURPOSE: TO establish and maintain a Society among women who

are members of colleges or universities, and to maintain a scholarshipfund for needy students at the various universities.

OFFICERS: Dean, Amelie Spiegel Rothschild; Treas., Elva W. Slate,N. Y. C.; Sec, Lucie Schumer.

JEWISH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC.Org. Feb. 12, 1900. OFFICE: 301 E. 14th, New York City.

Thirty-first Annual Meeting, Feb. 10, 1931, New York City.BRANCH OFFICES: Chicago, 111.; Philadelphia, Pa.; Ellenville, N. Y.PURPOSE: The encouragement of farming among Jews in the United

States.OFFICERS: Pres., Lewis L. Strauss; Vice-Pres., Eugene S. Benjamin;

Treas., Francis F. Rosenbaum; Sec, Reuben Arkush, N. Y. C ; GeneralManager, Gabriel Davidson.

JEWISH CHAUTAUQUA SOCIETYOrg. April 29, 1893. OFFICE: 1305 Stephen Girard Bldg., 21 S. 12th,

Philadelphia, Pa.Forty-second Assembly, Dec. 25-29, 1929, Buffalo, N. Y.Members, 4,000.OFFICERS: Chancellor, Louis Wolsey, Phila., Pa.; Vice-Chancellors

Harry W. Ettelson, Memphis, Tenn.; Louis Mann, Chicago, 111.; HonPres., Abram I. Elkus, N. Y. C ; Pres., Arthur A. Fleisher, Phila., Pa.Vice-Pres., Joseph J. Greenberg, Phila., Pa.; Marvin Nathan, Phila.Pa.; Treas., Emil Selig, Phila., Pa.; Sec, Jeannette Miriam Goldberg.

JEWISH CONSUMPTIVE, AND EX-PATIENTS RELIEFASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA

Org. Sept. 28, 1912. OFFICE: 411 Lincoln Bldg., 742 South Hill, LosAngeles, Cal.

Sanatorium at Duarte, Cal., and Ex-Patients Home at Belvedere, Cal.Auxiliary Societies, 32. Members, 75,000.PURPOSE: TO maintain a sanatorium of 150 beds for treatment of

pulmonary tuberculosis, and Ex-Patients Home of 60 beds, providingafter-care for those discharged from the Sanatorium as "quiescent."


OFFICERS: Pres., Moses I. De Vorkin; Vice-Pres., AbrahamHor-witz, Joseph A. Rosenkranz, Harry Sherr; Fin. Sec, Samuel Tierman;Treas., Irving H. Hellman; Exec. Dir., Abr. Shohan, Los Angeles, Cal.

JEWISH CONSUMPTIVES' RELIEF SOCIETY OF DENVEROrg. Jan. 2, 1904. Inc. June 25, 1904. Denver, Colo.

Contributors, 100,000. Capacity, sanatorium, 300 beds.Auxiliary Societies, 11.Publishes: The Hatikvah; and J.C.R.S. Bulletin.OFFICERS: Pres., Philip Hillkowitz. 236 Metropolitan Bldg.; Vice-

Pres., I. Rude; H. J. Schwartz; Jos. Durst; Treas., Louis Stern; Sec,Lewis I. Miller; Asst. Sec, Ben Friedland, P. O. Box 537.

JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGIONOrg. Oct. 1, 1922. OFFICE: 40 West 68th, New York City.

PURPOSE: A school of training for the Jewish Ministry, Researchand Community Service. Graduate School and Department of Ad-vanced Studies.

Incorporated in the State of New York—invested funds, $500,000.Library—35,000 volumes; 6,500 pamphlets.Sixth Commencement, May 24, 1931; Graduates, 5; total number of

graduates, 47.Students, 63.OFFICERS: Pres., Stephen S. Wise; Chairman Bd. of Trustees, Julian

W. Mack; Treas., H. M. Kaufman; Asst. Treas., Frederick L. Guggen-heimer; Hon. Sec, Nathan Straus, Jr.; Sec, Gertrude Adelstein;Bursar, J. X. Cohen.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Julian W. Mack, Abram I. Elkus, Mrs. NormanS. Goetz, Sidney E. Goldstein, Richard Gottheil, N. Y. C ; M. E.Greenebaum, Chicago, 111.; Albert M. Greenfield, Phila., Pa.; FrederickL. Guggenheimer, N. Y. C; Joseph Hagedorn, Phila., Pa.; Walter S.Hilborn, N. Y. C ; Edmund I. Kaufmann, Washington, D. C ; H. M.Kaufmann, N. Y. C ; Louis Kirstein, Boston, Mass.; Geo. A. Kohut,Leon Lauterstein, N. Y. C.; Gerson B. Levi, Chicago, 111.; Joseph M.Levine, Louis I. Newman, N. Y. C ; Mrs. Sol. Rosenbloom, Pittsburgh,Pa.; Nathan Straus, Jr., Joseph Stroock, Israel N. Thurman, AlbertValensi, Samuel Wasserman, Stephen S. Wise, N. Y. C.

FACULTY: President and Professor of Practical Theology and Hom-iletics, Stephen S. Wise, Ph.D., LL.D. (Columbia); Professor of Ethicsand Philosophy of Religion, Henry Slonimsky, Ph.D. (Marburg); Deanand Asst. Professor of Hebrew, Harry S. Lewis, M.A. (CambridgeUniversity); Professor of Bible and Semitic Philosophy, Julian J.Obermann, Ph.D. (University of Vienna); Professor of Talmud, ChaimTchernowitz, Ph.D. (Wurzburg); Professor in Social Service, Sidney E.Goldstein, B.A. (University of Cincinnati); Professor of Hebrew andLiterature, Nisson Touroff, Ph.D. (Lausanne); Professor of History,Salo Baron, Ph.D. (University of Vienna); Assoc. Professor in HebrewLanguage and Literature and Acting Librarian, Shalom Spiegel, Ph.D.(Vienna); Asst. Professor in Bible and Hellenistic Literature, RalphMarcus, Ph.D (Columbia).


INSTRUCTORS: Instructor in Music, Abraham W. Binder; Instructorin Public Speaking, Windsor P. Daggett, Ph.D.; Honorary Instructor inTalmud, Moses Marcus.

LECTURERS: Samson Benderly, B.A. (American University of Beirut);Isaac B. Berkson, M.A., Ph.D. (Columbia); Homiletics, Nathan Krass,B. H. L., Litt. D.; Louis I. Newman, Ph.D. (Columbia); Jewish Liter-ature and Philosophy, Harry A. Wolfson, Ph.D. (Harvard).

LIBRARY STAFF: Acting Librarian, Shalom Spiegel; Asst. Librarian,Isaac Kiev; Clerk, Mary Nover Kiev.

DIRECTOR OF FIELD ACTIVITIES: Morton M. Berman.SECRETARY: Gertrude Adelstein.

JEWISH MENTAL HEALTH SOCIETYOrg. 1925. OFFICE: 9 E. 40th, New York City.

Members, 700.PURPOSE: TO establish and maintain a hospital (Hastings Hillside

Hospital) to be devoted to the medical or surgical care and treatmentof persons suffering from incipient and curable mental and nervousdisorders, and the prevention of insanity.

OFFICERS: Pres., Israel Strauss; Vice-Pres., Irving Blumenthal;Treas., Arthur Frankenstein; Sec, Mrs. Marcus Loewenstein.

JEWISH MINISTERS CANTORS' ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAOrg. June 1, 1900. OFFICE: 945 Fox, New York City.

Members, 400.PURPOSE: TO uplift the profession and give aid to cantors in need

and to their families.OFFICERS: Pres., Jacob Rapaport; Vice-Pres., Maurice Erstling;

Sec, Louis D. Wein; Treas., M. Aranoff, N. Y. C.

JEWISH NATIONAL WORKERS' ALLIANCE OF AMERICAOrg. 1912. OFFICE: 189 Second Ave., New York City.

Twelfth Biennial Convention, May 17-21, 1930, Montreal, Can.Branches, 139. Members, 7,615.PURPOSE: Fraternal, Social, Beneficial, and Educational Order.OFFICERS: Pres., Meyer L. Brown; Vice-Pres., I. Applebaum; Treas.,

Nathan Zvirin; Sec, Louis Segal, N. Y. C.

JEWISH PALESTINE EXPLORATION SOCIETY(American Committee)

Org. 1922. OFFICE: 50 E. 58th, New York City.Members, 306.PURPOSE: Conducts extensive excavations in special localities in

Palestine under the joint supervision of the Jewish Palestine ExplorationSociety and the Hebrew University.

OFFICERS: Chairman, Elisha M. Friedman, N. Y. C ; Vice-Chairman,Rabbi D. de Sola Pool; Treas., Arthur L. Malkenson; Sec, J. MaxWeis, N. Y. C.


JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICAOrg. June, 1888. OFFICE: S. E. Cor. Broad and Spring Garden,

Philadelphia, Pa.For the Report of the Forty-third Year of The Jewish Publication

Society of America, see p. 403.

JEWISH SABBATH ALLIANCE OF AMERICA, INC.Org. 1905. OFFICE: 302 E. 14th, New York City.

Twenty-fifth Anniversary Meeting, May 18, 1930, New York City,PURPOSE: TO promote the observance of the Seventh Day Sabbath

in every possible way and manner. To secure employment for Seventh,Day Observers where they need not desecrate the Sabbath. To protectand defend the Seventh Day observing storekeepers against the strictSunday Laws, always working to secure proper exemption for themunder such laws.

OFFICERS: Pres., Bernard Drachman; Vice-Pres., Isser Reznik;Treas., R. L. Savitzky; Exec. Sec, Wm. Rosenberg, 302 E. 14th,N. Y. C.

JEWISH SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY POALE ZION OF UNITEDSTATES AND CANADA

Org. 1905. OFFICE: 1133 Broadway, New York City.Seventeenth Convention, Oct. 23-27, 1929, Buffalo, N. Y.Members, 5,000.PURPOSE: TO rebuild Palestine as a Jewish Homeland on socialistic

bases, to participate in the labor movement in America, and to maintaineducational institutions for Jewish youth in America.

OFFICERS: General Sec, B. Locker; Treas., S. Siegel, N. Y. C.

JEWISH THEATRICAL GUILD OF AMERICA, INC.Org. 1924. OFFICE: 1560 Broadway, New York City.

Members, 2,000.PURPOSE: Perpetuating Judaism in the theatre; to aid sick and unfor-

tunate; to build memorial hall.OFFICERS: Pres., William Morris, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Eddie Cantor,

Hollywood, Cal.; George Jessel, S. Silverman, N. Y. C.; Treas., HugoRiesenfeld; Sec, Harry Cooper; Fin. Sec, Fred Block; Field Sec, L.Haskell, 200 W. 90th St., N. Y. C.

JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF AMERICAOrg. 1886. NEW BUILDINGS: Broadway to 122d and 123d; OFFICE

AND RABBINICAL DEPARTMENT: 531 VV. 123rd, New York City.Incorporated in State of New York. Invested Funds for Seminary,

$4,078,167.35 inclusive of Brush Foundation and New Building Fundsfor Teachers' Institute, $310,276.90; for Library, $544,048.07. Library:Printed volumes, 105,000; Manuscripts, 6,000.'

Thirty-seventh Commencement, June 7, 1931.


Graduates, Seminary, 23. Total number of graduates, Seminary,254. Graduates, Teachers' Institute, Teachers' Training Course, in1931, 34. - s -

Extension Course, in 1931, 2.Whole number of graduates, Teachers Institute, Teachers' Training

Course, 440, Teachers' Institute, Extension Course, 62.OFFICERS OF THE BOARD: Chairman Board of Directors, Sol. M.

Stroock; Hon. Sec, Henry S. Hendricks; Treas., Arthur Oppenheimer;Assoc. Treas., Lewis L. Strauss, N. Y. C.

DIRECTORS (for life): Adolph Lewisohn, Felix M. Warburg, Sol. M.Stroock, Irving Lehman, Israel Unterberg, N. Y. C.; Philip S. Henry,Asheville, N. C.; Cyrus Adler, Philadelphia, Pa.; Henry A. Dix, N. Y.C ; (Term expiring 1932): Max Drob, William Fischman, Lewis L.Strauss, N. Y. C.; Harry Friedenwald, Baltimore, Md. (Term expiring1933): William Prager, N. Y. C ; William Gerstley, Philadelphia, Pa.;(Term expiring 1934): Arthur Oppenheimer, Jacob Kohn, Henry S.Hendricks, N. Y. C.; J. Solis-Cohen, Philadelphia, Pa.; Isidor S. Morri-son, Milton Rubin, N. Y. C.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: Sol. M. Stroock, Chairman; Cyrus Adler,Felix M. Warburg.

FACULTY: President, Cyrus Adler, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins); Professorof Talmud, Louis Ginzberg, Ph.D. (Heidelberg); Professor of History,Alexander Marx, Ph.D. (Koenigsberg); Professor of Homiletics, Mor-decai M. Kaplan, M.A. (Columbia); William Prager, Professor ofMediaeval Hebrew Literature, Israel Davidson, Ph.D. (Columbia);Professor of Codes, Moses Hyamson, B.A., LL.D. (University ofLondon); Sabato Morais Professor of Biblical Literature and Exegesis,Jacob Hoschander, Ph.D. (Marburg); Associate Professor of Hebrew,Morris D. Levine, M.A. (Columbia); Associate Professor of Theology(Solomon Schechter Foundation), Louis Finkelstein, Ph.D. (Columbia);Instructor, Boaz Cohen, Ph.D. (Columbia); Instructor in Hazanuth,Israel Goldfarb, B.S. (Columbia); Hazan, M. Jacobson; Instructor inPublic Speaking, Walter O. Robinson.

REGISTRAR: Israel Davidson.SECRETARY: JosejJIh B. Abrahams.LIBRARY OF THE JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF AMERICA, Incor-

porated in State of New York, 1924.OFFICERS OF THE LIBRARY BOARD: Pres., [Vacant]; Vice-Pres.,

Cyrus Adler; Hon. Sec, Sol. M. Stroock; Treas., Arthur Oppenheimer;Assoc. Treas., Lewis L. Strauss.

DIRECTORS OF LIBRARY: Cyrus Adler, Philadelphia, Pa.; LouisBamberger, Newark, N. J.; William Gerstley, Philadelphia, Pa.; IrvingLehman, Mortimer L. Schiff, Felix M. Warburg, Sol. M. Stroock,N. Y. C ; A. S. W. Rosenbach, Philadelphia, Pa.; Max Drob, N. Y. C.

LIBRARY STAFF: Librarian, Alexander Marx; Assistant Librarian,Boaz Cohen; Cataloguers, Israel Shapiro, Saul Gittelsohn, Isaac Riv-kind; Assistants in Library, Michael Shapiro, Abraham Duker; LoanDepartment, Mary Fried; Secretary to Librarian, Anna Kleban.

TEACHERS INSTITUTE: Dean, Mordecai M. Kaplan. Instructors:Morris D. Levine, Joseph Bragin, Paul Chertoff, Zevi Scharfstein,Joshua Ovsay, I. S. Chipkin, Hillel Bavli, Benjamin Silk, S. E. Gold-


farb, Samuel Dinin, Morris Schussheim, Robert Gordis, David W.Pearlman, S. Pollack, Isaac Silberschlag, K. W. Whiteman, Ari A. Kutai,Reuben Leaf, Judith Kaplan, Simha Rubinstein, Max Slavin, AnnaGrossman, Joshua H. Neumann, Miriam Ephraim.

COMMITTEE ON TEACHERS INSTITUTE: Chairman, Sol. M. Stroock,Cyrus Adler, Mordecai M. Kaplan, Irving Lehman, Israel Unterberg,Felix M. Warburg.

JEWISH VALOR LEGIONOrg. Feb. 1921. OFFICE: 1775 Broadway, New York City.

Members, 638.PURPOSE: Welfare of the Ex-Service men of Jewish faith; compilation

of records of Jewish soldiers in American army in World War.OFFICERS: Commander, Sydney G. Gumpertz; Sr. Vice-Commander,

Benjamin Kaufman; Jr. Vice-Commander, Herman Bush; Adjutant,Nat. P. Ruditsky, N. Y. C.

JEWISH WAR VETERANS OF THE UNITED STATESOrg. 1894, Inc. 1920. OFFICE: 18 Tremont, Boston, Mass.

Annual Convention, July 3-6, 1930, Providence, R. I.Next Annual Convention, July 2-5, 1931, Philadelphia, Pa.Posts, 31. Members, 20,000.PURPOSE: TO maintain allegiance to the United States of America;

To uphold the fair name of the Jew; To foster comradeship; To aidneedy comrades and their families; To preserve the records of patrioticservice of Jews; To honor the memory and shield from neglect the gravesof our heroic dead.

OFFICERS: Past Commanders-in-Chief, Maurice Simmons, N. Y. C ;Morris J. Mendelsohn, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Julius S. Berg, N. Y. C ;Cammander-in-Chief, Harold Seidenberg, Boston, Mass.; Senior Vice-Commander-in-Chief, Herman M. Davis, Providence, R. I.; JuniorVice-Commander-in-Chief, David M. Goldberg, Cleveland, Ohio;Judge Advocate General, Saul Adelman, N. Y. C.; Surgeon General,Herman J. Ballen, N. Y. C ; Adjutant General, William Berman,Boston, Mass.; Quartermaster General, Jacob Reitzfeld, N. Y. C ;Chaplain-in-Chief, Rabbi Abraham Nowak, Cleveland, Ohio; HonoraryChaplain-in-Chief, Rabbi Edward Lissman, N. Y. C.; Chief of Staff,Maxwell Cohen, Boston, Mass.; National Liaison Officer, Edward M.Rodin, N. Y. C ; Editor-in-Chief, Abraham Millen, Boston, Mass.

JEWISH WELFARE BOARDOrg. 1917. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City.

Amalgamated with Council of Young Men's Hebrew and KindredAssociations, July 1, 1921.

Affiliated National Organizations, 15. State and Regional Organiza-tions, 6. Constituent Societies, 254.

PURPOSE: TO stimulate the organization and to assist in the activitiesof Jewish Community Centers, including Young Men's Hebrew Asso-ciations, Young Women's Hebrew Associations, and kindred organiza-tions, and to co-operate with similar bodies in the development of


Judaism and good citizenship. To promote the welfare of soldiers, sailorsand marines in the service of the United States and disabled veteransand especially to provide for men of the Jewish faith in the Army andNavy adequate opportunity for religious worship and hospitality ofJewish communities adjacent to military and naval posts.

OFFICERS: Pres., Irving Lehman, N. Y. C : Vice-Pres., Felix M.Warburg, N. Y. C ; Jacob M. Loeb, Chicago, 111.; Jacob K. Newman,N. Y. C ; M. C. Sloss, San Francisco, Cal.; Sec, Joseph Rosenzweig,N. Y. C ; Treas., Benjamin J. Buttenwieser, N. Y. C.; Exec. Dir.,HarryL. Glucksman.

KAPPA NU FRATERNITYOrg. June 12, 1911. OFFICE: 33 Tyler, Rochester, N. Y.

Fourteenth Annual Convention, Dec, 1930—Jan. 2, 1931, Boston,Mass.

Chapters, 15. Members, 1,500.PURPOSE: A Greek-letter brotherhood for college men of Jewish

consciousness.OFFICERS: Pres., Garson Meyer, Rochester, N. Y.; Vice-Pres., Milton

Greenebaum, Saginaw, Mich.; Treas., Goodman Sarachan, Rochester,N. Y.; Sec, Harry K. Herschman, Washington, D. C.

LAMBDA DELTA BETA FRATERNITYOFFICE: 1215 Swetland Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio.OFFICERS: Chancellor, A. L. Glaser; Vice-Chancellor, F. H. Feingold;

Bursar, Benjamin Kasner; Master of Scrolls, H. Bluffstone; Bailiff, H.C. Wedren.

LEAGUE FOR SAFEGUARDING THE FIXITY OF THESABBATH AGAINST POSSIBLE ENCROACHMENT

BY CALENDAR REFORM

Org. 1929. OFFICE: 1459 Lexington Ave., New York City.Constituent Organizations, 55.OFFICERS: Pres., Moses Hyamson; Vice-Pres., Sol. Bloom, Bernard

Drachman, M. S. Margolies, Albert Ottinger, Abram Simon, StephenS. Wise; Chairm. of Executive Committee, William Lieberman; Treas.,Harry Schneiderman; Sec, Isaac Rosengarten.

LEO N. LEVI MEMORIAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION

Org. 1911. OFFICE: Hot Springs, Ark.Maintains the Leo N. Levi Memorial Hospital.Members, 1,500.OFFICERS: Pres., A. B. Frey, St. Louis, Mo.; Hon. Vice-Pres., Dan

Daniel, Shreveport, La.; Vice-Pres., J. K. Hexter, Dallas, Tex.; Treas.,D. Burgauer, Hot Springs, Ark.; Sec, A. B. Rhine, Hot Springs, Ark.;Chairman, Bd. of Managers, M. Klyman, Hot Springs, Ark.


THE MENORAH ASSOCIATION, INC.Org. Dec. 29, 1929. OFFICE: 63 Fifth Ave., New York City.

PURPOSE: The study and advancement of Jewish culture and ideals.BOARD OF GOVERNORS: Honorary: Judge Irving Lehman; Chairman

of the Board, Frederick F. Greenman; Treas., S. W. Straus; Chancellor,Henry Hurwitz; Sec, Harry Starr, N. Y. C.

INTERCOLLEGIATE MENORAH ASSOCIATION

Org. January 2, 1913.Societies, 51.PURPOSE: The study and advancement of Jewish culture and ideals

in the colleges and universities of the United States and Canada.OFFICERS: Chancellor, Henry Hurwitz; Pres., Theodore H. Gordon;

Vice-Pres., L. E. Abremovich, Dorothy C. Adelson, Herzl Friedlaender,Lewis H. Weinstein; Sec.-Treas., Bernard J. Reis; Corr. Sec, FrancesGrossel.

MENORAH EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCEOrg. Dec. 29, 1918, and composed of University teachers.

PURPOSE: TO foster and guide Menorah education in American col-leges and universities and among university graduates and other menand women in the general community interested in Jewish culture andideals.

OFFICERS: Chairman, Prof. Nathan Isaacs, Harvard University,School of Business; Vice-Chairman, Prof. Wm. Popper, University ofCalifornia; Sec.-Treas., Adolph S. Oko, Hebrew Union College Library.

THE MIZRACHI ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA

Org. June 5, 1912. CENTRAL BUREAU: 31 Union Sq., New York City.Convention, Oct. 26-28, 1930, Baltimore, Md.Members, 20,000. Organizations, 298.PURPOSE: Rehabilitation of Palestine in the spirit of Jewish Torah

and Traditions. Fundamental principle: The land of Israel, for thepeople of Israel, in the spirit of the Law of Israel.

OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Meyer Berlin; Pres., Gedalia Bublick; Vice-Pres., E. Inselbuch, Wolf Gold; Treas., Max Nadler.

MIZRACHI YOUTH OF AMERICA (MIZRACHI HATZOIR)Org. May, 1920. OFFICE: 31 Union Sq., New York City.

Tenth Annual Convention, May 30—June 1, 1931, New York City.Members, 3,500.PURPOSE: TO organize groups of the Jewish youth, both senior and

junior, to spread Judaism and a love for Jewish knowledge, to acquaintthe Jewish youth with the national aspirations of the Jews, and tostrive for the rehabilitation of Palestine in accordance with Jewishtraditions on the basis of Torah V'avodah, Torah and Labor.

OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Meyer Berlin; Pres., Isidore Epstein; Vice-Pres., Eva Aronson, Max Hagler, Harry Karp; Treas., Benj. L. Hillson;Sec, Jennie Kottler.


MU SIGMA FRATERNITYOrg. 1906, Inc., 1925. OFFICE: 300 Riverside Drive, New York City.

Twenty-fourth Annual Convention, Dec. 24-26,1930, New York City.Twenty-fifth Annual Convention, Dec. 26-27, 1931, New York City.OFFICERS: Grand Lumen, Jerome S. Lippe, N. Y. C ; Grand Filium,

Herbert Pick, Newark, N. J.; Grand Fiscus, Samuel Peckerman, N. Y.C ; Grand Scriba, Michael Kaplan, N. Y. C ; Grand Ossa, NormanHerzig, N. Y. C ; Grand Ora, Lester Lasker, Jersey City, N. J.; GrandCo-ordinator, Daniel Schonfeld, Jamaica, L. I.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH COMMUNITYCENTER SECRETARIES

Org. 1918. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City.Twelfth Annual Convention, June 4-7, 1930, Boston, Mass.Thirteenth Annual Convention, June 7-10, 1931, Camp Scopus, Lake

George, N. Y.Members, 150.PURPOSE: TO foster and develop an interest in Jewish Center work

and to promote friendly and helpful relations among Jewish CommunityCenter workers.

OFFICERS: Pres., E. J. Londow, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., MauriceBisgyer, Washington, D. C.; M. H. Chaseman, Albany, N. Y.; Wm.Pinsker, Savannah, Ga.; Rose Sugarman, Columbus, Ohio; Sec.-Treas.,Wm. Cohen, 4910 14th Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

NATIONAL CANTORS AND MINISTERS LEAGUE

Org. 1928. OFFICE: 104 2nd Ave., New York City.Annual Convention, July 20, 1929, New York City.Members, 175.PURPOSE: TO organize all cantors, to open first Cantors Seminary.OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Zeidel Rovner; Director, Asher Chassin; Sec,

Isadore Schoen; Chairman Board of Directors, A. Ch. Landman.

NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICEOrg. 1899 as National Conference of Jewish Charities in the United

States. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City.Thirty-second Annual Conference, June 13-15, 1931, Minneapolis,

Minn.Members, 250. Societies, 500 individuals.PURPOSE: TO discuss the problems of Jewish social work, to promote

reforms in its administration and to provide uniformity of action andco-operation in all matters pertaining to the development of Jewishphilanthropic and communal activities, without, however, interferingwith the local work of any constituent society.

OFFICERS: Pres., Philip L. Seman, Chicago, 111.; Vice-Pres., Mary E.Boretz, N. Y. C.; Hyman Kaplan, San Francisco, Cal.; Dudley D.Sicher, N. Y. C ; Sec, George W. Rabinoff, N. Y. C ; Treas., FerdinandS. Bach, St. Louis, Mo.


NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR JEWISH EDUCATIONOFFICE: Room 407, 330 S. 9th, Philadelphia, Pa.

PURPOSE: TO further the creation of a profession of Jewish education,to improve the quality of Jewish instruction, and to develop professionalstandards in Jewish education.

OFFICERS: Pres., Alexander M. Dushkin, Chicago, 111.; Treas., B.Isaacs, Detroit, Mich.; Sec, Mordecai Soltes, N. Y. C ; Executive Com-mittee: I. Abrams, Pittsburgh, Pa.; S, Benderly; I. S. Chipkin, N. Y. C ;B. Edidin, Buffalo, N. Y.; A. H. Friedland, Cleveland, Ohio; E. Gam-oran; Jacob S. Golub, Cincinnati, Ohio; L. L. Honor, Chicago, 111.;L. Hurwich, Boston, Mass.; M. M. Kaplan; J. B. Pollak, N. Y. C ; B.Rosen, Philadelphia, Pa.; Z. H. Scharfstein; A. P. Schoolman, N. Y. C ;Publishes Jewish Education.

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN

Org. Sept. 1893. OFFICE: 625 Madison Ave., New York City.Twelfth Triennial Convention, Jan., 1930, Los Angeles, Cal.Sections, 232, Junior Auxiliaries, 84.The Council and its Sections are engaged in Religious, Social Welfare,

Civic and Educational Work. Its activities are promoted throughDepartments of Civics and Community Co-operation, Education,Extension and Field Service, Farm and Rural Work, Finance and Bud-get, Service for Foreign-Born, Junior Auxiliaries, Legislation, Peace,Religion and Religious Education, Social Service, and Vocational Guid-ance and Employment. Official publication, "The Jewish Woman,"issued quarterly, Estelle M. Sternberger, Editor-in-Chief.

OFFICERS: (1929-1932) Pres., Mrs. Joseph E. Friend, 1807 PalmerAve., New Orleans, La.; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. Alvin L. Bauman, St.Louis, Mo.; Second Vice-Pres., Mrs. Arthur Brin, Minneapolis, Minn.;Third Vice-Pres., Mrs. Sydney M. Cone, Pikesville, Md.; Treas., Mrs.Nathan Eisenmann, New Orleans, La.; Rec. Sec, Mrs. I. K. E. Prager,Boston, Mass.; Exec. Sec, Mrs. Estelle M. Sternberger, 625 MadisonAve., N. Y. C.

NATIONAL FARM SCHOOL

Inc. April 10, 1896. SCHOOL AND FARMS: Farm School, Bucks Co., Pa.OFFICE: 1701 Walnut, Philadelphia, Pa.

Thirty-third Annual Meeting, Oct. 12, 1930, Farm School, BucksCo., Pa.

Thirty-first Annual Graduation, March 22, 1931.PURPOSE: TO train Jewish Youth in practical and scientific agricul-

ture, and agricultural callings.OFFICERS: Chairman Board of Trustees, Hart Blumenthal; Pres.,

Herbert D. Allman; Vice-Pres., Jos. H. Hagedorn; Treas., Isaac H.Silverman; Sec, Miss E. M. Bellefield, 1701 Walnut, Philadelphia, Pa.;Dean, C. L. Goodling, Farm School, Pa.


NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE BROTHERHOODSOrg. 1923. OFFICE: Merchants' Bldg., Cincinnati, O.

Fourth Biennial Convention, Jan. 18-21, 1931, Philadelphia, Pa.Societies, 123.PURPOSE: TO stimulate interest in Jewish worship, Jewish studies,

social service and other kindred activities. To co-operate with Unionof American Hebrew Congregations in its national plans.

OFFICERS: Pres., Charles P. Kramer, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Joseph L.Kun, Philadelphia, Pa.; Wilford M. Newman, Chicago, 111.; Treas.,Albert C. Weihl, Cincinnati, Ohio; Exec. Sec, George Zepin, Cincinnati,Ohio; Asst. Exec. Sec, Louis I. Egelson, Cincinnati, Ohio: Arthur L.Reinhart, Cincinnati, Ohio.

NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE SISTERHOODSOrg. Jan. 1913. OFFICE: Merchants' Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Ninth Biennial Assembly, Jan., 1931, Philadelphia, Pa.Societies, 342.PURPOSE: Closer co-operation between the various Sisterhoods.The work of the Federation is conducted under the following Commit-

tees: Co-operation, Religion, Religious Schools, Propaganda, Scholar-ships, Union Museum, Uniongrams, and State or District Federations,Student Activities, Peace, Literature for Jewish Sightless and YoungFolk's Temple Leagues, I. M. Wise Memorial Programs.

OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Mrs. Abram Simon, Washington, D. C ; Pres.,Mrs. Maurice Steinfeld, St. Louis, Mo.; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. HenryNathan, Buffalo, N. Y.; Second Vice-Pres., Mrs. Adolph Rosenberg,Cincinnati, O.; Third Vice-Pres., Mrs. Albert J. May, N. Y. C ;Fourth Vice-Pres., Mrs. David Lefkowitz, Dallas, Texas; Rec. Sec,Mrs. Joseph Stolz, Chicago, 111.; Treas., Mrs. Jos. M. Herman, Boston,Mass.; Parliamentarian, Mrs. Ben Loewenstein; Exec. Sec, Helen L.Strauss, Cincinnati, O.

NATIONAL HOME FOR JEWISH CHILDREN AT DENVER

Org. June 12, 1907. OFFICE: West 19th Ave., at Julian St.,Denver, Colo.

Annual Convention, May 3, 1931, Denver, Colo.Members, 85,000.Auxiliary Societies, 15.PURPOSE: TO shelter children of tuberculous parents, who come to

Denver seeking restoration of health.OFFICERS: Pres., Mrs. J. N. Lorber; Vice-Pres., Mrs. B. Willens, Mrs.

S. Francis, Mrs. M. Lifshutz; Fin. Sec, Louis Stern; Treas., SamuelIsaacson; all of Denver, Colo.; National Exec. Dir., Wm. R. Blumen-thal, 907 Flatiron Bldg., N. Y. C.

NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITAL AT DENVER

Org. Dec. 10, 1899. OFFICE: 3800 E. Colfax Ave., Denver, Colo.Thirtieth Annual Meeting, June 14, 1931, Portland, Ore.


Contributors, 125,000 Individuals; 75 Federations; 200 Lodgesand Societies. Capacity, 350; buildings, 16. Collected (1929-1930)$402,037.53.

Patients treated to July 1, 1930, 6,500.OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Louis D. Beaumont, N. Y. C.; Pres., Wm. S.

Friedman, Denver, Colo.; Vice-Pres., Harry H. Lapidus, Omaha, Neb.;Morton May, St. Louis, Mo.; B. Flesher, Denver, Colo.; Herman Wile,Buffalo, N. Y.; Harmon August, N. Y. C.; E. J. Schanfarber, Columbus,O.; Treas., Ben. Altheimer; Asst. Treas., Paul Felix Warburg, N. Y. C ;Sec, Mrs. C. Pisko, 3800 E. Colfax Ave., Denver, Colo.; NationalSupervisor, Samuel Schaefer, Denver, Colo.

NATIONAL LEGAL FRATERNITY LAMBDA ALPHA PHIOrg. 1919. OFFICE: 1000 Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Newark, N. J.

Annual Convention, August, 1931, Asbury Park, N. J.Members, 400.PURPOSE: TO inculcate in Jewish members of the Bar the highest

principles of legal ethics in order to maintain the respect of the Bench,Bar and Public.

OFFICERS: Supreme Chancellor, Sidney L. Jacobi, N. Y. C.; SupremeVice-Chancellor, Allan Farber, Newark, N. J.; Morris Rifkin, Denver,Colo.; Supreme Keeper of the Exchequer, David M. Engelson, N. Y. C ;Supreme Archon, Michael G. Alenick, Newark, N. J.; Supreme Histor-ian, Nathan Herbsman, N. Y. C.

NU BETA EPSILON FRATERNITYOrg. 1919. OFFICE: 1701 W. Madison, Chicago, 111.

Convention, May 13, 1930, Chicago, 111.Next Convention, Dec. 26-28, 1931, Chicago, 111.Members, 350.PURPOSE: Greek Letter Fraternity for Jewish students at credited

Law Schools.OFFICERS: Founder and Hon. Grand Chancellor, Barnet Hodes;

Grand Chancellor, Reginald A. Barnett; Vice-Grand Chancellor, Robt.R. Scher; Grand Scribe, Harvey Cousens; Grand Master of Rolls, AllenWolf; Grand Master of Exchequer, Wm. J. Robinson; Grand Marshall,Geo. Kaplan.

OMICRON ALPHA TAU FRATERNITYOrg. 1912. OFFICE: 535 High, Newark, New Jersey.

Annual Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1930, New Brunswick, N. j .Next Annual Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1931, New York City.Chapters, 14. Members, 1,250.PURPOSE: Greek-letter college fraternity for Jewish students.OFFICERS: Grand Chancellor, Joseph Rubinstein, Buffalo, N. Y.;

Vice-Grand Chancellor, Seymour Bernstein, Chicago, 111.; J. J. Rosen-berg, N. Y. C ; Grand Scribe, Sidney C. Heyman, Newark, N. J.; GrandBursar, Nathan Perselay, Newark, N. J.


ORDER KNIGHTS OF JOSEPHOrg. Feb. 14, 1896. OFFICE: 1122 Standard Trust Bldg.,

Cleveland, Ohio.Twenty-seventh Convention, Aug. 22, 1926, Buffalo, N. Y.Members, 10,587. Lodges, 68.OFFICERS: Supreme Commander, H. A. Rocker, Cleveland, O.; First

Supreme Vice-Commander, A. Fishman, Chicago, 111.; Second SupremeVice-Commander, L. Gottlieb, Buffalo, N. Y.; Third Supreme Vice-Commander, Max Lazaer, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Supreme Sec, D. J. Zinner,Cleveland, 0.; Supreme Treas., Jos. C. Bloch, Cleveland, O.; Endow-ment Treas., A. Silberman, Cleveland, O.

ORDER SONS OF ZIONOrg. April 19, 1908. OFFICE: 1133 Broadway, New York City.

Twenty-second Annual Convention, June 20-22, 1931, Long Branch,N. J.

Camps, 55. Members, 3,206.PURPOSE: Fraternal and Zionistic.OFFICERS: Nasi, Isaac Allen; Segan Rishon, Jacob I. Steinberg;

Segan Sheni, Bernard Hollander; Gisbor, David Podolsky; Maskir,Louis Weiss; Counsel, Alazar Kushner; Chief Medical Examiner,Solomon Neumann.

ORDER OF THE UNITED HEBREW BROTHERSOrg. Nov. 15, 1915. OFFICE: 5 Columbus Circle, New York City.

Quinquennial Convention, October, 1930, New York City.Members, 5,000.OFFICERS: Grand Master, Meyer Greenberg, 5 Columbus Circle;

Vice-Grand Master, Samuel Hirsh; First Deputy Grand Master, Alb.Halle; Grand Sec, Kallman Flus, N. Y. C.

ORT RECONSTRUCTION FUND

Organized 1924, and affiliated with the American Ort.OFFICE: 220 5th Ave., New York City.

PURPOSE: TO reconstruct the lives of the Jews of Eastern Europe inco-operation with the various national governments, by extending longterm credit to the Jews for the purchase of machines and tools of trade:by extending similar credits to relatives in America and elsewhere whowish to help their kin in Eastern Europe by purchasing machines forthem; by opening and conducting trade schools for Jews, both youngand adult, and helping to place the graduates in permanent positions;and by helping to establish Jewish families on farms and furnishingthem, on credit, with the necessary farm machinery and seeds.

OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Adolph Lewisohn; Pres., Howard S. Cullman;Treas., Paul Felix Warburg; Hon. Sec, Herman Bernstein; ChairmanExec. Com., Henry Moskowitz.


PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY, INC.Org. 1914. OFFICE: 110 E. Lexington, Baltimore, Md.

Sixteenth Annual Convention, Dec. 29, 1930—Jan. 1, 1931, Boston,Mass.

Chapters, 38. Members, 2,318.PURPOSE: Jewish student fraternal relationships in certain American

Colleges and Universities where established.OFFICERS: Pres., Maurice Levitan, Washington, D. C ; Vice-Pres.,

Herbert Robinson, Cambridge, Mass.; Deputy Vice-Pres., Percy Car-mel, Hampton, Va.; Milton Klein, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Joseph Leyinson,Chicago, 111.; Isidore A. Lobel, Brookline, Mass.; Manuel M. Steinberg,Philadelphia, Pa.; Alfred L. Tuvin, Baltimore, Md.; Sec, AlexanderGoodman, Baltimore, Md.; Asst. Sec, Milford F. Schwartz, Washing-ton, D. C ; Treas., Sigmund Danzansky, Washington, D. C ; Sergeantat Arms, Ellis L. Arenson, Baltimore, Md.; Editor, Emanuel Emroch,Richmond, Va.

PHI BETA DELTA FRATERNITYOrg. 1912. OFFICE: 67 W. 44th, New York City.

Convention, Dec. 26-28, 1930, Atlantic City, N. J.Members, 2,100. Chapters, 28; Alumni Clubs, 10.OFFICERS: Pres., Isaac Marks, Jr., N. Y. C ; Eastern Vice-Pres.,

Isadore S. Wachs, Philadelphia, Pa.; Western Yice-Pres., GrahamSusman, Denver, Colo.; Sec, Harold Baer, N. Y. C.; Treas., DavidBaumgarten, N. Y. C ; Historian, Harry Kalker, Philadelphia, Pa.;Delegates; Aurel Rosin, Arcadia, Fla.; Samuel V. Goldfarb, Los Angeles,Cal.; Louis Winer, Hammond, Ind.; Leonard Jacobs, N. Y. C ; NormanBierman, St. Louis, Mo.

*THE PHI BETA FRATERNITYOrg. 1920. OFFICE: 111-11 Liberty Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I.

Tenth Annual Convention, Aug. 25-29, 1929, Hartford, Conn.Members, 1,200. Chapters, 26.PURPOSE: A national Jewish fraternity with chapters located in High

and Preparatory Schools, for boys meeting for educational, social andfraternal purposes.

OFFICERS: Hon. Grand Superior, Louis L. Shapiro, Lancaster, Pa.;Grand Superior, Harry Perlmutter, Newark, N. J.; 1st Grand Vice-Superior, Frank Weiner, Chicago, 111.; 2nd Grand Vice-Superior, MartyGosch, Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Secretary, Herman Cipnic, 111-11Liberty Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I.; Grand Bursar, Edward Olderman,Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Editor, Morris, J. Eschay, X. Y. C ; GrandMarshal, David Rice, Newark, N. J.

PHI DELTA MU FRATERNITY, INC.Org. 1920. OFFICE: 11 Park Place, New York City.

Annual Convention, Dec. 28, 1930, New York City.Members, 300.


PURPOSE: TO promote the intellectual, social and spiritual status ofJewish students at colleges in the United States and Canada.

OFFICERS: Chancellor, Harry Kisver; Vice-Chancellor, Jack Sperling;Chancellor of the Exchequer, Robert C. Grossman; Historian, Ralph T.Heymsfeld; Keeper of the Scrolls, Harold Boxer;Sec, Benjamin Levine,1911 New York Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

PHI EPSILON PI FRATERNITYOrg. 1904. OFFICE: 520 Lewis Tower, Philadelphia, Pa.

Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1930, Pittsburgh, Pa.Members, 3,000.OFFICERS: Grand Superior, Louis M. Fushan, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Grand

Vice-Superior, Jesse Acker, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Grand Treas., EmanuelW. Wirkman, Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Secretary, Charles H. Fleish-man, Philadelphia, Pa.; Members of Grand Council, Edward Davis,Philadelphia, Pa.; Eugene G. Zacharias, Atlanta, Ga.

PHI LAMBDA KAPPA MEDICAL FRATERNITYOrg. 1907. OFFICE: 1941 S. 9th, Philadelphia, Pa.

Next Convention, Dec. 25-27, 1931, Cleveland, O.Members, 1,600.OFFICERS: Grand Superior, J. Allen Yager, N. Y. C ; Grand Scribe,

Wm. Steinberg, Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Guardian Exchequer, I. Wm.Gash, Philadelphia, Pa.

PHI SIGMA DELTA FRATERNITYOrg. 1909. OFFICE: 111 W. 46th, New York City.

Annual Convention, Dec. 22-25, 1929, New York City.Members, 2,000.PURPOSE: Promote brotherhood, friendship, good-fellowship, and

good character.OFFICERS: Pres., Benjamin A. Etler; Vice-Pres., Joseph Kruger,

Treas., Melvin L. Levi; Sec, Benjamin Potar.

PHI SIGMA SIGMA SORORITYOrg. 1913. OFFICE: 1528 Pratt Blvd., Chicago, 111.

Biennial Convention, 1930, Cincinnati, Ohio.Chapters, 20. Members, 1,215.PURPOSE: TO create a spirit of sisterhood among its members; to

promote close friendships; to develop character; to advance justice andto be philanthropic.

OFFICERS: Grand Archon, Belle F. Quitman, Philadelphia, Pa.; GrandVice-Archon, Natalie Kahn, Cincinnati, Ohio; National Tribune, Rose J.Lidschin, Chicago, 111.; National Bursar, Gertrude A. Berson, Syracuse,N. Y.


PI TAU PI FRATERNITYOrg. November, 1909.

Annual Conclave, Dec. 26-30, 1930. Birmingham, Ala.Members, 600. Chapters. 30.PURPOSE: TO bring into closer relation and promote sociability among

the Jewish young men of the country and to aid the less fortunate.OFFICERS: Pres., Mervin A. Blach, Birmingham, Ala.; Vice-Pres.,

Edw. F. Stern, Seattle, Wash.; Treas., Gilmore G. Kahnweiler, Chicago,111.; Sec, Rudolph M. Singer, Jr., 5400 Harper Ave., Chicago, 111.;Editor, Roy G. Rosenthal, Seattle, Wash.; Historian, Yale S. Kroloff,Omaha, Neb.; Chaplain, Philip D. Bookstaber, Harrisburg, Pa.; SeniorCounsellor, Irvin M. Shlenker, Monroe La.; Junior Counsellor, MoeTonkon, Portland, Ore.; Past Pres., Theo. M. Rotschild, Evansville,Ind.

PROBUS CLUB NATIONALOrg. 1926. OFFICE: Worcester, Mass.

Members, 500.PURPOSE: TO promote and participate in communal and civic activi-

ties; to foster social and intellectual ideals; to encourage friendshipamong its members in local clubs and other clubs of the organization.

OFFICERS: Pres., Allen E. Price, Worcester, Mass.; Vice-Pres., JacobCaplan, New Haven, Conn.; M. J. Josolowitz, Springfield, Mass.; HarrySchwartz, Hartford, Conn.; Treas., Nathan Gruber, Hartford, Conn.;Sec, Harry L. Shapiro, 390 Main, Worcester, Mass.

PROGRESSIVE ORDER OF THE WESTOrg. Feb. 13, 1896. OFFICE: 406-7-8 Frisco Bldg., 9th and Olive,

St. Louis, Mo.Convention, July 21-23, 1929, Philadelphia, Pa.Members, 10,347.OFFICERS: Grand Master, Joseph Schiller, Chicago, 111.; Vice-Grand

Master, I. D. Goldberg, St. Louis, Mo.; Endowment Treas., Win, H.Goldman, St. Louis, Mo.; Grand Counsellor, Louis Joffie, Chicago, 111.;Grand Sec, Morris Shapiro, St. Louis, Mo.

RABBI ISAAC ELCHANAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ANDYESHIVA COLLEGE

Org. 1896. Charter amended 1928, to permit the organization of theYeshiva College, authorized by the Regents of the University of theState of New York to give courses leading to the degrees of B. A. andB. S. OFFICE: 186th St. and Amsterdam Ave., New York City.

Incorporated in State of New York. Invested funds about $2,400,000.LIBRARY: Printed volumes, 24,000, manuscripts, small collection.Entire number of graduates, Rabbinical course, 136, Teachers'

Institute, 107.PURPOSE: TO disseminate Jewish knowledge; to train rabbis and

teachers; to present in a Jewish atmosphere general courses leading todegrees of B. A. and B. S.


OFFICERS: Pres., M. S. Margolies; Treas., M. Gottesman; Chairman,Yeshiva College Council, Samuel Levy.

FACULTY: Seminary: Pres. and Professor of Codes, B. Revel, Ph.D.;Professor of Talmud, M. Soloveitchik; Professor of Bible, Chaim Heller;Instructors of Talmud; B. Aronowitz; A. Burack; J. Kaplan, M.A.; L.Levin; R. Mirski; S. Olshevsky; M. Poleyeff; S. Rackovsky; J. Weill;Prof, of Homiletics, Herbert S. Goldstein, M.A.; Asst. Prof, of Homil-etics, Joseph H. Lookstein; Instructor of Bible, N. Klotz, Ph.D.; Asst.Prof, of Hebrew, P. Churgin, Ph.D.; Lecturer in Jewish History,Solomon Zeitlin, Ph.D.

LIBRARY STAFF: Librarian, S. Gandz, Ph.D.; Assistant, R. Grossman,B.A.REGISTRAR: Samuel L. Sar.FACULTY: Yeshiva College: Pres., B. Revel, Ph.D.; Dean and Prof,

of Biology, S. R. Safir, Ph.D.; Instructor in German, B. Drachman,Ph.D.; Librarian, S. Gandz, Ph.D.; Asst. Prof, of Mathematics, J.Ginsberg, M.A.; Instructor in Physical Education, A. B. Hurwitz,M.A.; Instructor in Chemistry, M. L. Isaacs, Ph.D.; Prof, of JewishEthics, Leo Jung, Ph.D.; Lecturer in Physiology, R. Kurzrok, M.D.,Ph.D.; Professor of Public Speaking, Erastus Palmer, M.A.; Instructorin Psychology, B. L. Rosenbloom, M.A.; Instructor in Physics, J. R.Silverman, Ph.D.

ASSOCIATED FACULTY: Henry E. Garrett, Ph.D., Asst. Prof, of Psy-chology, Columbia Univ.; I. Husik, Professor of Philosophy, U. of P.;C. F. Horne, Ph.D., Prof, of English, C. C. N. Y.; S. Liptzin, Ph.D.,Instructor in German; Louis W. Max, Ph.D., Asst. Prof, of Psychology,N. Y. U.; N. P. Mead, Ph.D.; Professor of History, C. C. N. Y.; J.Pearl, Ph.D., Asst. Professor of Latin, Brooklyn, C. C. N. Y.; S. A.Rhodes, Ph.D., Instructor in French, C. C. N. Y.; Joseph T. Shipley,Ph.D., Instructor of English, School of Education, C. C. N. Y.

RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY OF THE JEWISH THEOLOGICALSEMINARY OF AMERICA

Org. July 4, 1901.Annual Convention, July 7-9, 1930, Tannersville, N. Y.Members, 201.OFFICERS: Pres., Israel H. Levinthal, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Vice-Pres.,

Jacob Kohn, N. Y. C.; Rec. Sec., Leon Lang, Newark, N. J.; Cor. Sec,Simon Greenberg, Philadelphia, Pa.; Treas., Benj. H. Birnbaum,Chicago, 111.

RABBINICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE HEBREWTHEOLOGICAL COLLEGE

Org. 1925. OFFICE: 3448 Douglas Blvd., Chicago, 111.Annual Convention, Aug. 24-27, 1930, Chicago, 111.Members, 42.OFFICERS: Pres., Wm. Miller, 532 S. 5th, Terre Haute, Ind.; Vice-

Pres., Oscar Z. Fassman, Tulsa, Okla.; Treas., David Rosenblum, SouthHaven, Mich.; Sec, Leonard C. Mishkin, New Orleans, La.


RABBINICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE YESHIVAOrg. 1921. OFFICE: 186th and Amsterdam Ave., New York City.Annual Convention, July 8-9, 1930, New York City.Members, 110.OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Bernard Revel; Pres., Nachman H. Ebin,

Brooklyn, N. Y.; Vice-Pres., Shepard Baum, Albany, N. Y.; A. D.Burrack, Brooklyn, N. Y.; J. M. Charlop, N. Y. C ; Sec.-Treas., Solo-mon Reichman, 571 E. 170th, N. Y. C ; Chairman Exec. Comm., BenZion L. Rosenbloom, N. Y. C.

SEPHARDIC BROTHERHOOD OF AMERICA, INC.Re-org. 1921. OFFICE: 20 W. 114th, New York City.

Annual Convention, April, 1931.Members, 900. Branches, 5.PURPOSE: TO promote the industrial, social, educational and religious

welfare of its members and to engage in philanthropic endeavors forthe welfare of Sephardic immigrants.

OFFICERS: Pres., Henry J. Perahia; Vice-Pres., Marius Pilo; Treas.,Albert Y. Nathan; Fin. Sec, Bension Grottas; Sec, Hyman M. Nadjari.

SIGMA ALPHA MU FRATERNITYOrg. Nov. 26, 1909. OFFICE: 120 W. 44th, New York City.

Twenty-first Annual Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1930, New York City.Twenty-second Annual Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1931, New Orleans,

La.Chapters: Undergraduates, 37; Alumni Clubs, 30.Members, 3,300.PURPOSE: Greek-letter College Fraternity for Jewish Students.OFFICERS: Pres., Franklin A. Alter; Vice-Pres., Samuel Rabin;

Treas., Bernard W. Cohen; Sec, James C. Hammerstein; Consuls,Harry S. Dasch, Nathan R. Feldman, Adolph M. Friedman, Allen E.Rivkin.

SIGMA DELTA TAU SORORITYOrg. 1917. OFFICE: 25 Delham Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.

Next Convention, Dec. 1932.Chapters, 13. Members, 700.OFFICERS: Pres., Miriam S. Levy, Philadelphia, Pa.; Vice-Pres.,

Leah A. Kartman, Chicago, 111.; Treas., Helen \Y. Morris, Columbus,Ohio; Sec, Mildred E. Wallens, Buffalo, N. Y.

SIGMA EPSILON DELTA FRATERNITYOrg. 1901. OFFICE: 294 New York Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Convention, Dec 26-28, 1930, New York City.Members, 700.PURPOSE: TO promote the highest excellence in the science and art

of dentistry and its collateral branches; to bring about a closer ac-quaintance among the student body and graduates through fraternalco-operation.


OFFICERS: Grand Master, D. M. Arkin, N. Y. C ; Grand Chaplain,Saul Goodman, Nutley, N. j . ; Grand Scribe, Jerome A. Boley, Brook-lyn, N. Y.; Grand Treas., M. A. Heckler, N. Y. C ; Grand Historian,Benj. Jacobs, Newark, N. J.

SIGMA OMEGA PSI FRATERNITYOrg. 1916. OFFICE: 2 Lafayette (Room 1013), New York City.

Annual Convention, Dec. 25-29, 1930, New York City.Chapters, 20.Members, 1,725.PURPOSE: Greek letter college fraternity for Jewish students and to

foster the spirit of true friendship, love and self-sacrifice and assistance toeach other.

OFFICERS: Grand Superior, Henry W. Holzman, N. Y. C ; GrandVice-Superior, Philip Cowin, Boston, Mass.; Grand Scribe and Comp-troller, Frederick Katz, 2 Lafayette, N. Y. C ; Grand Conclave Rep.,Sidney Korn, N. Y. C.

SIGMA TAU EPSILON FRATERNITYOrg. 1923. OFFICE: 1320 Park Ave., New York City.

Annual Convention, January, 1931, New York City.Members, 450.Chapters, 8.PURPOSE: TO instill and inculcate the learnings of the Torah and

Jewish ideals amongst men of the Jewish faith in American colleges anduniversities.

OFFICERS: Grand Chancellor, Chauncey Ingram; Grand Vice-Chan-cellor, William H. Weiss; Grand Exchequer, Philip H. Kirschenbaum;Grand Scribe, Robert Sokol.

SYNAGOGUE COUNCIL OF AMERICAOrg. 1925. OFFICE: 11 W. 42d, New York City.

Members, 36.PURPOSE: TO take council together for the sacred purpose of preserv-

ing and fostering Judaism; composed of representatives of national,congregational and rabbinical organizations of America for the purposeof speaking and acting unitedly and furthering such religious interestsas the constituent organizations and the Council have in mind.

CONSTITTENT ORGANIZATIONS: The Union of Orthodox Jewish Con-gregations of America, The Rabbinical Council of the Union of OrthodoxJewish Congregations of America, Union of American Hebrew Congrega-tions, Central Conference of American Rabbis, United Synagogue ofAmerica, and Rabbinical Assembly of the Jewish Theological Seminary.

OFFICERS: Chairman, Elias L. Solomon; Vice-Chairman, Albert D.Wald, Samuel Schulman; Treas., Ben. Altheimer; Sec, Israel Goldstein,Sec. to the Board, J. B. Pollak, N. Y. C.

TAU DELTA PHI FRATERNITYOrg. 1910. OFFICE: 521 Fifth Ave., New York City.

Annual Convention, Dec. 28-31, 1930, New York City.


Members, 1,750. Chapters, 19.OFFICERS: Grand Consul, M. H. Blinken, Yonkers, N. Y.; Grand

Quaestor, Irving Brown, N. Y. C.; Grand Counsellor, Herman L.Baskin, N. Y. C ; Grand Scribe, Irving H. Jurow, N. Y. C ; Editor ofPyramid, Herbert F. Simons, Chicago, 111.

TAU EPSILON PHI FRATERNITYOrg. Oct. 19, 1910, Inc., 1917. OFFICE: 618 W. 113th, New York City.

Convention, Dec. 28, 1930—Jan. 1, 1931, Boston, Mass.Chapters, 31 Undergraduate; 10 Alumni Clubs, Members, 2,800.PURPOSE: TO foster the spirit of true brotherly love and self-sacrifice.OFFICERS: Consul, Julius M. Breitenbach; Vice-Consuls, Wm. S.

Lipman, Henry Semans, Herbert T. Singer; Quaestor, Irving Golembe;Tribune, Alfred J. Kleinberger; Asst. Tribune, Nathaniel W. Gold;Editor, Geo. H. Bernstein; National Auditor, Howard Simon.

TAU EPSILON RHO FRATERNITYOrg. 1919. OFFICE: 322 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.

Undergraduate Chapters, 11; Graduate Chapters, 4.Members, 500.PURPOSE: Legal fraternity with undergraduate chapters in accredited

day law schools and graduate chapters in cities.OFFICERS: Supreme Chancellor, Manuel Levine, Cleveland, 0.;

Supreme Exec. Chancellor, Jerome W. Moss, Cleveland, O.; SupremeVice-Chancellor, Solomon Eisen, Toronto, Canada; Supreme Master ofthe Rolls, Baruch A. Feldman, Cleveland, O.; Supreme Bursar andPledgor, George Slesinger, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Supreme Historian, ElwoodEnglander, Philadelphia, Pa.; Supreme Scribe, Allan Greenberg, Bos-ton, Mass.; Members of Supreme Council: George Slesinger, Pittsburgh,Pa.; Manuel Levine, Cleveland, O.; Jerome W. Moss, Cleveland, 0.;Baruch A. Feldman, Cleveland, O.; Jack A. Persky, Cleveland, 0.;Benjamin Marcus, Detroit, Mich.; Solomon Eisen, Toronto, Canada;Harry Rubenstein, Wilmington, Del.

TRAINING SCHOOL FOR JEWISH SOCIAL WORK

Org. Mar. 26, 1925. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City.PURPOSE: TO provide facilities for the initial training of Jewish

Social workers by offering a course of graduate study lasting twoacademic years, to provide facilities for the further training and prepara-tion of such workers as are already in the field of Jewish Social Work,and to build up a literature on Jewish communal life.

COURSE OF STUDY: TWO academic years.ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS: A college degree.LIBRARY: 3,000 volumes.FIFTH COMMENCEMENT, June 10, 1931.GRADUATES, 14. Total number of graduates to date, 74.TOTAL NUMBER OF REGULAR AND SPECIAL STUDENTS TO DATE, 350.NUMBER OF STUDENTS NOW ENROLLED—44.FACULTY: 15 permanent members, and 20 special lecturers.


OFFICERS: Pres., Louis E. Kirstein, Boston, Mass.; Vice-Pres., LeeK. Frankel, N. Y. C ; Fred M. Butzel, Detroit, Mich.; Treas., I. EdwinGoldwasser; Chairman Exec. Com., Felix M. Warburg; Dir., M. J.Karpf; Asst. Dir., Frances N. Harrison, N. Y. C.

UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW CONGREGATIONSOrg. 1873. OFFICE: Cincinnati, O.

Thirty-second Council, January, 1931, Phila., Pa.Thirty-third Council, 1933, Savannah, Ga.Members, 286 congregations.PURPOSE: TO maintain the Hebrew Union College of Cincinnati, O.,

an institution for educating rabbis; to promote religious instructionand encourage the study of the tenets and history of Judaism.

Four Departments: I. Executive and Financial: Chairman of Exec.Bd., Ludwig Vogelstein, N. Y. C ; Hon. Pres., Charles Shohl, Cincin-nati, O.; II. Board of Finance: Chairman, David A. Brown, N. Y. C ;III. Hebrew Union College: Chairman, Board of Governors, Alfred M.Cohen, Cincinnati, O.; Julian Morgenstern, President, Cincinnati, O.;IV. Board of Managers of Synagogue and School Extension: Chairman,Julius W. Freiberg; Dir., George Zepin, Cincinnati, O.

EXECUTIVE BOARD FOR 1931: Chairman of Exec. Bd., Ludwig Vogel-stein, N. Y. C.; Hon. Pres., Charles Shohl, Cincinnati, O.; Vice-Pres.,Julius Rosenwald, Chicago, 111.; Marcus Rauh, Pittsburgh, Pa.; MauriceD. Rosenwald, Washington, D. C ; Jacob W. Mack, Cincinnati, O.; Sec,George Zepin; Asst. Sec, Jacob D. Schwarz, Merchants Bldg., Cin-cinnati, Ohio.

UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OFAMERICA

Org. June 8, 1898. OFFICE: 50 W. 77th, New York City.Twenty-ninth Convention, March 16-18, 1929, New York City.OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Bernard Drachman: Julius J. Dukas; M. S.

Margolies; H. Pereira Mendes; Pres., Herbert S. Goldstein; Vice-Pres.,C. Joshua Epstein, Harry Roggen, N. Y. C.; Samuel Feuerstein,Maiden, Mass.; Israel S. Gomborov, Baltimore, Md.; Rabbinical Vice-Pres., Leo Jung; Treas., Arthur I. Levine; Recording Sec, Albert Wald;Financial Sec, Morris Engelman; Corr. Sec, Harry G. Fromberg,N. Y. C .

UNION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF UNITED STATESAND CANADA

Org. Tammuz 24, 5662 (1902). OFFICE: 214 E. Broadway,New York City.

Twenty-eighth Annual Convention, May 11-13, 1931, Belmar, N. J.Members, 375.OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., I. Rosenberg; M. S. Margolies, N. Y. C ;

B. L. Levinthal, Philadelphia, Pa.; B. Revel, N. Y. C ; Pres., L. Silver,Springfield, Mass.; Vice-Pres., J. Konvitz, Newark, N. J.; Ch. I. Bloch,Jersey City, N. J.; I. Siegel, Jersey City, N. J.; Joseph Rosen, Passaic,


N. J.; R. Katz, Bayonne, N. J.; Treas., Ch. B. Notelovitz, Harrisburg,Pa.; Sec, L. Seltzer; Chairman Ex. Com., J. Levinson, Brooklyn, N. Y.;Chairman Ex. Com. for Western States, Ch. F. Epstein, St. Louis, Mo.

UNION OF SEPHARDIC CONGREGATIONSOrg. March 3, 1929. OFFICE: 99 Central Park West, New York City.

PURPOSE: The promotion of the religious interests of Sephardic Jews.OFFICERS: Pres., David de Sola Pool, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Solomon

Solis-Cohen, Philadelphia, Pa.; Capt. William Sebag-Montefiore,Montreal, Canada; Samuel Coen, N. Y. C ; Treas., Mathew J. Levy,N. Y. C ; Sec, Simon S. Nessim.

UNITED ORDER "TRUE SISTERS"Org. April, 1846, as Independent Order of True Sisters.

OFFICE: 150 W. 85th, New York City.Eightieth Annual Convention of the Grand Lodge, Dec. 1-3, 1930,

New York City.Lodges, 34. Members, 12,000.Publishes a monthly, The Echo, editor, Mrs. Esther Davis.OFFICERS: (For December, 1929, to December, 1931) Grand Mon-

itress, Mrs. Amelia Oppenheimer; Grand Pres., Mrs. Henriette N. Prin-stein; Grand Vice-Pres., Mrs. Rose Deutschberger, Mrs. Martha Gould;Grand Sec, Mrs. Fanny M. Marx; Grand Financial Sec, Mrs. JuliaLevy; Grand Treas., Mrs. Hermine Breitenfeld; Grand Mentor, Mrs.Bertha Grad; Grand Warden, Mrs. Bertha Levis.

UNITED ROUMANIAN JEWS OF AMERICAOFFICE: 799 Broadway, New York City.

Twenty-second Annual Convention, Jan. 18, 1931, New York City.PURPOSE: TO further, defend and protect the interests of the Jews

in Roumania, to work for their civic and political emancipation and fortheir economic reconstruction and rehabilitation; and to represent andfurther the interests of the Roumanian Jews in the United States andCanada.

OFFICERS: PrC3., Leo Wolfson; Vice-Pres., Peter Ferester, BrunoBerk, Abraham Hirsh, Samuel Kanter, Aaron D. Braham, JacquesWeiss, Julius Klepper; Treas., H. Haimowitz; Sec, Herman Speier.

UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICAOrg. Feb. 23, 1913. OFFICE: 531 W. 123rd, New York City.

Nineteenth Annual Convention, April 26-28, 1931, Atlantic City,N. J.

PURPOSE: The promotion of traditional Judaism in America.FOUNDER: Solomon Schechter.OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Elias L. Solomon, N. Y. C ; Pres., Louis J.

Moss, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Vice-Pres., Louis Ginzberg; H. J. Reit; JacobKohn, N. Y. C ; H. P. Kopplemann, Hartford, Conn.; Rec. Sec, Sol.Mutterperl, N. Y. C ; Cor. Sec, Chas. I. Hoffman, 624 High, Newark,


N. J.; Treas., Israel Silberman, N. Y. C ; Executive Director, SamuelM. Cohen, N. Y. C.

UPSILON LAMBDA PHI FRATERNITYOrg. 1916; Inc. 1917. OFFICE: C/O Samuel A. Feir, 500 Fifth Ave.,

New York City.Thirteenth Annual Convention, Aug. 30—Sept. 2, 1930, Montreal,

Canada.Fourteenth Annual Convention, August 4-7, 1931, Asbury Park, N. J.Chapters, 33. Members, 1,800.PURPOSE: An International Fraternity open to male students of the

Jewish faith, in attendance at the high and preparatory schools, withthe steadfast purpose of uniting the brothers, spiritually, socially andfraternally, by means of a better understanding of the cardinal principlesof Judaism.

OFFICERS: Master Ulp, Samuel A. Feir, 201 W. 89th, N. Y. C ;Deputy Ulp, Joseph M. Feinberg, Elizabeth, N. J.; Financial Ulp,Edward S. Basch, N. Y. C.; Secretarial Ulp, Leon Podolsky, Philadel-phia, Pa.; Executive Board Members: Augustus S. Dreier, LesterMiller, Elliot H. Robinson.

WOMEN'S BRANCH OF THE UNION OF ORTHODOXJEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA

(Affiliated with the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America)Org. April 19, 1924. OFFICE: 186th and Amsterdam Ave.,

New York City.PURPOSE: The uniting of all the Orthodox women and organizations

of the country into one strong body; the intensification and furtheranceof Orthodox Judaism in the home, the religious school, amongst studentsin institutions of higher learning; the dedication of a dormitory for thespreading of knowledge necessary for the understanding and practice ofOrthodox Judaism through the circulation of religious and culturalliterature; assistance in the organization of Sisterhoods and in thesolution of their problems; providing scholarships for needy students ofthe Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Yeshiva of America; maintaining a HebrewTeachers' Training School for Girls.

OFFICERS: Pres., Mrs. Herbert S. Goldstein; Hon. Vice-Pres., Mrs.Joseph Mayer Asher, Mrs. Moses Hyamson, Mrs. N. Taylor Phillips,Vice-Pres., Mrs. Isidore Freedman, Mrs. Leo Jung, Mrs. Harry Fischel,Mrs. Bernard Revel, Mrs. Abraham Levitan; Treas., Mrs. AdolphSchwarcz; Cor. Sec, Mrs. Edwin Kaufman; Rec. Sec, Mrs. RalphHarte.

WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR PALESTINEOrg. 1927. OFFICE: 1274 Fifth Ave., New York City.

Annual Meeting, May 6, 1931, New York City.Members, 1,000.Branches, 9.PURPOSE: TO assist the working woman and girls in Palestine by

providing them with YWHA's and in other ways.


OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Mrs. Richard Gottheil; Pres., Mrs. RoseBlumenthal; Vice-Pres., Mrs. A. P. Kaplan, Mrs. D. L. Isaacs, Mrs.Wm. Prince; Ch. Ex.Bd., Mrs. Charles Hyman; Fin. Sec, Mrs. LeoKaplan; Exec. Sec, Mrs. I. S. Danziger; Treas., Mrs. Isaac Tumpowsky.

WOMEN'S LEAGUE OF THE UNITED SYNAGOGUEOF AMERICA

Org. Jan. 21, 1918. OFFICE: 531 W. 123d, New York City.Fourteenth Annual Convention, April 26-28, 1931, New York City.PURPOSE: TO advance traditional Judaism by furthering Jewish

education among women and children by creating and fostering Jewishsentiment in the home, by promoting the observance of Jewish dietarylaws and home ceremonials, Sabbath and Festivals, and by generallystrengthening the religious institutions of the home.

FOUNDER: Mrs. Solomon Schechter.OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Mrs. Chas. I. Hoffman, Newark, N. J.; Pres.,

Mrs. Samuel Spiegel, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Mrs. Cyrus Adler, Phila-delphia, Pa.; Mrs. Israel Davidson, N. Y. C ; Mrs. Benj. Davis, Chicago,111.; Mrs. Joseph Herzog, N. Y. C ; Sarah Kussy, Newark, N. J.; Mrs.Morris Lurie, Mrs. Alexander Marx, N. Y. C ; Treas., Mrs. Philip Gold-berg, N. Y. C ; Rec. Sec, Mrs. Jacob Minkin, N. Y. C.

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION FOR THE PIONEER WOMENOF PALESTINE

Org. 1926. OFFICE: Room 1023, 1133 Broadway, New York City.Third Convention, Oct. 16-19, 1930, Detroit, Mich.Members, 3,000.PURPOSE: TO help pioneer women's co-operatives in Palestine; to

train women to participate fully in all phases of social and economiclife; to do cultural work among its groups; to help to maintain theJewish schools.

OFFICERS: Treas., Mrs. R. Siegel; Sec, Mrs. N. B. Zuckerman, 1133Broadway.

THE WORKMEN'S CIRCLEOrg. Sept. 4, 1900. OFFICE: 175 East Broadway, New York City.Thirty-first Convention, May 3-9, 1931, Washington, D. C.Members, 75,000.PURPOSE: Fraternal insurance and mutual aid.OFFICERS: Pres., N. Chanin; Treas., B. Wolff; Sec, Joseph Baskin.

YOUNG JUDAEAOrg. 1908. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Ave., New York City.

Twenty-third Annual Convention, June, 1931, Long Branch, N. J.Number of Circles, 600.PURPOSE: TO advance the cause of Zionism; to further the mental,

moral and physical development of the Jewish youth; and to promoteJewish culture and ideals.


OFFICERS: Pres., Israel Goldstein; Vice-Pres., Mrs. Archibald Silver-man; Treas., Louis P. Rocker; Exec. Dir., Mrs. A. H. Vixman.

YOUNG PEOPLE'S LEAGUE OF THE UNITED SYNAGOGUEOF AMERICA

Org. 1921. OFFICE: 531 W. 123d, New York City.Next Convention, Nov. 27-30, 1931, New York City.Members, 15,000. Societies, 130.PURPOSE: TO bring the Jewish youth nearer to traditional Judaism

and to the Synagogue.OFFICERS: Pres., Harry J. Goebel, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Vice-Pres.,

Edward I. Aronoff, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Leon S. Lang, Newark, N. J.;Maxwell J. Mangold, N. Y. C ; David I. Siegel, Toronto, Ont.; HarrySilverstein, Boston, Mass.; E. Chas. Sydney, Freeport, L. I., Treas.,Samuel Rabin, Jamaica, L. I., Sec, Wilma Shenker, Jamaica, L. I.

YOUNG POALE ZIONOrg. 1915. OFFICE: 1133 Broadway, New York City.

Eighth Annual Convention, Sept. 1929, Washington, D. C.Members, 1,500. Branches, 45.PURPOSE: Junior Socialist and Zionist education and activities.OFFICER: Sec, M. Cohen.

ZETA BETA TAU FRATERNITYOrg. 1898; Inc. 1907. OFFICE: 551 Fifth Ave., New York City.

Thirty-second Annual Convention, Dec. 29, 1929—Jan. 1, 1930, St.Louis, Mo.

Next Annual Convention, Dec. 28-31, 1931, Boston, Mass.Members, 4,600.Ranking as an intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity with chapters

in thirty-four universities and colleges, and graduate clubs in thirty-three of the principal cities of the United States.

OFFICERS: Sup. Pres., Wm. S. Evans, N. Y. C ; Sup. Vice-Pres.,Rollin G. Osterweis, New Haven, Conn.; Sup. Sec, B. J. Scheinman,Los Angeles, Cal.; Sup. Treas., Herbert E. Steiner, N. Y. C ; Sup.Historian, Jack I. Wagenheim; General Sec, Leon D. Dover, 551 FifthAve., N. Y. C.

ZIONIST LABOR PARTY "HITACHDUT ZEIRE ZION"OF AMERICA

Org. 1920. OFFICE: 25 E. 7th, New York City.Annual Convention, Dec. 7-11, 1930, Cleveland, O.Members, 2,000.PURPOSE: TO help in creating a Jewish free working community

in Palestine and to renew the life of the Jewish people in the Diasporaon the basis of work and Hebrew culture.

OFFICERS: Exec. Sec, Abraham Spierer; and A. Brener, L. Glantz,Hayim Greenberg, D. Rebelsky, L. Rubinstein, D. Wertheim.


ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAOrg. 1897; Re-org. 1918. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Ave., New York City.Thirty-third Annual Convention, June 29—July 1, 1930, Cleveland,

Ohio.Members, 65,000.PURPOSE: TO stimulate interest in the rebuilding of Palestine as the

Jewish National Home, and to foster interest in the Jewish renaissance.Constituent Organizations: Hadassah, Order Sons of Zion.Affiliated Organizations: Young Judaea, Avukah, Junior Hadassah.PUBLICATIONS: The New Palestine, a weekly for members, in English.OFFICERS: Hon. Chairman, Julian W. Mack, N. Y. C.; Hon. Vice-

Chairman, Louis Lipsky, N. Y. C ; Chairman, Robert Szold, N. Y. C;Vice-Chairman, Abba Hillel Silver, Cleveland, O.; Members of theAdministration: Israel B. Brodie, Abraham Goldberg, Jacob de Haas,N. Y. C ; James G. Heller, Cincinnati, O.; Mrs. Edward Jacobs, N. Y.C.;Wm, M. Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa.; Louis Lipsky, Julian W. Mack.Emanuel Neumann, Louis I. Newman, Nathan Ratnoff, Samuel J.Rosensohn, Morris Rothenberg, Nelson Ruttenberg, N. Y. C ; AbbaHillel Silver, Cleveland, O.; Robert Szold, Abraham Tulin, StephenS. Wise, N. Y. C ; Treas., Morris Weinberg, N. Y. C ; Assoc. Treas.,Harry P. Fierst. Mt. Vernon, N. Y.

LIST OF FEDERATIONS FOR PHILANTHROPICWORK, 1930

In 1930, a total of 54 communities reported the existenceof 55 city federations for the support of philanthropic work;1

New York City has two such bodies, one for the Boroughsof Manhattan and the Bronx, and the other for Brooklyn.Of the 55 federations, 36, or two-thirds, are members of com-munity chests, while the remaining 19 obtain their revenuesdirectly from the Jewish public.

During 1930, the 55 federations disbursed a total of$16,205,685. Of this amount $12,008,136 (74%) was dis-bursed by the 19 independent federations, and $4,197,549by the 36 which are members of community chests. In 1930,the 55 federations had a total of 466 constituent societies.

In the following table the independent federations areindicated by an asterisk (*).

1 For a definition of "federation" as employed in this table, and for further detailsregarding this type of organization, the reader is referred to The Communal Organisa-tion of the Jews in the United States, 1927, by H. S. Linfield, American Jewish Committee,1930, 122-125, 183.

253


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JEWISH MEMBERS OF THE CONGRESS OF THEUNITED STATES

PAST

ANSORGE, MARTIN C , 1882- . Rep. from N. Y., 1921-1922.BENJAMIN, JUDAH PHILIP, 1812-1884. Sen. from La., 1853-1861.BERGER, VICTOR, 1860-1929. Rep. from Wis., 1911-1913, 1923-1929.CANTOR, JACOB A., 1854-1920. Rep. from N. Y., 1913-1915.COHEN, WILLIAM W., 1874- . Rep. from N. Y., 1927-1929.EINSTEIN, EDWIN, 1842-1906. Rep. from N. Y., 1879-1881.EMERICH, MARTIN, 1847-1922. Rep. from 111., 1903-1907.FISCHER, ISRAEL F., 1858- . Rep. from N. Y., 1895-1899.FRANK, NATHAN, 1852-1930. Rep. from Mo., 1889-1891.GOLDFOGLE, HENRY M., 1856-1929. Rep. from N. Y., 1901-1915,1919-

1921.GOLDZIER, JULIUS, 1854-1925. Rep. from 111., 1893-1895.GUGGENHEIM, SIMON, 1867- . Sen. from Colo., 1907-1913.HART, EMANUEL B., 1809-1897. Rep. from N. Y., 1851-1853.HOUSEMAN, JULIUS, 1832-1891. Rep. from Mich., 1883-1885.JACOBSTEIN, MEYER, 1880- . Rep. from N. Y., 1923-1929.JONAS, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1834-1911. Sen. from La., 1879-1885.KAHN, JULIUS, 1861-1924. Rep. from Cal., 1889-1902, 1905-1924.KRAUSS, MILTON, 1866- . Rep. from 111., 1917-1922.LESSLER, MONTAGUE, 1869- . Rep. from N. Y., 1902-1903.LEVIN, LEWIS CHARLES, 1808-1860. Rep. from Pa., 1845-1851.LEVY, DAVID. See YULEE, DAVID LEVY.

LEVY, JEFFERSON MONROE, 1852-1924. Rep. from N. Y., 1899-1901,1911-1915.

LITTAUER, Lucius NATHAN, 1859- . Rep. from N. Y., 1897-1907.LONDON, MEYER, 1871-1926. Rep. from N. Y., 1915-1917, 1921-1923.*MARX, SAMUEL, 1867-1922. Rep. from N. Y., 1922.MAY, MITCHELL, 1871- . Rep. from N. Y., 1899-1901.MEYER, ADOLPH, 1842-1908. Rep. from La., 1891-1908.MORSE, LEOPOLD, 1831-1892. Rep. from Mass., 1877-1885, 1887-1889.PERLMAN, NATHAN D., 1887- . Rep. from N. Y., 1920-1927.

*Died before taking his seat.261


PHILLIPS, HENRY MYER, 1811-1884. Rep. from Pa., 1857-1859.PHILLIPS, PHILIP, 1807-1884. Rep. from Ala., 1853-1855.PULITZER, JOSEPH, 1847-1911. Rep. from N. Y., 1885-1886.RAYNER, ISADOR, 1850-1912. Rep. from Md., 1887-1895. Sen. from

Md, 1905-1912.ROSENBLOOM, B. L., 1880- . Rep. from Wheeling, W. Va., 1921.ROSSDALE, ALBERT B., 1878- . Rep. from N. Y., 1921-1922.SIEGEL, ISAAC, 1880- . Rep. from N. Y., 1915-1922.SIMON, JOSEPH, 1851- . Sen. from Ore., 1897-1903.STRAUS, ISIDOR, 1845-1912. Rep. from N. Y., 1894-1895.STROUSE, MYER, 1825-1878. Rep. from Pa., 1863-1867.VOLK, LESTER DAVID, 1884- . Rep. from N. Y., 1921-1923.WOLF, HARRY B., 1880- . Rep. from Md., 1907-1909.YULEE, DAVID LEVY, 1811-1886. Del. from Fla., 1841-1845. Sen. from

Fla., 1845-1851, 1855-1861.

PRESENT

(MEMBERS OF THE SEVENTY-FIRST CONGRESS)

BACHARACH, ISAAC, Republican, Representative, Atlantic City, 1915-BLOOM, SOL., Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1923—CELLER, EMANUEL, Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1923-DICKSTEIN, SAMUEL, Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1923-GOLDER, BENJAMIN M., Republican, Representative, Philadelphia, 1924-KAHN, FLORENCE PRAG (MRS. JULIUS), Republican, Representative,

San Francisco, 1925-SABATH, ADOLPH J., Democrat, Representative, Chicago, 1907-SIROVICH, WM. I., Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1926-

JEWISH AMBASSADORS AND MINISTERSOF THE UNITED STATES TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES

The following is a list of Jews who have served as ministers or ambas-sadors of the United States to foreign countries. It does not includepersons who have served, or are now serving, as consuls, except whenconsuls were clothed with diplomatic power, as in the cases of MordecaiM. Noah, Benjamin F. Peixotto and Simon Wolf. In the compilationof this list, the Jewish Encyclopedia, the American Jewish Year Book,and the Register of the Department of State for 1930 were consulted.

BELMONT, AUGUST, (1816-1890), New York, Charge d'Affaires in theNetherlands, May 24, 1853; Minister Resident, June 29, 1854.

BERNSTEIN, HERMAN, (1876- ), New York City, Minister to Al-bania, 1929-

EINSTEIN, LEWIS, (1877- ), New York City, Minister to CostaRica, July 6, 1913 to June 1921; Minister to Czecho-Slovakia,October 8, 1921-

ELKUS, ABRAM I., (1867- ), New York City, Ambassador to Turkey,July 21, 1916 to 1917

GUGGENHEIM, HARRY F., (1890- ), New York City, Ambassadorto Cuba, October 10, 1929-

HIRSCH, SOLOMON, (1839-1902), Portland, Oregon, Minister to TurkeyMay 16, 1889 to 1892.

KAUFMAN, DAVID E., (1883- ), Philadelphia, Pa., Minister to Bolivia,March 7, 1928-January 9, 1930; Minister to Siam, June 12, 1930-

KORNFELD, JOSEPH S., (1876- ), Toledo, Ohio, Minister to Persia,November 9, 1921 to September 1, 1924.

MORGENTHAU, HENRY, (1856- ), New York City, Ambassador toTurkey, September 4, 1913 to July, 1916.

MORRIS, IRA NELSON, (1875- ), Chicago, 111., Minister to Sweden,July 13, 1914 to April 15, 1923.

NOAH, MORDECAI MANUEL, (1785-1851), New York City, Consul toTunis, 1813-1816.

OTTERBOURG, MARCUS, (1827-1893), Milwaukee, Wis., Consul toMexico City, August 1861 to July 1, 1867; Minister to Mexico,July 1-21, 1867.

PEIXOTTO, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, (1834-1890), San Francisco, Cal.,Consul General to Roumania, 1870 to 1876.

RATSHESKY, A. C , (1864- ), Boston, Mass., Minister to Czecho-slovakia, January 1930-

STRAUS, OSCAR S., (1850-1926), New York City, Minister to Turkey,March 24, 1887 to 1888; June 3, 1898 to 1900: Ambassador toTurkey, May 17, 1909 to December 11, 1920.

WOLF SIMON, (1836-1923), Washington, D. C, Agent and Consul Gen-eral to Egypt, June 30, 1881- , 1882.

263

JEWISH JUDGESOF UNITED STATES AND STATE COURTS

Following is a list of Jews who have served, or are now serving, asjudges in the courts of the United States, or of the various states. Thisdoes not include persons who have been, or are, judges of county, city,or municipal courts. In the compilation of this list, such authorities asthe Jewish Encyclopedia, Publications of the American Jewish HistoricalSociety, the American Jewish Year Book, and Who's Who in AmericanJewry were consulted. The list was compiled by Mr. Bernard Postalof New York City.

A. UNITED STATES COURTSSupreme Court

BRANDEIS, LOUIS D. (1856- ), Boston, Mass., appointed 1916.

Circuit CourtsALTSCHULER, SAMUEL J. (1859- ), Chicago, 111., appointed 1915.MACK, JULIAN W. (1866- ), Chicago, 111., appointed 1910.MAYER, JULIUS M. (1865-1925), New York City, appointed 1912.

District CourtsADLER, SIMON (1867- ), Rochester, N. Y., appointed 1927.BONDY, WILLIAM (1871- ), New York City, appointed 1923.GALSTON, CLARENCE G. (1876- ), New York City, appointed 1929.HOLLZER, HARRY A. (1880- ), Los Angeles, Cal., appointed 1931.MOSCOWITZ, GROVER M. (1886- ), New York City, appointed 1925.SIMONS, CHARLES C. (1876- ), Detroit, Mich., appointed 1923.SULZBACHER, Louis (1842-1915), Kansas City, Mo., appointed Judge

of Supreme Court of Porto Rico 1900, U. S. District Court IndianTerritory 1904, resigned 1909.

TRIEBER, JACOB (1853-1927), Little Rock, Ark., appointed 1900, reap-pointed 1903.

WOLF, ADOLF GRANT (1869- ), Washington, D. C , associate Justiceof Supreme Court of Porto Rico, appointed 1904.

B. STATE COURTS

A rkansasFRAUENTHAL, SAMUEL, (1864- ) , Supreme Court,

appointed 1909-1913.264

JEWISH JUDGES 265

CaliforniaLYONS, HENRY A., (1810-1872) San Francisco, Supreme Court, elected

1849-1852, Chief Justice 1852.HEYDENFELDT, SOLOMON, (1816-1890), San Francisco, Supreme Court,

1852-1857.SLOSS, MARCUS C , (1869- ), San Francisco, Supreme Court, ap-

pointed and elected 1906, reelected 1910, resigned 1919

IllinoisFRIEND, HUGO M. (1882- ), Chicago. Appellate Court, appointed

iy5uMACK, JULIAN W., (1866- ), Chicago, Appellate Court, appointed

1909-1911.STEIN, PHILIP, (1844-1922), Chicago, Appellate Court, appointed 1903-

1905, Chief Justice 1905-1922.

IowaSALINGER, BEN. I., (1861-1931), Carroll, Supreme Court, 1915-1921.

LouisianaMOISE, EDWIN WARREN, (1811-1868), New Orleans, appointed Judge

Confederate State Court 1861-1865.DINKELSPIEL, MAX, (1844-1927), Court of Appeals,

appointed 1913-1922.Massachusetts

LOURIE, DAVID A., (1878-1930), Boston, Superior Court, appointed1924-1930.

PINANSKI, ABRAHAM, (1887- ), Boston, Superior Court, appointed1930-

MichiganBUTZEL, HENRY M.( (1871- ), Detroit, Supreme Court, appointed

1929 Chief Justice 1930, reelected 1931.New Jersey

KALISCH, SAMUEL, (1851-1930), Newark, Supreme Court, appointed1911 reelected 1918 and 1925-1930.

New YorkCourt of Appeals

CARDOZO, BENJAMIN N., (1870- ), New York City, appointed ActingJudge Court of Appeals 1914, appointed Judge, 1917, elected 1917,elected Chief Justice 1926.

ELKUS, ABRAM I., (1867- ), New York City, appointed 1929,resigned 1920.

LEHMAN, IRVING, (1876- ), New York City, elected 1924.


Supreme CourtBIJUR, NATHAN, (1862-1930), New York City, 1909-1930.CARDOZO, BENJAMIN N., (1870- ), New York City, 1913-1914.COHN, ALBERT, (1885- ), New York City, 1929-ERLANGER, MITCHELL L., (1857- ), New York City, 1906-1927,

retiredFRANKENTHALER, ALFRED, (1881- ), New York City, 1926-GIBBS, Louis D., (1880-1929), New York City, 1924-1929.GOLDSMITH, IRVING I., (1881- ), Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 1927-

1930 resignedGREENBAUM, SAMUEL, (1854-1930), New York City, 1914- , Ap-

pellate Division, appointed 1920, resigned 1923.HARRIS, SAMUEL J., (1877- ), New York City, 1924-HIRSCHBERG, MICHAEL HENRY, (1847- ) Newburgh, 1896-1917,

presiding justice 1904-1917, retired.LAZANSKY, EDWARD, (1872- ), New York City, 1917-LEHMAN, IRVING, (1876- ), New York City, 1908-1922.LEVENTRITT, DAVID, (1845-1926), New York City, 1898-1908.LEVY, AARON J., (1881- ), New York City, 1923-LEWIS, HARRY E., (1880- ), New York City, 1922-MAY, MITCHELL, (1870- % ), New York City, 1922-MILLER, Julius, (1880- * ), New York City, 1930-PLATZEK, M. WARLEY, (1854- ), New York City, 1907-1924, retiredPROSKAUER, JOSEPH M., (1877- ), New York City, 1923-1930,

resigned.SHIENTAG, BERNHARD, (1887- ), New York City, 1929-SHERMAN, HENRY L., (1870- ), New York City, 1927-UNTERMEYER, IRWIN, (1886- ), New York City, 1929-WASSERVOGEL, ISIDOR, (1875- ), New York City, 1920-

Rhode Island

HAHN, J. JEROME, (1868- ), Providence, Supreme Court, 1931-

JEWISH GOVERNORS

PAST

ALEXANDER, MOSES, 1853- , Governor of Idaho, two terms, 1915—1919.

BAMBERGER, SIMON, 1847-1926, Governor of Utah, 1917-1921. (Firstnon-Mormon Governor of Utah.)

EMANUEL, DAVID, 1744-1808, Governor of Georgia, 1801.'SOLOMON, EDWARD S., 1836-1913, Governor of Washington Territory,

1870-1874.

PRESENT

MEIER, JULIUS L., 1874- , elected Governor of Oregon, 1930.

SELIGMAN, ARTHUR, 1873- , elected Governor of New Mexico, 1930.

1 Authorities differ as to whether Emanuel was elected, or, by virtue of his beingPresident of the Senate, became Governor "in the interim before a new election tookplace.'' (See' 'First Jew to Hold the Office of Governor'' by Leon Hilhner in Publicationsof the Amercan Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 17, pp. 192, 193.

267

JEWS WHO HAVE WON THE NOBEL PRIZE

ASSER, TOBIAS MICHAEL CAREL, born, April 28, 1838, Amsterdam,Netherlands; died, July 29, 1913, The Hague; awarded prize in1911 for peace propaganda of long standing.

BARANY, ROBERT, born, April 22, 1876, Vienna, Austria; awarded prizein medicine, 1914, for researches on physiology and pathology ofthe auditory canal.

BERGSON, HENRI, born, October 18, 1859, Paris, France; awarded prizein literature in 1928, for philosophical writings.

BRAUN, KARL FERDINAND, born, June 6, 1850, Fulda, Germany; diedApril 20, 1918, New York; awarded prize in physics, 1909, forresearches in wireless telegraphy.

EHRLICH, PAUL, born, May 14, 1854, Strehlen, Silesia, Germany; died,August 20, 1925, Homburg (v. d. H.), awarded prize in medicine,1908, for researches in trypan-red for sterilization.

EINSTEIN, ALBERT, born, May 14, 1879, Ulm, Wuerttemberg, Germany;awarded prize in physics in 1921, for researches in astro-physics.

FRANCE, JAMES, born August 26, 1882, Hamburg, Germany; awardedprize in physics, 1925; for researches in theories of atoms.

FRIED, ALFRED H., born, November 11, 1864, Vienna, Austria; diedMay 5, 1921, Vienna; awarded prize in 1911, for comprehensivepeace propaganda.

HABER, FRITZ, born, December 9, 1868, Breslau, Germany; awardedprize in Chemistry, 1918, for researches on the synthesis of ammonia.

HERTZ, GUSTAV, born July 22, 1887, Hamburg, Germany; awardedprize in physics, 1925, for researches in theories of electrons.

LANDSTEINER, KARL, born, June 14, 1868, Vienna, Austria; awardedprize in medicine, 1930, for discoveries in classifying different typesof human blood.

LIPPMANN, GABRIEL, born, August 16, 1845, Hallerich, Luxemburg;died, July 13, 1921; awarded prize in physics, 1908, for researchesin color photography.

MEYERHOFF, OTTO, born, April 12, 1884, Hannover, Germany; awardedprize in medicine, 1922, for researches in the transformation ofenergy in the muscles.

MICHELSON, ALBERT ABRAHAM, born, December 19, 1852, Strelno,Prussia; died, May 9, 1931, Pasadena, Cal.; awarded prize inphysics, 1907, for researches with spectroscopy and interferometer.

268

JEWS WHO HAVE WON THE NOBEL PRIZE 269

WALLACH, OTTO, born, March 27, 1847, Koenigsberg, East Prussia,Germany; awarded prize in chemistry, 1910, for researches inessential oils and terpenes.

WILI.STAETTER, RICHARD, born, August 13, 1872, Carlsruhe, Baden;awarded prize in chemistry, 1915, for researches in alkaloids(atropin and cocaine), aniline dyes and vegetable coloring matters

ZSIGISMONDO, RICHARD, born, April 1, 1865, Vienna, Austria; died,September 23, 1929, Goettingen, Germany; awarded prize inchemistry, 1925, for researches in Colloid chemistry.

S T A T I S T I C S O F J E W S

B Y H. S. LINFIELD, P H . D .Director, Statistical Department

of theAmerican Jewish Committee

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The present article on Statistics of Jews, like those informer years, deals with Jewish population statistics andJewish immigration statistics, and a supplement to thearticle gives abstracts of recent official censuses of Jews.Statistics of the Jews in the United States are given in detail,chiefly on the basis of the writer's study published in 19291;and those of other parts of the world are given by continents,regions and countries. The pages dealing with Jewish immi-gration include statistics of Jewish immigration to the UnitedStates, Palestine, Canada, Brazil, Argentine; and for thefirst time a table is given of Jewish immigration to Uru-guay, and the number of Jews that immigrated to Cuba islikewise given for the first time.

In the supplement, the reader will find detailed abstractsof the statistical data of Jews, as brought out in recent officialcensus of Russia, and of the following countries: Luxemburg,New Zealand, Union of South Africa, and Veuezuela.

On page 286 the reader will find a list giving the number ofJews of each country in the world, arranged in alphabeticalorder of country; on pages 279-280, a list of cities in theUnited States having 1000 Jews or more, and on page 287a list of principal Jewish communities of the world.

1 H. S. Linfield, The Jews in the United States, A Study of Their Number and Distribu-tion, American Jewish Committee, New York, 1929.

271


LIST OF TABLES

A, The Jews of the United Stales

TABLE PAGE

I: JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES 276II: JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPULATION,

BY SIZE OF PLACES 277III: PRINCIPAL JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND THEIR SUBORDI-

NATE COMMUNITIES, BY SIZE OF JEWISH COMMUNITIES 277IV: JEWS OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, BY BOROUGHS . . .278V: JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1877-1927 278

VI: LIST OF CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, HAVING 1,000JEWS OR MORE 279

B. The Jewish Population of the World

VII: JEWS OF AMERICA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS ANDCOUNTRIES 282

VIII: JEWS OF EUROPE, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS ANDCOUNTRIES 283

IX: JEWS OF AFRICA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS ANDCOUNTRIES 284

X: JEWS OF ASIA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS ANDCOUNTRIES 285

XI: JEWS OF AUSTRALASIA, BY COUNTRIES 285XII: LIST OF COUNTRIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPULATIONS .286

XIII: LIST OF IMPORTANT CITIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPU-LATION 287

C. Jewish Immigration to the United States

XIV: JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED, DEPARTED, DEBARRED,AND DEPORTED, 1930 290

XV: JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED, BY SEX, AGE, CONJU-GAL CONDITION, ETC., 1930 291

XVI: DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ON THE BASISOF THEIR DESTINATION, 1930 292

XVII: PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF LAST RESIDENCE OF JEWISHIMMIGRANTS, 1930 292

XVIII: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITEDSTATES, 1881-1930 293

XIX: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITEDSTATES, 1908-1930 294

XX: JEWISH IMMIGRANTS DEBARRED AND DEPORTED, 1899-1930 295

STATISTICS OF JEWS 273

D. Jewish Immigration to Other American CountriesTABLE P A G B

XXI: JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO CANADA, 1930 297XXII: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO CANADA, 1901-

1930 297XXIII: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO BRAZIL, 1925—

1929 298XXIV: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO URUGUAY, 1927—

1929 298XXV: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO ARGENTINE, 1913-

1929 298E. Jewish Immigration to Palestine

XXVI: JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, 1929-1930 . . . .301XXVII: JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, BY MONTHS, 1930.301

XXVIII: JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, BY CATEGORIES,1930 302

XXIX: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, 1917—1930 304

SUPPLEMENTS

SUPPLEMENT AThe Jews of Russia (USSR)—Census of 1926

XXX: JEWS OF WHITE RUSSIA BY AREAS AND GOVERNMENTS,1926 306

XXXI: JEWS OF UKRAINE BY DIVISIONS AND AREAS, 1926 308XXXII: JEWS OF RUSSIA (RSFSR) BY AREAS AND GOVERN-

MENTS, 1926 310XXXIII: JEWS OF THE STATES IN ASIA BY GOVERNMENTS, 1926. 312XXXIV: JEWS OF RUSSIA (USSR) IN URBAN AND IN RURAL

TERRITORY, BY STATES AND BY AREAS, 1926 315XXXV: JEWS OF THE AREAS OF HIGHEST DENSITY BY SIZE OF

PLACES, 1926 318XXXVI: JEWS OF RUSSIA (USSR) BY SEX, 1926 319

XXXVII: JEWISH URBAN COMMUNITIES OF 100 JEWS OR OVER,BY STATES AND AREAS, 1926 321

XXXVIII: LIST OF COMMUNITIES OF 20,000 JEWS OR OVER, 1926. 322

SUPPLEMENT B

1. The Jews of Luxemburg—Census of 1927

XXXIX: JEWS OF LUXEMBERG BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIS-TRIBUTION, 1927 323

XL: JEWS OF LUXEMBURG, 1871-1927 324


2. The Jews of New Zealand—Census of 1926TABLE PAGE

XLI: JEWS OF NEW ZEALAND BY SEX, AGE, CONJUGAL CON-DITION, AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1926.. . 327

XLI I: JEWS OF NEW ZEALAND BY OCCUPATION, 1926 328XLIII: JEWS OF NEW ZEALAND, 1851-1926 328

3. The Jews of Turkey—Census of 1927

XLIV: JEWS OF TURKEY BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRI-BUTION, 1927 331

XLV; JEWISH COMMUNITIES OF TURKEY OF 500 JEWS OROVER, 1927 332

4. The Jews of the Union of South Africa—Census of 1926

XLVI: JEWS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA BY SEX, AGE,AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1926 335

XLVII: JEWS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA BY AGE, 1926.. 336XLVIII: JEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS OF THE UNION OF

SOUTH AFRICA, 1926 337XLIX: JEWS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1904-1926 337

5. The Jews of Venezuela—Census of 1926

LX: JEWS OF VENEZUELA BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIS-TRIBUTION, 1926 338


A. THE JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES

A total of 4,228,000 Jews reside in the United Statesaccording to the estimate" prepared at the end of 1927.1 TheJewish inhabitants live in every state of the Union and arewidely distributed, within the states. Of the total numberof Jews, 4,077,000 live in 871 primary communities, eachone having 1 congregation or more, and the remaining151,000 Jews reside in places without forming permanentcongregations. These subordinate communities are foundin as many as 1,691 urban places and in 7,235 rural incor-porated places and rural unincorporated districts. Of the871 primary communities, 85 are rural.

The proportion of Jews to the total population variesbetween 16.67% in the state of New York and 0.21% inthe state of Idaho. As for the communities, the Jews con-stitute 11.11% of the total population of the cities of 100,000or over in the country; 3.11% of the total population of thecities of 100,000 to 25,000; and between 1.61% and 0.71%of the total population of the other classes of urban places;and the percentage of Jews of the total rural population isvery small, being 0.48% of those in rural incorporated and0.15% of those in rural unincorporated places. However,in the 3950 rural incorporated places having Jews, the latterconstitute 1.37% of the total population of those places and1.76% of the total population of the unincorporated areashaving Jews.

The number of Jews in the Outl|ring Possessions of theUnited States is very small.2

In 1917, the number of Jews in the country was estimatedat 3,389,000, and in 1877, at 229,000. The earliest esti-mate of the number of Jews in the country is said to be thatof Mordecai M. Noah in 1818, who claimed that there wereat that time 3,000 Jews in the country. In 1848, M. A.Berk estimated the number of Jews as 50,000.

1 For a detailed analysis, see the author's The Jews in the United States, 1927, NewYork, 1929.

«500 in Alaska (1917), 75 in Hawaii (1926); 25 in Panama Canal Zone (1926);500 in Philippine Islands (1927); 200 in Porto Rico (1917). and 70 in Virgin Islands(1923).


TABLE I

THE JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES

State

UNITED STATES

AlabamaArizona

CaliforniaColoradoConnecticut

District of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaIdaho . . .

IowaKansas

MaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevada .

New Jersey

New YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtah

VirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming

Total1930

122,775,046

2,646,248435,573

1,854,4825,677,2511.035,7911,606,903

238,380486,869

1,468,2112,908,506

445,0327,630.6543,238,5032.470,9391,880,9992,614.5892,101,593

797,4231,631,5264,249,6144,842,3252,563,9532,009,8213,629,367

537,6061,377,963

91,058465,293

4,041,334423,317

12,588,0663,170,276

680,845t 6,646,697

2,396,040953,786

9,631,350687,497

1.738,765692,849

2,616,5565,824,715

507,847359,611

2,421,8511,563,3961,720,2052,939.006

225,565

Jews1927

4.228,029

12,8911,4558,850

123,28420,32191,538

5.31016.00013,40223,179

1,141345,980

27,24416,4047,792

19,53316,4328,480

70,871225,63489,46243,197

6,42080.687

1,57814,209

2642,779

225,3061,052

1,903.8908,2522,749

173,9767.823

13.075404,979

25.0036.8511.584

22,53246.648

2,8572,036

25,65614.6987,471

35,9351,319

P. C. of Jewsof Totalin 1927

3.58

0.500.320.462.781.895.592.182.960.980.730.214.740.860.680.590.770.851.074.445.321.991.610.362.300.221.020.340.616.010.27

16.670.280.432.590.331.474.163.560.370.230.910.860.550.581.010.940.441.230.55

Distributionof Jews*.

100.00

.30

.03

.212.91

.482.16

.12

.38

.32

.55

.038.18

.64

.39

.18

.46

.39

.201.675.332.111.02.15

1.910.37

.33

.01

.065.33

.0245.03

.20

.064.11

.18

.319.58.60.16.03.53

1.10.06.05.60.35.17.85.03

TABLE II

JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPULATION

BY SIZE OF PLACES, 1927

Urban places of 100,000 or overUrban places of 100,000—25,000Urban places of 25,000—10,000Urban places of 10,000—5,000Urban places of 5,000—2,500Rural Incorporated places of 2,500 or

less . .Rural Unincorporated Areas

Numberof

placeshavingJews

68219433636

1,121

3,9433,292

P. C. ofplaceshavingJews to

totalnumber

ofplaces

100.00100.0093.9388.2284.86

30.557.39

Numberof

Jews

3,553,600378,862111,74241,85532,370

43 51366,087

P. C. ofJews to

totalpopula-

tion

11.113.111.610.840.71

0.480.15

P. C. ofJews to

totalpopu la-

placeshavingJews

11.113.111.820.950.82

1.371.76

TABLE III

PRINCIPAL JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND THEIR SUBORDINATE

COMMUNITIES, BY SIZE OF JEWISH COMMUNITIES, 1927

United States

Principal CommunitiesSubordinate CommunitiesAverage Number of Subordinate

Communities for one PrincipalCommunity

Principal Urban CommunitiesPrincipal Rural Communities

500,000 Jews or over500,000—100,000100,000— 50.00050.000— 20.00020,000— 8,0008.000— 2,0002,000— 500

500— 100Less than 100 Jews

Number nfCommunities

9,712

8718,841

10

78685

128

123372

165330163

Numberof Jews

4.228.029

4,077,042150.987

4,058,36518,677

1.765,000595,000551,000282,800362.410265,810153,41072,55210,383

Distribution ofCommunities

100.00

9.0091.00

90.0010.00

1.001.001.001.003.008.00

19.003S.O018.00

277


TABLE IV

JEWS OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, BY BOROUGHS

Borough

BronxBrooklynManhattanQueensRichmond

Total

TotalPopulation

1930

1,266,7322,596,1541,856,5881,078,357

157.253

6,955,084

Jews 1927

420,000797,000465,000

75,8007,200

l,765,000>

Per Cent ofJews to total

in 1927

45.2835.0225.719.334.90

29.56

Distributionof Jews,

1927

23.8045.1526.354.29.41

100.00

1 In 1917, the total number of Jews was estimated at 1,503,000. and in 1920, 1,643,012,distributed as follows: Bronx—211,000 in 1917 and 278,169 in 1920; Brooklyn—568,000in 1917 and 604,380 in 1920; Manhattan—696,000 in 1917 and 657,101 in 1920; Queens—23,000 in 1917 and 86,194 in 1920; Richmond—5,000 in 1917 and 17,168 in 1920;total—1,503,000 in 1917 and 1,643.012 in 1920.

TABLE V

JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1877-1927

Year

1877.. .

1897. . .

1907. . .

1917.. .

1927. . .

TotalPopulation

43,661.968

72.106.120

88,787,058

103,690,473

118.140,645

Jews

229,087

937,800

1,776,885

3,388,951

4.228,029

P. C.

0.52

1.31

2.

3.27

3.58

Increase

Inter-

20 yrs.

10 yrs.

10 yrs.

10 yrs.

Total

Number

28,444,152

16,680.938

14,853.415

14.500,172

P. C.

65.15

23.13

16.73

13.99

Jews

Number

708,713

839,085

1.612,066

839,078

P. C.

309.36

89.47

90.72

24.76


TABLE VIA LIST OF CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES HAVING 1,000 JEWS OR MORE

City

Akron, OhioAlbany, N. YAllentown, PaAltoona, PaAsbury Park, N. J...Atlanta, GaAtlantic City, N.J . . .

Baltimore, MdBangor, MaineBayonne, N. JBeaumont, Texas. . .Bethlehem, PaBeverly, MassBinghamton, N. Y...Birmingham, Ala.. . .Bloomfield, N. JBoston, MassBraddock, PaBridgeport, Conn....Brockton, MassBrookline, MassBuffalo, N. Y

Cambridge, Mass....Camden, N. JCanton, OhioCharleston, S. CCharleston, W. Va...Chattanooga, Tenn.Chelsea, MassChester, PaChicago, 111Cincinnati, O h i o . . . .Cleveland, OhioCleveland Heights

OhioColumbus, OhioDallas, TexasDayton, OhioDenver, ColoDes Moines, Iowa..Detroit, MichDuluth, MinnEast Orange, N. J . . .Easton, PaEast St. Louis, 111....Elizabeth, N. JElmira, N. YEl Paso, TexasErie, PaEvansville. IndEverett, Mass

Fall River, Mass . . . .Fallsburg town, N.YFlint, MichFort Wayne, I n d . . . .Fort Worth, Texas . .

TotalPopula-

tion 1930

255,040127,41292,05281,50314,981

353,722"65,748

804,87428.70185,82257,48358,25724,98576,601

257,65737,245

781,18819.301

147,20663,69547,437

572,217

113,650117,172105,52462,12360,411

119,53944,82758.350

3,376,438449,331901.482

50,123289.056

260,397200,225287,644142.46C>

1,568,662101.231

67,34434,38274,024

114,55147,381

101,975115,875103.15140,120

114,3484,716

156,422115,121160,892

Jews*

7,5009,0001,9601.5001.387

12.0001

12,160

68,0001,500

12,1501,1501,5001,0002,5004,500*1,400

90,000*2,000

13,0004,0007,7OO»

20,000

5,200»7,700 <3,800'2,500'l,25OJ

3,38520,000*

2.125305.000'6

23.50085,000

8,0008,500

8.000*4,900

17,0004,500*

75.OOO2

4.000'2,0001,5002,7509,500'1,5002.4001,586*1,8002,350 s

5.5001,0601,1001,8002,100

City

Galveston, TexasGary, Ind . .Gloversville, N . Y . . .Grand Rapids, Mich.

Hammond, IndHarrisburg, PaHartford, ConnHaverhill, MassHazleton, PaHighland Park,

Mich.Hoboken, N . JHolyoke, MassHomestead, PaHouston, TexasHuntington, W. Va. .

Indianapolis, I n d . . . .Irvington, N . J

Jacksonville, FlaJersey City, N . J. . . .Johnstown, Pa

Kansas City, Kans. . .Kansas City, M o . . . .Kingston, N . Y

Lancaster, PaLawrence, MassLincoln, NebrLinden, N. JLittle Rock, ArkLong Beach, Calif.. .Long Branch, N. J.. .Los Angeles, Calif.. .Louisville, K yLowell, MassLynbrook, N . YLynn, Mass

McKeesport, PaMadison, WisMaiden. MassMason City, I o w a . . .Memphis. TennMeriden, ConnMiami, FlaMilwaukee, WisMinneapolis, Minn. . .Montgomery, A l a . . . .Monticello, N . Y . . . .Mount Vernon, N . Y.

Nashville, TennNew Bedford, Mass..New Britain, Conn. . .New Brunswick, N.J.New Haven, Conn . . .

TotalPopula-

tion 1930

51,939100 42622,842

168,234

64,56080,284

161,22448,68739,078

52 81756,52356,55520,141

289,43875,575

362,52756,110

129.682316,914

66,886

122,327399,746

28,186

60,59684,94975,91921,11181,624

141,39018,399

1,238,048307,808100,05011,971

102,327

54,44357,81558,48323,703

252,04938,452

110,025578,249462,61165,801

3,44760,869

153,866112,80467,84334,273

162,650

Jews*

1,100"2 500*1,5001,780

1,2005,000

27,0003,3851,000

1 7652,7802.0001,100

12,000'1,200*

10,0002,000'

3,7OO>18,000

1,000

2,50022,000

1,750

1.750'3,7751,0501,8003,0001,7503,000

70,000'10.0002

2,7001,0009,000

5,0001,000

10,000"1,501

10,0001,7502,650«

25,00022,000

1,250*1,200

10,000'

2,800'3,9703,0006,500"

22,500

* Unless otherwise indicated,of 1927.

the figure for the number of Jews is as of the end


TABLE VI (Cont.)

City

New London. Conn..New Orleans, LaNew Rochelle, N. Y..New York, N. Y.. . .Newark, N. JNewburgh, N. Y. . . .Newport News, Va...Newton, MassNiagara Falls, N. Y..Norfolk, VaNorwalk, ConnNorwich, Conn

Oak Park Village, 111.Oakland, CalOklahoma City, Okla.Omaha, NebOrange, N. J

Pasadena. CalPassaic, N. JPaterson, N. JPeabody, MassPeekskill, N. YPeoria, 111Perth Amboy, N. J . .Philadelphia, PaPittsburgh, PaPittsfield, MassPlainfield, N. JPortland, MePortland, OrePortsmouth, VaPoughkeepsie, N. Y..Providence, R. I

Quincy, Mass

Reading, PaRevere, MassRichmond, VaRochester, N. YRock Island, 111

Sacramento, CalSt. Joseph, MoSt. Louis, Mo

TotalPopula-

tion 1930

27,827455,792

54.05S6,930,446

439,50631,24034,28546,05475,306

127,80835,96123,021

63,819284,213182,845214,17534.958

75,87563,108

138,26721,24417,125

104.78843,953

1.950,961669,817

49,57834,40570,452

301,81545,35340,123

251,029

71,965

110,28935,680

182,883325,01939,245

93,68579,226

821,960

Jews

1,85039,0005,5002

1,765,00065,000

2,000'1.750l,300«1,0006,500'2,0001.6502

1,6006,000*l,500»

ll,000»1,000

1,4009,000

22,3001,4001,0001,5005,500'

270,00053,000"

2,1002,100»3,500

11,000'2,1801,850

21,000

1,650

2,5008,0008,000'»

33,00021,675

1,1003,500

50,000

City

St. Paul, MinnSalem, MassSalt Lake City, UtahSan Antonio, Texas..San Diego, CalSan Francisco, Cal...Savannah, GaSchenectady, N. Y...Scranton, PaSeattle, WashShreveport, LaSioux City, Iowa. . . .Somerville, Mass.. . .South Bend, IndSouth Orange, N. J..Spokane, WashSpringfield, Mass. . . .Stamford, ConnStockton, CalSuperior, WisSyracuse, N. Y

Tacoma, WashTerre Haute, Ind. . . .Toledo, OhioTrenton, N. JTroy, N. YTulsa. Okla

Union. N. JUniontown, PaUtica, N. Y

Waco. TexasWashington, D. C . . .Waterbury, ConnWaukegan. IllWest New York.NJ.White Plains, N. Y..Wilkes-Barre, PaWilmington, DelWinthrop, MassWoodbine. N. JWorcester, Mass

Yonkers. N. Y.Youngstown, Ohio...

TotalPopula-

tion 1930

270,88343,287

140,058231,542147,897634,394

87,71495,692

143,428363,134

76,65979,031

103,604103,694

13,729115.514149.86146,34647,69036,087

207,007

106,83762.543

290,787122,61072,350

141,281

58,65919,368

102,633

52.825485,71699.90233,43436,94135.60486,507

104.94116,9682,164

196.395

13S 123170.004

Jews

13.5002,4002,0006,000s

2,500»38,0003,8003,800'9,000"

12,000'2.0003.1502,500»3,0001.0001,350

12.1005,6001,1501,050

14,000

1,0001,000

12,000'11,000"2,5001,400'

4,000"1,1005,200>

1,50016,0005.3001.0002,4101,7005,5005.O008

2,45081,100'

13,000"

8,000'8.500'

1 1929, local est. > 1930, local est. »1931, local est. «2,400 in 1930, local est.6 5,000 in 1930. local est. • In 1929, Bureau of Jewish Social Research.' 7,500 in 1930, Jewish Welfare Board. 8 Bureau of Jewish Social Research:

Boston, 85,000 in 1930; Cambridge, 4000 in 1930; Chelsea, 16,600 in 1930; Maiden,

Welfare Board and Bureau of Jewish Social Research; 10,000 in 1930, local est.« 3.200 in 1928. Jewish Welfare Board. " 14.000 in 1930, local est.; 9,500 in 1930,

Bureau of Jewish Social Research. '« 1930 local census, under supervision of RabbiDr. Henry Cohen. « Greater Atlanta; 266,557 in Atlanta borough. " 1931, est. ofthe Jewish Charities of Chicago. " 1927, Jewish Welfare Board. la 45,000in 1931,local est. >» 8.000 in 1929, local est. • 70.650 in 1929, loc. est.

B. JEWISH POPULATION OF THE WORLD

The total number of Jews in the world is here estimatedat 15,050,000. Of that number, 7,500,000 reside in a groupof adjacent countries located in the center of the continentof Europe, which region may be designated as the "Jewish"Central Europe. This region includes Poland, Danzig,Lithuania, Latvia; Austria, Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary;Roumania, Russia (Crimea, Ukraine, and White Russia).In this region the Jews constitute over 6% of the total pop-ulation. Over 4,380,000 live in North America and the WestIndies, where the Jews constitute nearly 3% of the totalpopulation. Over 300,000 Jews live in Palestine and thesurrounding countries of Arabia, Iraq, and Syria, constitut-ing over 2% of the total population of that region. 400,000Jews reside in the Arab-speaking countries of North Africa,namely, Tangiers, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Libya, andEgypt; in this region the Jews form nearly 1.5% of the totalpopulation. In addition to these regions, the proportionof Jews to the total population is considerable in Nether-lands (2%) and in the southeastern portion of Europe,namely, Greece and European Turkey (1.74%); in thesouthernmost country of the continent of Africa, namely,the Union of South Africa, where the Jews constitute nearly1% of the total population and over 4% of the white popu-lation in that country; and in the southernmost country ofthe American continent, namely, Argentine, where theJews constitute nearly 2% of the total.

In all other regions the Jews constitute less than 1% ofthe total population. Of the latter, over 1,500,000 residein western and southern Europe; 200,000, in northern andeastern Europe (Russia and the Baltic countries); and nearly25,000 reside in Australia and New Zealand, constitutinga little over 0.5% among the European peoples in Europeand nearly 0.33% among the white countries of Australia.Nearly 225,000 Jews reside among the peoples of Asia Minor,and central and northern Asia; and only about 125,000

281


Jews reside among the peoples of eastern and southern Asia(Japan, China, India and Nether India), in Central Africa,Oceania, and Central and Southern America, exclusive ofthe Argentine Republic; and the proportion of Jews to non-Jews in those countries is very small. There are 50,000Falashas, it is claimed, in Abyssinia.

Of the total number of 15,044,641 Jews in the world,9,282,079 reside in Europe, 542,609 in Africa, 572,055 inAsia, 24,783 in Australasia, and 4,623,115 in America. Thus,61.70% live in Europe, 30.73% in America, 3.80% in Asia,3.61% in Africa, and 0.16% in Australasia.

TABLE VII

JEWS OF AMERICA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES

ALL COUNTRIES

North America and West Indies

United States (Continental)...AlaskaCanada

Cuba.Curacao . . .Dominican RepublicHaiti

Porto RicoVirgin IslandsPanama Canal Zone

South and Central America....

ArgentinaBrazilChileGuiana (British)

Peru.Surinam

Gen.Population

225.277,372

158.444,517

122,775,04659,278

9,786,80016.404,0303,579,507

65.727894,665

2,300,200974,742

1,543.04322,01239,467

66,832,855

10.646,81439,103,8564,364,395

307,784442,522836,360

6.147.000148,960

1,808.2863,026.878

Vr.»

193019301929193019281929192019271929193019301930

1928192819291928192319281927192919291926

JewishPopulation*

4,623.115

4.381,241

4,228,029500

126.196c16,000'8.2OO2

56655c

1501.250c

2007025

241,874

200,00030.0002,000>1.786

750400<300756

5 000882c

Yr.«

192719171921192719251929192019291921191719231926

1924192719241925192619241927192919291926

PerCent

2.05

2.77

0.11

0.860.01

0.36

0.010.510.280.03

• The letter "c" following a figure indicates that it is based on a census.1 Including 10,000 Oriental Jews and 6,000 European Jews.' Including 2,700 Sephardic and 5,500 Ashkenazic Jews.1 Number of Jews residing at Santiago, Valparaiso, Conception and Temuco.• Number of Jews residing at Villarrica, Borche, Cabaliero, Ipcarat, Caifunto an

Encarmasion.• January 1, specifically in the case of estimates for 1930. 1929. 1928.


TABLE VIIIJEWS OF EUROPE, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES

ALL COUNTRIES

Central Europe

AustriaCrimes.'Czechoslovakia. . . . .DanzigH unearvLatviaLithuaniaNorthwest Russia10

PolandRou maniaWhite Russia*Ukraine4

Western and Southern Europe.

BelgiumBulgaria . .CyprusDenmarkKranceGermanyGibraltarGreat Britain and Northern

IrelandGreeceIrish Free StateItalyLuxemburgMalta and GozoNe therla nd sPortugalSaax BasinSerb-Croat-Slovene StateSpainSwitzerlandTurkey (Europe)

Northern Europe.

EsthoniaFinland.. .NorwavRussia (R. S. F. S. R...exclusiveof Crimea and the Northwest)1

Sweden

Gen.Population

490,376,638

131,094,728

6,686,575713,823

14 700 000a

383 9958,603,9221,900,0452,340,038

13,450,53330 408 24717,904,6234,982,623

29,020,304

271,253,511

7 995,5585 478 741

310 7153 434 555

40 743 85162 348 782

16 931

45 754,0006 204 6842,971,992

41 169,000237,191230,618

7 730 5776,032,991

770,03012,017,32322 601,7534 018,5001,185,719

88,028,399

1 116,5533,611,7912 810 592

74,384,2736,105,190

Yr.

192819261930192419291930193019261929192919261926

1929192919211925192619251929

1929192819261929192719291929192019271921192919281927

192919291929

19261929

JewishPopulation

9,285,789

7,484,752

250,00045,926c

400,000s

9,239c476,86094,388c«

155,125c1

326,363c2,845,364

900,000s

407,059c1,574,428c

1,616,107

44,00043,209c

195c5,947

220,000c564,379c

l,123cs

300,00072,791c3,686c

50,0001,771

35150,000'

1,0004,038c

73,362c4,000

20,97955,592c

184,930

4,566c1,7451,457c

170,6936,469c

Yr.'

192319261930192419281930192319261921192919261926

1921192619211921192619251920

1929192819261924192719201925192119271921192019201927

192219281920

19261920

PerCent

1.89

5.71

6.432 722 41

4.97

2.43

8.175.43

0.60

0.79

0.540.91

0.661.170.12

0.75

0.520.61

4.69

0.21

0.23

1 Exclusive of the number of Jews in the district of Memel of 141,274 inhabitantson January 1, 1925.

2 Religious census of 1918 returned 9,696,714 as belonging to the Orthodox Church;1,456,147, Greek Orthodox; 1,482,391, Roman Catholics; 1,344,970, Protestants;44,087, Mohammedans; 17,586, Armenians; 834,344, Jews; total, 14,876,789, leaving2,516,360 unaccounted for.

' Autonomous republic of Russia (R. S. F. S. R.).4 Constituent republic of Russia (U. S. S. R.).• The ecclesiastical returns of the four synagogues of the city.8 The returns of the 1920 census give 121,167 Jews, exclusive of the possible number of

Jews among the 533,714 enumerated as of "no religion" and 1,010 as of "unknownreligion."

7 See footnote 5 to Table VII. 8 Preliminary figure. • On basis of nationality.10 The Governments of Leningrad, Pskov, Smolensk, Briansk, and Moscow


TABLE IX

JEWS OF AFRICA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES

ALL COUNTRIES

Northern Part (Arabic-Speaking Countries)

EgyptLibya"Morocco (French)Morocco (Spanish)Tangier ZoneTunis

Southern Part (Black Africa)..

Abyssinia

KenyaNorthern Rhodesia.. . . . .Portuguese East Africa

South-West AfricaTanganyika (German

East Africa)Union of South Africa

Gen.Population

68,413,567

29,075,568

6,063,49614,213,364

765,000'4,894,0001,000,000

80,0002,059,708

39,337,999

10,000,0008,7OO,0O0«2,891,691'1,269,508"3.514,612'1,032,703">

258,905"

4,742,000"6,928,580"

Yr.»

1926192719211926192919291926

1929192919281928192719291926

19281921

JewishPopulation

542.609

418,550

100,00063,55043,000'

117.0002

15,000s

15,000*65,000'

124,059

50.000"177100110100

1,546200

1071.816"

Yr.«

1926192719211926192919291926

1922192319241921192319261925

19231926

PerCent.

0.79

1.44

1.650.455.622.391.50

23.083.10

0.32

» 571,000 in Tripolitania in 1921 with 40,000 Jews, and 195,000 in Cyrenaica in 1926with 2,997 Jews in the town of Benghazi .

I Including 107,512 native Jews (census) and 10,000 European Jews (est imate) .• The number of Jews residing at Alcazar, Arzila, Larache, and Te tuan .• Only those l iv ing in the c i ty of Tangier.» The census of 1926 returned 54,243 nat ive Jews .• Including 23,276 whites in 1928.7 Including 23,086 Europeans and Arabs.• Including 7,536 Europeans in December 1928.9 Including 35,570 non-nat ives .10 Including 47,663 Europeans.II Including 24,115 Europeans.11 Including 5,808 Europeans.'» Including 1,676,660 Europeans in 1926.» Falashas.» See footnote 5 to Table VII.•• 4.28% of the total white population.


TABLE XJEWS OF ASIA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES

ALL COUNTRIES

Palestine and NeighboringCountr ies

Pa l e s t i ne . . . .A r a b i a . . . . . .Aden and PerimIraqSyria and Lebanon

Asia Minor, Central andNorthern Asia

AfghanistanPersiaRussia (R. S. F. S. R.) in Asia*Transcaucasian Republic'Turkmenistan3

Turkey (in Asia)Uzbekistan'

Eastern and Southern Asia . . . .

British MalayaChinaHong KongIndia (States and Agencies) . . .Indo-China (French)

Gen.Population

932,735.710

13,622,827

939,400"7,000,000

54,9232.849,2822,831,622

60,256,459

8,000,0009.000.000

18,845,6215,850,692

827,40012,462.5515,270,195

858,856,424

3,358,054«451,842,000

1,075,690318,942,480

20,700,00062 938 200

Yr.»

19301929192119201929

1929192919261926192619271926

192119281927192119261929

JewishPopulation

572,055

312,505

161,27025,0003,747c

87,488c35,000'

222,919

5,00040,00049,571c62,194c

2,040c26,280c37,834c

36,631

703c12,000'

15021,778c

l,000«1 000

Yr.»

1930

191119201922

1929192919261926192619271926

192119211921192119241922

PerCent

0.06

2.27

17.79

3.10

0.37

0.060.440.261.060.250.210.72

0.004

0.02

0.01

1 The census of 1922 returned 16,145 Jews, exclusive of the possible number amongthe 71,566 enumerated as "aliens," 50,000 "recent immigrants from Turkey," and350,000 classed as "nomads."

1 Including the Far Eastern Region, Yakutsk Republic, Buriat-Mongul Republic,Siberian Region, and the autonomous republic of Kirghizia.

» Constituent republic of Russia (U. S. S. R-).4 Including 14,954 Europeans.' The number of Jews residing at Chang-Blung, Dairen (Baluy), Haitar, Harbin,

Kiarta Hankow, Shanghai, and Tientsin.' The number of Jews residing at Haiphong, Hanoi, Saigon and Tourane.7 A constituent republic of Russia (U. S. S. R.), and the republic includes Armenia,

Azerbajdjan, and Georgia.8 Including nomad Beduins estimated at 103,000 in 1922.• See footnote 5 to Table VII.

TABLE XIJEWS OF AUSTRALASIA, BY COUNTRIES

Countries

All Countries

AustraliaHawaii. .New ZealandPhilippine Islands

Gen.Population

19,951,188

6,373,219368,336

1,344,46')12,082,366

Yr.

1929193019261929

JewishPopulation

24,783

21,615c77

2,591c500

Yr.

1921192619261917

PerCent

0.12

0.19


TABLE XIIA LIST OF COUNTRIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPULATIONS

Name of Country Number of Jews1 Name of Country Number of Jews1

AbyssiniaAden and PerimAfghanistanAlaskaAlgeriaArabiaArgentinaAustraliaAustriaBelgiumBrazilBritish EmpireBritish MalayaBulgariaCanadaChileChinaCongo (Belgian)CrimeaCubaCuracaoCyprusCzecho-SlovakiaDanzigDenmarkDominican Republic...EgyptEsthoniaFinlandFranceFrance and Possessions.GermanyGibraltarGreat Britain and

Northern IrelandGreat Britain and

DominionsGreeceGuiana (British)HaitiHawaiiHong KongHungaryIndiaIndo-China (French). .IraqIrish Free StateItalyJamaicaJapanKenyaLatviaLibyaLithuania

50.0003,7475,000

500100,00025,000

200,00021,615

250.00044,00030,000

720,540703

43,209126,196

2,00012,000

17745.926

8,200565195

400,0009,2395,947

5563,550

4,5661,745

220.000538,000564,379

1,123

300.000

525,94972,791

1,78615077

150476,860

21,7781,000

87,4883,686

50,0001.2501.000

10094,38843,000

155,125

LuxemburgMaltaMexicoMorocco (French)Morocco (Spanish)NetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPalestinePanamaPanama Canal ZoneParaguayPersiaPeruPhilippine IslandsPolandPorto RicoPortugalPortuguese East Africa..Rhodesia (Northern) . . .Rhodesia (Southern)RoumaniaRussia (R. S. F. S. R.)

in AsiaRussia (R. S. F. S. R.)

in EuropeRussia (U. S. S. R.)Saar BasinSerb-Croat-Slovene

StateS. W.AfricaSpainSurinam (Dutch Guiana)Syria and LebanonSwedenSwitzerlandTanganyikaTangier ZoneTrans-Caucasian Rep.. .TunisiaTurkmenistanTurkey in AsiaTurkey in EuropeUkraineUnion of South Africa..United States (Contin'l).United States and

PossessionsUruguayUzbekistan Republic....VenezuelaVirgin IslandsWhite Russia

1,77135

16,000117,000

15,000150,000

2,5911,457

161,27075025

40040,000

300500

2,845,364200

1,000100110

1,546900,000

49,571

539.2722,672,398

4.038

73.362200

4,000756

35,0006,469

20,97910

15,00062,19465,000

2,04026,28055,592

1,574,42871,816

4,228,029

4,229,4015,000

37,834882

70407.059

> See footnote 1 to p. 287.


TABLE XIII

LIST OF IMPORTANT CITIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPULATION*

Name

AlexandriaAlgiers

AntwerpBagdadBerlinBrussels

CairoCopenhagen

HaifaJerusalemJohannesburgKharkovKovnoLwowLeningradLodzMinskMontrealMoscowPragueRabatRigaRomeSafedSofiaTallinn (Revel)Tel AvivTorontoTripoliTunis . . . .

WarsawWinnipeg

Gen.Population

450,000206,595647,427334,000250,000

4,024,165685,000925,724795,000561,344183,70691,85224,46962,578

288,131417,342c

92,446219,388

1,614,008452,079131,528618,506

2,144,679848,081

30,953337,699600,000

8,760175,681127,000

521,89364.75979,175

1.856,780936,046191,198

Yr.

19201921192019211920192519211920192019211921191919221922192119261923192119261921192619211926193019211925

192219261926

192119181921192319211924

JewishPopulation1

29,20715,943c.67,249c.22,000e.50,000c.

172,672c.20,000e.

217,545c.24,8855,875c.

45,19243,555c.17,50053,50022,335c.81,139c25,044c.76,85484,503c

155,86053,686c42,817131,747c35,463c.

3,004c.39,459c.11,0002,986c.

20,8951,929c.

38,500c.34,61912,951c.19,029c.

201,513c.309,165c.

14,449

Yr.

1920192119201921192019251921192019201921192119191928192819211926192619211926192119261921192619301921192519221922192619221929192119181921192319211921

PerCent

6.57.7

10.46.5

20.04.292.9

23.53.11.04

24 647 4

7.7519.4427.0935.5.2434.540.82

6.96.14

9.711.68

34.111.89

6.620.024.010.833.

• For cities in the United States, see pp. 223, 224.1 It should be borne in mind that the figures for the number of Jews arrived at onthe basis of a religious or nationality census, are minima. This is partly due to the factthat there is sometimes a tendency on the part of census enumerators to minimize thenumber of persons of a minority religion or nationality, and partly because some Tewsreport their nationality as that of the majority population, or decline to answe' thequestion as to religion or nationality. For example, in the 1921 census of Czecho-slovakia as many as 724,507 persons refused to give their religious affiliation. Thenumber of Jews for that country given in this article does not include the possiblenumber of Jews among those that refused to give their religious affiliation.


C. JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITEDSTATES

During the year ended June 30, 1930, a total of 11,526Jewish immigrants were admitted to the country, 953 lessthan during the past year, and 4,020 Jews were admittedduring the 6 months ended December 31, 1930. The numberof Jews who departed was small: 299 during the year endedJune 30, 1930, and 159 during the following 6 months. Thenet increase through immigration was thus 11,227 (5.88%of the total) during the fiscal year of 1930, and 3,867 (8.67%of the total) during the 6 months ended December 31, 1930.

Only 164 Jews were deported during the fiscal year of1929-1930, and 75 during the 6 months that followed. Thatis to say, compared with the net increase of Jewish immi-grants, the number deported was only 1.46% during 1930and 1.94% during the following 6 months, as against 8.71%and 19.07% respectively for the total number of immigrantsdeported. Also, the ratio of the number of Jews debarredto those admitted was 2.39% in 1930 and 5.69% in the 6months that followed, as against 3.41% and 6.67% respec-tively for the total.

Of the 11,526 Jews admitted during the year ended June30, 1930, a total of 7,486 (64.95%) came from a groupof adjacent countries in the center of Europe1, and 4,040(35.05%) came from other countries, chiefly Canada,Cuba, Great Britain, and Palestine. In 1929, 68.61% camefrom the Jewish Central Europe1 and 31.39% from othercountries. In the case of the countries of the JewishCentral Europe, the Jewish immigrants constituted 36.48%of the total number of immigrants admitted from thosecountries.

During the year ended June 30, 1930, the Jewish immi-grants admitted were destined for every state in the Union,chiefly New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Michigan, NewJersey, Massachusetts, Ohio, and California, in the ordergiven.

1 Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Austria, Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary, Roumania, Russia.


Of the total number of immigrants admitted during theyear ended June 30, 1930, 4,762 were males and 6,394 werefemales (41.32% and 58.68%), over against 48.42% and51.58% respectively for the total number of immigrantsadmitted to the country. The Jewish immigrants differedalso in the matter of age distribution and conjugal condi-tion. Of the total number of Jewish immigrants, 25.43%were children under 16 years, 55.47% were persons between16 and 44, and 19.10%, 45 years and over; as against16,87%, 73.26%, and 9.87%, respectively, for the totalnumber of immigrants. Of the total number of Jewishimmigrants, 57.62% were single, 36.63% married, and5.75% widowed and divorced; as against 64.47%, 32.09%,and 3.44%, respectively for the total. The family characterof Jewish immigration to the United States is also evidentfrom the fact that, of the total number of Jewish immi-grants, 95.55% came to join relatives, as against 82.68%for the total number of immigrants. This family characterof Jewish immigration accounts for the variation from thenorm on the part of Jewish immigrants in the matter of theamount of money shown by the immigrants upon landing.In 1930, the sum of money shown by the Jewish immigrantsupon landing, amounted to 3.64% of the total sum shown.

Little is known statistically of the early waves of Jewishimmigration to the United States, the immigration of Por-tuguese and Spanish Jews, and of German Jews. We are inpossession of statistics beginning with 1881, and the datawe have bear on the following: (1) the number of Jews whowere admitted at the ports of the City of New York, Phil-adelphia, and Baltimore, during 1881—1898; (2) the num-ber of Jews who were admitted to the country at all portsbetween 1899—1907; and (3) the number of Jews who wereadmitted as well as those who departed from 1908 onwards.

Now, during 1908—1914, the percentage of Jewishdepartures to Jewish admissions was 7.14%.' We may,therefore, perhaps assume that the percentages were similarduring the period between 1899—1907. We may also per-

1 The percentage of Jewish departures during the entire period between 1908-1929 is5.03% which percentage is close to the one of 7.14% for the seven years between1908-1914 of "free" immigration. See table XIX.


haps assume that during 1881-1898 the Jewish departuresequalled the number of Jewish admissions through portsother than New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Ifthese assumptions be correct, then the number of Jewishimmigrants to the United States during 1881—1930 maybe estimated at 2,325,895.'

See Table XVIII.

TABLE XIV

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED, DEPARTED, DEBARRED, AND DEPORTED,

JULY 1, 1929—JUNE 30, 1930, AND JULY—DECEMBER, 1930

Admission1

DepartureIncreaseDebarredDeported

July 1, 1929—June 30,1930

Total

241,70050,661

191,0398,233

16,631

Jews

11,5262992

11,227275164

Per Cent

4.770.595.883.340.99

July—December, 1930

Total

75,52130,91644,605

5,0418,508

Jews

4,026159»

3,867229

75

Per Cent

5.330.518.674.540.88

i In addition, 204,514 non-immigrants, including 3,699 Jews (1.81%) were admittedduring the year ended June 30, 1930, and 111,824, including 1,965 Jews, during July—December, 1930.

• 54 to Canada, 10 to Czecho-Slovakia, 50 to Great Britain, 24 to Palestine, 65 toPoland, 14 to Roumania, 12 to Russia, and 70 to other countries.

» 14 to Canada, 38 to Great Britain, 16 to Palestine. 38 to Poland, and 53 to othercountries.


TABLE XV

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED, BY SEX, AGE, CONJUGAL CONDITION,

FINANCIAL CONDITION, ETC., YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1930

Immigrants A d m i t t e d . . . .

A G EUnder 1616—4445 and over

S E XMalesFemales

CONJUGAL CONDITIONSingle . .

MaleFemale

MarriedMaleFemale

WidowedMaleFemale

DivorcedMaleFemale

FINANCIAL CONDITIONAmount of money shown..Immigrants showing

$50 or over.Immigrants showing

less than $50

PERSONS JOINEDRelativesFriendsNone ..

Number

Total

241,700

40,777177,05923,864

117,026124,674

155,82985,14970 68077 56030,23847,322

7,7641,5136 251

547126421

$21,877,166

122,177

67,872

199,84125,80816,051

Jews

11,526

2,9316,3942,201

4,7626,764

6,6413,2453,3964 2221,4082,814

648107541

152

13

$796,409

4,050

2,902

11,013235278

Distribution

Total

100.00

16.8773.269.87

48.4251.58

64.4754.6445.3632.0938.9961.01

3.2119.4980.510.23

23.0376.97

64.29

35.71

82.6810.686.64

Jews

100.00

25.4355.4719.10

41.3258.68

57.6248.8651.1436.6333.3566.65

5.6216.5183.49

0.1313.3386.67

58.26

41.74

95.552.042.41


TABLE XVIDESTINATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1930

States

California. . . . . .ConnecticutIllinoisMassachusettsMichiganNew JerseyNew YorkOhioPennsylvaniaOther states

Total

Total

15,6005,476

15,01218,12722,14916,51084,734

7,81315,90640,373

241,700

Jews

283144802371519505

7,248290666698'

11,526

Per Cent

1.822.635.342.052.343.068.553.714.191.73

4.77

DistributionTotal

6.452.276.217.509.166.83

35.063.236.58

16.71

100.00

Jews

2.461.256.963.224.504.38

62.882.525.786.05

100.001 Alabama (2), Arizona (2), Arkansas (4), Colorado (25), Delaware (5), District of

Columbia (21), Florida (11), Georgia (4), Idaho (4), Indiana (37), Iowa (24), Kansas(2), Kentucky (8), Louisiana (11), Maine (10). Maryland (99), Minnesota (53),Mississippi (8), Missouri (86), Montana (1), Nebraska (19), Nevada (2). New Hamp-shire (6), New Mexico (2), North Carolina (8), North Dakota (12), Oklahoma (5),Oregon (9), Porto Rico (1), Rhode Island (30). South Carolina (1), South Dakota (5),Tennessee (1), Texas (50), Utah (2), Vermont (5), Virginia (17), Washington (36),West Virginia (6), Wisconsin (62), Wyoming (2).

TABLE XVIIPRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF LAST RESIDENCE OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1930

States

CENTRAL EUROPEAustria . . .Czecho-SlovakiaHungaryLatviaLithuaniaPoland.Ron maniaRussia

OTHER COUNTRIESFrance.GermanyGreat BritainPalestineCanada . .Cuba..Countries of less than

100 Jews1

Grand Total

Total

20.S191,7444,4381,265

370612

9,2311,7261,133

221,1813,713

26,56936,489

70263,502

3,132

87,074

241,700

Jews

7,486129233236255279

4.5121,024

818

4,040100167723617

1,624207

602'

11,526

Per Cent

36.487.405.25

18.6660.8145.5948.8859.3372.20

1.832.690.631.98

87.892.566.61

0.69

4.77

Distribution

Total

8.490.721.840.520.150.253.820.720.47

91.511.54

10.9915.100.29

26.271.30

36.02

100.00

Jews

64.951.122.022.052.212.42

39.158.887.10

35.050.871.456.275.35

14.091.80

5.22

100.001 Armenia (1), Australia (4), Belgium (60), Brazil (15), Bulgaria (10), China (56),

Denmark (7), Egypt (32), Esthonia (7), Finland (16), Free City of Danzig (10),Greece (12), India (5), Irish Free State (13). Italy (20), Japan (2), Jugo-Slavia (20),Mexico (84), Netherlands (21), Newfoundland (4), New Zealand (1). Norway (5),Other Africa (28), Other Asia (10), Other Central America (2). Other Europe (2),Other South America (73), Other West Indies (2), Pacific Islands (1), Portugal (I),Spain (1), Sweden (2), Switzerland (14), Syria (13), Turkey in Asia (5), Turkey inEurope (43).


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TABLE XX

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REJECTED ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION AND

THOSE DEPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES AFTER

ADMISSION, 1899-1930

Year

1899-1910191119121913191419151916 . .191719181919192019211922 .19231924192519261927192819291930

Total 1899-1930

Total 1911-1930

Debarred

Number

Total

116,25522,34916,05719,93833,04124,11118,86716,0287,2978,626

11,79513,77913,73120,61930,28425,39020,55019,75518.83918,1278,233

483,671

Jews

10,7851,9991,0641,2242,5061,398

949607222199268

1,1951,2561,4551,7541,137

8711,090

898610275

31,762

Per Cent toAdmission

Total

1.22.51.91.62.77.36.35.46.56.12.71.74.43.94.38.66.75.96.16.483.41

2.49

Jews

1.02.11.31.21.95.26.23.56.06.51.81.02.32.93.5

11.18.49.47.74.892.39

1.67

Deported

Number

Total

12,1772,7882,4563,4614,1372.6702,9061,918

7963,1022,7624,5174,3453,6614,2949,495

10,90411,66211,62512,90816,631

129,215

117,038

Jews

1,303209191253317687946271753

13421499

113250175184213153164

4,262

2,959

Per Cent toNet Increase

Total

.5

.4

.4

.42.11.8.9

4.917.6

1.9.8

3.9.82.68

4.74.74.45.16.138.71

1.76

Jews

.2

.2

.2

.2

.2

.5

.3

.9

.7

.4

.1

.4

.02

.22.51.71.61.91.251.46

0.37


D. JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO OTHERAMERICAN COUNTRIES

CANADA. During the year ended March 31, 1930, a totalof 4,164 Jews entered Canada (620 from the United States),2.55% of the total. Among the Jewish immigrants, themales and the females were about evenly divided (49.81%males and 50.19% females) as against 59.4% males and40.6% females among the total number of immigrants;and the immigrants of 18 years or over, as among the totalpopulation, constituted 75.7% of the total number ofJewish immigrants.

Over 25% of the Jewish immigrants admitted weremechanics; 15.6%, female domestic servants; nearly 15%,traders; 9%, laborers; and a little over 7%, farmers. Thisoccupational distribution varied from that of the otherimmigrants, where the farming class constituted over 42%.

Nearly 93% of the Jewish immigrants were bound for thethree provinces of Ontario (46%), Quebec (33%), andManitoba (13%). Of the total number of immigrants,almost three-fourths were bound for the same provinces,and of these 37% went to Ontario, 24% to Manitoba, andonly 15% to Quebec.

During 1901 to 1930, a total of 120,443 Jews enteredCanada, constituting 2.1% of the total.

CUBA. During 1930, a total of 1,374 Jews entered Cuba,and 120 immigrant Jews departed; and 29 were debarredfrom landing.1

BRAZIL. During 1929, 5,610 Jewish immigrants wereadmitted to Brazil. From 1925 to 1929, a total of 21,362Jews entered the country, constituting 4.46% of the totalnumber of persons admitted.

URUGUAY. During 1929, about 2,000 Jews enteredUruguay.

ARGENTINE. During 1929, 5,986 Jews entered Argentine,constituting 5.28% of the total number of immigrantsadmitted to the country during that year. During theperiod of 17 years of 1931-1929, a total of 83,685 Jewsentered the country, constituting 4.38% of the admissions.

1 Communicated by HIAS


TABLE XXIJEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO CANADA BY SEX, AGE, OCCUPATION, AND

DESTINATION, 1930

Total

Via Ocean PostFrom United States

S E X

Females

AGEUnder 18 years18 years or over

OCCUPATIONSFarmersLaborers .Mechanics . . .Traders

Other Classes

DESTINATIONQuebec....Ontario. .Manitoba

AlbertaBritish ColumbiaNova ScotiaNew BrunswickPrince Edward IslandTerritories and Unspecified

NumberTotal

163,288

132,56130,727

97,06266,226

39,918123,370

69,05113,04715,2069,105

18,74838,131

23,91759,97439,13211,00314,9709,2522,3462,478

12690

Jews

4,164

3,544620

2,0742,090

1,0103,154

299376

1,052622649

1,166

1,3801.924

56112278651519

—

DistributionTotal

100.00

81.1818.82

59.4440.56

24.4575.55

42.297.999.315.58

11.4823.35

14.6536.7323.96

6.749.175.661.441.520.080.05

Jews

100.00

85.1114.89

49.8150.19

24.2675.74

7.189 03

25.2614.9415.5928.00

33.1446.2113.472.931.871.560.360.46

—

TABLE XXIISUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO CANADA, 1901-1930

Year

190119021903190419051906190719081909191019111912191319141915

Total

49,14967,379

128,364130,331146,266189,064124,667262,469146,908208,794311,084354,237402,432384,878144,789

Jews1

2,7651,0152,0663.7277,7157,1276,5847,7121,6363,1825,1465,3227,387

11,2523,107

Per CentJews to To-

tal

5.61.51.62.85.23.85.22.91.11.51.61.51.82.92.1

Year

191619171918191919201921192219231924192519261927192819291930

Total

Total

48,53775,37479,07457,702

117,336148,47789,99972,887

148,560111,36296,064

143,991151,597167,722163,288

5,722,781

Jews'

65136

3222

1162,7638,4042,7934,2554,4594,0144,8634,7663,8484,164

120,443

Per CentJews to To-

tal

.1

.1

.04

.04

.091.99.33.82.84.4.183.383.142.292.55

2.101 The figures for the Jews entering Canada during 1901-1925 are exclusive of those

who entered from the United States.


TABLE XXIIISUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO BRAZIL, 1925-1929

Year

19251926192719281929

Total

Total'

84,883121,569101,56888,55382,242*

478,815

Jews

2,624*3,90625.16724,05525,610"

21,362

P. C.

3.093.215.094.58

4.46

' Communicated by the Consul General of Brazil in New York City.2 Communicated by Hicem.• Communicated by lea.•For nine months: January-September.

TABLE XXIVSUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO URUGUAY, 1927-1929

Year

192719281929

Total

202,468200,922201.781

Jews1

77121,500>2.0003

P. C.

0 380.750.99

' lea.2 Number assisted by local Jea'ish committee.• Number assisted in 1928, 1,270; in 1929, 1,449.

TABLE XXVSUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO ARGENTINE, 1913-1929

Year

19131914-191819191920192119221923192419251926192719281929

Total

Total'

285,215225,36541,29987,03298,086

129,263195,063159,939125,366135,011161,548129.047100,424*

1,912,120

Jews

10,8604.845»

2802.0714,09527,198s

13,70127.79926,92027,53425,58426,81225,9862

83,685

P. C.

3.812.150.682.384.185.577.024.885.525.583.465.285.96

4.38tRcvista Economia Argentina. Buenos Aires, Sept. 1929.

1 Communicated by lea.• The figure includes 3,693 admitted during 1914; 606, during 1915; 324, during 1916;

90, during 1917 (slightly incomplete); and 132 during 1918 (slightly incomplete)—communicated by lea.

4 Communicated by Consul General of Brazil, New York, Civy.


E. JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE

During 1930, a total of 4,944 Jewish immigrants enteredand 1,636 Jews departed from Palestine, leaving a netincrease of 3,308 Jews. During the same year 1,489 non-Jewish immigrants entered and 1,275 emigrants departedfrom Palestine. Thus, during 1930, a total of 6,433 immi-grants (76.85% Jews and 23.15% non-Jews) entered and3,003 (55.91% Jews and 44.09% non-Jews) departed fromPalestine, the percentage of departures to admissions being33.96% for Jews and 88.92% for non-Jews, as against13.35% and 67.58% respectively during 1929.

During 1930, for which year detailed information isavailable, 69.5% of the Jews admitted were persons comingto employment and their dependents; 19.5% were depen-dents of residents already in Palestine; and 9.1% werepersons with capital, or assured income or maintenance, andtheir dependents; 1.9% were persons of religious occupa-tions, students, orphans, and their dependents. None of the499 persons, admitted under exemption from the provisionsof the immigration ordinance, was a Jew.

The distribution of the non-Jewish immigrants wasnotably different from that of the Jewish newcomers. Over33% of the non-Jewish immigrants were admitted underexemption from the immigration ordinance; 30% werepersons coming to employment and their dependents, 21.9%were persons of religious occupations, students and orphans,11.6% were dependents of Palestinian citizens; and 2.9%were persons of means.

There was also a considerable difference in the sex group-ings, as between Jews and non-Jews. Of the Jewish immi-grants admitted, 51.58% were men, 34.38% women and14.04% children, as compared with 56%, 28%, and 16% forthe non-Jewish immigrants.

Jews constituted 56.20% of the total number of emigrantsin 1930. About 64% were aliens and 36% were Palestiniancitizens. Of the non-Jews, the respective percentages were37% and 63%.

During 1930, 212 persons were refused admission, anaverage of 18 persons monthly.


In 1930, the monthly immigration of the Jews averaged412. The largest number (899) was admitted in March andthe smallest number (217) during October. The monthlyaverage for non-Jews was 124, the largest number (180)was admitted during February and December and thesmallest number (71) during April. The average monthlynumber of Jews who emigrated was 136 (48 citizens and 88aliens) and of non-Jews, 107 (67 citizens and 40 aliens).

From the date of the British occupation of Palestine,December 9, 1917, to the end of 1930, a total of 108,972Jews entered the country; and the yearly number variedbetween 33,801 in 1925 and 2,178 in 1928. The number ofJews that departed between December 9, 1917, and theend of 1921, was small. But during the period of 1922 to1930, a total of 27,143 Jews emigrated, or 30.13% of thetotal number of Jews admitted. The yearly emigration ofJews varied between 1,503 in 1922 and 7,365 in 1926; andthe percentage of Jewish emigration to Jewish immigrationvaried between 6.36% in 1925 and 99.54% in 1928. The netimmigration of Jews during 1922-1930 was 62,944. Oneyear, 1927, shows a decrease of 2,358 Jews, but all otheryears witnessed an increase of Jewish immigration overemigration, varying between 10 in 1928 and 31,650 in 1925.A total of 7,816 non-Jews were admitted to the countryduring 1922-1930, and an additional small number betweenDecember 9, 1917 and May 31, 1921, for which period nostatistics of non-Jews were kept; and during 1922-1930, atotal of 12,629 departed, leaving a net decrease of 4,813.During 1922-1930, an average of 8% of the yearly immigra-tion was non-Jewish, the yearly percentage varying between2.42% in 1925, and 29.42% in 1928. The yearly immigra-tion of non-Jews varied between 284 in 1922 and 1,489 in1930, and the yearly emigration, between 474 in 1924 and2,064 in 1926.

STATISTICS OF JEWS

TABLE XXVI

JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, 1929, 1930

301

Immigrants Admitted

JewsNon-Jews

Emigrants Departed

JewsCitizensAliensNon-JewsCitizensAliens

Net Increase

Non-Jews

Refused Admission

P.C. of Departures to Admissions

Jews. .Non-Jews

Number

1929

6,566

5,2491,317

2,835

1,746701

1,0451.089

890199

4,975

4,548427

130

24.23

13.3567.58

1930

6,433

4,9441,489

2,911

1,636581

1.0551,275

799476

3.522

3,308214

212

45.25

33.0985.63

Distribution

1929

100,00

79.9420.06

100.00

44.0640.1559.8555.9481 7318.27

100.00

91.428.58

1930

100,00

76.8523.15

100.00

56.2035.5164.4943.8062 6737.33

100.00

93.926.08

TABLE XXVIIJEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE AND JEWISH EMIGRATION,

BY MONTHS, 1930

Month

Total

March

MayJuneJuly . . . .August . .

OctoberNovemberDecember

Average

Immigration

Total

6.433

675773

1 068592358540441407436372353418

537

Jews

4,944

5555938995212674193563283232172282381

412

Non-Jews

1,489

120180169

7191

1218579

113155125180

124

Emigration

Palest. Citizens

Total

1,432

100106181101122

97168167119143

7652

115

Jews

597

6377

109216639605037461316

48

Non-Jews

835

372972805658

108117

82976336

67

Aliens

Total

1,571

1291341981171541111141641581569640

128

Jews

1,082

10411316290

1236683

10878557327

88

Non-Jews

489

252136273145315680

1012313

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S U P P L E M E N T S

SUPPLEMENT A

THE JEWS OF RUSSIA (USSR)—CENSUS OF 1926*

I. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION

According to the census of 1926, a total of 2,672,499 Jewsreside in the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (SovietRussia), which consists of six republics, namely, WhiteRussia, Ukraine, Russia or Russian Socialist Federal SovietRepublic (RSFSR), Transcaucasia, Turcmenistan, andUzbekistan.

a. White Russia

Of the total number of Jews in the country, almostone-sixth (15.23%) reside in White Russia,1 where theyconstitute about one-twelfth (8.17%) of the total popula-tion. From the point of view of the distribution of the Jews,White Russia may be divided into two major areas, theNorth and the South. In the former, comprising the sixNorthern governments, the Jews constitute about one-six-teenth (6.6%) of the total, whereas in the six Southerngovernments they constitute almost one-tenth (9.9%) of thetotal. In the North, the Jews are most densely settled in thegovernment of Vitebsk (9.16%), and in the South, in thegovernment of Minsk (13.11%).

1 The country is divided into 12 governments (okrugs).• Detailed supporting tables, which are omitted here, will be included in a reprint of

this article, to be published by the American Jewish Committee.


TABLE XXX

JEWS OF WHITE RUSSIA BY AREAS AND GOVERNMENTS, 1926

Governmentand Areas

WHITE RUSSIA

NorthSouth

NORTHVitebskMoghilevOther Governments

SOUTHMinskCobruiskGomel .Other Governments

Population

Total

4,983,240

2,610,4992.372,741

583,391530,842

1,496,266

539,529530.914408,074894,224

Jews

407,059

172,735234,324

53,42834,64384,664

70,71352,35345,59865,660

PerCent

8.17

6.629.88

9.166.535.66

13.119.86

11.177.34

Distribution

Total

100.00

52.3947.61

22.3520.3357.32

22.7422.3717.2037.69

Jews

100.00

42.4357.57

30.9320.0549.02

30.1822.3419.4628.02

b. The Ukraine

Whereas only 15% of the total number of Jews of theUnion res ide in White Russia, 1,574,428, more than half ofall (59%) live in Ukraine, where, however, they constituteless than one-sixth (5.43%) of the total. But the Jews arequite unevenly distributed over the country. They consti-tute 7.8%, in the division known as the Right Dneper,17% in the Steppe, 5.4% in Polesia, 4.7% in Dnepropetrovsk,2.8% in the Left Dneper, and 2% in the division of MiningIndustry. The variation is especially great within thedivisions. In the division of Polesia, for example, Jewscomprise 9.5% of the total population in the Government ofVolhyn, but only 1.8% in Glukhov. The Steppe representsan extreme case, including, on the one hand, the govern-ment of Odessa with 19.7%, and, on the other, the govern-ment of Starobelsk with 0.05% Jews.2

1 Ukraine consists of 39 governments (38 political units known as okrugs and 1 auto-nomous republic); and these combine to form 6 divisions known as regions.

2 It may be noted here that a political division in Russia does not always consist ofareas that are adjacent to one another. Thus, for example, Polesia comprises 2 govern-ments in the west and 3 governments in the east which areas are not adjacent; and theSteppe includes the government of Starobelsk in the east which is separated from therest of the division in the west.


In order to understand the distribution of the Jews ofUkraine, we shall divide the country into two major areas:The Southwest and the Northeast. In the former, mindfulof the existing political units, governments and divisions,we shall distinguish a number of areas which we shall callWestern Polesia (8.77% Jews),1 Western Right Dneper(8.12%)*; and Western Steppe (9.28%).3 Over against thisarea of high Jewish density (8.5%), there is the area ofNortheastern Ukraine with a density of only 2.9%; andin this area we shall distinguish the following subdivisions:Eastern Polesia (2.3%)," Northern Left Dneper (2.2%),s

Central Left Dneper (5.16%),6 Southeastern Right Dneper(3.09%),' Dnepropetrovsk (4.1%),8 Southern Steppe(2.5%),» Mining Industry (2%),10 and the areas of extremenortheast which we shall call Northern Ukraine (0.22%Jews).11

Of the total number of Jews in the Ukraine, a little overseven-tenths (70.5%) reside in the southwestern area and29.5% in the northeastern area, compared with 44.8% and55.2%, respectively, for the total population.

1 Comprising the governments of Korosten and Volhynia.•Comprising the governments' of Berdichev, Belaia Tzerkov, Kamenetz, Kiev

Moghilev, Proskurov, Shepetovka, Tulchin, Uman, and Vinnitza.• Comprising the governments of Kherson, Moldavia (A.S.S.R.), Nikolaev, Odessa

Pervomaisk, and Zinovievsk.• Comprising the governments of Chernigov, Glukhov, and Konotope.I Comprising the governments of Lubny, Nezhin, Poltava, Priluki, and Romny.• Comprising the governments of Kharkov and Kremenchug.7 The government of Shevchenko.• Comprising the governments of Dnepropetrovsk, Krivoi Rog, and Zaporozhia.• Comprising the governments of Mariupol and Melitopol.10 Comprising the governments of Artemovsk, Lugansk, and Stalin.II The area of the government of Sumy which is part of the division of the Left

Dneper and the area of the governments of Izium, (Left Dneper), Kupianka (L. D.)and Starobelsk, Steppe).


TABLE XXXIJEWS OF UKRAINE BY DIVISIONS, 1926

Divisionsand

Sub-Divisions

UKRAINF.

DIVISIONSPolesiaRight DneperSteppeLeft DneperDnepropetrovskMining Industry

AREASSouthwestern UkraineNortheastern Ukraine

SOUTHWESTERN UKRAINEWestern PolesiaWestern Right DneperWestern Steppe

NORTHEASTERN UKRAINEEastern Polesia ,Northern Left DneperCentral Left DneperSoutheastern Right DneperDnepropetrovskSouthern SteppeMining IndustryNorthern Areas

Population

Total

29,018,187

2,957,8818,997,7575,568,2337,066,9092,391,1552,036,252

13,007,47316,010,714

1,211,6297,859,6953,936,149

1,746,2523,176,6192,395,4541,138,0622,391,1551,151,7062,036,2521,975,214

Jews

1,574,428

146,691682,816'394,195197,435112,57240,719

1,109,943464,485

106,237638,550365,156

40,45469,865

123,53144,266

112,57228,79940.7194,279

PerCent

5.43

4,967.597.082.794.712.00

8.532.90

8.778.129.28

2.322.205.163.894.712.50

20.000.22

Distribution

Total

100.00

10.1931.0119.1924.35

8.247.02

44.8355.17

9.3260.4230.26

10.9119.8414.967.11

14.937.19

12.7212.34

Jews

100.00

9.3243.3725.0312.547.152.59

70.5029.50

9.5757.5332.90

8.7115.0426.599.53

24.246.208.770.92

c. Russia Proper (RSFSR)

Compared with their density in White Russia and theUkraine, the density of the Jews in Russia proper (RSFSR)is low, being only a little over one half of one per cent, butas is the case in the former republics, the density in Russiaproper varies, ranging from 6.4% in Crimea to a fractionof 1% in many northern and eastern political units.

An examination of the vast territory of RSFSR, itsdivisions and governments1 discloses a number of areas ofconsiderable Jewish density. In the division known as theWest, bordering on White Russia, the Jews form 1.7% ofthe total population. In the division to the North, known asLeningrad-Carelia, two governments (Leningrad and Pskov)

1 Russia (RSFSR) consists of 116 governments. These are known as Guberny (39),Okrug (57), Krai (1), autonomous cities (2), autonomous territory (13), autonomousRepublics ASSR (4). These political units combine to form 19 divisions, which go bythe following names: rayon (8), krai (3), territory, oblast (1), or ASSR (7).


directly bordering on the West show even a greater per-centage of Jews, 2.4%; similarly in the adjacent govern-ment of Moscow, which is part of the Central IndustrialDivision, Jews comprise 3.1% of the total population. Fromthe point of view of the distribution of the Jews in RSFSR,therefore, we may distinguish first, an area bordering onWhite Russia, which we shall call Northwest Russia, com-prising the division of the West, and the adjacent Govern-ments of Leningrad, Pskov, and Moscow, with a total popu-lation of 326,363 Jews, 2.43% of the total; second, an areafurther east and south, the division of North Caucasia,bordering on the Ukraine, which we shall call West Cau-casis, including the governments of Don and Tanganrogwhich, combinedly, have a Jewish population of 2.14% ofthe total; third, the Republic of Crimea, south of theUkraine on the Black Sea, with 6.43% Jews, a densityapproximately the same as that of the Ukraine, and, there-fore, the area with the densest Jewish population in RSFSR;fourth, the areas, which may be called the areas of theCaspian Sea, where the Jews constitute 1.66% of the total,and which include 1) the division of Daghestan, along theshores of the Caspian Sea, with 1.7% Jews, 2) the govern-ment of Astrakhan, part of the Lower Volga division, to thenorth, and along the Caspian Sea with 1.2% Jews; and 3)Grozny and Vladikavkaz, the two autonomous cities ofNorthern Caucasia, south of Daghestan, with 2.2% Jews;finally, the areas which we shall call the areas of the Baikal,which have combinedly a density of 1.51% Jews, and whichincludes the division of Siberia, where the Jews constitute1.92% in the government of Irkutsk, and 1% in the neigh-boring government of Chita, which, however, is a part of thedivision of the Far East.

Of the total number of the Jews of RSFSR, 439,665 orthree-quarters (74.65%) live in these areas of highest den-sity, and 149,278, the remaining fourth (25.35%) reside inall other parts of that vast territory, compared with 17.74%and 82.26% respectively for the total population. In theareas of highest density as a whole, the Jews constitute2.46%, but only 0.18% in the areas of low density. Of thetotal number of Jews residing in the areas of highest density,74.23% reside in the Northwest, 10.45% in Crimea, 6.8% in


West Caucasia, 5.57% in Caspian areas, and 2.95% inBaikal areas.

Nearly 75% of the Jews of RSFSR live in the Europeangovernments and over 25% in governments in Asia; theproportions for the total population1 are similar.

1 See footnote to table XXXII.

TABLE XXXII

JEWS OF RUSSIA (R. S. F. S. R.), BY DIVISIONS AND GOVERNMENTS, 1926

AREASand

GOVERNMENTS

RUSSIA (R. S. F. S. R.)

Areas of Highest DensityAreas of Low Density

AREAS OF HIGHEST DENSITY

Pskov.. . .

West Caucasia

DonTaganrog

Caspian Sea.

Daghestan

Grozny (aut. city)Vladikavkaz (aut. city)

Baikal Areas

IrkutshChita

AREAS OF LOW DENSITYDivisions in Europe1

Divisions in Asia2

Population

Total

100,891,244

17,897,69582,993,549

13,450,533

2,792,1291,788,4182,292,7122,006,4384,570,836

1,400,664

1,132,270268,394

713,823

1,473,917

788,098510,38697,08778,346

858,758

472,600386,158

62,340,85020,652,699

Jews

588,943

439,665149,278

326,363

88,21622,66435,65837,331

142,494

29,910

27,2022,708

45,926

24.504

14,6246,0912,7881.001

12.962

9,0843,878

110,48438,794

PerCent

0.58

2.460.18

2.43

3.161.271.561.863.12

2.14

2.401.01

6.43

1.66

1.861.192.871.28

1.51

1.921.00

0.180.19

Distribution

Total

100.00

17.7482.26

75.15

20.7613.3017.0414.9233.98

7.83

80.8419.16

3.99

8.23

53.4734.63

6.595.31

4.80

55.0344.97

75.1224.88

Jews

100.00

74.6525.35

74.23

27.036.94

10.9311.4443.66

6.80

90.959.05

10.45

5.57

59.6824.8611.384.08

2.95

70.0829.92

74.0125.99

1 Including the entire division of the Ural.2 Exclusive of the Asiatic parts of the division of the Ural.


d. Transcaucasia, Turcmenistan, Uzbekistan

A total of 102,069 Jews reside in the states of the Unionin Central Asia, namely Transcaucasia, with 62,194, Turc-menistan, with 2,041, and Uzbekistan, with 37,834 Jews.

Of the 62,194 Jews living in Transcaucasia1, 30,534 arein Georgia, where they comprise 1.15% of the total popula-tion; 31,325 in Azherbaidzhan, 1.35%; and only 335 inArmenia, 0.04% of the total. Thus, in Transcaucasia, theareas of high density are in the north and along the CaspianSea2, and those of low density in the west and south.

Across the Caspian Sea, in Turcmenistan3, there areonly 2,041 Jews, 0.2% of the total population. But to theeast and south, in Uzbekistan4 a total of 37,834 Jews wereenumerated. In the latter state of the Union, the Jews com-prise 1.6% of the total in the government of Bukhara in thewest, and in the two adjacent governments of Samarkandand Tashkent in the north, whereas in all other govern-ments they constitute only 0.34% of the total; and one smallterritory (not autonomous), called Isfani, did not returnJews in the last census, being the only unit in the entireUnion not reporting Jews.

1 Transcaucasia (Federated Socialist Soviet Republic of Transcaucasia) consists ofthree divisions known as SSR of Azherbaidzhan, SSR of Georgia, and SSR of Armenia.The first consists of 17 districts (Uyezdi), 1 autonomous territory, and 2 autonomousrepublics; the second, of 13 districts (Uyezdi). 1 autonomous territory, and 1 autono-mous republic; and the third, of 9 districts (Uyezdi).

2 In Azherbaidzhan, few Jews reside in the southwestern parts of Najorny Karabakh(0.01% Jews) and in Nakhichevan (0.04% Jews).

3 The country is divided into S governments (okrugs).• The country is divided into 13 governments (10 okrugs). 2 non-autonomous terri-

tories, and 1 autonomous republic.


TABLE XXXIIIJEWS OF THE STATES IN ASIA, BY GOVERNMENTS, 1926

TRANSCAUCASIA (T. S. F. S. R.)

Georgia (S. S. R.)Azerbaidzhan (S. S, R.)Armenia (S. S. R.)

Area of Highest DensityArea of Low Density

Turcmenistan....

PoltaraskOther Governments

Bukhara

TashkentOther Governments

Areas of High DensityAreas of Low Density

Population

Total

5,861.529

2,666.4942,314,571

880,464

4,981,065880,464

1,000.914

277,024277,122446.768

5.272,801

390,831526,788674,214

3,680,968

1,591,8333,680,968

Jews

62,194

30,53431,325

335

61,859335

2,041

532820689

37,834

4,7829.204

11.11912,729

25.10512,729

PerCent

1.06

1.151.350.04

1.240.04

0.20

0.190.300.15

.72

1.221.751.650.35

1.580.35

Distribution

Total

100.00

45.4939.4915.02

84.9815.02

27.6827.6944.63

7.419.99

12.7969.81

30.1969.81

Jews

100.00

49.0950.370.54

99.460.54

26.0640.1833.76

12.6424.3329.3933.64

66.3633.64

Thus, of the 2,672,499 Jews in the Union of SocialistSoviet Republics, almost three-fifths (58.91%) reside inUkraine, 22.04% in Russia proper (RSFSR), 15.23% inWhite Russia, 2.33% in Transcaucasia, 1.41% in Uzbekis-tan, and 0.08% in Turcmenistan1. A total of 2,508,116Jews (93.85%) live in compact masses in the southwesternpart of USSR, along the borders of Esthonia, Latvia, Lithu-ania, Poland, and Roumania, between the Baltic and theBlack Seas; in areas around the Caspian Sea; in two areas inCentral Asia; and in two areas in Siberia; while only 164,383Jews (6.15%) reside in the vast areas of the north and theeast. Of those living in compact masses, 44.25% are inSouthwestern Ukraine; 18.52% in Northeastern Ukraine;13.01% in Northwest RSFSR; 9.34% in Southern WhiteRussia; 6.89% in Northern White Russia, and 7.99% in theremaining areas: Transcaucasia (2.47%), Crimea (1.83%),West Caucasia (1.19%), Central Asiatic areas (1.00%).Caspian areas (0.98%), and Baikal areas (0.52%).

1 These are the 6 states constituting the Union.


In the Union as a whole, the Jews constitute 1.82%; andthe density of Jewish settlements ranges from 8.17% inWhite Russia to 0.2% in Turcmenistan. In the areas ofhighest density, the Jews are 4.3% of the total, varying from9.9% in the area of South White Russia to 1.2% in theareas of Transcaucasia; while in the areas of low density,they constitute only 0.19% of the total population.

In Southwestern Ukraine, the Jews are most denselysettled in the government of Odessa (19.72%); in SouthWhite Russia, in Minsk (13.11%); in North White Russia,in Vitebsk (9.16%); in Northern Ukraine, in the govern-ment of Dnepropetrovsk (5.63%); and in Northwest Russia,in Leningrad (3.16%); in West Caucasia, in Don (2.4%);in Caspian areas, in Daghestan (1.9%); in Baikal areas, inIrkutsk (1.9%); in Transcaucasia, in Azherbaizhan (1.3%);and in Central Asiatic areas, in Samarkand (1.7%).

The density of Jewish settlements varies, however, withthe character and the size of the place. In the Union as awhole, the Jews constitute 8.3% in urban places and 0.4%in rural districts; and the Jewish density varies with thestates of the Union, ranging from 40.1% of the urban popu-lation in White Russia to 1.4% of that of Turcmenistan;and from 1.6% of the rural population of White Russia to0.01% of that of Turcmenistan.

In the areas of low density the Jews form 1.3% of theurban and only 0.01% of the rural populations; on the otherhand, in the areas of highest density the Jews constitute13.8% of the urban and 1% of the rural populations. Butthe areas vary. The density of the Jews is high in the urbanplaces of South White Russia, Northern White Russia, andSouthwestern Ukraine (42.4%, 37.4%, and 33.2% respec-tively); but it is only 14% in Northeastern Ukraine. In therural places, the density of the Jews is highest in South-western Ukraine (2.9%), in Southern White Russia (2%), inNorthern White Russia (1-3%), and in Crimea (1%). In theother areas, the percentage of the Jews of the rural popula-tion ranges from 0.4% in Northeastern Ukraine to 0.02% inNorthwest Russia.

In the country as a whole 2,205,720 Jews, over four-fifths (82.53%) reside in urban, and 466,779 (17.47%) inrural places, compared with 18.09% and 81.91% respec-


tively for the total population. In the areas with compactJewish masses, the ratio of urban to rural for the Jewishpopulation, is 81.83% to 18.17% compared with 25.37% to74.63% respectively for the whole populations; while in theareas with low Jewish density, the ratio is 93.32% urban to6.68% rural, compared with 13.28% to 86.72% respectivelyin the latter. But the urban-rural distribution varies, rang-ing from 99.09% urban and 0.91% rural in the area of WestCaucasia to 72.50% urban and 27.50% rural in the area ofSouthwestern Ukraine. Even greater is the variation amongthe governments1. In fact, while in the areas, as such, theurban Jewish population outnumbers the rural, there arethree governments where the opposite condition prevails.These are the governments of Kamenetz (45.9% urban and54.1% rural), Moghilev (49.1% and 50.9%), Pervomaisk(42.1% and 57.9%), all in the area of Southwestern Ukraine;and Krivoi Rog (43.9% and 52.1 %) in Northeastern Ukraine.

1 In North White Russia the ratio ranges from 93% urban and 7% rural, in thegovernment of Vitebsk, to 75.3% urban and 24.7% rural in Borisov; in South WhiteRussia, from 95.9% and 4.1% in Gomel to 64.2% and 43.8% in Mozyr; in SouthwesternUkraine, from 95.5% and 4.5% in Kiev to 42.1% and 57.9% in Pervomaisk; and inNortheastern Ukraine, from 98.6% urban and 2.4% rural in Kharkov to 43.9% urbanand 52.1% rural in Krivoi Rog.


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e. Jews in the Areas of Highest Density

The Jews are widely distributed over the areas of highestdensity, both in the rural districts and in the urban places.Of the 1,347 rural districts1, 1,200 (89%) have Jewishinhabitants, and of the 919 urban places, 812 (88.36%) haveJews. In the latter territory there are Jewish inhabitantsin all the cities of 25,000 population or over; in 98% ofthose of 25,000 to 10,000; in 95.5% of 10,000 to 5,000;92.8% of 5,000 to 2,500; and in 73.7% of the urban placesof less than 2,500 population2.

In the rural territory, as a whole, the Jews form 1.12%of the total, and 1.18% of the population of the districts inwhich they live. Similarly in urban territory, the Jews are13.8% of the total population, and 14% of the populationof the places reporting Jews; and, as is not the case in othercountries, the density of the Jews of Russia (USSR) in theareas of highest density varies but little with the size of theurban place3. In the areas of highest density as a whole, theJews are most densely settled in cities of 100,000 to 25,000,but the range is comparatively small, namely from 17.7% inthe latter class of cities, to 11.5% in the class of urbanplaces of less than 2,500 population. Nor is there a decidedgradation. The density of the Jews is 11.4% in cities of100,000 or over, 17.7% in those of 100,000 to 25,000, 16.4%in those of 25,000 to 10,000, 14.1% and 14.2% in those of10,000 to 5,000 and of 5,000 to 2,500 respectively, and 11.5%in the places of less than 2,500 people4.

Over 2,000,000 Jews reside in the urban places of theareas of highest density. Of these, 40.2% live in cities of100,000 and over, 27.4% in cities of 100,000 to 25,000,

1 Exclusive of the Transcaucasian Areas, which are not divided in rural districtssimilar to those of the other areas of highest density.

! In White Russia, both North and South, in Southwestern Ukraine, and in Crimea,every urban place and every rural district returned Jews in the last census. WestCaucasia and the Central Asiatic areas reported Jews in every urban place, and theBaikal areas, in every rural district.

> See the writer's The Jews of the U. S.. N. V., American Jewish Committee, 1929.pp. 13, 14, 49-65.

4 The areas vary. In Southwest Ukraine and in Southern White Russia the percent-age of Jews is high in all classes of urban places, ranging from 45.8% to 30.3%. InNorth White Russia the Jewish density is highest in the towns of 2,500 to 5,000 (47.2%);in Northeastern Ukraine, in places of 100,000 or over (20.44%); in Northwest Russia,in places of less than 2,500 (8.7%); and in Crimea, in places of 100.000 to 25,000(14.02%).


15.6% in those of 25,000 to 10,000. The distribution of theJews approaches that of the total population, except thatproportionately fewer Jews are in the large cities of 100,000or over (40.2%) compared with the total population(48.7%), and more in the cities of 100,000 to 10,000 (27.4%in cities of 100,000 to 25,000 and 15.6% in those of 25,000to 10,000 for the Jews, compared with 21.3% and 13.1%respectively for the total population1.

II. SEX DISTRIBUTION

In the country as a whole, there were, according tothe census of 1926, 1,112 Jewish women for 1,000 Jewishmen, compared with 1,070 women per 1,000 men for thetotal population. In the areas of low density there are 995Jewish women and in the areas of highest density, 1,121women, compared with 1,083 and 1,049 for the total popu-lation in these areas respectively.

In the areas of highest density, the number of Jewishwomen per 1,000 men ranges from 1,154 in SouthwesternUkraine to 1,000 in the Central Asiatic areas, comparedwith 1,096 in Northwest Russia and 885 in the centralAsiatic areas, for the total population. Within the areas,the sex distribution in the governments varies widely.However, all but five governments have more Jewish womenthan Jewish men; and there are also fewer Jewish womenthan men in Georgia2.

1 As in the case of density so also in the case of distribution, the areas vary. In South-west Ukraine, the largest part of the urban population resides in cities of 100,000 orover. Similarly in Northwest Russia (69.66%), in West Caucasia (88.92%), in Trans-caucasian areas (63.46%), and in Central Asiatic areas (80.64%). But in North WhiteRussia, the largest part of the Jewish urban population lives in cities of 100,000 to25,000 (49.14%). So also in Southern White Russia (30.20%), in Northeastern Ukraine(37.44%), in Crimea (77.17%), and in the Baikal areas (85.55%); while in the Caspianareas, the largest number of Jews resides in cities of 25,000 to 10,000 (37.57%).2 Izhium (917 women), Kupiansk (866), and Starobelsk (678) in Ukraine; Samarkand(996) and Tashkent (973) in Uzbekistan; and Georgia (975) in Transcaucasia.


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TABLE XXXVI

JEWS OF RUSSIA (USSR) BY SEX, 1926

Total Population

Both sexes Women

Jews

BothSexes Women

Totalpopu-lation

Number ofwomen per1,000 men

Jews

RUSSIA (USSR)

White RussiaUkraineRussia (RSFSR)TranscaucasiaTurcmenistanUzbekistan

Areas of Highest Density

Northern White Russia.Southern White Russia.Southwestern Ukraine..Northeastern Ukraine. .Northwest RussiaWest CaucasiaOrimeaCaspian AreasBaikal AreasTranscaucasian Areas...Central Asiatic Areas...

Areas of Low Density. .

147.027,915 75,984,563 2,672,499 1,407,381 1,070 1,112

4,983,24029,018,187

100,891,244 525,861,5291,000,9145,272,801

2,543,43914,923,595,720,609

2,852,483469,056

2,475,381

407,0591,574,428588,94362,1942,04137,834

215,192840,580300,68731,225

93218,765

1,0431.0591,094948882885

1,1221,1451,0431,008840984

58,472,020 29,937,533 2,508,116 1,325,380 1,049 1,121

2,610,4992,372,74113,007,47316,010,71413,450,5331,400,664713,823

1,473,917858,758

4,981,0651.591,833

1,337,2381,206,2016,713,4108,210,1857,033,764729,018363,979752,353423,220

2,420,693747,472

172,735234,324,109,943464,485326,36329,91045,92624,50412,96261,85925,105

91,177124,015594,674245,906166,57615,71524,29212,6306,72931,11112.555

1,0501,0341,0671,0531,0961,0851,0401,043972945855

1,1181.1241,1541(1251,0421,1071,1231,0641,0891,0121,000

88,555,895 46,047,030 164,383 82,001 1.083 995

III. JEWISH COMMUNITIES IN URBAN TERRITORY

Of the 2,205,720 Jews residing in 812 urban places ofRussia ((USSR), 2,175,886' reside in 617 urban places,where they constitute groups of 100 Jews or more. These weshall call communities. In the country as a whole, there are3 communities of over 100,000 Jews each; 4 communities of100,000 to 50,000 Jews; 10 communities of 50,000 to 20,000,27 communities of 20,000 to 8,000, and the remaining 573are smaller communities of 100 to 8,000 Jews. Russiaproper (RSFSR) has more communities (252) than eitherUkraine (219), or White Russia (108); and the three Asiaticstates combinedly have but 33 communities. Ukraine has10 communities of over 20,000 each; White Russia, 4;Russia proper (RSFSR), 3; and the Asiatic states, 1. Of thetotal number of communities, 472 are in the areas of highest

1 See footnote 1 to p. 264.


density, and 145 are in the areas of low density1; and all thelarge communities of 20,000 or over are in the former areas.

Thus, of the total number of Jews in Russia (USSR),2,175,886 live in 617 urban places, where they constitutegroups or communities of 100 Jews or more; 466,779, inrural territory, and only 29,834 Jews live scattered in urbanterritory (81.42%, 17.46% and 1.12% respectively2. Ofthose in urban territory, as regards Russia (USSR) as a

26.13 constitute communities of over 100,000 Jews19.54 " " " " 100,000 to 50,00012.93 " " " " 50,000 to 20,00013.80 " " " " 20,000 to 8,00014.18 " " " " 8,000 to 2,00010.97 " " " " 2,000 to 5002.45 " " " " 500 to 100

The distribution of the Jewish communities of the areas ofhigh density is similar.

In the Ukraine very few Jews, only 0.89% of the totalnumber of Jews, reside in small communities. But in Russiaproper (RSFSR) 6.17% of the Jews reside in such commun-ities. As in the Union as a whole, the largest number ofJews of the republics reside in communities of 8,000 to2,000. In the areas of low density, as much as 12.74%reside in small communities of 500 to 100. But even in thoseareas nearly 37% reside in communities of 8,000 to 2,000.

1 Exclusive of the possible number of communities in 24 governments, which com-binedly have a total of 6,460 Jews. These governments are all in areas of low density,and data is not available as to communities.

1 Cf. the writer's Communal Organization of the Jews of the United States, AmericaJewish Committee, New York, 1930. p. 17.


TABLE XXXVIIJEWISH URBAN COMMUNITIES OF 100 JEWS OR OVER, BY STATES

AND AREAS, 1926

Total100,000

orover

100,000to

50,000

50,000to

20,000

20,000to

8,000

8,000to

2,000

2,000to

500

500to100

COMMUNITIES

RUSSIA (USSR)

White RussiaUkraineRussia (RSFSR)..Other States

Areas of HighestDensity

North White Russia.South White Russia.Southwestern

UkraineNortheastern

UkraineNorthwest Russia. .Other Areas

Areas of LowDensity

Russia (USSR)Areas of Highest

DensityAreas of Low

Density

617

10821925238

472

5751

117

1029451

145

3

21

3

2

1

—

0.49

0.64

4

121

4

1

21

—

0.65

0.85

11

36

1

11

1

2

5

1

2

—

1.78

2.33

27

31644

24

218

814

3

4.38

5.08

2.07

145

228535

3

132

1012

61

241114

13

23.50

27.97

8.97

218

60667517

167

3327

30

362912

51

35.33

35.38

35.17

209

1942

13513

131

118

11

315119

78

33.87

27.75

53.79

POPULATION

RUSSIA (USSR) 2,175,886 425,246 281,373 300,281 308,432 568,454 238,731 53,369

White RussiaUkraineRussia (RSFSR). .Other States

338,883,215,814528,87992,310

293,499131,747

53,686143,18484,503

96,316155,56426,35622,045

33,821192,444 34144,23737,930

76,619,232

136,98213,621

71,42379,02172,40615,881

7,01810.87032,6482,833

Areas of HighestDensity 2,035,492 425,246 281.373 300,281 287,793 516.703 188,609 35,487

North White Russia.South White RussiaSouthwestern

UkraineNortheastern

UkraineNorthwest Russia. .Other Areas

142,729196,154

804,419

411,395306,881173,914

293,499

131,747

53,686

143,18484,503

37,01359,303

126,595

28,969

48,401

25,4638,358

103,635

88,80912,88948,639

35,74640,873

241,350

99,88238,73060,122

40,43530,988

36,452

42,56925,89412.271

4,0722,946

2,888

7,98213,1184,481

Areas of LowDensity 140,394 20.639 51.751 50,122 17.882

Russia (USSR)...White RussiaUkraineRussia (RSFSR).Areas of Highest

DensityAreas of Low

Density

100.00100.00100.00100.00

100.00

100.00

19.54

24.1424.91

20.89

12.9315.8411.7815.98

13.82

13.8028.4212.794.99

14.75

14.189.98

15.838.36

14.14

14.70

26.1322.6128.0725.90

25.39

36.86

10.9721.086.50

13.69

9.27

35.70

2.452.070.896.17

1.74

12.74


TABLE XXXVIII

LIST OF COMMUNITIES OF 20,000 JEWS OR OVER, 1926

Name

BakuBerdichevBobruisk . . . .

GomelHarkovKievfCremenchugLeningradMinskMoscow . . . .NikolaevOdessaRostov . . .Uman.,

Vitebsk

TotalPopulation

453,33355,61351,385

232,92586,393

417,342513,63758,832

1,614,008131,528

2,025,947104,909420,862308,103

44,81257,99098,80876,678

Jews

22,04530,81221,55862,04537,74581,139

140,25628,96984,50353,686

131,74721,787

153,24326,35622,17921,81637,01330.001

Per Cent

4.8655.4041.9526.6443.6919.4427.3149.24

5.2440.826.50

20.7736.41

8.5549.4937.6237.4639.13


SUPPLEMENT B

1. THE JEWS OF LUXEMBURG—CENSUS OF 1927

A total of 1,771 Jews live in Luxemburg, according to thecensus of December 1, 1927. Of these, 52.68% are men and47.32% women (compared with 51.69% males and 48.31%females among the total population). Over 60% of the totalnumber of Jews reside in Luxemburg City. The distributionof Jews, however, is wide: In 1927, only one city (totalpopulation 2,548) failed to return persons of the Jewishfaith.1

In 1871, 523 Jews were enumerated. Since that time,every quinquennial census, with one exception, showed anincrease of the Jewish population in that country. In 1922,1,358 were enumerated, and thus, during the past five yearsthe Jewish population increased by over 30%. The percent-age of Jews to the total population has increased from 0.26%in 1871 to 0.62% in 1927.

1 In the census of 1927, 681 Jews were enumerated as citizens and 1,090 as foreigners(38.5% and 61.5% respectively, compared with 83% and 17% for the total population.Evidently, Luxemburg is a country of immigration for Jews, even more than fornon-Jews.

TABLE XXXIX

JEWS OF LUXEMBURG, BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1927

Total. .

MalesFemales

Luxemburg CityOther places2

Number

Total

285,524

147,597137,927

48,515237,009

Jews1

1,771

933838

1,085686

Distribution

Total

100.00

51.6948.31

16.9983.01

Jews100.00

52.6847.32

61.2638.74

Per Centof Jewsof Total

0.62

0.630.61

2.240.29

1 Exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 927 (627 m. and 300 w.)enumerated as "without religion" and 2,246 (1,537 m. and 709 w.), as unknown.

2 Capellen—16,218 population and 25 Jews (16 m. and 9 w.); Esch—£9,400, 347Jews (196 m. and 151 w.); Luxemburg-Village—13,487, 6 Jews (2 m. and4w.) ; Mersch—12,202, 14 Jews (7 m. and 7 w.); Clervaux—13,660, 2 Jews (men); Diekirch—17,980,164 Jews (79 m. and 85 w.); Redange—12,192, 5 Jews (2 m. and 3 w.); Wiltz—13,317,17 Jews (10 m. and 7 w.); Echternach—10,879, 28 Jews (11 m. and 17 w.); Greven-macher—14,806, 49 Jews (25 m. and 24 w.); and Remich—10,748, 29 Jews (14 m. and15 w.). No Jews were enumerated in the remaining city of Vianden of 2,548 popula-tion, nor in other small places with a total population of 9,572.


TABLE XLJEWS OF LUXEMBURG, 1871-1927

Year(Dec. 1)

18711880188518901895'19001905191019221927

Number

Total197,328209,570213,283211,088217,583235,954246,455259,891260.767285,524

Jews

523777866

1.0091,0541,2121.2101,2701,3581,771

Per Cent of Increaseor Decrease

Total

6.201.77

—1.03>3.088.444.455.450.349.49

Jews

48.5711.4516.514.46

14.99—0.17

4.966.93

30.41

Per Centof Jewsof Total

0.260.370.410.480.480.510.490.490.520.62

1 Decrease.1 On December second.


2. THE JEWS OF NEW ZEALAND—CENSUS OF 1926

According to the census of April 20, 1926, a total of 2,591Jews live in the Dominion of New Zealand, constituting0.19% of the total population. Of these, 1,339 are malesand 1,252 are females (51.68% and 48.32%). A total of2,372 Jews reside in urban places (boroughs), and 198, inrural territory, and the residence of 21 was unspecified(91.55%, 7.64%, and 0.81% respectively)1. Almost three-quarters of the Jewish population, 1,926 persons, reside inthe three large cities of the country, Wellington, Aukland,and Christchurch, each having a population of 100,000 orover2. But even in these cities, the Jews constitute less than1% of the total population (0.74% in Wellington, 0.44% inAukland, and 0.15% in Christchurch). The rest of theJewish population are widely scattered among the urbanareas, boroughs, town districts, and counties3. Nearly 50%of the total Jewish population were, on the date of theenumeration, 15 to 44 years of age and 27% were of 45years or over, while only 7% and 16% were of four yearsor under and 5 to 14 years respectively. Finally, of the totalnumber of Jews 16 years or over, 34% were unmarried and57% were married, and the remainder were widowed,divorced, separated, or unspecified.

The Jews resemble the total population as regards thedistribution of the sexes, and differ slightly from the totalpopulation in the ratio of married to unmarried persons, thenumber of the former being larger among Jews (57.41% ofthe total Jewish population 16 years and over) than amongthe total population (55.8%). As in other countries, theproportion of Jews living in rural territory is small (7.6%),compared with that of the total population (41%). Es-pecially noteworthy is the fact that, on the day of theenumeration, only 23% of the Jewish population was 14years of age or under compared with 30% for the totalpopulation.

'Of the total number of Jews, 1,414 were foreign-born, 54.57%, compared with26.27% for the total population.2 Aukland, 192,233, Jews 828 (443 men and 405 women); Christchurch, 118,501,Jews, 182 (93 men and 89 women); Wellington, 121,527, Jews 896 (430 men and466women). Also Dunedin, 85,095, Jews 190 (95 men and 95 women).8 A total of 2,308 Jews reside in the 14 urban areas; 64 Jews, in 48 of the 105 bor-oughs; 20 Jews, in 11 of the 69 town districts; and 178, in 50 of the 129 counties.


Nearly half (49%) of the Jewish population of the country-are gainfully employed (total population: 44%), and ofthese 2% are engaged in agricultural pursuits and 98% innon-agricultural pursuits (total population: 24% and 76%respectively). Of those engaged in non-agricultural pur-suits, over one-third (35%) are in commerce, 23% inindustry, 9% in liberal professions and public service, andthe remainder in other occupations (total population: 19%in industry, 10% in commerce, 12% in professions andpublic service). Further, of the total number of Jews, 26%were wage-earners, 10% employers, 7% persons in businesson own account, 1% were unemployed, and the remainderwere wives, children, other dependents, others, and unspe-cified (total population: 30% wage-earners, 6% persons inbusiness on own account, 4% employers, 1% unemployed).

In 1896, a total of 1,549 Jews were enumerated in NewZealand. Since then, with one exception, each censusshowed an increase of Jews. In the first general census of1851, a total of 65 Jews were enumerated. It is noteworthythat in the latter year the Jews constituted 0.2% of thethen total population, and in 1867, 0.57%. Since that datethe percentage of Jews to the total has slowly decreaseduntil 1926, when it was 0.19% of the total population.4

1 Inasmuch as the last census has shown a larger number of foreign-born among theJewish population than among the total population, the low percentage of the Jewishpopulation to the total is probably due to a smaller natural increase among Jews thanamong the total population, at least in recent years.


TABLE XLI

JEWS OF NEW ZEALAND, BY'SEX, AGE, CONJUGAL CONDITION, AND

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1926

Total

MalesFemales

Urban (boroughs)RuralUnspecified3

0—45—145—135—1515—4445 and overNot specified6

Unmarried 16 years or over.,Married 16 years or over. . .Widowed 16 years or over

Legally separated 16 years or overNot Specified7 16 years or over

Number

Total

1,344.4691

686,384658,085

785,040551,45 7

7,972

134,431. 266 745240,772291,960629,863310,081

3,349

330,573512,072

58,3733,7085,4897,559

Jews

2,5912

1,3391,252

2,37219821

185<4144381*469*

1.2901

694*8*

6706

1,111s

117611816«10«

Distribution

Total

100.00

51.0548.95

58.3941.02

.59

10.0019.8417.9121.7246.8523.06

.25

36.0255.80

6.36.40.60.82

Jews

100.00

SI.6848.32

91.557.64.81

7.1415.9814.7118.1049.7926.78

.31

34.6257.41

6.05.57.83.52

1 Exclusive of 63,670 Maoris in New Zealand and 53,905 natives and 1,220 Europeansand non-natives in the dependencies of Cook Islands, Tereelau Islands and WesternSamoa.

1 Exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 62,585 classed as "object tostate".

» Enumerated on trains and aboard ships, and in adjacent islands (887 populationwith no Jews).

« Females: 89 of 0—4 years (7.11%); 206 of 5—14 (16.45%); 188 of 5 to 13 (15.02%);233 of 5 to 15 (18.61%}; 648 of 15 to 44 (51.76%); 306 of 45 and over (24.44%); and3 unspecified including 1 minor (0.24%).

6 Including 304 minors for the total population and 2 Jewish minors.• Females: 316 unmarried, 519 married, 80 widowed, 6 divorced, 6 separated, and 2

not specified (34.02%, 55.87%, 8.61%, .64%. .64% and .22% respectively.7 See footnote 5.


TABLE XLIIJEWS OF NEW ZEALAND, BY OCCUPATION, 1926

Occupation1Number

TotalJews

Bothsexes Men

Wo-men

Distribution

TotalJews

Bothsexes Men

Wo-men

Population

Persons gainfullyemployed

Dependents

Agricultural pursuits2..Non-agricultural

pursuits

ManufactureCommerceProfessions and Public

Service3

Other ProfessionsNo industry and not

specified

EmployersPersons in business on

own account4

Wage earners andsalaried workers

UnemployedWives, children dependents, others* and not

specified

1,344,469 2,591 1,339 1,252 100.00 100.00 100.00

592,245752,224

1,2611,330

976363

285967

44.0555.95

48.6751.33

72.8927.11

22.7677.24

142,076

450,169

22

1,239

19

957

3

282

23.99

76.01

1.74

98.26

1.95

98.05

1.05

98.95

85,72972,332

53,990167,204

70,914

280435

117201

206

227369

93158

110

5366

2443

96

19.0516.07

11.9937.14

15.75

22.6035.11

9.4416.22

16.63

23.7238.56

9.7216.51

11.49

18.7923.40

8.5115.25

34.05

51,584

80.582

401,54513,128

797,630

257

181

66626

1,461

241

161

48521

431

16

20

1815

1,030

3.84

5.99

29.870.98

59.32

9.92

6.99

25.701.00

56.39

18.00

12.02

36.221.57

32.19

1.28

1.60

14.46.40

82.26

1 On basis of the industry, trade, profession, or service with which associated, asdistinct from personal occupation.

2 Fishing and trapping, agricultural and pastoral, forestry, mining and quarrying.a Public administration and defence, law and order, religion and social welfare,

health, education, other professions.4 Of these, 10,651 persons including 6 Jews (3 men and 3 women) were assisted by

relatives without salary.» "Not applicable."

TABLE XLII IJEWS OF NEW ZEALAND, 1851—1926

Year

1851186718711874187818811896

Total

26,707218,668256,393299,514414,412489,933703,360

Jews

651,2471,2621,2151,4241,5361,549

P. C.

0.240.570.490.400.340.310.22

Year

190119061911191619211926

Total

772,719888,578

1,008,4681,099,4491,218,9131,344,469

Jews

1,6111,8672,1282 3452,3802,591

P. C.

0.210.210.210.210.200.19


3. THE JEWS OF TURKEY—CENSUS OF 1927

A total of 82,000 Jews reside in the Republic of Turkey,according to the census of October 28, 1927, the first evertaken in Turkey. Of these, 55,600, over two-thirds (67.90%)reside in the European vilayets of the Republic;r21,917, overone-fourth (26.77%) in the three vilayets along the Seaof Marmora and the /Egean in Asia, namely Bursa, Canak-kale and Izmir (Smyrna); while 4,363 (5.33%) are scatteredover 44 vilayets in Asia. A total of 12 vilayets in Asia didnot return Jews in the census of 1927.

In the European vilayets, the Jews constitute 4.7% ofthe total, being most numerous (5.9%), in the vilayet ofIstanbul (Constantinople), and least numerous (0.9%) inKirkkilisse. In Asia, in the vilayet of Smyrna, the Jewsform 3.4% of the total, in Canakkale, 1%, and in Bursa,0.48%; while in all other vilayets, the Jews constitute 0.34%or less of the total population.

The Jewish community of Istanbul (the Prefecture ofStambul) numbers 46,700, or 6.7% of the total population.Next come the community of Izmir (Smyrna), with 16,200Jews, 10.5% of the total, and that of Edirne (Adrianople),with 5,700 Jews, (16.5%). There are five communities ofthe class of 2,000 to 500 Jews, the largest being Bursa with1,850, (3% of the total), and the smallest, Angora, thecapital of the Republic, with 650 Jews, (0.9% of the total).There are also 9 Jewish communities of the class of 500 to100 Jews.1

In the country as a whole, there are, according to thecensus of 1927, 1,149 Jewish women for every 1,000 Jewishmen. But the vilayets vary. In the vilayets in Europe,there are 1,151 Jewish women for every 1,000 men; in thethree vilayets in Asia along the Sea of Marmora and theiEgean, 1,226 women; on the other hand, in the othervilayets there are but 810 Jewish women per 1,000 men.As for the communities, in those of 500 Jews or over, the

1 Adana, 158 Jews (93 men and 65 women), 0.22% of the total population; Bergama,173 Jews (102 men and 71 women), 1.31%; Diyarbekir, 379 Jews (214 men and 165women, 1.23%; Gaziayintap, 379 Jews (199 men and 180 women), 0.95%; Kilis, 330Jews (179 men and 151 women), 1.46%; Manisa, 155 Jews (86 men and 69 women),0.54%; Maras. 262 Jews (154 men and 108 women), 0.58%; Mersin, 121 Jews (70 menand 51 women), 0.57%; Urfa, 228 Jews (102 men and 126 women), 0.78%.


women outnumber the men, while in the smaller communi-ties the Jewish men outnumber the women, except in twocases, namely, the city of Ankara (Angora) which, thoughhaving 650 Jews, had fewer women than men, and the smallcommunity of Urfa which had more women than men.Presumably the capital city of Angora, like the smallJewish communities, are receiving new Jewish settlers. Inthe community of Istanbul, there are 1,149 Jewish womenfor 1,000 Jewish men; in Izmir (Smyrna), 1,252; in Edirne(Adrianople), 1,197.


TABLE XLIV

JEWS OF TURKEY, BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1927

Turkey

Vilayets in Europe1

Vilayets in Asia'

VILAYETS IN EUROPEIstanbul (Constantinople)... .Edirne (Adrianople)Kirklar-Eli iKirkkilisse)Tekir-Dagh (Rodosto)

VILAYETS IN ASIABursa (Broussa).. .CanakkaleIzmir (Smyrna)Other Vilayets2

Vilayets Reporting Jews3

Vilayets not Reporting Jews'..

Number

Total

13,648,270

1,185,71912,462,551

794,444150,840108,989131,446

401,595181,735526,005

11,353,216

11,851,9381,796,332

Jews

BothSexes

81,872

55,59226,280

47,0356,098

9781,481

1,9151,845

18,1574,363

81,872

Men

38,103

25,84912,254

21,9092,806

425709

953799

8,0922,410

38,103

Wo-men

43,769

29,74314,026

25,1263.292

553772

9621,046

10.0651,953

43,769

P. C.of

Jews

0.60

4.690.21

5.924.040.901.13

0.481.023.450.04

0.69

Dis-tribu-tionof

Jews

100.00

100.00100.00

84.6110.97

1.762.66

7.297.02

69.0916.60

100.00

Num-ber ofWo-menper1000Men

1,149

1,1511.145

1,1471,1731,3011,089

1.0091,3091,244

810

1.149

1 The region "Turkey in Europe" corresponds to that of the Vilayets in Europe,provided we add the districts of Eceabat (5,857 persons with 10 Jews: 7 men and 3women) and Galiboli (13,632 with 736 Jews: 322 men and 414 women) which, thoughsituated in Europe, are part of the Vilayet of Canakkale in Asia, and subtract thedistricts of Skutari (145,423 with 4,345 Jews: 2,145 men and 2,200 women) and Sile(13,525 with no Jews returned) which, though located in Asia, are part of the Vilayetin Europe. Hence, Turkey in Europe, properly so-called, had on the day of the censusa total population of 1,185,719 plus 19,489 less 158,948 or 1,046,260 with, applyingthe same method of calculation, 51,993 Jews (24,033 men and 27,960 women).

* The region "Turkey in Asia" corresponds to that of the Vilayets in Asia providedwe add the districts of Skutari (145,423 persons with 4,345 Jews: 2.145 men and 2,200women) and Sile (13,525 persons with no Jews returned) which, though located in AsiaVilayets in Europe; and subtract the districts of Eceabat (5,857 persons with 10 Jews:7 men and 3 women) and Galiboli (13,632 with 736 Jews: 322 men and 414 women)which, though situated in Europe, are part of the Vilayet of Canakkale in Asia. Hence,Turkey in Asia, properly so-called, had on the day of the census a total population of12,462,551 plus 158,948 less 19,489 or 12,602,010, and, by the same method of calcu-lation, 29,879 Jews: 14,070 men and 15,809 women.

' Adana (159 Jews), Afyon (11), Aksaray (1), Amasya (23), Ankara (663). Antalya(38), Artvin (2), Balikessir (43), Bilecik (4), Bitlis (1), Bolu (2), Burdur (1). Cebeliber-eket (1), Cankiri (1), Corum (1), Denizli (2), Diyarbekir (392), Elaziz (1), Eskisehir (25).Gaziayintap (742). Giresun (6), Hakari (43), Kars (1), Kastamonu (1), Kayseri (15),Kirsehir (3), Kocaeli (5), Konya (17), Kutahya (19), Malatya (8), Manisa (278). Maras(265), Mardin (490), Mersin (122), Mugla (291), Ordu (2), Samsun (95), Sivas (6),Tokat (92), Trabzon (3). Urfa (318), Van (129), Yozgat (23), Zonguldak (18).

*Aydin, 212,541; Bayazit, 104,586; Erzincan, 132,325; Erzurum, 270.426; Cebin-karahisar, 108,735; Isparta, 144,437; Icel, 90,940; Gumusane, 122,231; Nigde. 166.056;Rize, 171,657; Siirt, 102,433; and Sinop, 169,965.


TABLE XLV

JEWISH COMMUNITIES OF TURKEY OF 500 JEWS OR OVER, 1927

Total

690,857153,92434,52874,55361,69012,84414,56918,747

BothSexes

46,69816,2155,697

6581.862

662884

1.063

Jews

Men

21,7217,1992,593

330921271418440

Wo-men

24,9779,0163,104

328941391466623

PerCent

6.7610.5316.500.883.025.156.075.67

No. ofWo-menper

1.000Men

Istanbul (Prefecture of Stambul)Izmir, IzmirEdirne, EdirneAnkara, AnkaraBursa, BursaKirklareli, KirklareliTerkidag, TerkidagTire, Ismir

1,1491,2521,197

9941,0221,4431,1151.416


4. J E W S OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA—CENSUS OF 1926

A total of 71,800 Jews live in the Union of South Africa,according to the census of the White (European) populationof May 4, 1926. Of these, 9 3 % reside in urban placesand 7% in rural territory, (compared with 58% and 42%respectively for the total population). More than half(54%) of the total Jewish population are in the Provinceof Transvaal, one-third (33%) m Cape, 8% in Orange FreeState, and 5% in Natal (total population: 42 .1% in Cape,36.3% in Transvaal, 12.1% in Orange Free State, and 9.5%in Natal). The Jews are widely distributed over the coun-try, residing in each of the 17 principal cities and in all but5 of the 185 magisterial districts of the country (97.33%).*

In the country as a whole, the Jews form 4.28% of thetotal White (European) population, but in the urban placesthey constitute 7.9% of the total, while only 0.7% in therural territory. The density of the Jewish population variesalso with the provinces, ranging from 6.4% in Transvaalto 2% in Natal. In the two large cities of the country, of100,000 population or more, each, the Jews constitute nearly13% of the total white population; in the three cities of100,000 to 25,000 their proportion is 4 % ; and in the citiesof 10,000 to 5,000, it is 4.7%.

As in other countries of immigration, the Jewish menoutnumber the women in the Union, the ratio being 54%men and 46% women, (compared with 51.1% and 48.9%respectively for the total white population). But thenumber of Jewish women for every 1,000 Jewish men varieswith the age of the Jewish population. In the age-groupsunder 20, the number of women per 1,000 men ranges from996 in the age-group of 10 to 14, to 932 in the age-group of5 to 9. But in the older age-groups to 30 years and over,the number of women per 1,000 men ranges from 800 inthe age-group of 30 to 34, to only 587 in the age-group of50 to 54. On the other hand, in the age-group of 20 to 29,the Jewish women outnumber the men, there being 1,091women per 1,000 men in the 20 to 24 age-group, and 1,059in that of 25 to 29.

1 94 magisterial districts in Cape, 31 in Natal, 33 in Transvaal and 27 in Orange FreeState. Jews were returned from all the districts, except 1 in Cape and 4 in Natal.


The sex distribution varies also with the provinces, thenumber of Jewish women per 1,000 men being 879 in Cape,853 in Transvaal, 816 in Natal, and 738 in Orange FreeState1; and in the principal towns of the country, the rangeis from 963 women per 1,000 men in Cape Town, to 651 inthe Jewish community of Springs. The number of womenper 1,000 men was on the whole comparatively high inthe larger Jewish communities, especially in Cape Town(963), Johannesburg (927) and in Durban (915), and, onthe whole, the number was low in smaller Jewish commun-ities, of the class of 500 to 100 Jews, in which it variedfrom 726 to 651.

Over 51% of the Jewish population of the country wereof 15 to 44 years of age; 29%, of 14 years and under; and20%, of 45 years and over (compared with 46%, 35%, and19% respectively for the total population). But the agedistribution of the Jews varied with the sexes. Of the totalJewish males in the country, 27.2% were 14 years andunder; 50.3%, were 15 to 44; and 22.6%, were 45 years andover, compared with 30.6%, 52.7%, and 16.7% respectivelyfor the Jewish females of the country. There were morefemales per 1,000 males in every age-group below 30 yearsof age, per 1,000 males in every age-group above 30 yearsof age.

In the census of 1904, a total of 38,096 Jews were enumer-ated, and every subsequent census has shown an increaseof the Jewish population. In 1904 the Jews constituted3.41% of the total population, and, in 1926 they constituted4.28%, so that during the past 22 years, the increase of theJewish population was slightly larger than that of the totalWhite (European) population of the country.

1 See footnote 3 to Table I.


TABLE XLVI

JEWS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, BY SEX, AGE, AND

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1926

Union of South Africa

MalesFemales

Rural

0-45-1415-4445 and overNot Specified

Cape ProvinceNatalTransvaal . .Orange Free State . . . .

Number

White(European)Population

1,676,660

856,918819,742

975,235701,425

199,597384,499772,607319 786

171

706,137158,916608,622202,985

Jews

71,816'

38,81732,999

66,8964,920!

6,36614,26736,91614,255

12

23.984^3,2773

38,80235,753»

P. C.of

Jews

4.28

4.534.03

6.860.70

3.193.714.784.467.02

3.402.066.382.83

Distribution

Total

100.00

51.1148.89

58.1741.83

11.9022.9346.0919.070.01

42.119.48

36.3012.11

Jews

100.00

54.0545.95

93.156.85

8.8619.8751.4019.850.02

33.404.56

54.038.01

1 Including 775 (392 m. and 383 w.) of the Jewish religion though of non-Jewishparentage, and excluding (a) the possible number of Jews among the 10,489 returnedas "no religion," free thinkers, object to state, unknown or unspecified, and (b) a totalof 949 (478 m. and 471 w.) of Jewish parentage who were returned as of non-Jewishreligion, and (c) a total of 99 (66 m. and 33 w.) of Jewish parentage returned as "noreligion."

* 1,646 (1,080 m. and 566 w.) in Cape Town, 0.55% of the total; 313 (230 m. and83 w.) in Natal, 0.68% of the total; 2,154 (1,491 m. and 663 w.) in Transvaal, 0.91%of the total; and 807 (536 m. and 271 w.) in Orange Free State, 0.69% of the total.

8 Including Jewish females: 11,223 in Cape, 1,472 in Natal, 17,861 in Transvaal, and2,443 in Orange Free State.


TABLE XLVII

JEWS OF UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, BY AGE, 1926

AH Ages

0- 45- 9

10-14.15-1920-2425-2930-34.35-39.40-4445-495 0 - 5 4 . . . .55-5960 and over. . .Unspecified. . .

White(Euro-pean)

Popula-tion

1,676.660

199,597193,730190.769180,327146.951121,942118,854108.49796,03689,33572,87855,440

102,133171

Jews

BothSexes

71,816

6,3666,7317,5367,6967,2056.2595,6655,2474,8444,7003,6412,4163,498

12

Men

38,817

3,2883,4843,7753,9613,4463,0403,1482,9732.9482.9292,2941,4282.097

6

Wo-men

32,999

3,0783,2473,7613,7353,7593,2192,5172,2741,8961.7711,347

9881,401

6

Distribution

Total

100.00

11.9011.5511.3810.768.767.277.096.475.735.334.353.316.090.01

Jews

Total

100.00

8.869.37

10.4910.7210.038.727.897.316.755.545.073.364.870.02

Men

100.00

8.478.989.72

10.208.887.838.117.667.597.555.913.685.400.02

Wo-men

100.00

9.339.84

11.4011.3211.399.757.636.895.745.374.082.994.250.02

No.oWo-menper

1,000JewishMen

850

936932996943

1,0911,059

800765643605587692668

1,000


TABLE XLVIII

JEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA,

1926

White(Euro-pean)

Popula-tion

Jews

BothSexes Men

Wo-men

P. C.of

Jews

No. ofWomen

per1,000

JewishMen

Principal Towns

JohannesburgCape TownDurbanPretoriaBenoniBloemfonteinBoksburgEast LondonGermistonKimberleyKrugersdorpPort ElizabethWynbergBrakpanPietermaritzburgRoodepoort-MaraisburgSprings

624,902 51,505 26.988 24.517 8.24 908

170,741119.17370.88354,32614,89922,69512.14423,21019,49517.26814,52433,37111,3958,450

19,7487,2175,363

25,82611,0792,4182,3831,1511.406

596679907812957

1,490613378188277345

13,3995,6441.2631,314

634755322366506445518778331219111174209

12,4275,4351,1551,069

51765127431340136743971228215977

103136

15.139.303.414.397.736.204.912.934.654.706.594.475.384.470.9S3.846.43

927963915814816862851855793825848915852726694592651

TABLE XLIX

JEWS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1904-1926

19041911191819211926

White (European)Population

1,116,8061.276.2421,421,7811.519,4881,676.660

Jews

38.09646,91958,74162,10371,816

P. C.

3.413.684.134.094.28


5. THE JEWS OF VENEZUELA—CENSUS OF 1926

A total of 882 Jews live in the United States of Venezuela,according to the census of February 1-3, 1926. Of these 534are men and 348 women (60.5% and 39.5%). A total of 253Jews (175 men and 78 women) reside in the federal capital,Caracas, a city of 135,000 population, 48 Jews in otherplaces of the Federal District, and 581 are scattered, insmall numbers, over 18 states of-the union; only two smallstates and the two territories failed to return Jews in thelast census. In the census of 1891, 2471 Jews were returned,and in 1873, 302 Jews.

1 Total population, 2,323,527; Jews in the Federal District 82 (74 men and 8 women).2 23 in the Federal District and 7 in the State of Carabobo; probably incomplete,

total population 1,784,194.

TABLE L

JEWS OF VENEZUELA, BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL

DISTRIBUTION, 1929

Men . .Women

Federal DistrictStates

States reporting Jews*Slates not reporting Jews*

Territories

Number

Total

2,890,731'

1,414,5961,476,135

195,4602,608,4132,340,807

267,60686,858

Jews

882»

534348

301»581581

Distribution

Total

100.00

48.9451.06

6.7690.2389.7410.263.01

Jews

100.00

60.5439.46

34.1365.87

» Exclusive of 136,147 Indians.2 Exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 31,706 men and 30,622 women

unspecified as to religion.' Including 253 Jews (175 men and 78 women) in the federal capital, Caracas, of

135,000 population.<Anzoategui, 129,791, 6 Jews; Apure, 58,499, 3 Jews; Aragua, 105,839, 11 Jews;

Bolivar, 98,258, 9 Jews; Carabobo, 147,204,60 Jews; Falcon, 178,642,63 Jews; Guarico,125,282, 5 Jews; Lara, 271,369, 7 Jews; Marida, 150,128, 9 Jews; Miranda, 189,572,101 Jews; Monagas, 68,765, 8 Jews; Sucre, 216.476, 50 Jews; Tachira, 172,900, 22Jews; Trujillo, 218,780, 67 Jews; Yaracuy, 122,836, 25 Jews; Zulia, 222,613, 13S Jews.

6 Cojedes, 82,152; Nueva Esparta, 69,392; Portuguesa, 55,721; Zamora, 57,341,• Amazonas, 60,276; Delta Amacuro, 26,582.

TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THEAMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

OFFICERS

President, CYRUS ADLERJULIUS ROSENWALD }IRVING LEHMAN j Vice-Presidents

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

CYRUS ADLER (1934) Philadelphia, Pa.JAMES H. BECKER (1934) Chicago, 111.DAVID M. BRESSLER (1934) New York, N. Y.LEO M. BROWN (1932) Mobile, Ala.FRED M. BUTZEL (1932) Detroit, Mich.BENJAMIN N. CARDOZO (1933) New York, N. Y.JAMES DAVIS (1932) Chicago, 111.ABRAM I. ELKUS (1934) New York, N. Y.ELI FRANK (1934) Baltimore, Md.HENRY ITTLESON (1934) New York, N. Y.LOUIS E. KIRSTEIN (1932) Boston, Mass.MAX J. KOHLER (1932) New York, N. Y.HERBERT H. LEHMAN (1933) New York, N. Y.IRVING LEHMAN (1932) New York, N. Y.SAMUEL D. LEIDESDORF (1932) New York, N. Y.JAMES MARSHALL (1933) New York, N. Y.MILTON J. ROSENAU (1932) Cambridge, Mass.JULIUS ROSENWALD (1933) Chicago, 111.HORACE STERN (1934) Chairman Philadelphia, Pa.LEWIS L. STRAUSS (1933) New York, N. Y.SOL M. STROOCK (1934) New York, N. Y.CYRUS L. SULZBERGER (1933) New York, N. Y.FELIX M. WARBURG (1933) New York, N. Y.MORRIS WOLF (1933) Philadelphia, Pa.

SECRETARYMORRIS D. WALDMAN

ASSISTANT SECRETARYHARRY SCHNEIDERMAN

171 Madison Avenue, N. E. Cor. 33rd Street,New York City

Cable Address, "WISHCOM, New York."339


TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING

NOVEMBER 9, 1930

The Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting of the AmericanJewish Committee was held at the Hotel Astor, New YorkCity, on Sunday, November 9, 1930. Doctor Cyrus Adler,President of the Committee, called the meeting to order.

The following members were present:District Members:

DistrictVII. Max Adler, Bernard Horwich, Chicago.

VIII. David Philipson, Cincinnati.IX. Cyrus Adler, Justin P. Allman, B. L. Levinthal,

Horace Stern, Philadelphia.X. Edward N. Calisch, Richmond.

XI. Jacob Asher, Worcester; Edward M. Chase, Man-chester; Henry Lasker, Springfield; Samuel E.Paulive, Chelsea; Archibald Silverman, Provi-dence; Isidore Wise, Hartford.

XII. David M. Bressler, Benjamin N. Cardozo, EliasA. Cohen, H. G. Enelow, William Fischman, Lee K.Frankel, Henry Ittleson, Joseph J. Klein, Max J.Kohler, Jacob Kohn, Arthur K. Kuhn, Irving Leh-man, William Liebermann, James Marshall, Alex-ander Marx, Bernard Semel, I. M. Stettenheim,Hugh Grant Straus, Lewis L. Strauss, Sol M.Stroock, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Israel Unterberg,Ludwig Vogelstein, Felix M. Warburg, New YorkCity.

XIII. Moses F. Aufsesser, Albany; Benjamin Stolz,Syracuse.

XIV. A. J. Dimond, East Orange; Philip Dimond, Pater-son; William Newcorn, Plainfield; Oscar L. Wein-garten, Newark.

Member s-at-Large:James H. Becker, Chicago; Eli Frank, Baltimore; David

A. Brown, New York; Herbert J. Hannoch, Newark;Henry S. Hendricks, New York; Stanley M. Isaacs,New York. \

REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 341

Delegates from Organizations:COUNCIL OF YOUNG ISRAEL AND YOUNG ISRAEL ORGAN-

IZATIONS : Edward S. Silver.HADASSAH: Mrs. David de Sola Pool.HEBREW SHELTERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY: John

L. Bernstein, Harry Fischel, Abraham Herman, JacobMassel, Albert Rosenblatt.

INDEPENDENT ORDER BRITH ABRAHAM: Gustave Hart-man, Max L. Hollander, Nathan D. Perlman, AdolphStern.

INDEPENDENT ORDER FREE SONS OF ISRAEL: Solon J.Liebeskind.

JEWISH WELFARE BOARD: Joseph Rosenzweig.ORDER OF THE UNITED HEBREW BROTHERS: Meyer

Greenberg.RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY OF THE JEWISH THEOLOGICAL

SEMINARY: Louis Finkelstein.UNITED ROUMANIAN JEWS OF AMERICA: Herman Speier,

Leo Wolfson.UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA: Nathan Levy.

APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEES

The President appointed the following Committees:On Auditing the Accounts of the Treasurer: William New-

corn and Archibald Silverman.On Canvassing the Ballots for District Members: Henry

S. Hendricks and William Liebermann.On Nominations: David M. Bressler, Moses F. Aufsesser,

Lewis L. Strauss, A. J. Dimond and Justin P. Allman.

PRESENTATION OF ANNUAL REPORT

The Executive Committee presended its report for thepast year. On motion, duly seconded, it was resolvedthat the report be accepted, approved and published.

The Secretary presented a report of his recent trip tovarious European countries. (See pp. 382-399, post.

RESOLUTION ON PALESTINE

Upon motion, duly made and seconded, the resolutionprotesting against the new policy in respect of Palestine,


announced by the British Government on October 20,1930, submitted by the Executive Committee in its AnnualReport,* was unanimously adopted.

AMENDMENT OF THE BY-LAWS

Upon motion, duly made and seconded, the recommenda-tion of the Executive Committee tha t Article V of theBy-Laws be amended so as to increase the maximumnumber of Members-at-Large from 20 to 30 was unanimouslyagreed to.

ELECTIONS

The Committee on Nominations recommended the elec-tion of the following:

For Officers:President: Cyrus Adler.Vice-Presidents: Julius Rosenwald and Irving Lehman.

For Members of the Executive Committee to Serve forThree Years from January 1, 1931:

Cyrus Adler David M. BresslerJames H. Becker Abram I. Elkus

Eli Frank

It was regularly moved and seconded that the Secretarybe requested to cast one ballot for the nominees of theCommittee on Nominations, which he did, and announcedthe election of the several nominees.

The Secretary was requested to cast one ballot for thenominees for memberships-at-large, suggested by the Execu-tive Committee in its Annual Report, which he did, andannounced the election of the several nominees.

REPORT OF TELLERS

The tellers reported that they had canvassed the ballotscast for district members, and that the candidates of thecommittee appointed to nominate persons to fill existingvacancies, or to succeed members whose terms had expired,had received a plurality of the votes cast, and were, there-fore, elected to membership. (For the names of thosemembers elected, see pages 339-342.)

•See pp. 368-369, post.


REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE

The Committee on Auditing the Accounts of the Treas-urer reported that it had duly audited these accounts andhad found them to be correct.

REPORT OF FINANCE COMMITTEE

Mr. Lewis L. Strauss, Chairman of the Standing AdvisoryCommittee on Finance, reported that this Committee hadheld a meeting this morning and had agreed to submit thefollowing report and recommendations:

Analysis of the financial situation of the Committee dis-closes the fact that though our fiscal year ended on October31st with a balance of $1,650, the Committee's financialprospects for the new fiscal year are anything but encourag-ing. Our success in coming through the past year without adeficit was due to the precautions taken in the early part ofthe year to secure extra contributions largely in the form ofone-time donations from about eighty friends of the Com-mittee. We actually sustained a loss in regular contributionsof nearly $20,000 unquestionably due nearly entirely to thesevere economic experiences of the past year. Unless generaleconomic conditions improve during the coming year, weapprehend a further substantial loss of this kind. Our totalreceipts during the past year were about $60,000. Thisamount is $40,000 less than the amount, namely, $100,000,which Mr. Louis Marshall and his associates on the Execu-tive Committee established as the minimum budgetaryrequirement of the Committee to enable us to do our workeffectively.

Though we still believe that the sum of $100,000 reflectsthe adequate budgetary needs of the Committee, thisobjective must be deferred until after a resumption of nor-mal business conditions. Continuing the strict economies ofpast year, we believe that the sum of $60,000 is the mini-mum with which we can live during the year which has justcommenced. From an analysis of our membership records,and anticipating a further contraction in the number of ourregular contributors and amounts of their contributions, weestimate a possible further loss of $30,000. Experience infund-raising efforts by non-local organizations during the


past six months has indicated the futility of attempting tomake up this loss by an appeal to the Jewish community atlarge. In the judgment of your committee, the situation isone in which we shall have to depend upon the particularinterest and support of the Corporate Members of the Com-mittee. On the assumption, therefore, that we shall require$30,000 in new money (over and above what we reasonablyexpect in 1931 from our regular contributors) the membersof your Finance Committee who met this morning unani-mously recommend that the corporate membership of theCommittee assume the responsibility of securing new mem-bers or increased contributions from present sustainingmembers in the proportionate quotas which, in our opinion,will be equitably predicated on the basis of population andother pertinent factors.

The task divided in this way should, in our opinion,impose a trifling burden upon the members of each district.We recommend, therefore, that the secretary be instructedto communicate as soon as possible with the corporatemembers in their respective districts informing them of thesituation and of the quota for their district and conveyingthe resolution of this body requesting their cooperation, andthat the corporate members of each district shall jointlyunderwrite the amount of their respective quota anddetermine in their discretion how and where within thedistrict the funds shall be raised. While it would be prefer-able to secure the new funds in the form of regular annualcontributions, it may be more difficult to secure them thanone-time contributions and it should be made clear thatone-time donations, to enable the Committee to tide overthe present emergency, will be most acceptable. If all thecorporate members of the Committee do their share now, acritical situation will be avoided, and the efforts of theExecutive Committee and the secretariat will be left free todeal with the serious problems confronting them withoutthe distraction incident to raising the funds to carry on.

The members of your Finance Committee whose namesappear below move the adoption of the foregoing recom-mendations:

LEWIS L. STRAUSS, New York City, ChairmanMAX ADLER, Chicago


JUSTIN P. ALLMAN, PhiladelphiaMOSES AUFSESSER, AlbanyDAVID M. BRESSLER, New York CityELIAS A. COHEN, New York CityA. J. DIMOND, NewarkPHILIP DIMOND, PatersonHARRY FISCHEL, New York CityJOSEPH J. KLEIN, New York CityHENRY LASKER, SpringfieldARCHIBALD SILVERMAN, ProvidenceOSCAR L. WEINGARTEN, NewarkISIDORE WISE, HartfordHERBERT J. HANNOCH, Newark

Upon motion, duly seconded, the report and recommen-dations of the Finance Committee were approved andadopted.

Upon motion, the meeting adjourned.

MORRIS D. WALDMAN,

Secretary.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE

To the Members of the American Jewish Committee:Your Executive Committee begs leave to present a brief

outline of the more important of the matters to which itsattention has been given since your last meeting.

A. DOMESTIC MATTERS

1. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION

These subjects continued during the past year to enlistthe close attention of your Executive Committee. In har-mony with our established policy, we have carefully watchedthe course of immigration legislation in Congress in order totake all proper steps to prevent the passage of laws which,in our view, may result in injustice or unreasonable hardshipto immigrants into the United States, even though the pro-


portion of Jews among such immigrants has been drasticallycut as a result of the operation of the immigration law of1924. The work in this connection was ably and conscien-tiously supervised by Mr. Kohler, Chairman of the StandingAdvisory Committee on Immigration.

Your Committee has been represented at hearings beforethe Committees on Immigration and Naturalization of boththe House of Representatives and the Senate,

(a) in support of proposed legislation for humanizing the operationof existing immigration laws, particularly in the matter of separa-tion of families, and(b) in opposition to proposed legislation for the registration ofaliens.

In connection with the latter, Mr. Kohler, published apamphlet, "The Registration of Aliens, a Dangerous Pro-ject." Especially in connection with immigration legislation,your Committee has enjoyed the cooperation of othernational organizations affiliated with the Committee, in allparts of the country, who recognized that the proposedregistration of aliens, whether compulsory or voluntary, isbound to lead to their oppression, thus retarding theirAmericanization, and that, to be really effective, the schememust eventually be extended to naturalized and native-borncitizens, subjecting them to annoyance and possibly evenpersecution, besides infringing their natural and constitu-tional rights.

Although several attempts to have the Senate pass avoluntary registration bill were made, none of the manymeasures embodying this proposal was adopted during thepast session of the Congress. In conjunction with otherorganizations, Jewish and non-Jewish, holding similar viewson this question, the Committee will continue to watch thesituation and to be ready to take such action as may appearadvisable.

Early in the year, the attention of your Committee wascalled to the fact that the Bureau of Naturalization in theDepartment of Labor had issued a new form of preliminaryapplication for applicants for naturalization and also for"Registry of Aliens," in which the innovation was intro-duced of requiring the latter to state not only their nation-ality, as required by law, but also their "race." Knowing


that much confusion would result from efforts to answer thisinquiry, believing that information as to an applicant's"race" may at times be prejudicial to his rights, and con-vinced that such information is not required by law, yourCommittee appointed a sub-committee, consisting of Mr.Kohler, Judge Stern, and Mr. Lewis L. Strauss, to conferwith the Secretary of Labor, with whom they left a compre-hensive memorandum on the subject, which is printed as anAppendix to this report. The Secretary of Labor declaredthat if it were a fact that the racial classification of appli-cants for naturalization was not required by law, it will bediscontinued. Subsequently, your Committee was informedthat upon the advice of the Solicitor of the Department, theSecretary had decided to eliminate from the applicationform the question as to "race."

The Committee on Immigration and Naturalization of theHouse of Representatives at the last session, by a dividedvote, reported favorably a bill to increase the educationalrequirements for naturalization materially, including therequirement of a test in American history. This was donewithout any general hearing on the measure, one of thenaturalization officials alone being heard. This measure, ifpassed, will enormously decrease the number that can benaturalized. In fact, the senior U. S. District Judge in NewYork City stated publicly that he believed that the require-ment for a test in American history would reduce the num-ber now capable of being naturalized by more than 80%.More serious for the time being than the citizenship matterinvolved is the fact that by far the largest number of wivesand minor children of the "new immigrants" are nowadmitted to this country by reason of their relationship tosuch "husband" and "father" citizen, because of the verysmall quotas assigned to "non-Nordic" countries. Nor doesthe right to vote necessarily attach to citizenship, as anumber of our states have a literacy test for first voters.

2. JEWS AND CRIME

Toward the end of 1929, a great deal of discussion wasevoked by statements made by a judge of the District Courtof Washington, D. C. The speaker, a Jew, in the course of aHanukkah address, stated that Judaism is confronted today


with a situation requiring Maccabean courage, and went onto explain that he referred to "the crime wave—the Jewishcrime wave." He then added: "Almost overnight we seemto have produced far more than our share of criminals ofevery class and description. . ." These statements, givenprominence in the press of Washington, aroused indignationthere and in other parts of the country. With a view tofurnishing the public with actual facts, the Committeeissued to the press statistics which it had gathered in 1926,covering the decade from 1917 to that year. These showedthat, whereas Jews comprised over 27% of the population ofNew York City, but 19% of the inmates of the city's penalinstitutions during the decade were Jews, and that, whereasJews constituted a little over 16% of the population of thestate as a whole, not more than 10% of the inmates of statepenal institutions during the period were Jews. That thejudge's charge was inaccurate was shown also by evidencefrom other quarters. It is, of course, to be deplored thateven a single Jew commits a crime against the state, for inso doing, he also sins against the Jewish Law which holdsthat "the law of the State is law."

3. ANTI- JEWISH MANIFESTATIONS

The Committee's attention was called to the fact that theBradstreet Company was using in certain regions of thecountry an information blank on which the "racial" extrac-tion of applicants for credit was to be noted and on whichinvestigators were asked to state whether this was "Amer-ican, Negro, Hebrew, Greek, Italian, etc." The Committeecommunicated with the officers of the Bradstreet Company,who stated that these blanks are no longer official and thatthe company will see to it that their use is discontinued.

A sustaining member of the Committee reported that, inreply to an inquiry, he had received from the Foster TravelService a letter stating that a certain hotel in Bermuda"reserved accommodations for Gentiles only." Replyingfor the Foster and Reynolds Company, to whose attentionthe offensive character of this statement was called, WardG. Foster, the President, stated that this assertion wasmade in direct violation of the rules of the company and


that the manager responsible for this violation would bereprimanded.

The Committee protested also against the publication in amonthly periodical issued at Jacksonville, Fla., of a viru-lently anti-Semitic article, and has been informed that theeditors have expressed their regret at the incident and havestated that the article in question does not reflect their viewsand that they will so state in a future issue of the periodical.

The Committee also took action in connection with anadvertisement appearing in a Miami newspaper, in which, ina list of apartments advertised for rent, several were statedto be for "Gentiles only." A correspondent of the Com-mittee received assurances from the representative of thepublishers that all possible steps would be taken to preventsuch advertising in the future.

In this connection, the Committee has made an investiga-tion to determine which of the States have laws prohibitingthe denial of accommodations in places of public resort onthe basis of race or creed. This inquiry disclosed the factthat of the 48 States, 19 have such laws, and that in all but3 cases, the laws are so drawn as more or less effectively todiscourage this form of discrimination; 29 States, however,have no such laws. Your Committee will take under con-sideration the advisability of an effort to secure this kind oflegislation in these States, and of having existing legislationin states other than New York follow the laws of the latterstate, as amended to cover the advertising of such discrim-ination, and to permit penalty actions to be sued for in thedistrict of plaintiff's residence (Laws of New York of 1913pages 481-2; Laws of 1918 pages 812-4). The New Yorkstatute has been held to apply even to schools advertisingfor pupils (McKaine vs. Drake Business School, Inc., 107Miscellaneous Reports 241), and makes discrimination amisdemeanor.

The recent action of the Philadelphia Real Estate Boardis encouraging. Its attention having been drawn to the factthat a certain piece of property being advertised for salebore a sign stating that it would be sold to Gentiles only,the Board adopted a resolution reading in part as follows:

"Whereas, such discrimination in our opinion is prejudicial to thepromotion of the best American principles, which are based upon


fairness and equity as to all citizens, irrespective of their race orcreed, and is therefore to be condemned and deprecated;

"Therefore be it resolved, that we, the Board of Directors of thePhiladelphia Real Estate Board in monthly meeting assembled,hereby deprecate such practices as un-American, prejudicial andopposed to the promotion of the best feeling among all our citizenstoward each other, and counsel the discontinuance of such practice."

Probably the most widespread and discouraging manifes-tation of racial and religious intolerance as against Jews isthe practice of employers to deny employment to Jewishapplicants, without regard to their experience, past record,or fitness for the positions they seek. Since the inception ofthe Committee, this phenomenon has been discussed byyour Executive Committee, and, from time to time, whencomplaints of such discrimination were submitted to it, theCommittee has taken action whenever action seemedadvisable, especially when such discrimination was shownto have been practiced by a governmental, quasi-govern-mental, or public service agency. Because of the manysubterfuges which are employed by those wishing to denywork to Jews, and the great difficulty of securing directevidence that such discrimination is practiced, the problemof combatting it is one of extreme delicacy. Several yearsago, the office of the Committee cooperated with a Christianagency in a study, on a small scale, of the practice, whichbrought out many interesting facts, especially as to the"reasons" for discrimination. This study appeared to indi-cate that a wider investigation, aimed particularly atascertaining, if possible, the extent to which the discrimina-tion is practiced, especially by public or quasi-publicagencies, may prove of value in helping to determine themost effective method of coping with the subject. Duringthe past year, your Committee discussed the proposal for acomprehensive study, in cooperation with other nationalJewish organizations, for which preliminary steps have beentaken.

While your Committee recognizes that the situation inrespect of this employment discrimination is serious, it doesnot regard it with pessimism; it certainly does not justifythe desperate conclusion that "the normal absorption ofJews within the American economic structure is practicallyimpossible." The facts already at hand appear to indicate


that it is a baseless generalization, and that the direct con-trary is true, namely, that the Jews are not only beingabsorbed within the American economic structure, but havealso done a great deal in the direction of strengthening andexpanding that structure itself.

Though no complete study of the occupations of Jews inthe United States has as yet been made, a recent study bythe American Jewish Committee of occupations of Jews inNew York City, where nearly one-half of all the Jews of theUnited States live, disclosed the following, as printed in theCommittee's volume, "Jewish Communal Organizations ofthe Jews of the United States":

"In connection with the section on economic-philanthropic organ-izations, the membership of a number of trade unions in the City ofNew York, some belonging to the United Hebrew Trades and othersnot affiliated with that body, was analyzed with a view to determin-ing the number of Jews engaged in certain industries. The unionsso investigated included those of workers in the following industries:food preparation and distribution, clothing, leather, building, trans-portation and communication, printing, amusement, jewelry andornament; two unions of retail salesmen workers, and 4 miscellane-ous trade unions were also examined. The 50 unions investigatedhad, in July 1929, a total of 392,652 members, of whom 134,020were Jews (34.13%)."

There are, of course, many Jews engaged in other forms ofmanual labor, including common labor, and it may not beunreasonable to assume that a study extended to Jews inother occupations would indicate similar proportions. Thisinvestigation disclosed the fact that 34.13% of all working-men engaged in the trades mentioned were Jews. Overagainst this, it is significant to observe that the Jewishpopulation of the City of New York constitutes 29.56%,i.e., in these forms of manual labor the proportion of Jewsexceeds the non-Jewish population by 15.5%. Incidentally,it may be of interest to refer here to the facts disclosed in thestudy, "The Jews in the United States," also made by theAmerican Jewish Committee, showing that Jews are livingin nearly 10,000 places, of which 4,000 are towns and villageshaving a population of 2,000 souls or less, and 3,000 of theseplaces are rural districts. Indeed, there are over 75,000 Jewsengaged in farming and their number is constantly increas-ing. It is obvious that there is no occupation in which the


Jews are not engaged and in most of which they are notproportionately represented.

This penetration into the manual trades is especially note-worthy in view of the fact that so large a proportion of theseworkingmen or their immigrant parents had not beenengaged in industrial occupations in their native lands,having been legally and otherwise repressively preventedfrom engaging in many such occupations. This wouldcertainly indicate that the very reverse is true, namely, thatAmerica's economic structure is absorbing Jews to a highlysatisfactory degree.

4. STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT

The Statistical Department of the Committee under thedirection of Dr. H. S. Linfield, was occupied, during the pastyear, in gathering and classifying information of Jewishinterest. It prepared for the American Jewish Year Bookthe directories and lists and the article on statistics of Jews,which are published in Volume 32 of that series. In connec-tion with the statistical article, the Department prepared,on the basis of the latest official census reports, interestingand valuable supplements on the number, distribution, andsocial and economic condition of the Jews of Danzig, Ger-many, Hungary, the Irish Free State, Latvia, and Lithu-ania. The preparation of these supplements involved agreat amount of research work. The Director of theDepartment also prepared for presentation before theNational Conference of Jewish Social Service a paper givingan exhaustive treatment of post-war Jewish migration, withparticular emphasis upon the change of policy regardingimmigration and emigration in various countries.

5. T H E AMERICAN J E W I S H YEAR BOOK

Volume 32 of the American Jewish Year Book, the 23rdof the series prepared in the office of, and edited for theCommittee, was edited, as were the eleven preceding issues,by Mr. Harry Schneiderman, the Assistant Secretary. I tcontains a biographical sketch of Louis Marshall by DoctorAdler, and a comprehensive review of the events of Jewish


interest in various countries during the past year, by theeditor. Besides these special features, the volume includesthe usual directories of organizations, lists, and statistics ofJewish population and immigration, all carefully revised, aswell as the 23rd Annual Report of the American JewishCommittee.

6. COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

During the year, the Committee has kept in close touchwith other Jewish organizations, particularly those whichare represented in the Committee by delegates. The aidwhich many of these bodies rendered in connection withimmigration legislation has already been mentioned. Fromtime to time,these societies have referred matters, outsideof their special purview, to the Committee for attention.

In this connection, it will be recalled that in its precedingreport, your Committee described the preliminary stepstaken in pursuance of a resolution adopted in June 1929 bythe American Jewish Congress, favoring a conference withrepresentatives of that body and of your Committee, "tothe end that sorely needed unity of action with respect toJewish problems may be effected."

On January 11th last, a conference was held between acommittee representing the American Jewish Committee,consisting of Judges Lehman and Stern, Doctor Adler, Mr.Bressler and the Secretary, with a special committee of theAmerican Jewish Congress. The conferees agreed to recom-mend to their respective organizations that the President ofthe Committee and the President of the Congress, at suchtimes as they feel cooperation may be advisable, shall callupon the other and discuss with him the appointment byboth of committees to decide upon a joint policy and tomake such arrangements as they can agree upon for jointaction, except at such times as the Presidents, of the twobodies may find it possible to agree upon a joint policy andaction without resorting to the appointment of committees.This agreement has been ratified by both organizations.

In April, without any preliminary conversation betweenthe Presidents of the two organizations, contemplated in theagreement, your Committee received an invitation from theCongress to send representatives to a conference of Jewish


organizations to discuss the report of the British Commis-sion of Inquiry into the ant-Jewish uprisings in Palestine inthe summer of 1929. Inasmuch as your Committee hasestablished the policy that the Jewish Agency for Palestine,representing all shades of opinion in America interested inPalestine, and being a world organization, is competent todeal with Palestinian matters, the Committee will at no timeintervene in such matters unless invited to do so by theAgency, and for this reason the invitation of the Congresswas declined.

Some weeks later, the Congress suggested a conference onthe Jewish situation in Russia, to which your ExecutiveCommittee agreed, but in view of the inability of membersof your Committee, because of absence from the countryand other causes, to attend, the proposed conference has notyet been held.

B. FOREIGN MATTERS

In view of the fact that a comprehensive review of theimportant events of Jewish interest in all countries duringthe past year, written by the Assistant Secretary of theCommittee, is published in the current volume of theAmerican Jewish Year Book, we shall restrict this section ofour report to those countries in connection with which yourCommittee has been more or less active during the past year.

In order to enable the Committee to be currently andaccurately informed concerning conditions in Central andEastern European countries, your Committee authorizedthe Secretary to visit these countries during the past sum-mer. As he was on the point of departing, new disorders inRoumania were reported in the press, and the Secretaryvisited that country first. He will present later a briefreport of his observations. The President of the Committeeand Mr. Felix M. Warburg, a member of the ExecutiveCommittee, were in Europe during the past summer andalso had opportunity to observe conditions there.

1. ROUMANIA

The hopes of many Jews in Roumania and well-informedobservers in other countries, that with the coming into


power of the National Peasant Party, headed by Dr. JuliusManiu, better times were in store, proved baseless duringthe past year. In its report to the Annual Meeting inNovember 1928, in referring to the change of government,your Committee said: "It is believed that whatever theresult may be, the machinations of anti-Semitism will becurbed and the spirit of the Minorities Treaties will beupheld." Subsequent events, however, have not borne outthis optimistic prediction.

In the preceding report, we referred to the new law for theorganization of the Jewish community of Roumania, whichhad been introduced by the Government without consulta-tion with Jewish religious or communal leaders, and whichmet with a storm of opposition, because its effect was todestroy the unified type community organization estab-lished by law during the preceding administration. On June26, 1929, a congress of Roumanian Jewish communitiesadopted an energetic protest against the proposed measure.Nevertheless, the Government pressed the bill to passage,grudgingly accepting, at the last moment, an amendmentproviding that the communities be consulted before the re-gulations for enacting the law be drafted.

Although it had, on first coming into power, shown theintention to suppress student anti-Jewish agitation, theGovernment soon relaxed its severity. In September, 1929,it authorized a Christian students' meeting at Putna, whichwas attended by anti-Jewish disorders, including attacks onJewish travelers on the railways, and on Jewish shopkeepersin various places through which the students passed. TheGovernment's efforts to investigate these disorders weremerely perfunctory. The Government issued a statementthat reports of these disorders were exaggerated. In Novem-ber, a students' congress was again authorized to be heldearly in December at Craiova, on the agenda of which wasthe numerus clausus, and at which inflammatory anti-Jewish speeches were made. These were defended in Parlia-ment by the Minister of Education as healthy outgrowthsof the exuberance of the youth of Roumania; the Govern-ment's support of the congress was justified by him on theground that the money given by the Government to thestudents' organizations was contributed by the people of


Roumania to their own children. "If our young people,"said M. Costacescu, "in the heat of debate, overstep thelimit, it is, after all, something to their honor." Neither thiscongress nor the celebration on December 10th of the anni-versary of the congress at which the demand for a numerusclausus had been first made was approved by the universityauthorities. These two functions were followed by studentdisorders at Cluj, Timisoara, and Maresti; in Bucharest,students broke into a Masonic Temple, causing damage.Later in December, anti-Jewish disturbances occurred atthe University of Jassy, when the authorities rejected thedemand of a group of Christian students for a numerusclausus; Jewish students were insulted and beaten whileprofessors stood by without attempting to intervene. Atthe same time, the Government felt compelled to askNahum Sokolow, vice-president of the World Zionist Organ-ization, to forego an intended visit to Jassy, because itfeared that his coming would intensify existing trouble.Two of the students of the university were expelled, and theright of the Christian Students' League to function waswithdrawn because members of the League had partici-pated in the disorders. When the Jassy University fracaswas discussed in Parliament, the Minister of Justice ex-plained that while the Government deeply deplores andcondemns, such incidents, yet anti-Semitic activity, so longas it is confined to agitation, enjoys liberty of the press andof assembly like other movements.

Anti-Jewish outbreaks were not confined to the univer-sities, although students were often the instigators of suchdisorders. The maltreatment of Jewish passengers on rail-way trains, a favorite sport of the Christian students, hasalready been referred to. In one case, a Jew who pulled thetrain emergency cord when attacked was fined for doing so.In December, students invaded the National Theatre inBucharest and interrupted the performance of a French playbecause the leading part was taken by a Jewish actress.

Your Committee was deeply disappointed by the reportsof these incidents, and your President accepted the oppor-tunity to discuss the conditions in Roumania in general withMr. Charles A. Davila, Roumanian Minister to the UnitedStates, when the latter, accompanied by the Counsellor of


the Legation, called upon Doctor Adler in New York Cityon December 18th last. Mr. David M. Bressler was alsopresent.

Mr. Davila said that his predecessor at Washington on anumber of occasions had useful conferences with the latePresident of the American Jewish Committee, Louis Mar-shall, and that it was his desire, on behalf of the Legation,to renew and continue this useful contact with the Com-mittee. Various matters relating to the situation of theJews in Roumania were discussed. Dr. Adler pointed outthat the Jewish Community Law had brought to this coun-try (and also to other countries) reverberations indicatingthat the large majority of Jewish people in Roumania wereopposed to it and had not been consulted prior to the adop-tion of the law. Dr. Adler expressed the hope that theMinister would be in position in the near future to giveassurance that a Congress of Jewish Communities inRoumania would be called for the purpose of giving them anopportunity to express their views on the subject.

Further matters relating to the economic situation of theJews and possibilities for credit were discussed and Mr.Davila said that he would make inquiries on the subject.

With regard to the recent reports of disorders, Mr. Daviladeclared that according to advices he had received from hisgovernment, the students' congress in Craiova had passedwithout any disturbances whatever. He also stated that theincidents at Cluj and Timisoara had not been provoked bythe students' organization. Strong measures have beentaken by the government to suppress anti-Semitic riots.Armed forces had been used in Cluj to re-establish order.The students who had forced entrance into the Free MasonTemple of the Grand Orient in Bucharest had been expelledfrom the University. He also stated that he would be gladto inform his government of the feeling which exists inAmerica, that the Jewish community in Roumania shouldbe given opportunity of freely managing its own religious,charitable, and cultural affairs.

During the early months of 1930, the situation showedsigns of improvement, but in May, new reports of excessesagain caused anxiety. The anti-Semitic party in Roumaniaintensified their propaganda activities. Agitators toured the


rural sections promising the peasants that an anti-Semiticgovernment would confiscate the property of all Jews anddivide it among the farmers. These and other inflammatoryspeeches could not but result in violence, and the Jews inthe villages began to suffer from attacks by the peasantswith whom they had been living amicably; several cases ofincendiarism were reported. In one of these villages some-thing out of the ordinary occurred. A party of studentsreturning from Roman after a by-election, at which Pro-fessor Alexander Cuza, the notorious anti-Semitic leader,had been elected to Parliament, while passing throughTargu Frumos, attempted to organize an anti-Jewish riot,but were severely cudgelled by some Jewish young men.The latter were arrested and given such scandalous treat-ment at the hands of the local police, that the Governmentfelt compelled to suspend the prefect of police.

After reports of these and a number of similar incidentshad been received here, your President considered it advis-able to communicate with the Roumanian Legation, and onMay 23, 1930, the following telegram was dispatched:

"For some time past we have received disturbing reports ofattacks upon the Jewish population in various sections of Rou-mania. Within the past few days we have received reports ofserious outbreaks in Transylvania resulting in physical violenceaggravated by reports of failure of authorities to prevent repressionof these occurrences. Our Committee would greatly appreciateyour informing us whether you have information on this subjectand if not whether in accordance with the personal and officialassurances to us of His Excellency, Mr. Davila, you will be goodenough to communicate by cable immediately with your Govern-ment for reliable information. Our Committee and constituenciesare greatly disturbed over these reports, we are filled with anxietyas to the state of insecurity prevailing among our brethren in yourcountry and would appreciate receiving reliable information ofrecent occurrences and present situation."

In the absence of Mr. Davila, the Minister, a charged'affaires replied to the effect that the reports were exagger-ated and the Government was vigorously suppressing alldisorders. But reports of anti-Jewish incidents continued,and your Committee thereupon requested the Secretary,who, as has already been mentioned, had been authorizedto make a survey of European conditions, to proceed first toRoumania.


Hope for improvement was reawakened with the returnof Prince Carol, and his accession to the throne. Pronounce-ments by him and by M. Maniu, who, after a brief retire-ment returned to the post of Premier, indicated a sinceredesire to suppress anti-Jewish violence. But, almost simul-taneously with these benevolent declarations, a violentagitation was going on in the southern districts of Bukovina,attacks occurred at many places, and for a long time a stateof terror existed among the Jews of this district.

Later there was much dissatisfaction with the Govern-ment's tardiness in the matter of indemnifying the victimsof a fire at Borsha, and subsequently with the pitifullyinadequate appropriation voted.

Jewish leaders in Roumania complain against the Gov-ernment on other grounds. They charge that it has failed tokeep its promise to establish a Jewish teachers' seminary,urgently needed to train teachers for Jewish schools closedby previous cabinets; that the Ministry of Education hasreduced the number of hours devoted to Hebrew or Yiddishin Jewish schools; that the full amount of subventions votedfor Jewish religious institutions has not been paid; that thegovernment has established the requirement that no personsmay teach in Jewish schools who have not successfully com-pleted a course in normal school—a requirement which istantamount to the dismissal of practically all the teachers inthese schools; that Jews are discriminated against in civilservice employment; that Jewish officials, particularly inBukovina and Transylvania, where, under Austro-Hun-garian rules, not a few Jews held government posts, aredismissed on the flimsiest pretexts; that the War Ministryhas forbidden the employment of Jews in military offices;that the law providing for religious instruction for Jewishpupils in state schools is not being enforced; that the Gov-ernment is delaying the settlement of the political status ofthousands of Jews who are not yet citizens of Roumaniaand, at the same time, are not citizens of any other country,although this condition is a violation of the treaty betweenRoumania and the Allies in the World War; and that Jewishcooperatives have been unjustly dealt with in a new law.


2. POLAND

While anti-Jewish propaganda is not absent in Poland, itis the economic condition of the Jews of that country thatgives cause for the gravest concern. In October last, whenMr. Tytus Filipowicz, then the newly-appointed Minister(later Ambassador) of Poland, arrived in the United States,he stated in an interview that the wretched economic situ-ation of the Jews in Poland is the unfortunate but inevitableresult of the reorganization of the economic life of thecountry, which is having the effect of eliminating, to a largeextent, middlemen, a great many of whom are Jews. TheGovernment of Poland, however, stated Mr. Filipowicz, isdoing its utmost to relieve this situation. But Jews inPoland and their relatives in this country insist that theGovernment could do much more. They say that while it istrue that the spread of the cooperative movement is result-ing in the displacement of many thousands of Jewish middle-men from commerce, the Jews suffer in addition from racialdiscrimination and boycotting, and from the fact that thetaxation system is so designed as to cause the fiscal burdento fall most heavily on the urban population, of which theJews form so great a part. Furthermore, certain Tsaristicrestrictions against Jews are still in force, and charges thatJews are discriminated against in government employmentand that there exists a spirit of non-cooperation on the partof various government organs with the Jewish representa-tives in the Sejm, have been frequently made. Besides, theconversion of many industries to government monopolieshas had the effect of excluding many Jews from employ-ment; Jews are also discriminated against in the matter ofbank credits and are not admitted to administrative posi-tions; in spite of the fact that the Jews, who constitute only11% of the population, contribute 40% of the taxes, theyare forced to maintain institutions of learning at their owncost because of the failure of the government to provideadequate facilities at public expense. The situation isfurther complicated by the existence of internal dissensionwithin the Jewish population itself.

Your Committee gave earnest study to this state ofaffairs. Following Mr. Filipowicz's interview, the Secretary,who had made a survey of conditions in Poland in 1927 for


the Joint Distribution Committee, sent the Minister aprivate communication expressing confidence in the desireof the Polish Government to promote a unified Poland inwhich equal rights would be granted to all elements of thepopulation, and while substantially agreeing that the exist-ing economic troubles of the Jews should be ascribed, in themain, to general political and economic conditions, yetmaintained that the position of the Government, insofar asfair treatment to the Jews is concerned, could be strength-ened by a more liberal policy in the matter of employingpersons of the Jewish faith in various departments of theGovernment and allied public services. In January last,representatives of your Committee had a conference on theJewish situation in Poland with Mr. Charles S. Dewey,financial advisor to the Polish Government, with whomthey interchanged information and views. A similar con-ference was had with Honorable John N. Willys, UnitedStates Ambassador to Poland, on the eve of the latter'sdeparture for Warsaw.

Conditions in Poland are still in a state of flux, owing tofrequent governmental crises, and it appears that so long aspolitical instability lasts, the material situation of the wholepopulation, and particularly the Jews, is bound to remaindeplorable.

3. RUSSIA

The world-wide protest against the persecution of religionin Soviet Russia during the past year served to bring thereligious phase of the life of the Jews to the foreground.Along with the adherents of other religions, the Jews werethe victims of the intensified campaign of atheism. As informer years, the anti-religious campaign took variousforms,—the confiscation of synagogues, the conversion ofcemeteries into public grounds, the punishment of teachersof religion, discouragement of ritual practices, and thedegradation of ministers of religion and other functionaries;insofar as the Jews were concerned, there were also actsagainst their cultural institutions and the persecution ofZionism.

Ever since the establishment of the present regime inRussia, your Committee has watched with deep concern


the anti-religious movement in that country, especially, ofcourse, insofar as it affected Judaism. The subject wasdiscussed at practically every meeting of the ExecutiveCommittee. In the various reports submitted to you fromyear to year, your Committee described the progress of thatmovement, in which Communists of Jewish birth amongothers took so active and ignoble a part.

When, following the declaration of the Vatican, in Febru-ary last, appealing to all creeds to raise their voices inprotest against the intensified religious persecution, variousdenominations organized demonstrations, your Committeetook the position that Jewish organizations which concernedthemselves especially with religious matters should performthat function for the American Jewish community, andencouraged the Synagogue Council of America, representingthe three national synagogue federations and the threenational associations of rabbis, to take action to organize adignified protest. On February 19th, the Council adopted aresolution expressing the solidarity of Jews with the world-wide protest and calling upon their "brethren of the Houseof Israel in this land of freedom to repair to their synagogueson the Sabbath, March 7th, to offer up public prayer thatthe campaign against religion in Soviet Russia may come toa speedy end, giving way to that brotherhood which is theflowering of God's spirit on earth." This appeal was widelyheeded.

In March, following the world-wide protest, the CentralExecutive Committee of the Communist Party issued apublic announcement demanding moderation in the matterof the confiscation of church edifices.

The lot of rabbis and other religious funct aries ofRussia was a hard one during the past year. In *' ctober,eleven elderly Jews of Leningrad, the Administrative Com-mittee of the Kehillah, were sentenced to imprisonment athard labor for conducting communal activities, when allthat they did was to appeal for funds for remodelling thesynagogue, and to sublet to an artisans' cooperative, someof the rooms in a building housing a mikveh.

In February 1930, a new rule was announced in the Kievregion forbidding the telegraph offices and the postal author-ities to deliver telegrams or letters to religious organizations


and functionaries. In the same month, reports reached Rigathat rabbis in White Russia were being persecuted withunusual severity, being driven from their homes, or impris-oned for failure to pay the heavy taxes imposed upon allclericals. In April, a court in Minsk decided that thechildren of religious functionaries need not obey the lawrequiring all children who work and live with their parentsto contribute toward the support of the latter.

The most notorious case of persecution of religious func-tionaries was the arrest, in February, of fourteen leaders ofthe Minsk community, including several rabbis; in somemanner the report reached Warsaw that these persons wereto be executed, and appeals were made to Jewish leadersin various western countries for intervention to prevent thethreatened executions. Immediately after the arrest of theMinsk rabbis, a leading European rabbi sent urgent tele-grams to Jewish leaders in various countries, asking them tointervene against the threatened executions. One of thesemessages reached your Committee, which communicated atonce with correspondents in London, Paris and Berlin.Later, your Committee learned that action taken in theseplaces had proved successful. Eleven of the fourteen personsarrested were soon released, while the others were freedsometime later. The communist press published the chargesupon which these persons were arrested; one was "an im-portant ex-trader, the organizer of religious societies andrabbinical seminaries"; another was "the president of asociety of rabbinical students which is an outspokencounter-revolutionary organization"; one rabbi was chargedwith having been "a speculator who established loan soci-eties that saved Nep-men from ruin"; others were chargedwith having maintained illegal correspondence with counter-revolutionary individuals abroad. It should be said, how-ever, that for the time being the persecution of religion hasabated, although the position of rabbis and Jewish teachersis one of abject misery and degradation, and the religiouseducation of children remains illegal.

4. GERMANY

At the present moment, the situation of the more thanone half million Jews of Germany is cause for the gravest


anxiety, owing to the fact that, mainly because of economicconditions, the National Socialist Party, which makes theJews the scapegoat for these conditions, has recently shownthat it has a large following.

The history of German Jewry during the past year isvirtually a repetition of dismal recitals of several precedingyears. The depressing economic conditions of the massesrender their minds fertile soil for the seed of all kinds ofhatred, especially hatred of the Jew, for which generationsof propaganda had already prepared him.

At a conference of the Central Verein Deutcher Staats-buerger Juedischen Glaubens, last spring, the growingdanger of the Jews of Germany because of the increasinginfluence of the Nationalist parties, was enlarged upon. TheNational Socialists, led by Hitler, are acquiring a controllingvoice in many cities, it was said, where small Jewish com-munities were being boycotted, terrorized, and economicallyruined. In a number of small towns, Jews fear to venture onthe streets after dark. This sinister influence is spreadingto larger cities. An article in an April issue of the VossischeZeitung, Berlin, described how the anti-Semites, taking aleaf out of the book of the Russian Communists, were organ-izing "cells" of their Party in factories, offices, schools anduniversities; in Berlin no less than 1,200 such "cells" exist invarious sections, their members raiding meetings of opposi-tion parties and engaging in anti-Semitic agitation. It isfrom the membership of these "cells" that cemetery vandalsand synagogue defilers are recruited. The number of Jewishcemeteries desecrated since this form of vandalism wasbegun, seven years ago, was increased from seventy-six toeighty-five during the past year. Tombstones were over-thrown, destroyed, or defaced with ribald inscriptions.Attacks on synagogues usually followed rallies or meetingsaddressed by Hitlerist agitators. The synagogue building isdefaced during the night, or its premises are invaded anddamaged, or services are interrupted by loud noises, such aspistol shots or reports of fire works. In one case, during thepast year, a synagogue in Berlin was stormed by hundredsof Hitlerites who were dispersed by a large force of police.Acts of personal violence were also perpetrated.

An alarming symptom of the spread of reaction in Ger-


many was the coming into power in the provincial govern-ment of Thuringia of a coalition of nationalist parties, inwhich the post of Minister of Education and Public Worshipwas assigned to Dr. Wilhelm Frick, a rabid anti-Semite,who, at the same time, became chief of the provincial police.One of his first official acts was the introduction in theschools of prayers asking Divine protection against "peopleof alien race", and containing some of the favorite expres-sions of the National Socialist creed. When charged bySocialists in the Landtag with incitement to anti-Semitism,Frick admitted that the "alien race" referred to "the Jewswho demoralized the German people." The FrankfurterZeitung appealed to the German people not to permit thisblasphemy, reminding them that "the children in their veryfirst religious lesson are taught that God gave the HolyScriptures to the Jewish people and that the Savior's motherwas a Jewess; then they are immediately made to utterprayers filled with anti-Jewish hatred. This discord ispoisoning the souls of our children." Later, Dr. JosephWirth, Minister of the Interior of the Reich, forwarded aprotest against the Frick innovation to Premier Baum ofThuringia. Despite a second warning from the Reich Gov-ernment, the Thuringian cabinet declined to abolish theanti-Jewish prayers, and on May 26th, the Reich broughtsuit in the Supreme Court at Leipzig, charging that theprayers are contrary to the constitution of the Reich. Sub-sequently, these prayers were discontinued.

In their efforts to harass and humiliate the Jews, thereactionary elements seized upon the device of makingShehitah, the method of slaughtering animals according toJewish ritual, illegal. Their real motive was revealed by aspeaker in the Thuringian Landtag, who said: "We are notinterested in the protection of animals, but we hope thatanti-Semitism will keep Jewish visitors away from the sum-mer resorts of Thuringia." Attempts to secure anti-Shehitahlegislation were made by National Socialists in severalprovinces and municipalities. These efforts failed in theLandtag of Baden, and in the cities of Cologne and Berlin,but succeeded in the Landtag of Bavaria, where, on January29th, a bill requiring stunning before slaughter was passed.

After the passing of this law, your Committee received an


appeal to take whatever steps it deemed proper in thepremises. Recalling that in a similar case, the United StatesDepartment of State had advised bringing the matter to theattention of the representative in America of the foreigngovernment then in question, your Committee addressed thefollowing communication to his Excellency, Baron vonPrittwitz, Ambassador of Germany in the United States:

February 28, 1930.YOUR EXCELLENCY:

Mr. Felix M. Warburg, a member of this Committee, hasinformed me of his recent conversation with you and, upon the basisof it, I venture to send you the following communication:

Information has reached us that recently the Bavarian Diet passeda law providing that animals slaughtered for meat shall first berendered unconscious. This provision would prohibit the slaughter-ing of animals in accordance with Jewish ritual requirements. Theobservance of a religious practice which has been conscientiouslypursued by a large proportion of Jews for twenty-five centuries isinvolved.

This is not a matter of mere form or ceremony. It relates to abasic principle in the religious life of the Jews. Their Bible forbidsthe eating of blood, and they have been taught from their earliestdays that meat may not be eaten from which the blood has not beenthoroughly drained. In order to bring about that result, carefulregulations have been prescribed defining the person who is toslaughter the animal, the instrument with which the killing is con-summated, and the method which is to be followed. The slaughtereris required to possess expert knowledge of the anatomical and path-ological condition of the organs of the animal which is slaughtered,and to examine the carcass in order to determine whether or not theanimal was in such a state of health as to render its flesh wholesomefor human consumption. The observant Jew regards it as sinfulto eat meat of an animal which has not been slaughtered in strictconformity with these requirements.

The legislation recently enacted in Bavaria would, in effect,forbid this age-long procedure. The result of the adoption of such apolicy would be to prevent the Jews who adhere to their religiousdoctrines from eating meat altogether, under pain of violating theirconscientious belief.

That the Jewish method of slaughtering animals is in every wayhumane and hygienically desirable is established by the opinions ofhundreds of competent non-Jewish experts who have scientificallyinvestigated this subject in all parts of the world. Among them maybe named Lord Lister, the famous British authority on asepis; SirMichael Foster, Professor of Physiology and the successor ofHuxley at Cambridge; Professors Virchow and Reymond, eminentGerman physiologists.

In 1922, this subject was considered at the Forty-Sixth AnnualConvention of the American Humane Association, held at St. Paul,


Minn., where, after considering a paper written by Rev. Dr. MosesHyamson, a reprint of which I enclose, it was concluded that theJewish method of slaughtering animals was free from objection.

It is a well-known fact that many of the leading meat packers inthe United States have found it desirable to adopt this form ofslaughtering, not only for their Jewish but also for their non-Jewishcustomers, since it tends to promote the better preservation of themeat.

Our fears have been somewhat allayed by an informal report tothe effect that the Commission on Legal Terminology of theReichs-tag has agreed to add to the paragraph on animal slaughter in thenew book on legal terms a clause to the effect that the Jewishmethod does not constitute cruelty to animals. We are informedthat, should this clause be adopted by the Reichstag, laws prohibit-ing the Jewish method on the ground of cruelty would becomeinoperative. In the meantime, however, we respectfully ask you, Ifyou deem such a course proper and helpful, to indicate to theBavarian government and also to that of the Reich that legislationof this character has wounded the sensibilities and has offended theconsciences of a large body of American citizens in every wayfriendly to the people of Germany, and to express the hope that thetaking effect of such legislation (according to the statute it is to gointo effect on October 1, 1930) be withheld in view of the considera-tion stated above.

Enclosed herewith I am sending you several documents bearingupon this question which throw further light upon it.

Respectfully yours,(Signed) CYRUS ADLER,

President.

Subsequently the Ambassador referred the matter to hisGovernment, and the German Foreign Office requested theMinistry of the Interior "to draw the attention of the Ger-man States to the fact that there is unfavorable feeling of agreat part of the population of the United States which mayhave a very unfavorable political effect." The contents ofthis letter became known in some manner to the VoelkischeBeobachter of Munich, chief organ of the Hitler party,which immediately raised the cry that American Jews wereattempting to interfere in matters of internal concern inGermany.

The action of the Reich Government in the BavarianShehitah matter, as well as in that of the prayers of hate inThuringia, indicates that the Federal Government has nosympathy with the anti-Semitic movement and that, when-ever possible, it takes steps to combat their activities. Theentire German press, with the exception of the large number


of organs of the Hugenberg and Hitler parties, also vehe-mently oppose the anti-Semitic campaign, and the counterattack is effectively led by the Central Verein DeutscherStaatsbuerger Juedischen Glaubens.

On several occasions your Committee has given indica-tions of its sympathy with the Central Verein and otherJewish organizations in their struggle against the anti-Semitic movement in Germany.

5. PALESTINE

In view of the organization of the enlarged Jewish Agency,your Committee has taken the position that inasmuch asthis body represents all Jewish elements interested in pro-moting the Jewish settlement in Palestine, matters concern-ing that settlement should be left entirely in the hands ofthe Agency, for, if this policy is not adhered to there may beconflict of counsel which is bound to be detrimental to thiscause. Nevertheless, mindful of the fact that in April 1918,the American Jewish Committee, at a special meeting,adopted a resolution pledging its cooperation with thosewho "attracted by religious or historic associations, shallseek to establish in Palestine a center for Judaism", yourCommittee deems it proper to express at this time its pro-found disappointment with the new construction latelyplaced by the British Government upon the Balfour Decla-ration,—a construction which, we are convinced, is notwarranted by the terms of that Declaration or of the Man-date based upon it, and is bound to make increasinglydifficult, if not impossible, the project to the achievement ofwhich the British Government pledged "their best endeav-ors." Feeling that the policy recently enunciated will provedetrimental not only to the progress of the Jewish settle-ment, but also to the welfare of the non-Jewish populationof Palestine, your Committee has prepared for submissionto you today, the following resolution:

WHEREAS, at a special meeting held on April 28, 1918, theAmerican Jewish Committee adopted a resolution expressing pro-found appreciation of the Balfour Declaration regarding Palestine,pledging cooperation to those who, "attracted by religious orhistoric associations, shall seek to establish in Palestine a center forJudaism, for the stimulation of our faith, for the pursuit and


development of literature, science and art in a Jewish environment,and for the rehabilitation of the land," and,

WHEREAS, on March 1, 1919, the American Jewish Committeejoined with other bodies in submitting to Woodrow Wilson, Presi-dent of the United States, a Memorial asking "that the PeaceConference recognize the aspirations and historic claims of theJewish people in regard to Palestine," and "that such action betaken by the (Peace) Conference as shall vest the sovereign posses-sion of Palestine in such League of Nations as may be formed andthat the government thereof be entrusted to Great Britain as theMandatory or trustee of the League"; and,

WHEREAS, on April 24, 1920, the Supreme Allied Council, meetingat San Remo, did indeed agree to entrust the mandate for Palestineto Great Britain, and on July 22, 1922, the Council of the League ofNations defined the terms of the mandate, stipulating that, inrecognition of the historical connection of the Jewish people withPalestine, the Mandatory was to be responsible for placing thatcountry under such "political, administrative and economic condi-tions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home,"and providing that "an appropriate Jewish Agency shall be recog-nized as a public body for the purpose of advising and cooperatingwith the administration of Palestine in such economic social andother matters as may affect the establishment of the Jewish nationalhome and the interests of the Jewish population in Palestine"; and,

WHEREAS, in August 1929, an extended Jewish Agency represen-tative of all elements of the Jewish people interested in the develop-ment of a Jewish home in Palestine was organized; and

WHEREAS, officers of the Jewish Agency have recently resigned inprotest against the new policy in respect of Palestine announced bythe British Government on October 20, 1930, which these officersunite in regarding as an unjustified attack on Jewish work inPalestine, and a land and immigration policy calculated to arrestthe further development of the Jewish National Home; now, there-fore, be it

RESOLVED, that the American Jewish Committee in AnnualMeeting assembled, joins with these officers of the Jewish Agencyin expressing its profound disappointment with the new policy ofthe British Government as enunciated in the White Paper ofOctober 20, 1930; a policy which the Committee deems to have nobasis in either the Balfour Declaration or the Mandate and to be afallacious interpretation of these two charters underlying thetrusteeship of Great Britain on behalf of the League of Nations;and, be it further

RESOLVED, that the American Jewish Committee express itsconfidence in the sense of justice and fairness of the people of GreatBritain, and its hope that the British Government will revise itspresent policy as respects Palestine so as to bring it into full har-mony with the spirit of the Balfour Declaration and the Mandate;and, be it further

RESOLVED, that the American Jewish Committee offer its whole-hearted cooperation to the Jewish Agency in any efforts it maytake to bring about such a change of policy.


6. OTHER COUNTRIES

Your Committee has kept in close touch with conditionsnot only in the countries already mentioned, but also inother lands, including Hungary, Italy, Turkey, and theYemen, in each of which special problems confront the Jewswhich require watching.

7. COOPERATION W I T H OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

In its efforts to ameliorate the conditions of Jewish com-munities in foreign lands, your Committee enjoyed thefriendly and energetic cooperation of kindred organizations,at home and abroad, especially the Joint Distribution Com-mittee in this country, and the Joint Foreign Committee inEngland, the Alliance Israelite Universelle in France, andthe Central Verein Deutscher Staatsbuerger JuedischenGlaubens in Germany. Your Committee wishes to acknowl-edge with thanks the aid given to us in our work, and thecourtesies extended to the President and the Secretaryduring their recent visits abroad.

The President of the Committee spent some time duringthe summer in Geneva and utilized the opportunity todiscuss the situation in various Eastern European countrieswith the officials of the Minorities Section in the Secretariatof the League of Nations. There is no question but thatthese officials give deep sympathy to the matters submittedto their charge.

In view of the gravity of the situation in Germany, Rou-mania and other countries, your Executive Committee hastaken the unusual step of arranging for a special sessionbeginning at three o'clock this afternoon, to which it hasinvited, in addition to the Corporate Members of theCommittee, many of the contributing members and leadingpersons of various parts of the country; where, after adiscussion of the situation, it is hoped that plans may bereached in order to determine what can usefully be done toameliorate the present distressing situation.


C. ORGANIZATION MATTERS

1. NECROLOGY

It is with deep sorrow that your Committee must reportthe death, during the past year, of the following CorporateMembers:

DAVID A. LOURIE of Boston, on January 18, 1930ISAAC M. ULLMAN of New Haven, January 28, 1930Louis TOPKIS of Wilmington, March 24, 1930SAMUEL DINKELSPIEL of San Francisco, May 14, 1930MAURICE H. HARRIS of New York, June 23, 1930NATHAN BIJUR of New York, July 8, 1930JOSEPH SILVERMAN of New York, July 27, 1930SIMON FLEISCHMANN of Buffalo, September 2, 1930Louis M. COLE of Los Angeles, October 1, 1930

The following minutes, expressive of the Committee's senseof loss, were adopted by your Executive Committee:

DAVID A. LOURIE OF BOSTONThe Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com-

mittee has learned with profound sorrow of the death, onJanuary 18th, 1930, of DAVID A. LOURIE of Boston, a mem-ber of the Committee since 1920. Judge Lourie held anhonored place in the public life of his city and state formany years, as well as a leading position in all the Jewishactivities of his community to which he devoted muchthought and energy. His advice and cooperation, alwaysreadily available and cheerfully given, were highly valuedby his colleagues on the American Jewish Committee. Weextend to his widow and children our heartfelt sympathy intheir bereavement.

ISAAC M. ULLMAN OF NEW HAVENThe Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com-

mittee learned with deep sorrow of the sudden death onJanuary 28th, 1930, of their colleague and friend, ColonelISAAC M. ULLMAN of New Haven, who was a member of theGeneral Committee since its inception, and Treasurer since1922. By sheer force of ability and unflagging devotion tothe city of his birth, he achieved a wide influence, which heused unselfishly in the interests of the city and its residents.


Every cause for civic betterment and social service were sureto enlist his cooperation.

As a Jew, he participated in both local and nationalcommunal movements. As the outstanding leader in theJewish community of his state, he could always be reliedupon to influence his community to take a worthy place inthe work of the Jews of America in all nation-wide effortstoward self-improvement and toward the amelioration ofthe less fortunate condition of their brethren in foreignlands. As a member of the Executive Committee of theAmerican Jewish Committee he maintained a keen andunabated interest in its activities. As Treasurer he gave upmuch of his time and effort for the advancement of theCommittee's welfare.

With his bereaved kindred, his many friends, and hisfellow-citizens, we mourn the great loss which all havesuffered in the death of this civic worker and communalleader.Louis TOPKIS OF WILMINGTON

The Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com-mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death on March24, 1930 of Louis TOPKIS of Wilmington, Delaware, electedto membership in the General Committee at the 23rdAnnual Meeting on November 10, 1929. Mr. TOPKIS, whowas a highly respected manufacturer and honored for hisactive participation in, and generous support of, publicmovements, both local and national, manifested particularinterest in Jewish life and rendered active service in effortsfor the improvement of the conditions of the Jewish peoplehere and abroad and for the preservation of Judaism. Theinterest which he showed in the work of the American JewishCommittee during the short time between his election andhis untimely death, at the age of fifty-eight, gave promiseof his being a valuable addition to its membership, and hispassing was therefore a grievous blow to the Committee asto the many other organizations with which he was affili-ated. The Committee extends to his widow and his childrenits profound sympathy in their bereavement.SAMUEL DINKELSPIEL OF SAN FRANCISCO

The Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com-mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death on May


14, 1930 of SAMUEL DINKELSPIEL of San Francisco, who wasa member of the General Committee for only a brief time.In his passing, the community in which he lived and ofwhich he was an outstanding citizen, has suffered a severeloss. The Committee extends to his family its profoundsympathy.

MAURICE H. HARRIS OF NEW YORK CITYThe Executive Committee has learned with deep sorrow

of the death on June 23, 1930, of MAURICE H. HARRIS, amember of the Committee since 1909. Doctor HARRIS wasfor almost half a century a leading member of the AmericanRabbinate. Though recognized by his colleagues and hiscongregation as a master of homiletics he did not whollyconfine himself to his study and pulpit but was active inmany efforts for social improvement. He was intenselyinterested in the education of the Jewish youth, and was theauthor of a number of excellent textbooks for Jewishreligious schools. The problem presented by the delinquentchild absorbed much of his attention and he took theinitiative or cooperated actively in the creation of agenciesdevoted to its solution. He maintained a deep interest in thework of this Committee. We extend to his widow andchildren our profound sympathy in their bereavement.

NATHAN BIJUR OF NEW YORK CITYThe Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com-

mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death, on July8, 1930, of NATHAN BIJUR of New York City.

Before accepting a place on the Supreme Court Bench, ofwhich he was an honored member for the last twenty yearsof his life, Judge BIJUR was a noted leader in Jewish com-munal affairs. As Vice-President and the Chairman of theExecutive Committee of the United Hebrew Charities ofNew York City, he stimulated many constructive localphilanthropic undertakings. He was among the first torealize the importance of community-wide effort and was apioneer in the attempt to establish a Federation of Philan-thropies. His community-mindedness was so broad as tocomprehend the needs of his fellow Jews throughout theworld. This was especially reflected in his active interest inthe work of the American Jewish Committee, of which he


was a founder and Corporate Member since its inception.Before that, he had already rendered great service as adirector of the Baron de Hirsch Fund and as a member ofthe committee which raised funds for the relief of sufferers inthe Russian Massacres of 1905. He was instrumental in theformation of the Industrial Removal Office and very activein its management. His activities were not ciru mscribed byJewish interests; he cooperated freely and vigorously withnon-Jewish groups in works of social and civic improvementin which his wise counsel and resourceful suggestions wereeagerly welcomed. Though he was obliged in later years,because of his judicial duties, to diminish his activity incommunal affairs, his interest therein never abated.

He will be greatly missed at the meetings of the AmericanJewish Committee, which he attended regularly and whosework he followed with closest interest. The Committeeextends to his widow and son its sincere condolence in theirbereavement.

JOSEPH SILVERMAN OF NEW YORK CITYThe Executive Committee has learned with deep sorrow

of the death on July 27, 1930, of JOSEPH SILVERMAN, amember of the Committee since 1909. Doctor SILVERMANwas a prominent member of the American Rabbinate,having been for thirty-four years rabbi and for eight yearsrabbi-emeritus of Congregation Emanu-El of New YorkCity. He was an outstanding member of the AmericanRabbinate, at one time President of the Central Conferenceof American Rabbis. He lent the full measure of his talentsas an eloquent and forceful speaker to numerous social andcivic organizations in whose work he took an active part.He was especially energetic in the Jewish communalactivities, both local and national, and responded cheerfullyto the many demands for his services in connection with thework of raising funds for the relief and reconstruction ofJewish communities abroad. As a member of the AmericanJewish Committee, he was loyal and helpful. The Com-mittee extends to his family its heartfelt sympathy.

SIMON FLEISCHMANN OF BUFFALOThe Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com-

mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death on Sep-


tember 2, 1930 of SIMON FLEISCHMANN of Buffalo, a memberof the Committee since 1914. Mr. FLEISCHMANN was adistinguished member of the bar, an ardent advocate ofgood government, and an active supporter of every worthypublic cause. He was entrusted by his fellow citizens withhigh office in the city administration, and by the bar asso-ciations of which he was a member with positions of respon-sibility. He took an active interest also in the affairs of theJewish community, locally and nationally, and was anearnest and loyal member of this Committee, helpful in itscouncils and wholehearted in the cooperation he gave to itswork. His death was a grievous loss to his city and to theJewish community. The Committee extends to his familyits profound sympathy in their bereavement.

Louis M. COLE OF LOS ANGELESThe Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com-

mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death, on October1, 1930, of Louis M. COLE of Los Angeles, Cal., who was amember of the General Committee since 1920. In hispassing, the community in which he lived and of which hewas an outstanding citizen, has suffered a severe loss. TheCommittee extends to his family its profound sympathy.

2. MEMBERSHIP

Your Committee is pleased to report that all the gentle-men who were elected to membership at the last AnnualMeeting, and whose names are listed in the Twenty-ThirdAnnual Report on pages 72 and 73, have agreed to serve.

Your Committee elected the following members to fillvacancies:

James N. Solomont, Boston, to fill vacancy caused bydeath of Judge David A. Lourie.

Ralph Schwartz of New Orleans to fill vacancycaused by death of Rabbi Max Heller.

Morton R. Hirschberg, Jacksonville, to succeedSimon Benjamin, resigned.

You will recall that at your last Annual Meeting, yourExecutive Committee recommended and gave notice that itwould propose an amendment to the by-laws increasing themaximum memberships-at-large from 20 to 30. You will be


asked to vote on this amendment today. After the amend-ment is voted upon, your Committee will submit a recom-mendation for members-at-large, as follows:

Louis Bamberger, NewarkJames H. Becker, ChicagoJacob Billikopf, PhiladelphiaDavid A. Brown, New YorkLeo M. Brown, MobileAbel Davis, ChicagoJacob Epstein, BaltimoreEli Frank, BaltimoreHerbert Friedenwald, Washington, D. C.Albert M. Greenfield, PhiladelphiaHerbert J. Hannoch, NewarkHenry S. Hendricks, New YorkStanley M. Isaacs, New YorkAlexander Kahn, New YorkJ. J. Kaplan, BostonLouis E. Kirstein, BostonSol Kline, ChicagoEdward Lazansky, BrooklynFred Lazarus, Jr., ColumbusA. C. Lehman, PittsburghSamuel D. Leidesdorf, New YorkJacob M. Loeb, ChicagoIsidore D. Morrison, New YorkMilton J. Rosenau, CambridgeVictor Rosewater, PhiladelphiaMorris Rothenberg, New YorkB. C. Vladeck, New YorkFrederic W. Wile, Washington, D. C.

In accordance with the provisions of the by-laws, thefollowing Nominating Committee, empowered to nominatecandidates to succeed those members whose terms expire to-day and to fill vacancies wherever they exist, was appointed:

DistrictI. Lionel Weil, Goldsboro

II. Nathan Conn, NashvilleIII. Barnett E. Marks, PhoenixIV. Aaron Waldheim, St. Louis


V. Daniel Alexander, Salt LakeVI. Henry M. Butzel, Detroit

VII. Sol Kline, ChicagoVIII. Murray Seasongood, Cincinnati

IX. Morris Wolf, PhiladelphiaX. Albert Berney, Baltimore

XI. Felix Vorenberg, BostonXII. David M. Bressler, New York

XIII. Henry M. Stern, RochesterXIV. Louis Bamberger, Newark

Following is a list of the nominees of the NominatingCommittee to succeed members whose terms expire, or tofill existing vacancies:

I. Leonard Haas, Atlanta, to be reelected.II. Ben H. Stein, Vicksburg, to be reelected.III. S. K. Bernstein, Oklahoma City, to be reelected.IV. Harry Block, St. Joseph, to be reelected; J. A. Harzfeld,

Kansas City, to be reelected.V. Leo J. Falk, Boise, to be reelected; Samuel Platt, Reno, to be

reelected; Ben Selling, Portland, to be reelected; Henry G. W.Dinkelspiel, San Francisco, to fill vacancy caused by the death ofSamuel Dinkelspiel.

VI. Eugene Mannheimer, Des Moines, to be reelected; JosephH. Schanfeld, Minneapolis, to be reelected; Isaac Summerfield, St.Paul, to be reelected; Joseph Weinberg, Butte, to be reelected; NatStone, Milwaukee, to be reelected; Morris Haytin, Casper, to bereelected.

VII. B. Horwich, Chicago, to be reelected; Julius Rosenwald,Chicago, to be reelected.

VIII. Samuel E. Rauh, Indianapolis, to be reelected; BenjaminS. Washer, Louisville, to succeed Isaac W. Bernheim; E. S. Halle,Cleveland, to succeed Paul L. Feiss; Louis Horkheimer, Wheeling,to be reelected.

IX. B. L. Levinthal, Philadelphia, to be reelected; MorrisRosenbaum, Philadelphia, to be reelected.

X. Simon Lyon, Washington, D. C , to succeed Fulton Brylawski;Jacob H. Hollander, Baltimore, to be reelected; Siegmund B.Sonneborn, Baltimore, to be reelected; Edward N. Calisch, Rich-mond, to be reelected; Aaron Finger, Wilmington, to fill vacancycaused by death of Louis Topkis.

XI. Philip N. Bernstein, Waterbury, to be reelected; Jacob B.Klein, Bridgeport, to be reelected; Isidore Wise, Hartford, to bereelected; A. Hartman, Haverhill, to be reelected; Henry Lasker,Springfield, to be reelected; George Newman, Pittsfield, to bereelected; A. C. Ratshesky, Boston, to be reelected; Chas. Wine-apple, Salem, to be reelected; Archibald Silverman, Providence, tobe reelected; Alexander Cahn, New Haven, to fili vacancy causedby death of Colonel Isaac M. Ullman.


XII. Joseph M. Proskauer, to succeed Elias A. Cohen; Abram I.Elkus, to be reelected; H. G. Enelow, to be reelected; WilliamFischman, to be reelected; Irving Lehman, to be reelected; AdolphLewisohn, to be reelected; James N. Rosenberg, to succeed JudahL. Magnes; Carl H. Pforzheimer, to fill vacancy caused by death ofJoseph Silverman; L. M. Stettenheim, to be reelected; Lewis L.Strauss, to be reelected.

XIII. Eugene Warner, Buffalo, to be reelected.XIV. Isaac Alpern, Perth Amboy, to be reelected; Philip

Dimond, Paterson, to be reelected; Michael Hollender, Newark, tobe reelected; David Holzner, Trenton, to be reelected; Isaac W.Frank,* Pittsburgh, to be reelected; William Harris, Allentown, tobe reelected; Irwin F. Lehman, Pittsburgh, to be reelected.

Ballots were prepared and distributed, which will becanvassed at today's meeting and the results reported bythe tellers appointed by the President, in accordance withthe provisions of the by-laws.

3. THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

At its meeting in t)ecember 1929, your Committee electedJudge Horace Stern, Chairman of the Executive Committee.At the following meeting, in January, it elected MorrisWolf, Esq., of Philadelphia a member of the ExecutiveCommittee.

In March 1929, upon his appointment as United StatesMinister to Czecho-Slovakia, Mr. A. C. Ratshesky ofBoston presented his resignation as a member of the Execu-tive Committee. It was decided to accept Mr. Ratshesky'sresignation with the proviso, however, that his place be leftvacant until after his return to this country from his officialduties, when, it is hoped, he would find it possible to resumemembership.

During the past year, your Committee came to the con-clusion that inasmuch as the General Committee had beensomewhat enlarged since 1911, when the Committee wasincorporated, the Executive Committee should also beincreased. Accordingly, steps were taken to secure thepassage by the Legislature of the State of New York of anact to amend the charter of the Committee to increase themaximum membership of the Executive Committee from 21to 30. Such an act was passed by both Houses and wassigned by the Governor in March 1930. Subsequently,

•Deceased.


your Committee elected the following to membership in theExecutive Committee: Fred M. Butzel, Detroit; JamesDavis, Chicago; Henry Ittleson, New York; and Louis E.Kirstein, Boston.

In February, your Committee elected Sol M. Stroock,Esq. of New York, Treasurer for the remainder of the termof Colonel Isaac M. Ullman, deceased.

4. STANDING ADVISORY COMMITTEES

Since the last Annual Meeting, your Committee hasdeemed it advisable to create a number of standing advisorycommittees to study such matters as are referred to them,with a view to advising the Executive Committee whataction, if any, to take. These Standing Advisory Com-mittees are composed of Corporate Members. There areCommittees on Federal Legislation, State Legislation, Im-migration and Naturalization, Anti-Jewish Manifestations,Foreign Affairs (with sub-committees on Poland, CentralEurope, Russia, Balkan Countries, Baltic Countries), Fi-nance, and Office. Several of these Standing AdvisoryCommittees have already been called upon for their opinionon subjects within their purview, and the results indicatethat this system is likely to facilitate the work of theCommittee.

5. FINANCE

The report of the auditor of the Committee's accounts isappended to this report. It shows that there were receivedfrom Sustaining and Contributing Members $48,250.86,from community funds and foundations $12,180.00, andcontributions for special purposes $5,000.00 balance inEmergency Trust Fund covered into General Fund,$2,153.51, and from other sources, such as interest on bankbalances, $202.52, a grand total of $67,786.89. Of this sum$42,431.62 was expended for the general maintenance of theCommittee's office. Expenditures for other purposes include$14,899.54 for the maintenance of the Statistical Depart-ment, $500.00 for a contribution to the work of the ForeignLanguage Information Service, $1,625.16 for editorial andother expenses in connection with the American JewishYear Book, $648.19 for books and pamphlets printed or


purchased for distribution, and $7,500.00 special expendi-tures. The total expenses paid and accrued were $67,604.51,being in excess of the receipts of the year by $182.38.

Following is a list of the States showing the amountreceived from each during the fiscal year just closed, com-pared with the total contributed during the preceding year:

Contributions Contributionsreceived for received forfiscal year fiscal yearended ended

Oct. 31, 1929 Oct. 31, 1930Alabama $592.00 $405.00Arizona 50.00 60.00Arkansas 348.00 53.00California 8O7.5C 1,473.00Colorado 307.00 167.00Connecticut 1,153.00 1,063.00Delaware 75.00 60.00District of Columbia 200.00 280.00Florida 50.00 55.00Georgia 465.00 543.00Illinois 10,877.00 6,930.00Indiana 905.00 570.00Iowa 489.00 225.00Kansas 30.00 25.00Kentucky 185.00 110.00Louisiana 220.00 290.00Maine 5.00 5.00Maryland 530.00 1,224.50Massachusetts 2,672.50 2,192.00Michigan 1,941.34 3,100.00Minnesota 443.00 340.50Mississippi 20.00 15.00Missouri 3,148.50 2,493.00Montana 6.00 5.00Nebraska 220.00 231.50Nevada 5.00 5.00New Hampshire 75.00 68.50New Jersey 2,147.00 1,155.00New Mexico 47.50 30.00New York City 16,793.84 18,751.36New York State 3,217.50 2,819.50North Carolina 407.00 437.00North Dakota 100.00 35.00Ohio 5,583.20 3,268.00Oklahoma 2S9.50 188.00Oregon 260.00 220.00Pennsylvania 1,504.00 1,890.00Philadelphia 2,122.00 4,905.00


Rhode Island 64.00 164.00'South Carolina 30.00 55.00Tennessee 712.50 121.00Texas 2,163.00 927.00Utah 105.00 65.00Virginia 174.50 153.00Washington 220.00 265.00West Virginia 160.00 125.00Wisconsin 475.00 448.00Canada 10.00 10.00

TOTAL $62,405.38 $57,930.86

Because of the general depression, your Committee sensedthat there would be a considerable decrease in income fromour regular contributors, and we took steps in time to pro-vide against an expected deficit. Thanks to the interest ofabout 80 good friends of the Committee, we succeeded insecuring one-time donations. Through the efforts of severalmembers of your Committee, notably Doctor Adler, JudgeStern, Messrs. Isaac Gerstley and Morris Wolf in Philadel-phia, Mr. Rosenwald and Mr. James Davis in Chicago,Judge Frank and Mr. Albert Berney in Baltimore, Messrs.Simon Lyon in Washington, and Lewis L. Strauss in NewYork, we succeeded in securing a considerable enrollment ofnew contributors. These, together with a generous contribu-tion of $2,500 from the Hofheimer Foundation toward thecost of our research department, enabled us to meet all ourobligations. Nevertheless, we still fell far short of what weregard as a reasonable minimum for carrying on our workadequately, and at present we are confronted with the dis-turbing fact that, should present conditions continue, ourtotal expected income from regular contributors for the newfiscal year just begun will fall short by from $25,000 to$30,000 of even the restricted budget upon which we arenow operating. We feel that the Corporate Members of theCommittee should cheerfully share with the members of theExecutive Committee the burden of raising this amount.This task, divided among us all, does not appear insuperableor even difficult. All that is required is the hearty coopera-tion of each member, and this your Committee is confidentwill be forthcoming.

Respectfully submitted,THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY ONEUROPEAN CONDITIONS

To the Members of the American Jewish Committee:

Upon the authorization of the Executive Committee, Ispent four months, the period between May 22d and Sep-tember 22d, abroad, the major part of the time in CentralEuropean countries, for the purpose of familiarizing myselfmore thoroughly with the problems with which we aredealing and to establish contacts with persons abroad whoare also identified in one way or another with those prob-lems. It is not necessary for me to review the events of thepast year affecting our fellow-Jews in these countries. Therecord of these events, formulated by our able assistantsecretary, Mr. Harry Schneiderman, appears in the Amer-ican Jewish Year Book for 1930. My task will be confinedrather to an analysis of the currents and under-currents ofJewish life in eastern and southeastern European countries,particularly as they affect the civil and religious rights ofJews in those countries, based both on direct observationand on conversations with many Jewish leaders and otherwell-informed persons as well as government officials.Naturally, consideration is here given to the steps that canbe taken on this side of the ocean looking toward an amelio-ration of the difficult and distressing conditions under whichthe vast majority of these people dwell.

Viewed as a whole, the situation discloses the striking factthat the territory of our interest, which in past years wasvirtually confined to the countries which constituted pre-war Russia, Roumania and Turkey, has become extended tolands further west, such as Germany and Austria, in spite ofthe high level of civilization attained by these countries.Indeed, for the time being, the problems in these countriesbeing acute, as distinguished from their more chronic char-acter in the countries to the east, are even more disturbing.In Russia, the particular situation of the Jews has not grownworse, though of course they too suffer with the rest of thepopulation in the difficulties of securing ample food andother necessities of life. It is true that they have been sub-jected, like other elements in the population, to heavy


restrictions in their religious life, and the Jewish colonistshave borne the burden of agricultural collectivization infellowship with the peasantry at large. On the other hand,the nearly fatal restraints upon the economic life of the Jewsin the towns and cities has been to a considerable extentremoved; so for the first time in the history of the SovietRepublics this formerly declassed population has now beenafforded an opportunity, even though still somewhat limited,to enter into the economic life of the country. The conditionof the Jews in Poland continues grave; restrictions underwhich the Jewish population still labor by failure on thepart of the government to abolish the old Tsarist laws stillobtain and increase the burden already made intolerable bythe economic repression to which they have been peculiarlysubjected. In Lithuania there has been no improvementeither in the direction of economic existence or in the longtime efforts toward the suppression of Jewish culture. InHungary, though there has been no manifest discrimination,the quiet operation of administrative acts on the part of thegovernment has continued to deny to Jews vacant positionsin public and quasi-public service which they freely enjoyedbefore the War and the Jewish population, engaged largelyin mercantile pursuits, have suffered from the general busi-ness depression to a disastrous degree. Apart from thehumiliating discriminations in the universities and theanxiety occasioned by the growing strength of the anti-Semitic political parties in Austria, the problems affectingthe Jews of that country, most of whom live in Vienna, havebeen economic. And here, as in Hungary, the Jewishpopulation has been to a large extent transformed from aprosperous community into an impoverished community.Nevertheless, it must be observed that the anti-Semiticelements have made headway very recently. The Schobergovernment has been succeeded by the Vaugoin ministrywhich has welcomed into its midst two leading anti-Semites,and through them has materially increased the influence ofthe anti-Semitic elements in the government of Austria. Thesituation in these countries, depressing and nearly hopelessas it appears to many of its inhabitants, has not, however,presented problems of so acute a character as to evokeintervention on the part of our Committee and similar


organizations operating in Europe. This was not the case,however, in Roumania.

From its very inception, the American Jewish Committeehas been obliged to register its dissatisfaction with the flag-rant abuses to which the Jewish population of that countryhas been subjected, and to continue to do so even after theadoption of the minorities treaty under which Roumaniaagreed to afford equal, civil, religious and linguistic rights toall persons belonging to minority groups including its Jewishinhabitants. These protests were invariably met by denialsof the accuracy of the press reports and by repeated utter-ances that the government of Roumania was fully alive toits obligations and was sincerely desirous of protecting therights of all of its minorities. It will be recalled that the Exec-utive Committee under the leadership of Louis Marshall,then president of the Committee, had numerous conversa-tions and communications with the ministers of Roumaniato this country, all of which were dilated upon in its specialand annual reports.

When the National Peasants Party came into power, ourCommittee hailed its advent with feelings of satisfactionbecause we believed that the democratic character of thisparty, as reflected in its platform and program, and theabsence of anti-Semites from the Parliament insured thelong-awaited liberation of our much tried people from theadministrative discriminations from which they had sufferedand the recurring terrors of unbridled violence of the anti-Semitic elements which, under the previous so-called Liberalgovernment, had culminated in the shocking outbreaks inOradea Mare and Cluj. The disappointment and distress ofthe Committee can be pictured when we began to receivedisturbing reports, in private communications as well as inthe press, of a resumption of excesses in various parts of thecountry, which even under the last Liberal government had,to a considerable extent, been suppressed after the unhappyevents in Oradea Mare. News of the reestablishment ofanti-Semitic organizations combined with legislative andadministrative acts by the new government, which evokedeven the protests of Jewish members of the Roumanianparliament affiliated with the government party, shook ourconfidence in the good faith of the government and caused


us renewed anxiety. Again we took occasion, as was referredto in the report of the Executive Committee this morning, toexpress our dissatisfaction with the situation to the Rou-manian minister to the United States and to urge that hisgovernment observe its international obligations. And againwe received the customary reply that the reports wereexaggerated and distorted, that the government was endeav-oring earnestly to conduct its affairs in conformity not onlywith its treaty obligations but with all the accepted princi-ples of enlightened democratic government, and once moreassurances were given that all necessary steps would betaken to remedy existing abuses and to suppress attempts toterrorize the Jewish population and to punish perpetratorsof outrages. In spite of these assurances, reports of attacksupon Jews and infractions of rights and legal evasions,prejudicial to Roumania's Jewish citizens, continued andabout the time of my departure became more frequent.

It was decided therefore that Roumania should be myfirst objective. I arrived in Bucharest on the very day onwhich Prince Carol's accession to the throne had beenapproved by the Parliament, and remained in that countryfor ten days, which were busily occupied from early morningto late at night with conversations with countless personsdirectly or indirectly concerned with Jewish affairs, includ-ing Jewish leaders, bankers, business men, newspaper men,members of Parliament and cabinet officers.

In spite of my general familiarity with the situation itpresented such a welter of confusion and contradictions thatI felt the need for further observation and therefore resolvedto pay a second visit to that country before returning home.I planned on doing so at the very end of my sojourn so as toallow as much time as possible to elapse in order to afford anopportunity of testing out the assurances I received fromPremier Maniu and other Roumanian ministers, especiallyas it was generally hoped that the advent of Carol wouldspell an improvement in the treatment of the Jewish popula-tion. To my dismay, however, I learned, within a few weeksof my departure from that country, of new excesses in anumber of places, culminating rapidly in a widespreaduprising of the peasantry in Bukowina and Transylvaniaagainst their Jewish neighbors, instigated and led by notori-


ous anti-Semitic agitators, attaining its climax in a conflag-ration in the large village of Borsa which rendered fifteenhundred Jews homeless. With the concurrence of Dr. Adler,with whom I was in cable communication, I hurried toRoumania a second time and visited the scenes of the mostrecent outrages. Upon my exit ten days later and afterconsulting Dr. Adler in Geneva, where he had in the mean-time arrived, I issued the following statement to the JewishTelegraphic Agency and within the following few days gaveinterviews in greater detail to the European representativesof other international news agencies as well as to theparticular correspondents of important newspapers in Amer-ica and Europe, which were circulated to all parts of theworld:

"The press reports of the anti-Semitic excesses have not beenexaggerated or distorted. They were unquestionably instigated andorganized by anti-Semitic agitators, who found the peasantry, thoughnormally friendly to their Jewish neighbors, fertile soil for theirpropaganda because of their agrarian depression. I am convincedthat these excesses, which seriously impair Roumania's prestige andcredit, would not have occurred had it not been for the govern-ment's support of students' organizations and so-called patrioticcongresses, and the government's reluctance to suppress illegalanti-Semitic propaganda out of a mistaken emphasis upon theliberty of the press and assembly. The ministry of the Interior,which controls the police, and the ministry of Cults and Education,which controls students, teachers and priests were especiallyresponsible. Indications reflect that the king is distressed by therecent events. Order is at present restored and the government'slatest energetic measures indicate that the government finallyrealizes that the numerous anti-Jewish manifestations during thepast year, which it professed to regard as sporadic, trifling andharmless, were rapidly generating widespread anarchy. Borsa istragic testimony of the danger of this propaganda of hate among thenormally kindly-disposed peasantry, which terrorized the wholeJewish population of Bukowina, Transylvania and Bessarabia formonths. Despite the local government officials' first report that theBorsa fire was an accident, overwhelming circumstantial evidencereflects carefully planned incendiarism. Though four weeks haveelapsed no relief has been afforded except 2,500 dollars originallygranted by the government and a few hundred dollars by theTransylvanian Jewish Emergency Committee, in the face of$300,000 damages and suspension of industry. No steps have beentaken to shelter the homeless or to rebuild the burnt area. Hun-dreds are virtually starving. The congestion is terrible. Many areliving in cellars of the destroyed homes under conditions beggaringdescription. Unless steps are taken immediately I fear a pestilencewhich will not only affect the Borsa population, Jewish and Gentile,


but is likely to spread. The situation warrants the imperative actionof the Roumanian government and the Red Cross."

Shortly thereafter, I had a long interview in Berlin withthe Roumanian minister to Germany, who promised toconvey our views to his government. The accuracy of myobservations was confirmed not only by representatives ofother Jewish organizations who visited the country shortlyafter my departure, but by the published confessions of theMinister of the Interior who has since been replaced in thenew Mironescu government. Some measures have beentaken to relieve the acute distress in Borsa in which theReconstruction Foundation (composed of the Joint Distrib-ution Committee and the Jewish Colonization Association)have taken a substantial part. The government has con-tributed something as well, but in so trifling a degree as to belittle more than a gesture.

As indicated, the Borsa fire was the climax of anti-Jewishdisorders. After this sad and startling event, order wasrestored by the government. Many peasants were arrestedas well as several of the leaders, but so far as we know thechief instigators are still at large, little or no punishment hasbeen meted out to the malefactors, and nothing material hasbeen disclosed by the government's inquiry with respect tothe incendiary character of the fire. The restoration of lawand order was evidence however of the ability of the govern-ment to suppress outbreaks. To what extent the govern-ment's embarrassment in the face of public opinion or itsfear of a peasant uprising was the motivating element in itsvigorous actions, is hard to say. I believe it was motivatedby both considerations.

It must not be imagined from these occurrences of thepast year that the government as a whole consciously en-couraged anti-Semitic propaganda and the excesses. Norshould it be thought that the Roumanian people as a wholehave been in sympathy with them. On the contrary thegeneral Roumanian press had continuously decried themand urged the government to take severe measures againstthem. The trouble was that the government regarded themfor a long time as merely sporadic and unimportant occur-rences and was averse to strong measures because, in con-tradistinction to the more despotic preceding government,


it was averse to doing anything which might appear assubversive of the freedom of speech and assembly. Thesincerity of this attitude was open to question, however,because it did not pursue this so-called democratic policywith regard to the activities of the communists.

The voluminous news reports in the Jewish press and ourparticular concern with the Jewish situation in Roumaniashould not give us the impression that the Jewish question isthe chief problem with which the government is dealing. Tothe government it is a minor, even though a vexatious,problem. Roumania has the larger task of welding togetherits various populations into a united, if not homogeneous,Roumanian citizenry, particularly those added by theacquisition of new territory, the Bulgarians in the Dobrudja,the Russians in Bessarabia, the Ruthenians in Bukowinaand Hungarians in Transylvania, the smaller groups ofGerman Saxons in Transylvania and Hungarians and JugoSlavs in the Banat, as well as the Jews scattered all over thecountry. Moreover it has the task of developing the remark-ably rich resources of the country for its own economicindependence and for the prosperity of its people. In thefirst task it encounters the nationalist sentiments of alienpeoples most of whom, for many years identified with themore occidental civilization of Austria and Hungary, regardRoumanians as inferior and bitterly resent their own forcibleseparation from their native states. In the second task thepresent government has met with determined oppositionfrom the still very active Liberal party. The two parties arewidely at variance with respect to political theories as well aspolicies and programs. An objective appraisal of the viewsof both parties sees logic and sincerity on both sides. Thechief distinction lies between the desire on the part of thepresent government to open the country to foreign invest-ments in the form of loans and concessions, and the policy ofthe previous government to discourage foreign loans andconcessions but to attempt to remain self-sustaining in itsdevelopment of the country's resources. The present gov-ernment is taking great pride in the success which it hasalready achieved in the direction of enlisting foreign finan-cial interests, obtaining substantial though not yet adequateforeign loans and credits, in farming out some of its public


utilities, in opening up, on attractive terms, to outsideinterests the shipping facilities of its splendid harbors on theBlack Sea. The Liberal or bourgeois government, on theother hand, in its desire to work out the country's destinyunaided from the outside, discouraged parceling out of largelandholdings in order to insure the maximum production forexport and encouraged the establishment of large industriesby high protective tariffs. It was accused of pursuing thispolicy for the personal interest of its leaders who are themost powerful bankers and industrialists of the country, butthere is as much evidence on the other side to show thattheir motive was patriotic rather than selfish. They wereopposed to the invasion of foreign investment which theyregard as exploitation at an excessively usurious cost to thepeople. The conditions surrounding the loan of one hundredand two million dollars secured in 1929 from the combina-tion headed by the Bank of France and the Swedish matchinterests, of which amount only eighty-seven million dollarswas to be the net proceeds to Roumania,—and this, guar-anteed by the receipts of certain large monopolies entirelycontrolled by the banking interests and carrying substantialinterest charges furnish some basis for the apprehensions ofthe Bratianus, whose personal integrity is as strenuouslydefended by their many friends as it is assailed by theirmany enemies. An unfortunate element in the politicalsituation in Roumania is the personal bitterness whichobtains between the leaders of the political parties and theundue emphasis laid upon party differences rather thanupon the means of united action for the common good.These phenomena obtain of course in other countries as well,especially in eastern and southeastern countries which havecomparatively short experience in government administra-tion. As a member of the Roumanian parliament said,"don't compare our government with that of the UnitedStates or England; we won't reach your level for hundredsof years." But I carried away the impression that Rou-mania, though suffering a serious economic setback togetherwith the rest of the world, is earnestly endeavoring to set itshouse in order and enjoys the prospect of becoming one ofthe most prosperous, if not best governed, countries ofEurope. The Jews of the world desire to see it prosperous


because the prosperity of all of its elements including theJewish population is predicated on the general prosperity ofthe country. And it is fatuous to believe that the Jews ofRoumania are not eager for Roumania's prosperity, becauseapart from the traditional loyalty of Jews to the particularcountry in which they dwell, they realize that economicdepression always works a particular hardship to them asthe scapegoat for the country's ills. And the country doesno suffer from over population. Roumania's one millionJews, constituting a little over five per cent of the popula-tion, can readily be absorbed into the economic life of thecountry without disadvantage to the non-Jewish popula-tion; on the contrary, to their great advantage.

There is no need here of entering into details with respectto the particular complaints of the Jewish population; thesehave been described in the report of the Executive Com-mittee. That they are justified is demonstrated by the factthat all Jewish elements including those affiliated with thepresent government are united in pressing them. To whatextent the causes of these complaints will be removed onlythe future will tell. Though at present anti-Jewish organiza-tions have been suppressed the causes for your Committee'scontinuing its interest have not been entirely removed. Fullcitizenship has not yet been accorded to all of the Jewishpopulation. A satisfactory community organization law hasnot yet been enacted. Adequate support of Jewish commun-ities and schools has not been forthcoming. Nor has com-plete justice been done with regard to Jewish teachers andthe curricula in the schools. Discrimination in the field offinancial credits has not yet been removed. In short, therights of the Jewish population under the minorities treatiesand guarantee of the League of Nations are still in a measureonly paper rights. And the Committee should not bediverted from its task by the specious argument of govern-ment officials or other individuals that this constitutes anunwarranted interference in the internal affairs of theircountry.

The task of securing the desired amelioration is compli-cated by the internal differences which obtain among theJews themselves. And those differences, which also obtainin other countries are especially flagrant in Roumania and


Poland. Though they are split up into many factions theessential or fundamental difference consists in their Welt-anschauung, i. e., Jewish nationalism versus anti-nationalism.These differences not only affect the relation of the Jews toone another and of the Jews to their neighbors, but consti-tute a vital factor in their political life. Though the subjectis too complex to be dealt with here, it should be observedthat the anti-nationalists regard the nationalists as thegreatest danger to their security, because they believe thatJewish nationalism gives ground for the charge that theJews are an alien and unassimilable element in the popula-tion. The nationalist Jews on the other hand, fear that therights of Jewish citizens will be completely ignored if theyshould permit themselves as individuals to be absorbed intoand scattered among the prevailing political parties. More-over, they are confronted with the fact that other minoritieswithin their country operate as distinct parties. Thus theyare impaled on the horns of a dilemma. Should they affiliatewith these minorities, or should they affiliate with theparties of the majority? They fear they will be damnedeither way. This particularly affects the Jews who live inthe newly acquired territories, for example in UkrainianEast Galicia and in the Lithuanian Vilna district in Poland,or with the Hungarian minority in Transylvania and theRuthenians in Bukowina. The Jews of old Roumania, theRegat, are not confronted with this difficulty because in oldRoumania there are few persons apart from Jews who belongto minority groups. The internal differences among theJews govern their forms of organization, their communalpolicies and their methods of operation. The situation iscomplicated, moreover, by personal rivalries and antipathieswhich frequently degenerate into amazingly bitter rancourand abuse. It is doubtful whether these differences can bereconciled. Even in the gravest emergencies it has provenimpossible, with rare exceptions, to unite these factions oncritical issues. The enemies of the Jews, and the govern-ment, have not failed to take advantage of these antagon-isms to weaken the Jewish forces still further. This isespecially patent in Roumania, where factionalism hasresulted in a scandalous checkmate to all efforts to protectJewish interests. The differences among the Jewish organ-


izations in the Occident, who are occupied in these fields,which are quite analogous, if not identical, with those inEastern European countries, are known to the governmentsand have resulted in a diminishing respect for Jewish soli-darity of which in the past they entertained a wholesomeopinion.

What can be done? If the government, let us say like theCzarist government in Russia before the War, were theinstigators of anti-Jewish outrages or defiantly flauntedinfractions of the rights of its minorities, two steps wouldbe open,—one, an appeal to the decent sentiment of theworld, the other, a formal arraignment before the League ofNations. But the government as a whole is not only not theinstigator of excesses, but recognizing the embarrassmentand danger to the country's prestige, would be glad to con-sign Cuza and his associates to oblivion. The fault of thegovernment lies in its leniency, in its indulgence of thesevicious elements, in its persistent policy of underestimatingthe dangerous effects of anti-Semitic agitation and propa-ganda which by its own laws it could have and should haveeffectually suppressed, in its failure to punish the male-factors, in its wholly mistaken interpretation of democraticprinciples and procedure, and not the least, in continuing apolicy of legislative evasions and administrative acts of dis-crimination against its Jewish citizens which only tend toemphasize the traditional feeling of the population at largethat the Jews are still to be regarded as aliens and of inferiorcivic status. The fault of the government rests also in itspersistent policy to minimize the complaints, sometimeseven to extenuate or deny the facts, and worse than this, toaccuse its Jewish population of disloyalty because theyappeal for intervention or assistance from their fellow-Jewsin other parts of the world. Because of the instability ofRoumanian governments they have been sensitive to everycurrent of dissatisfaction within as well as outside thecountry. So long as anti-Jewish outbreaks were sporadicand of comparatively mild effect and so long as discrimina-tions remain subtle and difficult of indictment before theLeague of Nations, the government avoided taking strictmeasures with the student bodies, the thoughtless andexuberant instruments of the anti-Semitic agitators, because


the students are, so to speak, the darlings of the people. Thegovernment feared to generate a widespread unpopularitywhich would only have added strength to the politicalopposition which kept growing both inside and outside itsparty ranks. Only when the situation began to assume theaspect of an international scandal, to threaten countrywideanarchy, and to evoke the dissatisfaction of its new King;did it finally take necessary measures.

Protests on the part of our Committee and other similarorganizations have not been without some effect, especiallyduring the administration of the present government whosegreat desire for foreign financial help makes it especiallysensitive to the world's opinion.

This brings me to an important point in my recital.Fundamentally, as I have indicated before, it is the unfavor-able economic situation of the Roumanian masses which hasmade the anti-Jewish propaganda effective. The agrariandepression which made it difficult, if not impossible, for thepeasants to meet their obligations to the banks, furnishedfertile soil for anti-Jewish agitation. The peasants were toldthat the Jews were responsible for their plight because thelatter had depressed the prices of farm products, on the onehand, and had, on the other hand, increased the prices ofmanufactured commodities needed by the peasants. More-over, it was alleged that it was the Jewish bankers who heldtheir mortgages and who were not only charging the peas-ants extortionate rates of interest, but were foreclosing ontheir mortgages. Though there is no doubt that the rates ofinterest are excessive, my inquiry disclosed that the bankswho hold farm paper were nearly exclusively non-Jewishinstitutions. For example, in Suceava, Bukowina, the centreof the peasant uprising, there are twelve banks. Of these,only two are in Jewish hands. And neither of these heldfarm mortgages. They were in the possession of the non-Jewish banks. Should the government, which has beennegotiating for a foreign agricultural loan, succeed in obtain-ing it, it is confidently expected that the agrarian situationwill be saved. In consequence, the peasants, the prospectivebeneficiaries of this loan, who have been traditionallyfriendly to the Jews, will no longer prove credulous materialfor anti-Semitic propaganda.


It follows that all who have at heart the welfare of theJews of Roumania must at the same time be eager to seeRoumania obtain the financial aid she desires. But, asRoumania has already learned, all symptoms of internalinstability, whether political crises or civil disorders such asanti-Jewish riots, make it difficult to obtain such aid onfavorable terms. In the face of such symptoms of instability,even the warmest friends of Roumania cannot espouse hercause, except in a lukewarm and unconvincing manner. It isclear, therefore, that sound statesmanship dictates that thevicious circle must be broken by Roumania herself, that shemust maintain public order, protect the life and property ofall her population, and remove all cause for unrest and dis-order, by granting the minorities in fact the equality ofrights to which they are entitled by law. These indicationsof stability and strength will not fail to win for her therespect of the world and the credit to which the industry ofher people and her natural wealth entitle her. The financialaid she will thus obtain will, by improving the generaleconomic conditions, sterilize the soil on which at presentthe seeds of anti-Semitism fall, take root, and flourish.

Does recourse to the League of Nations offer hope of earlyand measurable improvement?

In a more detailed report to our Executive Committee, Ipointed out that the League has met with only very limitedsuccess. I stated, "The nature of discriminations andinfractions of the rights of those belonging to minorities issuch that an appeal to the League of Nations is likely toprove unavailing. The evasions of treaty obligations areusually too subtle to allow of clear-cut indictment on thepart of the League against the offending nation, especiallyas the League, in its desire not to humiliate its memberbodies and not to appear as infringing upon their nationalsovereignty, has surrounded the reception and considerationof complaints with a cumbersome procedure which has dis-couraged the minorities of late from submitting protests.As reported in the official Journal of the League of Nations,there were, between June 13, 1929 and May 31, 1930, 57petitions, 26 rejected as unreceivable, 14 considered by theCommittee of Three in 19 meetings, 29 disposed of, 3 stillbeing examined—not one submitted to the Council."


Efforts have been made to simplify and facilitate theprocedure affecting complaints. In this our Committee,under Louis Marshall, took an active though unofficial andindirect part because as an American committee we wererestrained from taking direct action since the United Statesof America is not a member of the League of Nations. Butour views were conveyed, in the form of definite recommen-dations, to several of the leading personages engaged in theconsideration of the revision of the procedure, among themthe late Herr Gustav Stresemann of Germany, and ViscountCecil of Chelwood, England, who received them sympa-thetically and incorporated them in their proposals.

Until radical changes in the procedure are effected, thoseinterested in protecting the rights of minorities will begreatly handicapped and will very largely have to depend,so far as action by the League of Nations is concerned, uponthe informal and tactful intervention of the Secretariat orthe officials of the Minorities Section, which, it must berecognized, has been of considerable value and is likely tocontinue to be helpful in the future.

In this and other connections, I desire to point out thatpublicity though sometimes a powerful instrument is adouble edged sword and when indulged in to excess is likelyto work great injury. I cannot escape the conviction thatpublicity, especially in relation to the troubles of the Jewsof Eastern Europe, has frequently been thoughtlesslyresorted to and, may I say it brutally, that it sometimesappears as if it has been exploited for personal ambitions, orfor the prestige of certain organizations. This excessive andill-advised publicity has itself become a problem with whichour Committee should deal. The situation of our fellow-Jews in these countries is precarious; they are surroundedby many enemies who are ready to take unscrupulousadvantage of any words which can be distorted for theirown malicious ends. This should make us all careful toweigh our words meticulously and be prepared very ofteneven to refrain from expressing ourselves in public. Duringour Committee's experience of nearly a quarter centurymany of its most effective efforts have frequently been thoseof which the public, and in some cases not even the GeneralCommittee, has been made aware. Moreover, constant


allusions to anti-Jewish discriminations promote callousnesson the part of those against whom the complaints areuttered as well as in the public at large, and they graduallylose their effect. The impression gains ground that it is inthe very nature of things that the Jews are an oppressedpeople—an inevitable condition like epidemics of measles ordiphtheria, before the recent discoveries of medical science.I interviewed many persons high in the public life ofRoumania. Not one of them failed to point to the existenceof anti-Semitism in other countries, even in the UnitedStates, in extenuation, if not in justification, of its existencein Roumania. Even King Carol in his first pronouncementon the Jewish situation incorporated this allusion.

May I here revert to a statement made in the beginningof my remarks, namely, the striking fact that during thepast year the territory of our interest has been extended tocountries further west? Even in Switzerland, a countrywhich has been the traditional refuge of oppressed peoplesfrom all parts of the world, there is evidence of an attemptto organize anti-Jewish sentiment in the form of a churchnewspaper published in the city of Berne.

It is in Germany, however, where the situation is basis forgenuine consternation. Let me quote the following frommy memorandum to the Executive Committee:

"Finally, I desire to say a word with regard to the anti-Semiticmovement in Germany, which, in my opinion, is cause for greateranxiety than the anti-Jewish manifestations in Eastern Europeancountries. The phenomenal gains of the National Socialist Party inthe recent elections, far in excess of what was even anticipated atthe end of August, when I left Berlin, has threatened to throw thebalance of political power in the hands of a group whose ruthlessnessis matched only by its organizing ability."

That statement was supported by data too voluminous tobe presented in this report. The situation in Germanydiffers in character from that in countries further east.First, unlike the other countries, Germany has entered intono treaties dealing with minorities rights, although at thePeace Conference, the delegates gave written assurancesthat they would treat minorities in Germany at least as wellas the minority treaties would provide; secondly, thepresent federal government has in no way abetted or encour-aged anti-Jewish agitation. On the contrary, it has taken


severe measures to repress all such demonstrations and hastaken all steps legally possible to restrain anti-Jewish propa-ganda. In spite of this, anti-Semitic agitation assumedalarming proportions within the past year, and in mostbrutal and offensive forms. Though the economic burdensunder which the German people have been suffering havefertilized the soil for this propaganda and a return of pros-perity is likely to diminish its effect substantially, thesituation is fraught with great danger not only to the Jewishpeople in Germany, but to the Jews of the whole world.

Again we must be careful to avoid an unbalanced per-spective. Hitlerism comprehends much more than anti-Semitism. Not every member of the National Socialistparty is an anti-Semite. Nevertheless, anti-Semitism is anessential and important element in its philosophy. More-over, there are many enemies of the Jews in other partiesespecially in the Hugenberg National Party. The danger ofHitlerist and Hugenberg nationalism rests in the fact thatwhile raising national issues involving the repudiation of theVersailles treaty and reparation payments, which evoke thesympathy and support of great numbers of Germans outsideof these two parties, it insidiously identifies the Jewishpeople in general and Jewish citizens of Germany in particu-larly with Germany's enemies. Jews are being accused bythe Hitlerites of being responsible for the War, for the defeatof Germany, for the Treaty of Versailles as well as for theYoung plan. The Jew is the scapegoat. Hitlerism withoutanti-Semitism would not be our concern as Jews. Undersuch circumstances, it would be a matter for the Germanpeople to deal with, and for those other nations whose inter-ests are involved in the effect upon them of Germany'sfailure to meet its war obligations. But when a politicalparty with prospects of holding the balance of power,threatens to deprive the Jews of their property and of theirrights of citizenship, to subject them to all manner ofeconomic repression, to eliminate them from public serviceand public honors, in short, degrade them to an inferioreconomic and political status, the world is confronted withthe boldest and most ruthless manifestation of anti-Semitismever shown in any country. Even Roumania before the Warfelt obliged to hide its discriminations behind the subterfuge


that the Jews were not citizens. And today there are nolegislative discriminations against Jews in Roumania, vir-tually only evasions of the law, and there is no politicalparty which professes anti-Semitism except the ChristianNational Party which has one representative, Cuza. Norare there parties in any other country which openly professanti-Semitism. In other words, it has been left to this highlycivilized country of Germany to make a political issue ofwhat Painleve recently characterized as barbarism, andGorky has called "this disgusting filth of anti-Semitism."

Social ostracism is humiliating, but can be tolerated by apeople who are conscious of their own worth. That exists inother so-called enlightened countries. But the incorporationof medieval measures of persecution in the program of apolitical party is a shocking defiance of the decencies ofmodern civilization and a black shadow upon democracy.Albert Einstein who raised the curtain upon the unknownwonders of the universe, or, to use Bernard Shaw's words,has actually created a new universe; Heinrich Heine whoseimmortal poetry has become part of the folk music of theGermanic race; Albert Ballin whose genius helped hiscountry to build a merchant marine that enabled it to con-quer many of the markets of the world; Walter Rathenau,who not only established the huge organization which alonemade it possible for Germany to hold out with raw materialsto the end of the War, but whose various efforts for a self-respecting yet reasonable solution of the reparations prob-lem strengthened Germany's position before the world—these men who brought undying glory to Germany and thecountless others who have in more modest ways contributedto German civilization in every direction, have been brandedas unassimilable aliens, and it is sought to legislate them outof German life and memory, and out of the German territoryfor the protection of which many thousands of its Jewishcitizens, far in excess of their proportion in the population,readily gave up their lives. And we cannot overlook thedangerous augury for the future in the impregnation of theseeds of anti-Semitism upon a receptive and impressionableyouth. The situation furnishes cause for anxiety to all Jews,even those who have seen no reason for identification withJewish affairs. Even baptized Jews are not exempt from the


Hakenkreuzler objective of hate. As I stated to our Execu-tive Committee, our interest has ceased to be only a matterof altruism; it has become one of self-defense.

The history of the decade since the end of the Great Warreflects the amazing fact that democracies may be just asilliberal as monarchies. Where, before, a despotic sovereign,Ahasauerus, was influenced by a Haman to destroy theJews, today the sovereign people are exposed to the dema-gogy of the reactionaries. And where, in ancient days aMordecai and an Esther were necessary to protect the Jews,today we must employ the democratic instrumentality ofarousing the conscience of humanity to the end that theirlegal rights, now accorded in virtually every land of theglobe shall be secured in fact as well as on paper, in spirit aswell as in letter. And that is the task to which the AmericanJewish Committee is dedicated. It is a task on which allJews, regardless of their particular views and interests canand should unite.

Respectfully submitted,MORRIS D. WALDMAN,

Secretary.

CORPORATE MEMBERSHIP

I. DISTRICT MEMBERS

DIST. I: FLORIDA, GEORGIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA,4 members: Morton R. Hirshberg, Jacksonville, Fla.; Leonard Haas,Atlanta, Ga.; Lionel Weil, Goldsboro, N. C ; Isaac C. Strauss, Sumter,S. C.

DIST. II: ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, TENNESSEE. 3 members: Milton H.Fies, Birmingham, Ala.; Ben H. Stein, Vicksburg, Miss.; Nathan Cohn,Nashville, Tenn.

DIST. Il l: ARIZONA, LOUISIANA, NEW MEXICO, OKLAHOMA, TEXAS-7 members: Barnett E. Marks, Phoenix, Ariz.; Ralph J. Schwartz, NewOrleans, La.; Louis C. Ilfeld, Las Vegas, N. Mex.; S. K. Bernstein,Oklahoma City, Okla.; J. K. Hexter, Dallas, Tex.; Isaac H. Kempner,Galveston, Tex.; U. M. Simon, Fort Worth, Tex.

DIST. IV: ARKANSAS, COLORADO, KANSAS, MISSOURI. 8 members:Chas. Jacobson, Little Rock, Ark.; Henry Sachs, Colorado Springs,Colo.; Henry Wallenstein, Wichita, Kan.; Harry Block, St. Joseph,Mo.; J. A. Harzfeld, Kansas City, Mo.; Charles M. Rice, St. Louis,Mo.; Aaron Waldheim, St. Louis, Mo.; A. C. Wurmser, Kansas City,Mo.


DIST. V: CALIFORNIA, IDAHO, NEVADA, OREGON, UTAH, WASHINGTON.9 members: Henry G. W. Dinkelspiel, San Francisco, Cal.; M. J.Finkenstein, Los Angeles, Cal.; Max C. Sloss, San Francisco, Cal.; Leo J.Falk, Boise, Ida.; Samuel Platt Reno, Nev.; *Ben Selling, Portland,Ore.; Daniel Alexander, Salt Lake City, Utah; Emanuel Rosenberg,Seattle, Wash.

DIST. VI: IOWA, MICHIGAN, MINNESOTA, MONTANA, NEBRASKA,NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA, WISCONSIN, WYOMING. 14 members:Eugene Mannheimer, Des Moines, Iowa; Henry M. Butzel, Detroit,Mich.; Julian H. Krolik, Detroit, Mich.; Isadore Levin, Detroit, Mich.;Meyer S. May, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Joseph H. Schanfeld, Minneapolis,Minn.; Isaac Summerfield, St. Paul, Minn.; Jos. Weinberg, Butte,Mont.; Harry A. Wolf, Omaha, Neb.; D. M. Naftalin, Fargo, N. D.;Meyer Koplow, Sioux Falls, S. D.; David B. Eisendrath, Milwaukee,Wis.; *Nat Stone, Milwaukee, Wis.; Morris Haytin, Casper, Wyo.

DIST. VII: ILLINOIS. 9 members: Max Adler, James Davis, MaxEpstein, Alfred K. Foreman, M. E. Greenebaum, B. Horwich Julian W.Mack, Julius Rosenwald, Chicago, 111.; W. B. Woolner, Peoria, 111.

DIST. VIII: INDIANA, KENTUCKY, OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA. 12 membersSol S. Kiser, Indianapolis, Ind.; Samuel E. Rauh, Indianapolis, Ind.Benjamin S. Washer, Louisville, Ky.; Samuel Ach, Cincinnati, O.Edward M. Baker, Cleveland, O.; S. Marcus Fechheimer, Cincinnati, O.E. S. Halle, Cleveland, O.; D. A. Huebsch, Cleveland, O.; David Philip-son, Cincinnati, O.; Sigmond Sanger, Toledo, O.; Murray Seasongood,Cincinnati, O.; Louis Horkheimer, Wheeling, W. Va.

DIST. IX: CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. 7 members: Cyrus Adler, JustinP. Allman, Wm. Gerstley, B. L. Levinthal, *M. Rosenbaum, HoraceStern, Morris Wolf.

DIST. X: DELAWARE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, MARYLAND, VIRGINIA.7 members: Aaron Finger, Wilmington, Del.; Simon Lyon, Washington,D. C ; Albert Berney, Baltimore, Md.; Jacob H. Hollander, Baltimore,Md.; Siegmund B. Sonneborn, Baltimore, Md.; Edward N. Calisch,Richmond, Va.; Merrill E. Raab, Richmond, Va

DIST. XI: CONNECTICUT, MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, NEW HAMPSHIRE,RHODE ISLAND, VERMONT. 22 members: Philip N. Bernstein, Water-bury, Conn.; Alexander Cahn, New Haven, Conn.; Nestor Dreyfus,New London, Conn.; Jacob B. Klein, Bridgeport, Conn.; Isidore Wise,Hartford, Conn.; Gordon F. Gallert, Waterville, Me.; Jacob Asher,Worcester, Mass.; Louis Baer, Boston, Mass.; Adolph Ehrlich, Boston,Mass.; Nathan H. Gordon, Boston, Mass.; A. Hartman, Haverhill,Mass.; Henry Lasker, Springfield, Mass.; George Newman, Pittsfield,

Samuel E. Paulive, Chelsea, Mass.; A. C. Ratshesky, Boston,James Solomont, Boston, Mass.; Felix Vorenberg, Boston,

Chas. Wineapple, Salem, Mass.; Edward M. Chase, Manchester,

Mass.Mass.Mass.N. H.; Jerome J. Hahn, Providence, R. I.: Archibald Silverman, Provi-dence, R. I.: Chas. Levine, Burlington, Vt.

DIST. XII : NEW YORK CITY. 36 members: Benjamin Altheimer,Herman Bernstein, David M. Bressler, Benjamin N. Cardozo, Abram I.

•Deceased.


Elkus, H. G. Endow, William Fischman, Lee K. Frankel, HenryIttleson, Joseph J. Klein, Max J. Kohler, Jacob Kohn, Arthur K. Kuhn,Joseph Leblang, Herbert H. Lehman, Irving Lehman, Harry E. Lewis|Adolph Lewisohn, William Liebermann. James Marshall, AlexanderMarx, Grover M. Moskowitz, Carl H. Pforzheimer, Joseph M. Pros-kauer, James N. Rosenberg, Bernard Semel, J. M. Stettenheim, HughGrant Straus, Lewis L. Strauss, Sol M. Stroock, Cyrus L. Sulzberger,Israel Unterberg, Ludwig Vogelstein, Felix M. Warburg.

DIST. XIII : NEW YORK (Exclusive of the City). 8 members: Morti-mer Adler, Rochester, N. Y.; Moses F. Aufsesser, Albany, N. Y.;Joseph L. Fink, Buffalo, N. Y.; Henry M. Stern, Rochester, N. Y.;Benjamin Stolz, Syracuse, N. Y.; Eugene Warner, Buffalo, N. Y •Herman Wile, Buffalo, N. Y

DIST. XIV: NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA (Exclusive of Philadel-phia). 15 members: Isaac Alpern, Perth Amboy, N. J.; A. J. Dimond,East Orange, N. J.; Philip Dimond, Paterson, N. J.; Michael Hollender,Newark, N. J.; David Holzner, Trenton, N. J.; William Newcorn, Plain-field, N. J.; Joseph B. Perskie, Atlantic City, N. J.; Oscar L. Weingarten,Newark, N. J.; William Harris, Allentown, Pa.; Edgar J. Kaufmann,Pittsburgh, Pa.; Irwin F. Lehman, Pittsburgh, Pa.; A. L. Luria, Read-ing Pa.; Isaiah Scheeline, Altoona, Pa.; Isador Sobel, Erie, Pa.

II. MEMBERS-AT-LARGE

(Elected for one year.)Louis Bamberger, Newark, N. J.; James H. Becker, Chicago, 111.;

Jacob Billikopf, Philadelphia, Pa.; David A. Brown, New York City;Leo M. Brown, Mobile, Ala.; Abel Davis, Chicago, 111.; Jacob Epstein,Baltimore, Md.; Eli Frank, Baltimore, Md.; Herbert Friedenwald,Washington, D. C ; Albert M. Greenfield, Philadelphia, Pa.; Herbert H.Hannoch, Newark, N. J.; Henry S. Hendricks, New York City; StanleyM. Isaacs, New York City; Alexander Kahn, New York City; J. J.Kaplan, Boston, Mass.; Sol Kline, Chicago, 111.; Louis E. KirsteinBoston, Mass.; Edward Lazansky, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Fred Lazarus, Jr.,Columbus, O.; Arthur C. Lehman, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Samuel D. Leides-dorf, New York City; Jacob M. Loeb, Chicago, 111.; Isidore D. MorrisonsNew York City; Milton J. Rosenau, Cambridge, Mass.; Victor Rose-water, Philadelphia, Pa.; Morris Rothenberg, New York City; FrederickW. Wile, Washington, D. C.

III. DELEGATES FROM NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS

AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY, A. S. W. Rosenbach; CEN-TRAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN RABBIS, David Lefkowitz; COUNCIL OFYOUNG ISRAEL AND YOUNG ISRAEL ORGANIZATIONS, Edward S. Silver;HADASSAH, Mrs. David de Sola Pool; HEBREW SHELTERING ANDIMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY OF AMERICA, John L. Bernstein, Harry Fischel,Abraham Herman, Jacob Massel and Albert Rosenblatt; INDEPENDENTORDER BRITH ABRAHAM, Gustave Hartman, Max L. Hollander, NathanD. Perlman and Adolph Stern; INDEPENDENT ORDER BRITH SHOLOM,Martin O. Levy, William M. Lewis; INDEPENDENT ORDER FREE SONS


OF ISRAEL, Solon J. Liebeskind; INDEPENDENT WESTERN STAR ORDER,H. Waiss; JEWISH WELFARE BOARD, Joseph Rosenzweig; NATIONALCONFERENCE OF JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE, Fred M. Butzel; NATIONALCOUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN, Mrs. Estelle M. Sternberger; ORDER OFTHE UNITED HEBREW BROTHERS, Meyer Greenberg; PROGRESSIVEORDER OF THE WEST, Joseph Schiller; RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY OF THEJEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, Louis Finkelstein; UNITED ROUMAN-IAN JEWS OF AMERICA, Herman Speier and Leo Wolfson; UNITEDSYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA, Nathan Levy; WOMAN'S LEAGUE OF THEUNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA, Mrs. Samuel Spiegel.

•Deceased.

REPORT

OF THE

FORTY-THIRD YEAROF

THE JEWISH PUBLICATIONSOCIETY OF AMERICA

1930-1931

THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OFAMERICA

OFFICERS

PRESIDENTSIMON MILLER, Philadelphia

FIRST VICE-PRESIDENTADOLPH S. OCHS, New York

SECOND VICE-PRESIDENTHORACE STERN, Philadelphia

TREASURERHOWARD A. WOLF, Philadelphia

SECRETARYJULIUS GRODINSKY, Philadelphia

EDITORISAAC HUSIK, Philadelphia

TRUSTEES

MARCUS AARON1 PittsburghDR. CYRUS ADLER1 PhiladelphiaPHILIP AMRAM1 PhiladelphiaEDWARD M. BAKER2 ClevelandHART BLUMENTHAL* PhiladelphiaBERNARD L. FRANKEL3 PhiladelphiaLIONEL FRIEDMANN1 PhiladelphiaJOSEPH HAGEDORN1 PhiladelphiaREV. DR. NATHAN KRASS1 New YorkS. CHAS. LAMPORT2 New YorkLouis E. LEVINTHAL1 PhiladelphiaFELIX H. LEVY* New YorkHOWARD S. LEVY1 PhiladelphiaHON. WM. M. LEWIS1 PhiladelphiaREV. DR. LOUIS L. MANN2 ChicagoSIMON MILLER' PhiladelphiaADOLPH S. OCHS' New York

•Term9 expire in 1932. Terms expire in 1933. 'Terms expire in 1934.405


PHILIP B. PERLMAN' BaltimoreCARL H. PFORZHEIMER2 New YorkDR. A. S. W. ROSENBACHS PhiladelphiaDR. FRANK I. SCHECHTER2 New YorkRABBI ABBA HILLEL SILVERS ClevelandJACOB SOLIS-COHEN JR.* PhiladelphiaMEIR STEINBRINK' BrooklynHON. HORACE STERN* PhiladelphiaCYRUS L. SULZBERGER1 New YorkLUDWIG VOGELSTEIN" New YorkA. LEO WEIL1 PittsburghJULIUS S. WEYL1 PhiladelphiaEDWIN WOLF1 PhiladelphiaHOWARD A. WOLF2 PhiladelphiaMORRIS WOLF1 PhiladelphiaRALPH WOLF3 New York

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS

ISAAC W. BERNHEIM1 DenverREV. DR. HENRY COHEN1 GalvestonHON. ABRAM I. ELKUS1 New YorkS. W. JACOBS' MontrealLouis E. KIRSTEIN2 BostonHON. JULIAN W. MACK2 New YorkHON. SIMON W. ROSENDALE* -.AlbanyMURRAY SEASONGOOD1 CincinnatiHON. M. C. SLOSS1 San FranciscoREV. DR. JOSEPH STOLZ1 Chicago

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

DR. CYRUS ADLER, Chairman PhiladelphiaDR. DAVID S. BLONDHBIM BaltimoreDR. SOLOMON SOLIS-COHEN PhiladelphiaREV. DR. H. G. ENELOW New YorkREV. DR. HARRY W. ETTELSON MemphisFELIX N. GERSON PhiladelphiaDR. ISAAC HUSIK PhiladelphiaRABBI MAX D. KLEIN PhiladelphiaDR. JACOB KOHN New YorkOSCAR LOEB PhiladelphiaDR. MAX L. MARGOLIS PhiladelphiaDR. ALEXANDER MARX New YorkSIMON MILLER PhiladelphiaLEON S. MOISSEIFF New YorkDR. JULIAN MORGENSTERN CincinnatiREV. DR. DAVID PHILIPSON CincinnatiDR. JOSEPH REIDER PhiladelphiaDR. A. S. W. ROSENBACH PhiladelphiaDR. FRANK I. SCHECHTER New York

Terms expire In 1932. Terms expire In 1933. Terms expire la 1934.

JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 407

REV. DR. SAMUEL SCHULMAN New YorkSAMUEL STRAUSS New YorkHENRIETTA SZOLD Jerusalem

JEWISH CLASSICS COMMITTEE

DR. CYRUS ADLER PhiladelphiaDR. SOLOMON SOLIS COHEN, Chairman PhiladelphiaDR. ISRAEL DAVIDSON New YorkREV. DR H. G. ENELOW New YorkDR. LOUIS GINZBERG New YorkDR. JACOB Z. LAUTERBACH CincinnatiDR. ALEXANDER MARX New YorkREV. DR. DAVID PHIUPSON CincinnatiREV. DR. SAMUEL SCHULMAN New York


COMBINED BALANCE SHEETDECEMBER 31, 1930

AssetsCurrent Assets:

Cash $4,343.11Cash Awaiting Investment for Erlanger Fund. . 7,000.00Accounts Receivable—Jewish Publication Society 6,923.00Accounts Receivable—Hebrew Press 13,210.15Notes Receivable 518.96Pledges Receivable 200.00Inventory—Hebrew Press Work in Process. . . . 5,293.61Inventory—Jewish Publication Society 9,712.16Inventory—Classics 774.92

$47,975.91

Investments 19,686.25Plant, Equipment, Dies, Plates.Type and Furniture 2.00Prepaid Insurance 47.55

$67,711.71Liabilities

Current Liabilities:Accounts Payable—Jewish Publication Society.$4,850.88Accounts Payable—Hebrew Press 3,706.21Accrued Salaries 105.00

$8,662.07Fund Accounts 46,423.88Surplus 12,625.76

$67,711.71

COMBINED INCOME STATEMENTJEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY AND HEBREW PRESS

FOR YEAR OF 1930Revenues:

Dues $33,059.57Sales—Hebrew Press 25,479.70Sales—Jewish Publication Society 23,873.59Donations 2,975.86Interest 347.55

$85,736.27Expenses:

Administrative Expenses 24,464.31Cost of Publications—Jewish Publication Society 24,974.89Manufacturing Expenses—Hebrew Press 30,457.57NET INCOME 5,839.50

$85,736.27

THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE JEWISHPUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA

The Forty-third Annual Meeting of the Jewish Publica-tion Society of America was held at Dropsie College, Broadand York Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on Sundayevening, March 29, 1931.

Doctor Cyrus Adler introduced Dr. Judah L. Magnes, asthe speaker of the evening:

The President has given me the privilege of presenting toyou the speaker of the evening. No presentation is neces-sary, I am sure, but it is a pleasure and a privilege for us towelcome back into the Publication Society one of our oldassistants, who was for many years a member of our Pub-lication Committee, and who now, within the past six ormore years having transported himself from California, viaCincinnati, New York, Berlin, to Jerusalem, has taken hisperch upon that site upon Mt. Scopus, and there has madethe beginnings of the University, which I can say from myexperience with the bulk of such institutions has developedmore rapidly and in a more all around fashion than anyuniversity I have ever heard of or known in so short aperiod. Therefore I say, as a thorough American, as a fellowPublication Society friend, as a fellow Jew, but particularlyas the Chancellor of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem,we welcome Doctor Magnes.

Dr. Judah L. Magnes spoke as follows:Doctor Adler, Mr. Miller, Members of the Publication

Society, Ladies and Gentlemen:It is a great honor that you do me to ask me to address

your Annual Meeting, and I cannot proceed with what Ihave to say without, in this room and in this presence,recalling the name of my friend, Judge Sulzberger, whom Ithink of constantly as being alive. When one is away andhas not been about when the old and the great pass away,there is not the same realization of death as there must be

409


for you who are near at hand. Certain vital characters,certain men of mind and of spirit, impress themselves soupon one that, at a distance, at least, there seems to be nodifference between the days when they walked the earthand those many years afterwards since they have gone.

In addressing the Publication Society meeting, you willnot take it amiss, I am sure, if I take advantage of theopportunity and try to sell my own books—not yours. Iam what, I think, you term a "salesman" or a "promoter,"or use whatever opprobrious epithet you choose. At anyrate, I have come to this country primarily for the purposeof bringing to the attention of the public some of the merits,some of the needs of the Hebrew University. It will benecessary, of course, to attach the Hebrew University, orsome of its aspects, to some of the aspects of the work overforty-three years now of the Jewish Publication Society. Ican do this, I presume, no better than by telling you some-thing of the books of the Hebrew University. On the onehand, something of the books of its library, or of its libraries,and, on the other hand, something that I hope is not a rivalconcern, the Hebrew University Press Association.

The Library of the Hebrew University is the largestlibrary in the Near and Middle East. There is no librarythat can compare with it in the number of the volumescatalogued and set up in order upon its shelves. It now hasover 250,000 volumes catalogued and on its shelves. These250,000 volumes comprise books in many subjects—asmany subjects as there are departments of the University,but many other subjects besides. The Library is called theJewish National and University Library. By NationalLibrary we mean a collection of books that shall include, ifpossible, everything having anything to do closely or re-motely with Judaism and the Jews. By University Librarywe mean a library that is to be at the disposal of ourresearchers, our teachers and our students, and of the publicgenerally in Jerusalem and throughout Palestine.

Jerusalem is a favored center for such a library. Afterall, the appeal of Jerusalem, the Holy City, goes out to thefarthest ends of the Jewish world. It is moving to see howeach year, from almost every country of the Diaspora,


books, periodicals, manuscripts, photographs, autographs,come into the Library from friends who are both Jewish andnon-Jewish. During the past year of great stress, theacquisitions of the Library numbered almost 20,000. Youmay be interested to know, for example, that the Smith-sonian Institution of Washington transports to the Uni-versity free of charge all books presented to the Universityby friends in America. It is for me something of particularpleasure—in which I take particular pride—going into thepacking room of the Library, to see some of these largecases stacked up, and in very neat stencilled letters—"Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.—HebrewUniversity, Jerusalem, Palestine." It is the contact ofJerusalem with all the parts of the Jewish Diaspora thatmakes our Library beloved of all the Jewish people.

But the Library in Jerusalem serves a further function oftrying to preserve as many of the treasures as are stored upin the Oriental Jewish communities as our Library can layhands on. You are aware that great treasures have perished.Only the other day one of the University workers made atrip to Persia. He was interested in the Shia, that is, one ofthe two great arms of Islam, and although he was there foronly two weeks, it was possible for him to secure a consider-able number of manuscripts and of rare prints bearing uponthe Shia, but more especially manuscripts and prints fromJewish homes and from Jewish communities which verylikely in the very near future might have perished had notsomeone come just to take them. It is literally a fact thatin almost every community of Jews in the Orient there arerare prints and there are manuscripts which it might wellpay the learned Jewish institutions of America and ofother countries together with the Hebrew University toequip expeditions to search out and to bring back. Suchexpeditions would not cost much money in the fitting out. Itmight be expensive to get something here or there, but ingeneral an expedition sent out by the Hebrew Universityin co-operation with other learned organizations would notrequire a sum of money that could not rather easily besecured. This is the first of the suggestions that I shouldlike to make in making use of the opportunity that you giveme to talk of some of the problems that are confronting us


in Jerusalem. You may be interested to know that theLibrary serves all of Palestine in addition to serving theUniversity and its needs. In Tel Aviv, in Haifa, in nineteenat least of the Kevuzot, in a number of the colonies, thereare representatives of the University Library who informthe Library of their needs, and who act as the responsiblerecipient and caretaker of the books and periodicals thatare sent. The University usually has on hand, in additionto the 250,000 volumes, or less or more, as the cataloguinggoes on, at least 10,000 volumes of duplicates. Theseduplicates are distributed in Seminar libraries and areexchanged for books that the library hasn't got. The med-ical library is the largest and best equipped library of thatsort in the Near and in the Middle East. The collection isdue primarily to two physicians in New York. They havesingle-handed, for over five years, been subscribing to over300 medical periodicals in thirteen languages. Thesemedical periodicals are placed at the disposal of the phy-sicians of Jerusalem in a special room at the Strauss HealthCenter which is accessible to them. The MathematicsLibrary is a great library. It was secured from the widowof Professor Klein, who was Professor of Mathematics atthe University of Goettingen, and has been added to rightalong.

The Islamic Library of the University is considered oneof the greatest libraries of the world. It now has close to12,000 volumes. One third of these volumes were securedfrom the library of the late Professor Goldziher of Budapest.

Two years ago when Sir D. Ross, the principal of theLondon School of Oriental Studies, passed through Jer-usalem on his way to Persia in connection with the organ-ization of the great Persian Exhibit that was recentlyheld in London, he said to us that his library in Londonwas but a baby in comparison, and he made the additionalremark that for the fundamental study of Islam he knew ofno place, either in America or in Europe, or even in all theworld of Islam, to compare with the facilities and thescholars to be placed at the disposal of any student inter-ested in the philosophy, religion, art, archaeology, history,language, social structure, and poetry, of the Arabs or ofthe Moslem peoples generally.


But what I want to speak of particularly is, of course, theLibrary of the University in Hebraica and Judaica. I havehere a few statistics that may be of interest. In Jerusalemthere are 73,800 volumes in Judaica. That is, 38,200 inHebrew, 8,700 in Yiddish, 26,900 in other languages. TheLibrary contains about 850 manuscripts. Of these about700 bear upon Judaica. The Library also has 18 incunabula,and it expects any day the gift of Mr. Shoken of Berlin,whose collection of incunabula numbers, I think between50 and 60. Of course, in comparison with the great libraryat the Jewish Theological Seminary, or the Library at theHebrew Union College in Cincinnati, the Judaistic Libraryof the Hebrew University takes only third place. For theTheological Seminary has 84,000 volumes in comparisonwith our 73,800, and the Hebrew Union College has 80,000volumes. In manuscripts the Theological Seminary has, incomparison with our 700, 6000. The Hebrew Union Col-lege, 2000. Of incunabula the Theological Seminary has120, the Hebrew Union College, 80. You will bear in mind,of course, that these incunabula, and these manuscriptsare for the most part gifts,—that the Hebrew Univer-sity has no large funds at its disposal for the purpose oflarge collections. It is impossible to speak of this Judaisticcollection at the Hebrew University Library without men-tioning the name of a remarkable man who was its founder.A good physician, a healer of the body, and of the soul, but aman who was as poor as a church mouse—a man wholiterally died in the poorhouse, Dr. Joseph Chazanovich, ofBialystok, throughout his life, single-handed, was able tocollect 25,000 volumes which are now in the HebrewUniversity Library. They tell of him that when he went tohis patients, it was impossible to pay him in money if heknew they had some book that he was after, and some ofhis patients, who have fortunately survived, say that hepaid much more attention to the books that might be upin the attic than to the patient in the bed. In other words,he used his medicine as a spade to dig with.

Two years ago, when the new Library building, theDavid Wolffsohn House, was dedicated, the librarian set outin the exhibit room of the Library a large number of beau-tiful Italian prints, on magnificent paper, many of them


illuminated; prints that Italian scholars had written, poemsthat they had composed for hagigot, for marriages, forhanukkat ha-bayit, for festive occasions generally, and Iwas amazed to see that every one of these beautiful pagesbore the imprint, Ginze Yosef. That is the mark of JosephChazanovich, this doctor far away in Bialystok. There wasno phase of Jewish book printing that he was not interestedin, and the Library has received from the families of anumber of scholars begging letters from him asking forrecently published books many years ago, or asking themto ask some other author for this or that book. He seemsto have known the name and the address of everyone whomight give him something,—and something for what? Thatseems to me just as remarkable as his persistence and hispatience and his intelligence. Give him something for what?For something that was to be created. He began at least ageneration before. Something that was to be created inJerusalem—a National and University Library. What morebeautiful thing can there be than this—that a man shouldlive through the books of his own people, that he gives tofuture generations of that people? Or what more beautifulthing can there be than this house, which is called DavidWolffsohn House? A man without children, a man whoseestate was left by him for some educational project inPalestine. His house is there, called by his name. Thelibrarian uses his table, and his valuable Jewish archivesare around this room; and when we enter David Wolffsohn'shouse we are in communion with him, and in communionwith Chazanovich, and in communion with that long andillustrious line of Jewish scholars who have made possiblethe collection of the works of their mind and of theirspirit.

You may be interested to know, some of you who areconcerned with technical matters in libraries, that we have21}4 workers in the Library. That one-half shows that wedo our work, to use the American term, efficiently. Wewould like to point out that 27^2 workers for a collection of250,000 volumes is a rather small number. The DeutscheBucherei reported to have 771,000 volumes, and whosepurpose is similar to ours, except that they want to geteverything concerning "das Deutschthum," employs 120


workers. At Bradford in England, where they have alibrary of just about the same size of ours, they have 75workers. At Ottawa, where they have only 92,000 volumes,they have 25 workers. In the American Library in Paris,where they have a yearly accession of 4,641 volumes only,in comparison with a yearly accession of almost 20,000volumes with us, they have 21 workers. Now, of course, theAmerican Library in Paris must show complete Americanefficiency, and therefore requires a rather large staff. Butyou will agree with me that 27>^ workers in a library con-taining 250,000 volumes is not such a large number as somepersons have sometimes told us that it was.

We have three of these workers dealing with the KirjathSepher, and it is to this which I wish to come now. Alibrary pretending to be a national library must, of course,have a considerable bibliographical section. The Libraryhas a special bibliographical room, with five desks forworkers, and all the standard bibliographical works gath-ered in that one room. The purpose of the bibliographicalroom is on the one hand to achieve proper and correct

• cataloguing, but on the other hand to lay the basis for thepublication of this Quarterly Bibliographical Review, Kir-jath Sepher, the City of the Book. Dr. Albright, of JohnsHopkins, thinks that he is excavating a place near Hebronthat he believes ought to be Kirjath Sepher, but there hasnot been any sefer found there yet. This City of the Bookis now seven years old, and four volumes appear every year.It is the sole bibliographical publication in all the Jewishworld of scholarship. Each number or issue contains certainnotes as to the Library itself, the gifts that we received, thenumber of books that have come in—classified in accord-ance with their departments, then the bibliography. In thefirst place, there are all the prints, all the publications, ofwhatever nature, in Palestine. In whatever language or onwhatever subject, everything printed in Palestine is thererecorded in its proper place, and if necessary certain criticalbibliographical remarks are made.

The second section is the Sifrut Ivrit and the Madda'ha-yahadut, Hebrew Learning and Jewish Learning. Underthese headings there are twenty-three divisions—periodical


literature, the history of Jewish learning, the Old Testa-ment, we call it Madda 'ha-yahadut, Hebrew philosophy,and other divisions dealing with all phases of Jewish scholar-ship and of Jewish life, arranged bibliographically, and theimportant books receive a special bibliographical notice, or,indeed, extended criticism. In addition to that, there areessays and research studies, a considerable number, as wefind them gathered there throughout the year, and thenthere is always some publication from among the treasures,Miginze bet ha-sefarim, either some manuscript or somestudy on certain rare prints in the Library, and then thereis a section devoted to correspondence.

This Kirjath Sepher is used by the Library and by theUniversity very extensively for exchange purposes, and wehave heard from institutions, universities and libraries fromall parts of the world, and by no means all of them Jewishinstitutions, that this Kirjath Sepher is of the utmost valuein keeping their Judaistic collections straight and in order.This Kirjath Sepher is practically what Jerusalem, whatPalestine is expected to be.

It is for the Jewish book a Kibuz Galuyot, a gatheringtogether in the place where they belong, in the KirjathSepher of Jerusalem, of all the exiles that have been scat-tered abroad the world, and that have spread their lightabroad in the world, but that require some resting place,—certainly an appropriate resting place in Jerusalem.

Inasmuch as I have another aspect of the University lifeto discuss with you, I shall not want to take too much ofyour time in telling you in detail of the treasures that theUniversity Library contains. I want merely to indicate thatin addition to the manuscripts which the Library actuallypossesses, we are making a great endeavor to get as manyphotographs of manuscripts in the different libraries of theworld as possible. We have secured photographs of selectedmanuscripts from libraries in Russia, Germany, France,England, Spain, Italy, Turkey, America, Persia, Egypt.These photographs are, of course, of the utmost value.' Ishould like just to mention two of them. Some of the photo-graphs that have been examined recently by ProfessorEpstein, show that he has now in his possession,,,that, js,


that the Library now has in its possession, more than one-half of the long lost Mekilta de Rabbi Shim'on bar Yohai.The Mekilta published many years ago by Hoffman is notthe Mekilta de Rabbi Shim'on bar Yohai at all. Hoffmancollated his Mekilta de Rabbi Shim'on bar Yohai fromquotations in other works. The manuscript, the photo-graphs of the manuscript received in Jerusalem, show thatthe Mekilta of Rabbi Shim'on bar Yohai is another book,and a most important book of that most momentous era.

A second work of great importance and interest which hasbeen discovered recently upon the basis of some of thesephotographs that have come to Jerusalem is the Seferha-Ma'asim, a book which, so it would appear, was men-tioned once by Rav Hai Gaon about the middle of the13th Century, who said that his grandfather had heard of abook by this name, although he himself had never seen it,and did not know what it was. This book, from the fewfragments that have now been recognized, first in Jerusalem,now elsewhere, following that lead, seems to be, or to havebeen, a kind of protocol of the Bet Din in Jerusalem duringthe Byzantine period, a period about which, as you know,we have very little information. The book is written afterthe close of the Babylonian Talmud, that seems to be clearin accordance with what Professor Epstein says, who thinksit dates from before the Moslem Conquest. It says nothingat all about the books of Islam. It contains no Arabicwords. It does, however, contain a great deal of Greek. Itwould therefore appear to be clear that it is of the Byzan-tine epoch, so that the libraries and learned institutionscan secure some of the advantages of manuscripts, eventhough they may be poor as we are, having only 700 incomparison with the thousands in the possession of institu-tions in this country and elsewhere.

You may be interested to know that the Library is usedby scholars of all races, and all denominations. It is by nomeans a rare thing to find in the reading room of the library(I should like to mention in passing that the Library receives1,640 periodicals regularly in all subjects, 300 of them, as Ihave said, being medical periodicals, which are necessarybecause they show the cips from the workshop of the


scholars, and our scholars are far away, and can't waituntil books appear once in a decade, they must keep intouch with their colleagues through periodical literature), Isay that it is no rare thing to see in the reading room of theHebrew University Dominican and Franciscan priests,Moslem Sheikhs, Jewish scholars from the Yeshivah, andprofessors of the Hebrew University, or scholars who are inJerusalem for a time, associated with some of the archaeo-logical or other schools of higher learning. It is not pleasantfor me to say that, but I think I owe it to the HebrewUniversity to say that that would seem to be the one placein all the community where you do find this gatheringtogether (in another sense) of the exiles, this meeting of thethree great religions that are so intimately associated withthat soil and with that desert, and with that spirit thatseems to hover over the mountains of the Holy Land.

I want now to refer to a second phase of the University'sactivities, having something to do with the activities of theJewish Publication Society, and that is the Hebrew Uni-versity Press Association, which is now a little over a yearold. This Kirjath Sepher of the Library is issued by theHebrew University Press Association. In addition to that,there is another Quarterly Review, Tarbiz Bet Midrash,containing articles on the arts, the humanities, philosophicalsubjects however you wish to term them, the work of schol-ars from all parts of the world, I want to refer you to aninteresting fact that is going to appear in the next numberof Tarbiz. You see I am trying to bring certain things inon the basis of the general theme of my discourse. I wantto refer you to a very interesting note that was in the JewishBulletin of today, the Jewish Daily Bulletin of March 29.It says, "Jerusalem. Exploring at Sipori, now known asSiforia, in Galilee, Dr. E. L. Sukenik today announces thathe has discovered a tomb which the Jews of the MiddleAges believed to be that of Judah ha-Nasi, compiler of theMishnah." (It says here, the original Talmud, I didn'tnotice that.) In addition to finding the tomb, Dr. Sukenikhas uncovered a number of other tombs inscribed with thenames of other famous men. And then it says Judah ha-Nasi lived the last seventy years of his life at a village whichyou can see from the hills of Nazareth. I knew that Dr.


Sukenik was after that tomb, and I knew that I was goingto mention his name here for a reason that I will discloseto you in a moment, but I didn't know that the Bulletin oftoday would give me that very good opportunity. I havehere a picture which may be of interest to you—a picture ofthat tomb as it had been clearned away by Dr. Sukenikwith another scholar who went out to explore the situation,and I met with 14 Sheikhs of that region discussing archaeo-logical problems, that is, finding out how much we had topay in order to be able to carry on certain excavations atthat particular tomb. I think perhaps you will be able tosee it as I hold it up. It is the first time it has ever beenshown. You will see what a great block is over the portalof the entrance, and some of these great blocks are remark-able for their size, and, Dr. Sukenik told me, remarkable fortheir workmanship, and I am telling this to you, of course,in connection with the Hebrew University Press Associa-tion. The entrance to the tomb has now been cleared, andI am glad to say, if this dispatch says what it says, it isdoubtless upon the authority of Dr. Sukenik himself. Thisis going to appear in the Tarbiz after the next, so you willhave to get two Tarbiz's if you want to see it.

But the coming Tarbiz is going to contain this. This isjust as remarkable—perhaps more so, because it is some-thing that will doubtless arouse a great deal of discussion.It was also mentioned in the press several weeks ago. Youmay have seen it. It is an inscription in stone that has theHebrew characters of the Hellenistic Period, that is, thecharacters between the Siloam Inscription and the Inscrip-tions of Mippene ha-hurban, just after or just before thehurban. It was found by Dr. Sukenik in a Russian Mon-astery on the Mt. of Olives. It has been there for years andyears, and nobody has noticed it; in just the same way asan ossuary which had the inscription *\ov ~n yw which heshowed at a lecture at Berlin, had been lying around for aconsiderable period and nobody seems to have noticed it.Now this is in Aramaic, and I shall take the opportunity ofshowing it to the learned gentlemen of Dropsie Collegetomorrow. It is presumably Biblical Aramaic, and I shallnot attempt to read it in Hebrew or in Aramaic, but to giveyou a translation. It says, "Hither were brought the bones


of Uzziah, King of Judah. Not to be opened." Just whythis should be in Aramaic of that period is not, of course,absolutely certain, but Doctor Sukenik's theory is this: thescholars here will know where the passage is about theevacuation of the graves about Jerusalem during the Has-monean Period, particularly under Simon the Maccabee,who was a great iconoclast. He collected ever so manystones. Maybe if we dig down deep enough down there wewill find some of them some day. It says also that tombs ofthe kings were not evacuated there. Uzziah's burial wasan exceptional thing, and is mentioned exceptionally. Andthe theory is that at a certain period these bones were foundin their original place, and that place being no longer aproper burial place for a king of Judah, were taken duringthe Hasmonean period to another place at present unknown,and this inscription placed at the head of the tomb. Theback of the stone is roughly dressed, showing that it hadbeen inserted in a wall.

Now what I want to call to your attention is this book.I am sorry that we have not here a beautifully bound copy,bound by the Oxford University Press, which is the Englishagent of the Hebrew University Press Association. This iscalled "The Third Wall of Jerusalem," an account ofexcavations by E. L. Sukenik, Jerusalem, in an English anda Hebrew edition.

Through the generosity of the Dropsie College fundswere placed at the disposal of the Hebrew University for thepublication of this work. We have here a prospectus of the"Third Wall," issued by the Oxford University Press,giving a list of the illustrations—42 of them, and an extractfrom the introduction, and on the other side a selection ofHebrew books published at the Hebrew University Press ofJerusalem.

And here is a lecture by Professor Baer, who expresses hisfirm conviction that the epoch of the Middle Ages is notnearly so low as sometimes we are apt to think it in JewishHistory. On the contrary, it is his expressed view that theJewish community in the Middle Ages gave evidence ofgreat power, which entitles it to be called 'Am Nizhi(eternal people).


Then there is a book that has just appeared. It has justcome to America. It is a book on the plants of Palestine—an analytical key. This is the first of two volumes. You cansee what a large volume this is. That indicates to you thatPalestine, that poor tiny country, has an enormous numberof flora. This book was possible only because at the HebrewUniversity there is the greatest herbarium of Palestinianflora in existence. There are 2,000 different varieties offlora in that tiny country. There are no more than 2,000 inGermany, which is in the temperate zone. There are by nomeans 2,000 in the empire state of New York. The herbar-ium of the Hebrew University has added to the knownPalestinian flora ten or twelve per cent of the known num-ber. Professor Bornmuller, who is the great authority onPalestinian flora added during his lifetime 2%.

This herbarium of the Palestine flora has now for thefirst time sent out a centuria of plants, 100 plants forexchange purposes to the great herbaria of the scientificinstitutions and universities of the world. It is becausethere is such a herbarium that a book like this of the plantsof Palestine, which is illustrated, which is in Hebrew, butwhich has the Latin names of all the plants, was madepossible. This book is by three principals of the BotanicalDepartment of the Hebrew University, which is one of thelargest and most important departments that the Univer-sity has, botany being, of course, a basic agriculturalscience.

Then there is a History of Modern Hebrew Literature.It is the first volume of three by Professor Klausner on thehistory of modern Hebrew literature. I presume that thisis the first time that modern Hebrew literature has reallybeen studied.

Then there is a Thesaurus of Gaonic Responsa and Com-mentaries, by Levine, who began his work before the presswas established. There is then a descriptive catalogue ofCabbalistic manuscripts on the mystical literature of theJews. It is interesting that in Palestine there is so much ofmanuscript material on our mystical literature. Palestineis a mystic place, and it is no wonder that in Safed on thehills this great school of Mysticism was established and


flourished, about which Professor Schechter wrote so inter-estingly. Jewish mysticism continues in Palestine up to ourown days. It is entirely unthinkable that a history of Jew-ish religion, of Jewish religious ideas, could be writtenwithout much more comprehensive studies into our mysticliterature. I venture the assertion that a history of Jewishreligious ideas has not been written until this time becausethere has been no adequate study of this great field of ourliterature and of our religious expression. This lecturer atthe Hebrew University has published a descriptive catalogueof the manuscripts in the Library. This is the first cataloguethat the Library has published. Just as I believe there is nochair in the mystical literature of the Jews in any otherinstitution of Jewish learning, so too is it interesting thatthe first of the volumes of the Library should be a catalogueof manuscripts of this type.

Then there is a Memoir on F. Rosenzweig, a GermanJewish mystic.

Then there is a translation of a philosophic text. It isthe beginning of a series of translations into Hebrew ofClassic philosophic texts, published for students primarily,for ten piastres, 50 cents. The first of these volumes to havebeen published is Descartes' Discourse on Method. It wastranslated actually by a student of the University under thedirection of Professor Leon Roth, Professor of Philosophy atthe University. A number of other manuscripts are inpreparation, so that in this way Hebrew philosophicalliterature is being enriched by the publication of transla-tions from classic philosophical literature.

There is in press also a Concordance of the Tosefta,which is being prepared by Rav Kassofsky, and which isbeing subventioned by the Academy for Jewish Researchin America, and it is hoped within a year this monumentalvolume may appear.

How I have told you something of the Library of theHebrew University, and I have told you something of thePress Association of the Hebrew University, something ofthe books of that intellectual and spiritual center of theJewish people. You know it was the Koran that called usthe 'Am ha-sefer, the People of the Book. Sometimes we


were called that with approval, and sometimes with oppro-brium. The Jews, at any rate, have always regarded thistitle, 'Am ha-sefer, as a title of great distinction. Perhapswe have been led at times too much into books by reason ofthe oppression, political and economic, to which we havebeen subjected. Perhaps we think too much of the powers ofeducation, and believe that salvation, complete salvation,can be had through books, through education, throughcolleges, through universities. There is much more in lifethan that. Nevertheless, Judaism is unthinkable withoutthe book. The book was at the beginning the Great Book,and it accompanied us wherever we went. The book istoday our most sacred, most precious possession. Weshould try to get all of us to develop the Jewish book. Weshould try to bring about that conference of the HakmeYisrael which we have talked about so many years, if forno other purpose than to talk over these great projects ofthe Jewish book. All of the Jewish learned institutions inthe world should come together and work out a project incommon in order that our Classic texts, our basic docu-ments, the materials out of which we draw water and life,may be properly edited and brought into Jewish life withall their glory and their force. The Hebrew Bible shouldbear the imprint of Jerusalem, and not of the London Jews'Missionary Society. The Mishnah should bear the imprintof Jerusalem. The Palestinian Talmud should bear theimprint of Jerusalem. All these great documents, theseclassic works, these sources of our mind and of our life,must be brought into the light and edited as though theywere worthy of respect. Just as patristic literature is editedby the Church, as the literature of Greece and Rome isedited by academies and by institutes, the underbrushshould be cleared away and all the scholars of Jewry, as anagudah ahat, united, should plot out this great work ofbringing into the light and into life these books that haveremained to us. Without these books we cannot delve intoour own minds, or go down deep into our own souls. Wederive from these books up to this day.

Should we not therefore, Jewish Publication Society,Hebrew University Press Association, and all the otherinstitutions of learning in Jewry, come together in order


that we may help one another, in order that we maydream highly, in order that we may once for all see what itis that we want to publish? If we know what we want todo, and if we can try to find the men who will do it, I havenot the slightest doubt in the world that funds, howeverlarge they may be will be forthcoming.

We are there on the hill, and we look out over the wholeJewish world, East and West. It is the lighthouse which theships passing can see. The Jewish community is breakingup in many of its ancient centers, and there is wanderingand passing and despair. That lighthouse gives some ofthem hope as they wander from shore to shore, over all theseas of the globe, but that lighthouse should give all of ushope and encouragement, even though we be centered infixed, stable communities, for though our bodies may notbe tossing on the deep, our spirits are storm-tossed, and wedo not know our compass. It is these books that will let ussee through their windows into the past in order that wemay look with enlightenment and with open eyes into thelong vista of the future.

Alabaraal JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY

MEMBERS

425

ALABAMA

AndalusiaBerman, S. M.

BessemerErlick, Sam. 1701.Clarendon Av.

BirminghamAdler. Ike, 116M N. 21stBengis, Rabbi A., 1301 S. 22ndBeth-El Sunday School, Highland Ave-

and BeechEmanu El Congr. S. S. 2100 Highland Av.Feldstein, J., 1620 S. 15th Av.Friedman, J., 2126 16th Av. S.Newfield. Rabbi M.. 2100 Highland Av.Shevinsky, F.. 210 N. 18thY. M. H. Ass'n., 700 N. 18th

EnsleyGoldstein, S., 1720 Av. G.

GadsdenFrank, Ferd, 802 ChestnutHecht. Hugo H.

MobileLIFE MEMBERS

Brown, Leo M., Box 953Kahn, S., 250 Church

ANNUAL MEMBERSGabriel, Heyman, 73 N. Reed Av.Kohn, M., 55 S. BayouSchwarz, Leon, City HallShaaray Shomayim Cong., 19 S. Water

MontgomeryLIFE MEMBER

Schloss, Mrs. B., 128 SayreLIBRARY MEMBER

Greil, M. L.. Box DANNUAL MEMBERS

Kahl. MontgomeryMount, Dr. B., Bell Bldg.

SelmaCong. Mishkan Israel

ARIZONA

DouglasKline, M., P. O. Box 1079Levy, B., 1100 10th

GlendaleLeft*. Dr. M, I.. 55 N. 2nd Av.

NogalesBracker, Chas. J.

PhoenixBerger. B., 602 N. 5th Av.Sitkin, Dr. F. L., 302 W. Moreland

TucsonBergman, Rabbi M., 1640 N. Campbell

Av.Rosenfeld, B.. 446 S. 3d

ARKANSAS

FayettevilleMenorah Society Univ. of Arkansas

Fort SmithCohen, Louis, 923 N. 6thMarks, M. H.. 1217 N. 13thTeitelbaum, Rabbi S.. United Heb. Cong.

Hot SpringsFellheimer. H., Box 85Leo N. Levi Memorial Hospital Ass'n.,

Nafl Park

Little RockLasker, Mrs. H., 2200 ArchSafferstone, I. L., 2205 Arch

426 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [California

CALIFORNIA

BerkeleyB'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, 2600

Bancroft WayKay, Joseph, 2301 Rose Ter.Popper, Dr. Wm., 529 The Alameda

Beverly HillsBaff, Wm. E., 221 N. Wetherly Dr.Frankenberg, B., 613 N. Sierra Dr.Laemmle. C , 1051 Benedict Canyon Rd.Magnin, Rabbi E. F., 615 Walden Dr.

FolsomWahrhaftig, P. S. Route 1, Box 28

HollywoodLIBRARY MEMBERS

Covalerchek, M., 6345 Fountain Av.Kress, S., 2218 N. New HampshireTuch, S., 1933 N. Hobart Blvd.

ANNUAL MEMBERSLouis, A. L., 606 N. Spaulding Av.Rosenberg, Rev. A., 5637 Dc Longpre Av.Strasburg, M., 6730 Hollywood Blvd.

Huntingdon ParkLevin. B., 6515 S. Miles Av.Mathews, F. D., 7122 MarconiShapiro, H., 6409 Pacific Blvd. .

Long BeachTaback, L., 1550 E. AnaheimTemple Israel Rel. Schl., 439 W. Anaheim

Av.

Los AngelesPATRON

Schulberg, B. P., 525 Lorraine Blvd.

LIBRARY MEMBERSCummings, O. P., 305 Bk. of Hollywood

Bldg.Friedman, P., 619 Municipal Water &

Power Bldg.Jewish Inst. of Los Angeles, 208 Beaux

Arts Bldg.Lazard, Mrs. E. M., 547 S. KingsleyDr.Los Angeles Lodge 48 7,1.0. B. B.Newmark, M. R., 977 ArapahoeRobinson, A., 3250 Waverly Dr.Salinger. N., 1256 S. 7thTemple Emanuel, 631 S. Manhattan PI.

ANNUAL MEMBERSArnold, J. K., 152 S. Sycamore Av.Baiter, H. G., 1513 Murray Dr.Behrstock, I., 803 Metropolitan Bldg.Benjamin, I. B., 712 Union Bk. Bldg.Bennett, S., 644 S. CitrusBernstein, D. B., 723 Chapman Bldg.Brown, C , 432 S. McCadden PI.Cahn, Henry S., 629 S. Norton Av.

Cohen, H. K., 110 N. Alexandria Av.Deutsch, Jacob, 1040 S. Los AngelesDubin, Rabbi M. H., 636 S. Hobart Blvd.Edelman, Dr. D. W., 1052 W. 6thEpstein A., 5165 DenkerFarbstein, J., 949 DateFisch, A., 2040 N. BerendoFox, S. E., 136 N. VistaFrank, M., 695 S. Wilton PI.Frankel, J., 801 S. Manhattan PI.Friedman, G., 6425 Hollywood Blvd.Gerecht, E. F., 418 Fay Bldg.Glasband, L., 918 N. Kenmore Av.Goldman, B. M., 916 Garfield Blvd.Gumbiner, H. L., B'way & 8thHaber, P. R., 1742 Westmoreland Blvd.Hackel, Aaron Wm., 203 S. Citrus Av.Harris, F. E., 675 S. Westmoreland Av.Hellman, Irving H., 7th & SpringHollzer, Judge H. A., 245 S. Norton Av.Kahn, P. M.. 502a S. Hobart Blvd.Karl, P., 207 S. MainLevi. B., 1248 WholesaleLevine, H., 140 S. RioLieberman, J. J., 916 Garfield Bldg.Lince, J. B., 421 Ass'd. Realty Bldg.Lindenbaum, Morris, 1922 W. 22ndLindenberger, H., 201 Currier Bldg.Lipman, S., 843 S. Los AngelesLipsitch, I. I., 742 S. HillLissauer, Rabbi H., 747 S. HillLos Angeles Public LibraryLyon, Dr. L. O., 1824 W. 38th PI.Maharam, Mrs. E., 2618 Edgehill Dr.Naumofl, I., 415 Metropolitan Bldg.Nordlinger, L. S., 515 S. Lorraine Blvd.Potter, D. M., 511 Chapman Bldg.Prell, J. I.. 675 S. Crenshaw Blvd.Preluzsky, Jos. I., 460 S. SpringReligious Sch. B'nai B'rith, 636 S.

Hobart Blvd.Riche, Aaron, 4619 Rosewood Av.Rittenberg, Mrs. Lena, 515 S. CummingsRolston, L. J., 6611 W. 6thRosanoff, Dr. A. J., 2007 Wilshire Blvd.Rosenblum, A., 314 S. AlexandriaRosenthal, A. B., 669 S. Union Av.Rubin, I. R., 1620 4th Av.Sadler, S., 108 N. SycamoreSavetnick, D., 210 N. BerendoSaylin, Dr. G. J., 2202 Brooklyn Av.Schapiro, J. G., 704 Lincoln Bldg.Scheinman, Judge B. J., Municipal CourtSchireson, L., 2907 Hillcrest Dr.Schutz. M. B., 258 S. Harvard Blvd.Schwartzman, T. I., 1907 W. 6thSegall, Dr. G., 6411 Melrose Av.Shapiro, J., 609 S. Gramercy PI.Shapiro, N., 214 S. SpringShapiro, P., 628 Hellman Bldg.Shapiro & Shapiro, 1307 Edgecliffe Dr.Silberberg, M. B., 609 S. Grand Av.Silver, I., 223 S. CatalinaSilvennan, Rev. A., 319 S. BerendoSilverman, Wm., 2030 N. EdgemontSohmer, Theo., 237 S. Los Angeles

California] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 427

Steinberg, J., 134 S. Van Ness Av.Tannenbaum, D., 6215 Del Valle Dr.Trachman, Dr. H. J., 6306 Drexel Av.Wellington, Rev. S. A., 619 N. Kingsley

Dr.Wolpe, A. S., 408 S. Spring

Wolf, GeorgeMerced

OaklandLIBRARY MEMBER

Jewish Community CenterANNUAL MEMBERS

Coffee, Rabbi R. I.. 28th & WebsterJoslyn, M. A., 537 Foothill Blvd.Samuels, Dr. H. J., 1319 Central Bk.

Bldg.Sapper, H. J.. 732 14thSHverstein, B., Tribune Tower

Ocean ParkFeldstein, M., Merritt Jones Hotel

PasadenaKavinsky, Dr. N., 410 Anita Dr.

PiedmontCamp, H., 25 King Av.

SacramentoDavis, H., 830 45thLubin, S. J., 1300 39th

San DiegoPATRON

Hillkowitz, S., Box 223ANNUAL MEMBERS

Fox, S. I., 1004 24thWolf, Hyman S.. 524 "F"

San FranciscoLIFE MEMBERS

Ehrman, M., 2618 JacksonGross, D., Bellevue HotelLevi. J., Jr., c/o H. Levi Co.Neustadter, Mrs. J. H.. Hotel St. FrancisP.O8enthal, I. L., 177 PostWeil, L. P., c/o Buckingham & Hecht

PATRONB'nai B'rith Library, 149 Eddy

LIBRARY MEMBERSCerf, Dr. Alvin E., 1080 Flood Bldg.Kahn, Helen L., 1100 SacramentoRedlick, Henry, 98 Jordan Av.Spector, D. S., Rialto Bldg.

ANNUAL MEMBERSAlter, Marcus, 248 DavisBender, Albert M., 1369 PostBernstein, Wm., 1165 DavisaderoCohn, Miss Pauline, 1732 GearyDinkelspiel, H. G. W., 333 MontgomeryFried, Rev. Michael, 295 14th Av.Goldman, Heim, Russ Bldg.Gruhn, J. M., 1798 BroadwayHarris, Rabbi M., 1st Ave and LakeHerzberg, S. A., 1119 FillmoreHyman, Mrs. Jos., Fairmont HotelJacobi, J. J., Hotel Mark HopkinsJewish Com. Personal Ser., 447 SutterKahn. Wm., 1707-35 HowardLesser, J., 52 Palm Av.Levey, E. C, 114 SansomeLevison, J. B., 2420 PacificLevy, M. H., 436 O'FarrellNewman, Juda, 110 MarketReichert, Rabbi I. F., Temple EmanuelRoeder, S. M., 1302 Humboldt Bk. Bldg.Samuelson, S., 30 CornwallSavannah, M., 1830 ClaySchmulowitz, N., 625 MarketSchwabacher, L. A., Hotel St. FrancisSloss, Mrs. M. C, 1830 Jackson, Apt. FTemple Eraan. E. Rel. School, Lake &

Arguella Blvd.Waiss, Milton, 216 MarketWolff, Harry K., 408 Balfour Bldg.Y. M. and Y. W. H. A.. 121 Haight

Santa MonicaLippman, J., 142 Adelaide Dr.

Santa RosaRosenberg, Max, 511 B

StocktonRyhim Ahoovim G©Bgr., P. O. BOK 40SStein, I. F., 33 S. Eldorado

TorranceIsenstein, P., 2067 Carson

Van NuyaTrachtenberg, Marck

VeniceLiknaitz, Dr. D. L., 745 Amoroaa

Walnut ParkRosen. L., 7903 S. Seville

WatsonvllleLIBRARY MEMBER

Curiel, H., P. O. Box Q

Borach, B..

428 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (Connecticut

COLORADO

Colorado SpringsNewman, A., 1221 N. Cascade Av.Schaefer, Dr. S. W., 1029 N. Nevada Av.

DenverPATRON

Bernheim. I. W.. 825 York

ANNUAL MEMBERSB. M. H. Religious School, 16th &

GaylordBoscowitz, S., 2744 W. Colfax Av.Bronfin, Dr. I. D., 3800 E. Colfax Av.Chernoff, H., 951 SteeleCowen, A. B., 636 Symes Bldg.Dveirin, Dr. H. E., 650 CoronaFriedman Rabbi W. S., 733 E. 8th Av.Fruitless, H. H., 605 16thGoldberg, S. M., Ernest & Cranmer Bldg.Goldberg, W. H., 926 University Bldg.Grauman, L., 788 MilwaukeeHeller, Simon J.. 515 E. & C. Bldg.Hillkowitz, Dr. P., 236 Metropolitan Bldg.Kauvar, Rabbi C. H.t 1220 Elizabeth

Levy, Dr. M., 709 Republic Bldg.Lorber, J. N., 1689 AdamsMiller, Dr. E. A., 798 JosephineMiller, Dr. L. I., Metropolitan Bldg.Morris, Ernest, 815 Symes Bldg.Nat. Jew. Hosp. for Consumptives, 3800

E. Colfax Av.Neusteter, Meyer, 1243 FilmorePells, H. J., 325 Denham Bldg.Priess, S., 645 MadisonRadetsky, M. S., 768 GilpinRadinsky, A. D., 3025 W. 21st Av.Samuels, I., 1795 GrapeSchaefer, Mrs. S. H., 716 MonroeSchayer, M. S., Empire Bldg.Schlesinger, M. H.. 181 RaceSchockett. H., 1573 OsceolaSchwartz, H. J., 1255 HumboldtShubart, B., 2241 ClermontStrauss, M. J., 1300 LafayetteDenver National H. for Jew. ChildrenThe Expatients Tubercular HomeWaskin, J. M., 1637 LawrenceWolff, J. L., 2020 AlbionZigmond, Jos., 301 Quincy Bldg.

CONNECTICUT

AnsonlaLuria, K., 120 S. Cliff

BridgeportBrody, Sam'I., 138 Parrott Av.Cohen, H. L., 945 MainCovitt, P., 1286 Laurel Av.Elson, Irving, 1401 Fairfield Av.Engelman, S., 945 MainFinkelstone, L. S., Liberty Bldg.Goldstein, H. A., 945 MainHirsch, Marcus. 288 StateHoffman, M., 209 KnowltonKlein, J. B., 164 StateKotler, I. L., 1586 North Av.Lifshist, Ely, 1629 North Av.Martin, Rabbi A. L., 12 Beechwood Av.Mellitz, Sam'I., 2681 Fairfield Av.Resnick, M. E., 110 Westfield Av.Rosen, Dr. M. S., 493 Fairfield Av.Schine, I. E., 420 Brooklawn Av.Shapiro, J. G., 945 MainSpector. J. I., 1880 Park Av.Tenple Lib'y, Fund, 420 Brooklawn Av.Wets, Dr. H. H., 1026 StateWeiss, A. B., 1115 Main

BristolAppell, D. A.. 107 N. Main

FairfieldSchnee, S. N.

HartfordLIFE MEMBER

Herrup, Sol. R.. 435 Farmington Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSAlbrecht, A. S., 983 MainBaum, D.. 533 ParkBlock, A., 32 S. Quaker LaneCantarow, Dr. J. I., 63 Campfield Av.Clavan, A. M.. 21 DarienDolgin, Mrs. J., 31 Westbourne Pkwy.Epstein, H. I., 750 MainFeldman, Rabbi A. J.. 145 Ballard Dr.Fisher, Miss A.. 67 Westboume Pkwy.Gendler, A. I.. 313 Wethersfield Av.Glatzer, J.. 76 PlainfieldGoldberg, Dr. A., 13 Keney Ter.Goldenthal, M. L., 79 Maplewood Av.Goldenthal, M., 181 Westbourne PkwyGreenberg, L. J., 75 PearlHartford Piiblic LibraryHartman, E. M., 160 N. OxfordHerrschaft, Miss E. L.. 320 AnnHershman, S., 27 ColebrookHoffenberg, Jos. A., 31 SeymsHoffman, Abraham, 35 BrookKatz, Louis H., 20 LorraineKellin, S., 84 PlainfieldKopplemann, H. P., 83 CantonLevine, H., 10 HebronLevine, H., 128 GreenfieldLevine, Dr. Sinclair S., 1563 MainLiftig, Dr. M. D.. 524 Albany Av.Mellamed, Miss M. E., 119 Capitol Ay.Mosesson V., 208 Cornwall

Connecticut] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 429

Neiditz. M. J., 86 ColebrookOlder, M., 56 HighlandRadin, R. J., 25 Brettan Rd.Rosenthal, S., 408 Farmington Av.Rulnick, S. D., 81 Love LaneSchwalsky, J., 983 MainScoler, E., 119 MagnoliaShapiro, A., 336 TrumbullSilverman, Rabbi M., 195 RidgefialdSolomon, M., 62 PutnamTaylor, R., 904 MainVershbow, Dr. N., 28 Sisson Av.Wernick, Dr. B., 6 Deerfield Av.Willens. J., 2185 MainYatky, M. M., 342 Franklin Av.Y. M. & Y. W. H. Ass'n. 320 AnnZinman, H., 28 Oakland Ter.

MerldanRosenberg, Dr. H. S>, 60 Pleasant

New BritainClark. B. F.. 5d RobertDavis, L. E., 24 VanceLevinthal, A. J., 290 HartLe Witt, G.. 85 RussellMilcowitz, H., VanceMohill, L., 297 MainNair, D. L., 81 Columbia Av.Nair. I., 13 VineRosenberg, L., 769 ArchSaxe, M. D., 74 HartShurberg, S., 45 ColumbiaSokol, D.. 760 ArchSokol. M.. 80 Grove HillWinkle. F., 338 Main

New HavenBaker. M. L., 331 EastB'nai, Jacob S. School. 347 GeorgeBogin, N., 98 AnitaBolton, C, 158 Goffe Ter.Botwinik, Mrs. F., 216 Goffe Ter.Botwinik, Hyman. 450 NortonBotwinik, S., 545 Ellsworth Av.Brody, H., 108 OrangeCanter, J. G., 129 BishopCaplan, Jacob, 115 Westwood Rd.Chapnick, B. M., 433 Wash. Av.Chapnick, J. M., 53 W. Rock Av.Cutler, A., 507 Sherman Av.Drazen. Mrs. D., 10 NortonDrazen, H., 364 Central Av.Free Public LibraryFriedman, A. M., 786 OrangeGans, Dr. L. R., 124 EveritGarber, S.. 853 Edgewood Av.Goldman, B. F., 75 BrownellGoldman, W. H., 173 McKinley Av.Gordon, Israel, 152 TempleGreenberg, Rabbi L., 1606 ChapelHeyman, J. H.. 615 Central Av.Hoffman, Bernard E., 293 DivisionIsenberg, M., 29M B'wayJacobs. A.. 7 Waverly PI.Kleiner. Isaac L., 188 Livongston

Kraft, Herman, 87 NortonLesnow, S., 577 Ellsworth Av.Lesnow, W., 5 CollisLevine, E., 192 Goffe Ter.Linderman, L., 154 OrangeLipofsky, I., 275 Winthrop Dr.Lowenthal, H.. 208 McKinley Av.Mishkan Israel Temple, Box 1672Orchowsky, Miss A., 329 Whally Av.Rubin, A., 320 Central Av.Sachs. M., 84 OakSchwartzman, A., 1867 ChapelSchwartzman, E., 83 MeadowSchwartzman, L., 1563 BoulevardShrebnik, J. I., 152 TempleSilverman, S., 144 Gilbert Av.Siskin, Rabbi E. E., Orange and AudobonStone, H., 69 Colony Rd.Ullman, A. S.. 185 ChurchUllman, Jos. A., 115 LindenWeinberg, S., 1565 BoulevardWeinstein, D. G., 133 VisU Ter.Weller H., 425 GeorgeWolfe, Isaac. 42 ChurchYale University LibraryY. M. and Y. W. H. A., 304 Crown

New LondonHorowitz, Col. N., Post Office Bldg.Spitz, E., 410 Bank

Krieger, A.Shelton

StamfordAdler, Noah. 135 MainAltman, L. M., 110 Washington Av.Nemoiten, Dr. J., 96 MainPresman, B., 578 AtlanticSiegelbaum, A., 302 SummerWilk, M. M., 69 LafayetteWinograd, Rabbi S., 8 Florence Pk.

WaterburyAmdur, A. J., 322 PineBirenbaum, H., 781 PineGreenblatt, Mrs. C, 33 Columbia Blvd.Greenblatt, Mrs. I. F., 30 Kaytonne Av.Jennes, J. K., 18 CrescentSchwartz, Rabbi H. E., 122 Plaza Av.Shimkopf. Rabbi M. D., 24 Woodlawn

Ter.Solomon, Mrs. A., 34 Farmington Av.Spirit, Morris, 129 WillowStoll. I., 134 E. MainVineburg, Mrs. C, 36 IrvingWalzer, Chas., 252 Hillside

WatervllleKramer, S., 45 Wheeler

West HavenJacobs, Jacob, 29 MartinUnger, Mrs. F., 797 Savin Av.

430 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Florida

DELAWARE

DoverShindler, B., P. O. Box 85

SeafordLIBRARY MEMBER

Van Leer, Chas.

WilmingtonLIBRARY MEMBER

Himber, J., 517 W. 3dANNUAL MEMBERS

Barsky, Nathan, 904 WestBell, R., 1521 W. 6thBerger, E. A., 508 KingBreuer, Chas. K., 1505 Delaware Av.Breuer, Max, 2601 N. FranklinBudin, L., 1216 WestCannon, E. S., 328 Del. Tr. BIdg. 'Cannon, S., 843 King

Chaitken, S., 4th & OrangeCong. Beth. Emeth. School, 911

WashingtonFinger, Aaron, 2305 HarrisonFinger, M., 805 W. 23rdFinkelstein, I. B., 1618 FranklinGinns, O., 424 McCabe Av.Ginsburg, A., P. O. Box 33Keil, Max, 2103 BoulevardLange, L., 706 TatnallLevy, Morris, 708 N. RodneyMiller, N., 703 N. BroomeMuderick. B., 17 E. 3rdOrlick, J., 636 W. FourthRich, B. O., 2420 MadisonRosenblatt, Jacob, 312 W. 14thRosenblatt, Louis, 2206 JeffersonRubenstein, H., 420 W. 22ndSayer, A., 18th & MarketShapiro, A. Z., 406 KingTqpkis, Harry. 413 W. 21stWilmington Institute Free LibraryWolters. Mrs. R. W.. 600 N. Broome

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

WashingtonPATRON

Friedenwald.Dr. H., 1509Sixteenth,N.W.LIBRARY MEMBERS

Brandeis, Justice Louis D., FlorenceCourt West

Gichner. F. S., 1214 D. St.. N. W.Hecht, Alex., 515 7th. N. W.Lyon, Simon, 2029 Conn. Av.Rosenberg, M. D., 7th & E.

ANNUAL MEMBERSBehrend, R. B., 1315 F.. N. W.Berg, John, 1022 Nat'l Press Bldg.Berman, Miss Sonia, 1007 "E", N. W.Bornet, D., 3627 Ordway N. W.deFord, A. V., 1673 Columbia Rd., N. W.Fishman, I.. 3134 19th, N. W.Freedman, J., 1630 Webster, N. W.Goldman, H., 208 Rhode Island Av.,

N. W.Gottlieb. L. S., 2814 Conn. Av., N. W.Heilprin, G. F., 1329 F, N. W.

Hershfield, I., 1115 Connecticut Av.,N. W.

Herzmark, D., 705 Florida Av.Kaufman. E. I.. 1415 H. N. W.Loeb. Rabbi J. T., 222 Eye, N. W.Matz, J.. 3610 "S", N. W.Mintz. I., 938 F. N. W.Newhouse. Dr. Benj.. 4213 16th, N. W.Peyser, J. I.. 1518 "K". N. W.Philips, J. L., 5029 7th, N. W.Rhoade, Max, 205 Union Trust Bldg.Rudolph, S., 3712 Military Rd.Sachs. W. M., 1513 Webster, N. W.Selis, A. C. 1410 Taylor, N. W.Shalowitz. A. L.t 124 Webster, N. W.Simon, Rev. A., 3722 HarrisonStein, J. M., 523 13thTepper, J. L., 3733 NorthamptonThe Jewish Welfare Federation, 711 "G",

N. W.Tobriner, Leon, 932 Southern Bldg.Wallack, N. N., 3933 Military Rd., N. W.Washington Heb. Cong.. 816 8th. N. W.Wilner, J. A., 2603 Conn. Av., N. W.Wolpe, J. H., 3302 14th, N. W.

FLORIDA

ArcadiaRosin, S.

Ft. PierceHoltsberg, Max

JacksonvilleHirschberg. Julius, 1417 Blvd.Kaplan, Rabbi Israel L., Laura & Ashley

Klepper, S. J.. 1711 CollegePeiser. I., 2142 PearlRubin, Mrs. Max. 2063 PostWiesel, Rabbi A. S., Silver and W. Third

MiamiApte. D. J.. 1725 N. W. 7th Av..Cohen; I.. Sll Biscayne Bk. Bldg.

Illinois] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 431

Feibelman, H. U., Box 2750Kaplan. Rev. Dr. J. H., 249 N. E. 17th

Ter.Weisfeld. Rabbi I. H., 139 N. W. Third

Av.Pensacola

Friedmann, Rev. Dr. M., Temple Beth El

Tampa

Maas, Ernest, 835 S. Edison Av.Steinberg, C. S., 3705 TenthZielonka, Rabbi D. L., Bayshore Colonial

Hotel

GEORGIA

AlbanyLandau, Rev. E. A., 511 Commerce

AthensMichael. M. G., Box 22Morris. Lee, 190 Univ. Dr.

AtlantaAlexander, H. A., 723 Piedmont Av., N.E.Goettinger, B., 160-64 Trinity Av.. S. W.Goldstein, M. F., 37 Park LaneHaas, Herbert J., 616 Ponce de Leon Av.Heyman, Arthur, 507 Conally Bldg.Hlrsch, Harold. 70 Waverly WayJacobs, H. S., 1116 Piedmont Av., N. E.Jewish Educational Alliance, 318 Capitol

Ay., S. E.Levitas, Louis J., 25 PoplarMarx, Rev. D., 1017 St. Charles Av.,

N EMontag, Mrs. A., 928 Oakdale Rd.Saltzman, N. H.. 49 WindsorSchifler, S., 161 Spring St. Bldg., N. W.

AugustaLeiser. Rabbi J., 2251 Central Av.

ColumbusLIBRARY MEMBER

Hirsch, Miss Addie, 1113 Fourth Av.ANNUAL MEMBER

Rosenthal. Rabbi F. L., 1528 4th Av.

ElbertonPatz. S., College Av.

La GraniteGoldstein, Mrs. Pauline

MaconGlickman. Rabbi H. Z., 820 Second

SavannahJewish Edu. Alliance, 328 BarnardLieberls, R., 314 Huntington E.Pinsker, Wm., c/o Jew. Edu. AllianceSolomon. Rabbi G., 19 E. 46th

West PointHagedorn, Mrs. Philip, 701 HeymanHeyman. Miss Bertha. Box 129

ILLINOIS

AltonOlian, Leo S., 710 E. B'way

AuroraJoseph, I., 240 Oak Av.Swimmer, J., 1202 Galena Blvd.Zidell. J., 364 Grand Av.

ChampaignHlllel Foundation. 625 E. GreenKuhn, Isaac

ChicagoLIFE MEMBERS

Lidov, Mrs. S. J.. 140J4 N. Parkside Av.Rosenwald, Julius, 4901 Ellis Av.

PATRONDe Lee. Dr. J. B., 5028 Ellis Av.

LIBRARY MEMBERSAscher, F., 3229 S. Ashland Av.Becker, J. H.. 100 S. La SalleFrankenstein, W. B., 840 N. Michigan

Av.Glick, L. G., 835 S. Hermitage Av.Grossman, M. M., 32 W. RandolphJafle, E. M., 1020 W. 36thKaplan, N. D., 1520 Westminster Bldg.Klein, H.. Windermere HotelKline, S., 310 S. Michigan Av.Levine, Wm., 105 W. MadisonLoeb, A. F., 6738 Ridgeland Av.Lurie. Max, 3539 W. 26thNewberger, Dr. Chas., 310 S. Mich. Av.Platt, S. P., 320 W. Jackson Blvd.Rigot, M., 225 N. Wabash Av.Romberg, Mrs. E., 5490 S. Shore Dr.Rosenblatt. S. J., 110 S. DearbornRubovits, T., 4439 Drexel Blvd.Schur, Mrs. Herman, 5125 Ellis Av.

432 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK ! Illinois

Smidt, J., 6309 N. Francisco Av.Sultan, Wm., 120 E. PearsonTurner. Rabbi J., 4167 Ogden Av.Weinfeld, Chas., 6746 Bennett Av.Worm6er, L. F., 4912 Woodlawn Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSAbram, Harry, 3930LexingtonAlpha Zeta Gamma Dental Fraternity,

3154 Diversey Av.Andalman, M. N., 5528 Indiana Av.Andalman, Mrs. S. J., 527 W. 62dArial, H., 3712 Douglas Blvd.Arkin, M., 160 N. La SalleArkin, Dr. M. L., 5045 N. Ridgeway Av.Augustus, M., 208 S. La SalleBauer, Lester L., 56 W. RandolphBecker, A.. 5038 N. St. Louis Av.Becker, Mrs. A. G., 100 S. La SalleBenjamin, Dr. S., 7359 ChappelBensinger, B. E., 623 S. Wabash Av.Berkman, Mrs. H., 5480 BlackstoneBernstein, A. L., 6730 Merrill Av.Bernstein, Fred, 7025 Cregier Av.Bernstein, G., 5910 S. CarpenterBernstein & Gordon, 77 W. WashingtonBernstein, G. D., 5476 Hyde Pk. Blvd.Bernstein, H. H., 5316 Greenwood Av.Bernstein. M. A., 500 S. WellsBernstein. S., 4425 Magnolia Av.Birnbaum, Rev. Dr. B. H., 3036 Palmer

Sq.Blatt, M., 139 N. ClarkBloch, R., 7555 S. Shore Dr.Block, M. N., 134 N. La SalleBloom, D. A., 3933 Pine Grove Av.Blumenthal, Dr. A. R., 4721 Ellis Av.Bonnheim, A. B., 7215 Jeffrey AvBoosel, Jos., 3855 N. Francisco Av.Bronstein, Rabbi D., 8142 Drexel Av.Buchner, Miss R., 1346 Springfield Av.Burr, Maurice, 111 W. MonroeBuxbaum, J., 4743 Drexel Blvd.Callner, Mrs. H., 714 Junior Ter.Callner, Jos. M., 3258 Graves Ct.Cohen, A. E., 176 W. AdamsCohen, Archie H.. 3842 W. Jackson

Blvd.Cohen, L., 115 S. DearbornCohen, Louis A., 4859 BroadwayCohn, A. A., 5032 Woodlawn Av.Conn, Carl, 6841 Clyde Av.Colen, J. A., 7630 Oglesby Av.Comroe, Dr. Jos. I., 25 E. Wash.Cowen, Mrs. I., 5125 Drexel Blvd.Cowen, Dr. O. J., 7633 EssexCristol. M. J.. 3105-07 N. Cicero Av.D'Ancona, A. E., Windermere Hotel, E.D'Ancona, E. N., 1038 Stock Ex.

Bldg.David, J., 6731 Chappel Av.David, J. B., 839 County Bldg.Davidsohn, Dr. I., 23 S. Central Pk. Av.Davis, Dr. H. I., 4752 Ellis Av.Davis, I. C , 6752 Evans Av.Davis, Jos., 1400 Milwaukee Av.Davis, M., 314-24 W. 43rdDavis. Meyer, 1003 Milwaukee Av

Delson, Louis J.. 32 W. RandolphDentlebaum, Leopold, Chicago Beach

HotelDiamond, Jacob, U S . La SalleDottenheim .H. H.. 4745 Kenwood Av.Dulsky, Louis, 29 S. La SalleDushkin, Dr. A. M. 1800 SeldenEger, A., 1358 Madison Pk.Ehrlich, A. M., 64 W. RanddolphEinstein, D. G., 1419 Conway Bldg.Eisenstaedt, R., 222 N. Bank Dr.Eisenstein, S., 1347 Greenleaf Av.Elenbogen, H., 3222 Lawrence Av.Elfenbaum, Dr. A., 3460 Lawrence Av.Elkan, H., 833 HainesEmanuel Sab. Sch., 701 Buckingham PI.Enelow. B. F., 110 S. DearbornEnglander, Rabbi D., 3625 Leland Av.Epstein, A., 3547 W. AdamsFeigen, A. P., 536 Brompton Av.Feingold, I. T., 5050 Drexel Blvd.FeJdman, M. J., 2430 E. 74thFelsenthal, Eli B., 69 W. Wash.Finder, J., 6836 Michigan Av.Fisher, H. H., 5412 Ingelside Av.Fisher. J.. 33 N. La SalleFisher. Dr. M.. 3300 Douglas Blvd.Fishman. S. Y., 1063 Columbia Av.Fleischman, M., 3347 W. MonroeForeman, Oscar G.. 33 N. La SajleFox, Rabbi G., 7215 Jeffrey Av.Frachtenberg, L. J., 6 N. ClarkeFrank, B., 548 Marquette Bldg.Franklin, Miss P., 5427 Greenwood Av.Frazin, A. L., 9036 Commercial Av.Freed, I. B., 3260 Sheridan Rd.Freedman, Dr. I. V., 5816 Kenmore Av.Freehof, Rabbi S. B.. 54th & Cornell Av.Fridus, Dr. S. L., 1809 W. 47thGaertner, L., 5227 Drexel Av.Gerngross, L., 1219 Madison Pk.Glasser, D. D., 2919 N. WhippleGoldberg, B., 1326 Blue Island Av.Goldberg, H., 542 Brampton PI.Goldberg. Max, 9009 Commercial Av.Goldberg, S., 730 W. 66th PI.Golden, Dr. I. J. K., 2238 W. North

Av.Goldfine. Dr. A. H. C . 3844 W. Jack-

son Blvd.Goldman, S.. 155 N. ClarkGoldman, Rabbi S., 692 Irving Pk. Blvd.Goldstein. A. W.. 2415 N. Kedzie Blvd.Goldstein. I., 140 N. DearbornGollin, Dr. I. S., 2756 W. DivisionGordon. H., 1321 S. Tripp Av.Graff, S., 1150 W. 59thGreen. H., 3149 N. Racine Av.Greenhut, J. M., 3502 W. Jackson Blvd.Grollman, 1.. 310 S. Racine Av.Gross, P. A., 175 W. Jackson Blvd.Grossman, B. J., 426 Briar PI.Gunther. Mrs. S. L.. 4752 Virginia

Av.Halperin, A. Z., 4642 MaidenHamilton. L., 3248 Hollywood Av.Harrison, L. H., 545 Stratford PI.Harrison, Miss M., 3639 Pine Grove Av.

Illinois] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 433

Harrison. Sol.. 10 S. La SalleHartman, Mrs. G. L., Hotel WindermereHatowsky, M. J., 5 S. Wabash Av.Hershenson, H. G.. 160 N. La SalleHerst, F., 332 S. Michigan Av.Herst, J., 1926 Bertean Av.Hevesh, Dr. Jos., 3507 Lawrence Av.Himmel, I. I., 6421 Harvard Av.Hodes. B., 7025 Chappel Av.Hollander, H.. 4960 N. Spaulding Av.Honor, Dr. L. L., 5755 Dorchester Av.Horner. Hon. H., 647 County Bldg.Homstein, H. G., 1404 GirardHorwich, B., 2455 Archer Av.Jacobs, H. A., A1105 Ins. Exch. Bldg.Jacobs, I., 105 S. La SalleJewish Daily Forward, 1256 S. Kedzie

Av.Jewish Peoples Institute, 3500 Douglas

Blvd.Kahn, Dr. M., 4631 S. Ashland Av.Kaplan, J., 4759 Drexel Blvd.Kaplan, Dr. M. 1., 3837 W. Roosevelt

Blvd.Kaplan, Dr. S., 3508 W. Roosevelt Rd.Karno, L., 5009 Sheridan Rd.Karpen, A., 810 S. WabashKatz. H., 134 N. La SalleKatz, Mayer, 1244 W. DivisionKatz, Samuel, 1244 W. DivisionKatz, S., 8122 S. MorganKatz, W. M., 1244 W. DivisionKlaff, B., 6648 N. Glenwood Av.Klein, J., 745 N. ClarkKlein, Morris. 747 N. ClarkKoenig, H. D., 726 Conway Bldg.Koenigsberg, S., 134 N. La SalleKohn, A. R., 3555 W. Grand Av.Komaiko, S. B., 175 W. Jackson Blvd.Konecky. M., 6327 S. Talman Av.Korach, H., 900 Van BurenKreeger, M., 213 W. 63rdKrown, C , 23 S. FranklinKurtzon, M., 14th & TalmanLabovsky. A. H.. 6838 PerryLachmann, N., 208 S. La SalleLackritz, P. N., 29 E. MadisonLandfield. H. S.. 139 N. ClarkLappen, M., 2711 GiddingsLaser, M. T., 641 OrleansLasker, I., 33 N. La SalleLassen, Rabbi A. L., 6642 N. Ashland Av.Lassers, I. A., 1828 Euclid Av.Lazar, S., 6644 Newgard Av.Lazarus, A., 175 W. Jackson BlvdLebensohn, Dr. M. H., 7 W. MadisonLehrfeld, Rabbi H.. 3328 DivisionLehrfield, Rabbi L. J., 504 S. LockwoodLevin, I. A., 100 N. La SalleLevin, J.. 33 N. La SalleLevin, Louis, 1340 Carroll Av.Levin, N. S.. 3856 W. WilcoxLevinson, Dr. A., 3245 Douglas Blvd.Levinson, Miss L., Windermere East

HotelLevinson, M. K., 11 S. La SalleLevinson, Dr. V. N., 2136 Lincoln Pk. W.Levy, Rabbi F. A.. 445 Melroe

Lewbin, Dr. A., 8700 Commercial Av.Lewis, E. J., 6003 Winthrop Av.Lewison, Dr. M., 5800 W. AdamsLib'y of Logan Sq. Cong., 3135 Fuller-

ton Av.Lib'y of Moody Bible Inst., 153 Inst.

Lieberman, I. K., 180 N. Michigan Av.Lifschutz, Dr. J., 125 N. Mayfield Av.Lipsky, H. A.. 308 City HallLivingston, S., 160 N. La SalleLoeb, I. A., 155 N. Clark, R. 322Loeb, J. M.. 175 W. Jackson Blvd.Loewenberg, M. L., 1317 S. Avers Av.Lund, I. A., 6749 Paxton Av.Lustig, A. N., 139 N. ClarkMack. Hon. J. W., 4140 Drexel Blvd.Manilow, Dr. L., 851 N. Western Av.Mann. Rabbi L. L., 4622 Grand Blvd.Margolis, H., 697 Milwaukee Av.Margolis, I., 543 W. DivisionMarwick, P., 3530 Sheridan Rd.Mayer, C. F., 7625 Yates Av.Melcher & Landow, Merchandise Mach.Meltzer, A., 6720 Merrill Av.Mendelsohn, S., 6510 S. GreenMendelsohn, Rabbi S. F., 5140 N. Central

Pk. Av.Mendelsohn, Wm., 1213 W. Van BurenMeyer, M., 3932 Pine Grove Av.Miller, M., 8842 Commercial Av.Morrison, T. S., 442 WellingtonMyerson, H. J., 1020 Ardmore Av.Nemiro, Dr. A. F., 631 S. Ashland Blvd.Nickelson & Berger, 8501 Balto. Av.Nierman, E. A., 4537 Drexel Blvd.Nochumson, W., 7823 Euclid Av.Osherman, Miss M. E.. 116 S. Michigan

Av.Ovson, M., 110 N. FranklinPalinkin, M., 5835 S. LoomisPearlman, Dr. S. J., 180 N. Michigan

Av.Pennish, L. E., 110 S. DearbornPerlovitch & Vinik, 1053 W. 61stPhillipson, S., 828 W. Roosevelt Rd.Pincus, Sam'l, Z., 105 W. AdamsPinkovitz, S., 5835 S. Loomis Blvd.Piser, S. S., 3125-27 W. Roosevelt Rd.Platt, B. N., 840 La Fayette Pkway.Quasser, J. H., 517 Harris Trust Bldg.Remington, Dr. S., 710 BuenaRichman, S. J., 1402 S. PeoriaRhode, A. M., 223 W. MadisonRosenbaum, Rabbi D., 1227 Indepen-

dence Blvd.Rosenberg, A. H., 2052 Pierce Av.Rosenberg, J., 2953 N. TroyRosenfeld, Mrs. M., "The Drake"Rosenheim, Mrs. D., 5038 Drezel Blvd.Rosenstein, L., 6716 Clyde Av.Rosenzweig, I., 14 E. Jackson Blvd.Rubin, David M.. 5542 W. Jackson Blvd.Salomon, S. N., 454 MelroseSaltzman, H. S., 6503 S. RacineSalzman. Dr. H. A., 3508 W. Roose-

velt Rd.Samuels, B., 57 E. 21st

434 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Illinois

Samuels, J. L., 1321 Fargo Av.Schaffner, R. C, 137 S. La SalleSchanfarber, Rev. T., 5042 Drexel

Blvd.Scheftel, Ben., 1812 S. Clifton Pk. Av.Schifl, Chas., 426 W. 63rdSchloesinger, H. J., Standard ClubSchloss. Max, 1418 Elmdale Av.Schwartz, H., 1209 Hey worth Bldg.Schwartz, Dr. J. J., 5011 N. Troy Av.Schwartz, S. D., 4622 Grand Blvd.Seelig, Leo, 443 S. HalstedSentinel Publishing Co., 511 S. SangamonShaffner, Chas., 4717 N. Maplewood Av.Shellow, Mrs. L., 22 S. Hamlin Av.Shulman, M., 5718 Kenmore Av.Shure, Nathan, 206 W. AdamsSiegel, C, 7026 S. PeoriaSilber, Rabbi, S., 750 Independence Blvd.Silberman, A., 69 W. Wash.Silver, L. H., 33 N. La SalleSilverman, J., 2500 Ogden Av.Silverman, R., 175 W. Jackson Blvd.Sinai Kosher Sausage Factory, 3351 S.

HalsteadSinger, Rabbi J., 6932 N. Ashland Blvd.Smith, L. C, 7256 Luella Av.Soble, Aaron, 1903 Humboldt Blvd.Soborofl, Sam'l, 1500 N. Ogden Av.Solomon, Mrs. H. G., 2146 Lincoln Pk.,

W.Sonnenschein, Dr. R., 180 N. Michigan

Av.Sopkin, B., 4601 Wentworth Av.Spira, S., 922 Winona Av.Spira, N. H., 6146 KenwoodSpitz, A. H., 7327 Chappell Av.Spivek, Herman, 1647 Farwell Av.Staller, N., 100 S. Menard Av.Stein, M., 8361 Burley Av.Steinberg, S. E., 3757 GiddingsSteindler, A., 11 N. GreenStern, C. H., 3258 Douglas Blvd.Stern, J. D., 6643 S. HalstedStern, M., 5022 Woodland Av.Stillerman, Dr. J. H., 6101 S. HalstedStolz, Rev. Dr. J., 5010 Drexel Blvd.Strauss, S., 1335 W. 47thStrenitz, M., 2400 E. 74thStrouse, Dr. S., 104 S. MichiganSulzberger, Mrs. F. L., 1015 Hyde Pk.

Blvd.Sulzberger. S. L., 331 S. PeoriaTabin, A., 7354 N. Seeley Av.Tamarin, Dr. A. H., 3435 Lawrence

Av.Taxon, Rabbi M. N., 902 Margate Ter.Teller, Rabbi M., 547 E. 60thThe Temple Rel. Schl., 5035 Greenwood

Av.Thorek, Dr. M., American HospitalTicktin, C, 9001 Muskegon Av.Tint, Dr. L. J., 185 N. Wabash Av.Trotzkey, E., 1550 S. Albany Av.Tumpeer, Dr. I. H., 731 Junior Ter.Van Gelder, M., 5747 Sheridan Rd.Vinik, H., 6631 S. GreenWald, Benedict, 5455 University Av.

Walpert, Dr. B. E., 6928 Paxton Av.Warhaftig, Miss F., 6044 S. AberdeenWash. Blvd. Temple, 25 N. Kariov Av.Weiner, Dr. S. I., 1106 Independence

Blvd.Weiner, Dr. S. I., 3538 Douglas Blvd.Weinfield, Dr. H., 2758 W. Van Buren

Av.Weinger, Sol., 918 MaxwellWexler, H. G., 134 N. La SalleWexler, Dr. M., 218 S. WabashWhite. E. H., 735 Junior Ter.Winsberg, Geo., 941 Winona Av.Withal, I. J., 7522 YatesWittelle, Dr. F. M., 10534 EwingWoldenberg, M., 159 W. KinzieWolf, H. M., 830 Oakwood Blvd.Wolf, J. D., 5119 W. Chicago Av.Wolfsohn, J. D., 3509 W. Jackson Blvd.Wolfson, C. J., 307 W. Van BurenYalowitz, Dr. M., 9036 Commercial Av.Yanofsky. Dr. H., 3711 W. Roosevelt

Rd.Zucker, S., 231 S. La Salle

ChristopherSawyer & Rubin

CiceroShinglman. Dr. J., 4930 W. 13th

DecaturLIBRARY MEMBER

Tick, H., 103 Woodlawn Av.

EvanstonSalzman, A. L., 2640 Lincolnwood Dr.

GalesburgNirdlinger, S.

GeneseoWaterman, Henry, 222 W. 2nd

GlencoeLIBRARY MEMBER

Davis, General A., 600 Sheridan Rd.ANNUAL MEMBER

North Shore CongregationSimon, W., 248 Hawthorne

Granite CityTri-City Hebrew S. School. P. O. Box 27

Highland ParkMandel, Mrs. E., 130 Roger Williams Av

Hubbards WoodsFrankel. H. D., 1138 Scott Av.Gottlieb, H. N.. 1137 Laurell Av.

Indiana] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 435

La SalleHirsh, Dr. S., 521 First

MollneSklovsky, Max, 624 10th

Oak ParkJacobi, H. S., 639 N. East Av.Moment. H., 421 S. Grove Av.Neymark, Dr. D. C , S40 S. Ridgeland

Av.Ottawa

Rothbardt. Mrs. G., 125 E. Lafayette

PeoriaBloom, Mrs. H. T., 936 N. Glen Oak Av.Cohen, L. B., 881 Moss Av.Frankel, H., 631 S. AdamsFriedman, D. S., 1518 N. MonroeHeUer, R. A., 216 N. Elrawood Av.Horwitz, Dr. S., Central Nat'l Bk. Bldg.Klein. D. S., 222 S. AdamsLevitin. Dr. E. Z., 200 Rebecca PI.Szold, Jacob, 515 GeorgeUllman, C. A., 203 Bradley Av.Wolfner. J. W.. 143 HighWoolner, Adolph, Jr., 439 Moss Av.

RockfordBehr, L., Spring Creek Rd.Goldman. J., 149 MorganShanhouse, Chas.. 1035 Haskell Av.

Rock IslandGraubart, Rabbi D.. 27O9-7th Av.Katz, J. L.. 2525-22^Maggid, S.. 1500-29^Sabath, A.. 859-17thWiesman. L., 230I-3rd Av.

SesserJackson, E. J.

SpringfieldEckstein, M., 1826 S. 4thSnyder, Rabbi H. E., 2115 S. 4th

Spring ValleyZand, H. J.

TaylorvilleSchreiber, Jonas

UrbanaKoller, Prof. A. H., 207 E. WashingtonLitman, Prof. Simon, 603 W. GreenUniversity of Illinois Library

WaukeganJacobs, C , 311 JulianMorrison, Chas., 226 Gillette Av.Rubin, A. M.. 238 Gilette Av.Rubin, M. H., 318 Ridgeland Av.

West FrankfortGreenbaum, Dr. Fred'k.

WilmetteSchneider, B. B., 929 Linden Av.Suekoff, Mrs. L. A,

WlnnetkaLIBRARY MEMBER

Faroll, Mrs. B., 741 Prospect Av.

Wood RiverCohen, S., 25 E. Ferguson Av.Goldberg, Mrs. P., 41 E. Ferguson Av.

INDIANA

AtticaLevor, Mrs. Levi S.. 408 J-f E. Main

BedfordJacobs, Abe S.

CrawfordsvlllePearlman. Co., The George

East ChicagoGiven, Albert, 4621 Magoun Av.Lewin, A. B., 702 Chicago Av.Seifer, L. H., 4237 Magoun Av.

EllwoodLIBRARY MEMBER

Wolf, T., 1121 S. Anderson

Evan8vllleBernstein, D. S., 1311 S. E. 2ndEhrich, Dr. Wm. S., Citizens' Bk. Bldg.Fine, I. J.. 1309 Powell Av.Grusin. S. H., 928 Lodge Av.Gumberts, F. A., 114 MainHorn, Elias, 901 E. Mulberry Ct.Levy, Henry, 916 Powell Av.Loeventhal. H., 529 Wash. Av.Minna Ravdin Memorial Judaica Central

Lib'y.Ravdin, Dr. M., 431 Ravenswood Dr.Skirball, Rabbi J. H., Wash. Av.

TempleSkora, I.. 210 MulberryWeil, E., 800 E. Powell Av.

Fort WayneAchduth Vesholom Cong.Hurwitz, Rev- M,, 747 E, Wayne

436 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (Iowa

Markowitz, Rabbi S. H., 4424 TacomaAv.

GaryLIBRARY MEMBER

Koltinsky, M., 610 W. 8th Av.ANNUAL MEMBERS

Bassin, Dr. B. M., 1412 BroadwayGiven, H.. 650 WashingtonKan. Dr. Alex. M., 3853 BroadwayLieberman, Morris, 2200 BroadwayMilgram, Samuel H., 1336 Broadway

GreencastleSudranski, Sol. L.

HammondKrohngold, Rabbi J. B., Temple Beth El.Schlesinger, S. A., 104 Highland

HuntingtonBrenn J., WashingtonBronstein, I. L., 1333 CherryBronstein, P., 1060 N. Byron

IndianapolisBorinstein, L. J.. 4137 Meridan. N.Brill. Henry, 112 S. PennDavis, Lawrence B., 860 B'wayEfroymson, G. A., 2036 N. DelawareEfroymson, Meyer, 3627 N. Penna.Feuerlicht. Rabbi M. M., 3034 Wash.

Blvd.Indianapolis Hebrew Cong., 401 Meyer

Kiser Bk. Bldg.Ind. State Library, 47 State HouseJewish Federation, 1137 Meyer-Kiser

Bldg.Lyman, B., 2028 Central Av.Mantel, Emit, 3935 N. Meridian

Medias, C , 721 N. DelawareSimon, M. N., 121 Penway

KokomoLevi. J. S., 1215 W. Sycamore

LafayetteMessing, A. L.. 516 ColumbiaPearlman, Dr. S., Lafayette Life Bldg.

Michigan CityMoritz, M., 602 Spring

MishawakaGilburt, S. Z., 514 Lincoln Way, E.

RichmondLIBRARY MEMBER

Harsh. A., 100 S. 3rd

ShelbyvilleGoodman, A., Public Square

South BendDekelbaum, Z., 648 Associate Bldg.Rosenfeld, B., 435 S. Mich. Av.Stern, Rabbi W. M., Box 754

SummltsvillaWarner, L.

Terre HauteLIBRARY MEMBER

Blumberg, Ben., 315 Star Bldg.

ANNUAL MEMBERSLevin, Morris L., 607 S. 5thPlost, Mrs. P.. 609 S. 5thStern, Sara M., 919 S. 5thTemple Israel School, 909 S. 5tb

IOWA

Cedar FallsDiamond, PaulDiamond, Sam

Cedar RapidsSchoen, C , 356 Forest Drive

Council BluffsBondarin, H., 1102 5th Av.Morganstern, I., 1002 5th Av.

DavenportPATRON

AdIer,E.P.,2104MainLIBRARY MEMBER

Betty Adler Waterman, MemorialLibrary

ANNUAL MEMBER

Lefkowitz, Rabbi A. H., 522 Union Bk.Bldg.

Des MoinesAdelman, J. D., 405 37thAdelman, L. J., 315 Franklin Av.Blank, A. H., 5206 Waterbury Rd.Brody, Jos. I., 930 W. 29thFleischman, Dr. A. G., 5900 N.

WaterburyFrankel, Mrs. Belle G., 219 37thGinsberg. H., 508 56thKahn, M. O., 718 18thMannheimer ,Rabbi E., 427 W. 51stNollen, H. S., 402 29thOransky, D., 501 WalnutOransky, L., 505 WalnutWilshinski, N. M., 1117 44th

Kentucky] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 437

Iowa CityFelsenthal, Miss E.. Univ. of la. Lib'yJung, Dr. M., University of Iowa

Marshall townDorosin. H. L., 120 E. Main

Sioux CityBaron, B., 1810 Grandview Blvd.

Courshon, Dr. B., 3315 Jackson Blvd.Galinsky, A. L., 1524 Summit Av.Herzoff, F., 609 CentreKutcher, L. J.. 1114 McDonaldMt. Sinai Library, 14th & NebraskaRabinowitz, Rabbi H. R., 2219 Jones

WaterlooKanofsky, J., 124 E. 5th

KANSAS

ConcordlaBrahinsky, Nathan

El DoradoAbels, D., P. O. Box 110Bennett, L. L.. P. O. Box 731Levinson, H.

HutchlnsonGottlieb, I., 212 A. East

Kansas CityDeutsch, A. B., 508 Minnesota Av.

Leaven worthSarasohn, Rabbi I. J., Planters Apts.S. S. Liby, Temple B'nai Jeshurum

TopekaGalitzski, Mrs. S., 1185 College Av.

WichitaKamen, S., 433 QuentinRichmond, Rabbi H., 314 N. Clifton Av.Wallenstein, H., 129 S. Belmont Av.

KENTUCKY

AshlandJosselson. A., 2916 E. Bath Av.

Frankfort

Davis, I., 328 St. Clair

LexingtonBernstein, Mrs. J., 520 Sayre Av.Levy. M. L., 720 Bullock PI.

Louisville

LIBRARY MEMBER

Lang, J., 1462 S. 2d

ANNUAL MEMBERSAdath Israel Cong., 834 3dBazell, Rabbi S. N., 2nd and College Av.Brith Sholom Relig. School, 1525 3rdDiamond, Miss G., 433 E. GrayEhrman, Hilmar, 1230 S. 3dEllenstein, Mrs. S., 106 Hughes Ct.Essig, Dr. J. I., 413 Heyburn Bldg.Feitelson, P., 2732 W. ChestnutGittleman, Rabbi J. J.. 1376 Ouerbacker

Ct.

Grossman, Louis C , 1312 S. 2dIsaacs, Mrs. L., 2130 Maryland Av.Levy, Sol., 209 E. JeffersonLinker, Barnet, 110 W. OrmsbyLouisville Free Public LibraryMandel, M., 1225 2dMeyer, Herman, 1525 3rdMorris, C. W., M. E. Taylor Bldg.Rauch, Rabbi J., Temple Adath IsraelRosenthal, L. A., 1211 S. 2dShenson, S., 108 Hughes Ct.Simon, J., 715 S. PrestonSimon, M. H., 411 E. ChestnutSimons, L. L., 1317 Highland Av.Simons. M. L.. 1427 S. 2dStrull. Chas.. 2100 Murray Av.Switow, M., 408 4thWaldman, M., HOW. HillWasher, B. T., 1335 2dY. M. H. A., 729 S. 2d

NewportJacobs, Herman, 807 Monmouth

PaducahMarks, M., B'waySimon, Moses, 335 yi N. 7thTemple Israel Cong., B'way

438 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK | Maryland

LOUISIANA

AlexandriaSimon, A. E.Straus, Dr. H. C . The Temple

Baton RougePeiser, Rabbi W., Cong. B'nai Israel

New OrleansLIFE MEMBER

D. G. Lodge, I. O. B. B., 212 WhitneyCentral Bldg.

ANNUAL MEMBERSBarkoflf, H., 5414 MagazineBernstein, A., c/o Whitney Cen. Nat'l Bk.Binstock, Rabbi L., 2107 CalhounBrener, P., 2231 MarengoCohn, Mrs. M. S., 1930 Napoleon Av.Cohen, J., 221 ChartresCohn, D. L., 800 CanalFeldman, Wm., 2504 ChestnutGodchaux, Mrs. P. L.. 1237 Jackson AvGoldberg, Rabbi M. H., 1763 Jackson Av.Heller, I. H., 333 Audubon Blvd.Jewish Children's Home, St. Charles &

Peters Av.Kaiser, H. W., 524 Canal Bk. Bldg.Leipziger, Rev. Dr. E. W., 7624 St.

Charles Av.Lemann, M. M., Carondelet Bldg.N. Orleans Pub. Lib., 1001 St. Chas. Av.

Pokorny, Mrs. Dave, 2113 St. Chas. Av.Robbins, Isidore, 2207 BaronneSabludowsky, J., 1129 LoyolaSchwarz, Ralph, Canal Bk. Bldg.Singer, E., 4600 FreretStern, P., Interstate Electric Co.T. Sinai Sisterhood, 3309 St. Chas. Av.Weil, H. S., 18 Audubon PI.Y. M. H. A., 1205 St. Charles Av.Zemurray, Sam'l., P. O. Box 736

Oil CityLavine, H. S., P. O. Box 25

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Bernstein, Ernest R., 1239 Park PI.Blum berg, B.. 935 E. CollegeBodenheimer, Dr. J. M., 815 DelawareBrill, Rabbi Abr., 2120 Highland Av.Freyer, A. B., 249 Gladstone Blvd.Goldstein, E., 818 UnadillaGoldstein, Nathan, 314 Stoner Av.Murov, N., 864 Texas Av.Ober, J.. 4710 Line Av.

MAINE

BangorCahners, J. A., 217 CenterFriedman, A. B., 74 JeffersonSegal, M., Central & Hammond

Portland

Bernstein, Israel, 97 ExchangeRosen, Maurice E., 178 Middle

MARYLAND

BaltimoreLIBRARY MEMBERS

Berny, Albert, 6 E. Esplanade Apt.Dalsheimer, S., Esplanade Apts.Fleischer, M., 2401 Eutaw PI.Hanline, A. M., Marlborough Apt. 6 DHendler, L. M., 1710 Eutaw PI.Hochschild, M., Emersonian Apt.Levy, Wm., Paca & LombardOttenheimer, B. M., Esplanade Apts.Potts, I., 511 N. Kenwood Av.Sonneborn, S. B., 2420 Eutaw PI.

ANNUAL MEMBERSAbramowitz, S. M., 4137 Dalrymple Av.Allen, J., 818 Equitable Bldg.Applestine, B. S., 4007 Springdale Av.Asso. Jewish Charities, 205 W. Lombard

Balto. Hebrew College, 1201 Eutaw Av.Bank, S. M., 802 Chauncey Av.Baumgarten, J. W., 3607 Forest Pk. Av.Beck, Benj.. 345 St. Paul PI.Berenholtz, S. C , 1815 E. BaltimoreBerman, J., 1320 N. CharlesBillstein. N.. Charles & 34thBlondheim, Prof. D. S., 808 ReservoirBreitstein, Dr. M. L., 2405 Rogers Av.,

Mt. Wash.Brenner, L. I., 821 Chauncey Av.Brenner, Sol. M.. c/o M. S. Levy & SonsCaplan, H. L., 2230 Mondawin Av.Castelle, Rev. George, 1911 Eutaw PI.Cavalier, L. A., 3414 Fairview Av.Chizuk Emunah Con., 734 W. North Av.Clark, Emile, 2349 Eutaw PI.Coblenz, Rabbi A., Eutaw PI. at

Chauncey Av.

Maryland] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 439

Cohen, B., 1709 LindenCohen, Mrs. B. M., 3415 Gwyms Falls

Pkway, WalbrookCohen, Miss E. S., The LatrobeCohen, L. J., 3820 Penhurst Av.Cohen. M. S., Seville Apts., Lake Dr.Coonin, L., 2223^ W. BaltimoreCordish, I., 3212 Vickers Rd.Crockin, Emil, Bancroft Rd. & Pk.

Heights Av.Danker, Dr. I., 750 W. North Av.Davidson, D., 4209 Groveland Av.Davidson, I. W., 34 S. EutawDobres, M. A., 2917 Norfolk Av.Donner, M., 3631 Liberty Heights Av.Dornberg, L., New Amsterdam Bldg.Ehudin, M. M., 3311 Forest Park Av.Eisenberg, A., 6317 Park Heights Av.Ellison, D., 3424 Auchentoroly Ter.Endel Mrs. H., Lempel Gds., Lake Dr.Engel, Jacob, Mt. WashingtonEphraim, R. L., 2228 Linden Av.Epstein, Jacob, 2532 Eutaw PI.Erkes, Charles, 734 W. North Av.Eskolsky, Rabbi M. S., 3518 Reistertown

Rd.Esterson, S. I., 2807 Rockrose Av.Fader, A., 210 E. BaltimoreFarbman, H., 1123 E. BaltimoreFax, J., 818 Brooks LaneFeustman, B. H., 231 E. RedwoodFiltzer, Mrs. E. J., 2216 Park Av.Fine, Louis, 4103 Liberty Hghts, Av.Flom, A., 2245 E. FayetteFlom, Carl J., 1828 E. BaltimoreFolick, I., 2442 Eutaw PI.Fox, Michael J., 4006 Springdale Av.Fox, Wm. L., 2402 Liberty Hghts. Av.Frank, Eli, North & 4th Avs., Mt.

WashingtonFranklin, Dr. David, 122 W. LeeFreedom, Dr. A. G., Edmondson & 14thFried, L. C, 723 Calvert Bldg.Friedenwald, Dr. Edgar B., 1616 LindenFriedenwald, Dr. Harry, 1212 Eutaw PI.Friedenwald, Dr. J., 1013 N. CharlesFuld, Manes E., The Arlington Pk. Apts.Gamse, Herman. 2811 Allendale Rd.Garonzik, R., 2909 Allendale Rd.Gershenson, M., 3501 Walbrook Av.Gluckstern, Dr. M., 2623 Shirley Av.Golden, Mrs. S., Temple Gardens Apt.Goldfoos, Max, 949 N. GayGoldheim, L. W., 601 WhitlockGoldheim. Mrs. L. A., 2218 Callow Av.Goldsmith, J. S., 2335 Eutaw PI.Goodhart, W. A., 517 Title Bldg.Gordon, Irving, 2022 Brookfield Av.Gordon, P., 2236 Mondawmin Av.Grandberg, I. B., 501 Calvert Bldg.Greenbaum, L. E., 1614 Eutaw PI.Greenbaum, M. D.y 1007 Fidelity Bldg.Greertberg, Isaac, 212 DolphinGreenberg, L., 3528 Reisterstown Rd.Gundersheimer, Mrs. M. E., 2520 Talbot

Rd., Windsor HillsHalle, Isaac, 1904 Eutaw PI.

Hamburger, Mrs. H. I., Esplanade Apt,6 E

Hamburger, Dr. L. P., 1207 Eutaw PI.Harris, S. A., 2753 W. North Av.Har Sinai CongregationHartogensis, B. H., Marlboro Apts.Heb. Cong. Lil'y. 1914 Madison Av.Hecht, Mrs. J. F., Greenspring & Kenvak

Rd., Mt. Wash.Himmel, L., 909 Lake Dr.Hollander, Dr. J. H.. 1802 Eutaw PI.Hollander, L., 2237 Linden Av.Horwitz, E. H., 1110 Munsey Bldg.Hurwitz, A., 900 E. LombardHutzler, Mrs. D., 1801 Eutaw PI.Hutzler, E., 212 N. HowardHyman, H., 3808 Towanda Av.Ind. Order Brith Sholom, 1012 E. Balto.Israel, Rabbi E. L., Har Sinai TempleJacobs, J. H., 4106 Fernhill Av.Jewish Daily Forward, 1021 E. BaltimoreKaplan, Dr. L. L., 1201 Eutaw PI.Katz, Chas., 126 W. FayetteKatz, Jos., 16 E. Mt. Vernon PI.Katz, Meier, 2214 Linden Av.Kaufman, D. J., 814 WhitelockKaufman, F. J., Sylcrest Apt., Park Av.

& WhitelockKeiser, S. J., 4512 Penhurst Av.Kellman, H. T., 12 Montgomery Rd.Kohn, Benno, 200 N. HowardKolker, Ben., 821 Lake Dr.Kramer, L., Cordova Apts. B-I, Lake Dr.Lampe, D., 6203 Biltmore Av.Lauchheimer, S. H., Ill N. CharlesLauer, Mrs. L., Esplanade Apt. 3 ALauer, M., Marlborough Apt. 3 ALazaron, Rabbi M. S., 1914 Madison Av.Lebovitz, N., 813 Lake Dr.Leopold, Dr. E. I., 200 W. Lafayette AvLevenson, R. H., 3306 Springdale Av.Levin, Ellis, 138 AisquithLevin, Harry O., 822 Brooks LaneLevin, Mrs. L. H., 2104 Chelsea Ter.Levinson, M. A., 224 Equitable Bldg.Lipnick, J., 3416 WoodbrookLutzky, Louis, 3812 Strathmore Av.Makover, B., 3112 Auchentoroly Ter.Mandelberg, A. H., 3618 Springdale Ay.Mansbach, Dr. I. L., 2219 Mondawmin

Av.Marcus, Abr., 3303 FairviewAv.Mayers, D., 4105 Barrington Rd.Mazer, S. H., 4002 Dalrymple Av.Mervis, A. I., 4001 Barrington Rd.Meyer, I.. 2905 Ulman Av.Meyerhoff, J., 3213 Pinkney Rd. 'Michelson, Dr. R. A., 2230 Eutaw PI.Miller, H. D., 423 E. BaltimoreMiller, Estate of Max, 3511 Sprindgale

Av.Mintz, Julius, 722 Equitable Bldg.Moses, D. J., 754 Pratt, W.Moses, H. L., 3607 Menlo Dr.Moses, J. G.t 1736 Ruxton Av.Moses, Leslie Wm., 6701 Park Hghts. Av.M usher, N., Temple GardensMuskin, Hyman, 3517 Springdale Av.

440 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Maryland

Neistadt, Dr. C. S., 1730 Linden Av.Neuhauaen, S. A., 2730 Parkwood Av.Newhouse, D. H., 506 S. FremontNyburg, S. L., 2414 Linden Av.Oheb Shalom Congr. Sunday SchoolOppenheimer, H., 2708 Lawina Rd.Oppenheimer, Wra., 3819 Clifton Av.Palmbaum, G., 3612 Springdale Av.Passen, A., 547 S. Fulton Av.Pels, Dr. I. R., 4207 Linkwood Rd.Perlman, P. B., 1313 Fidelity Bldg.Perman, M., 9 S. ChesterPhoenix Club, 1505 Eutaw PI.Rand. Mrs. J., 2233 Eutaw PI.Rifman, A. K., 2260 Brookfield Av.Robinson, Maurice, 2216 Eutaw PI.Rogers, S., 925 Brooks LaneRoman, I., 1316 Munsey Bldg.Rombro, Mrs. M., 2524 Brookfield Av.Rome, M. A., 2225 Linden Av.Rosenau, Rev. Dr. W., Esplanade Apts.Rosenblatt, Dr. S., 3507 Springdale Av.Rosenbloom, S., 12-14 N. PacaRosenburg, L. S., The MarlboroughRosenfeld, M. W., Temple Garden Apts.Rosenthal, I. C, 2154 Mt. Royal Av.Rothholz, S., 3304 Springdale Av.Sauber, N., 3003 Garrison Blvd.Saye, H., 5806 Narcissus Av.Schimtnel, I. W., 815 Lake DriveSchloss, Meyer, 2446 Eutaw PI.Schloss, M. M., 2217 E. PrattSchloss, N., 2410 Eutaw PI.Schloss, Toney, 2414 Eutaw PI.Schuman, Rev. J., 3408 Woodbrook Av.Schwartzman, Rev. H., 3916 Bateman

Av.Sefl, Robert. 509 AisquithSelis, Leon E., 3200 Verkins Rd.Shalowitz, Hyman, 129 S. B'wayShpritz, Dr. A. S., 21 W. LexingtonShpritz, Dr. N. H., 2318 Eutaw PI.Silberstein, Israel, 2401 Eutaw PI.Silverman, S., Alhambra Spts.Simons, Aaron J., Ill N. CharlesSindler. Miss P., 2419 Eutaw PI.Singer, S. M., 4110 Ridgewood Av.Sinsky, Dr. H. L., 3510 Springdale AvSmall, P., 1610 N. AppletonSneider, M., 4200 Maine Av.Sobelman, M., 4 W. Rogers Av.Sobeloff, S., 1809 Eutaw PI.Sollod. Jos. A., 2142 W. North Av.Solomon, David. 311 VV. 29thSolorz S., 3602 Fairview Av.Sondheim. W.. c/o Hochschild. Kohn &

Co.Spielman, S. I., 3602 Forest Pk. Av.Spritz, Dr. H. H., Fulton & Penna. Avs.Stein, M., Lake DriveStraus, A., 1 S. HowardStrauss, M., 2701 Whitney Av.Suls, Maxwell, 225 New Amsterdam Bldg.Sykes, Philip L., 110 E. LexingtonUdoff. B.. 25 N. Collington Av.Van Leer, M., 2218 Brookfield Av.Waxman, M. E., 224 Equitable Bldg.Weglein, D. E., 2400 Linden Av.

Werntz, H. N., 2406 Roslyn Av.Wiesenfeld, Mrs. H., Emersonian Apts.Wolbarsht, N., 318 W. BaltimoreWolman, Dr. S., 2444 Eutaw PI.Wolpert, H. K., 2481 Shirley Av.Wyman, J. H., Marlborough Apt.Y. M. & Y. W. H. A., Monument, bet.

Howard and Eutaw

BladensburgBrown, Hyman

CumberlandHirsch, Isaac, 308 Wash.Kaplan, S. W., 115 BaltimoreSheffler, A. M., 28 George

EastonButler, K. L., Point Rd.

FrederickJacobson, Karl, 77 S. MarketLowenstein, Mrs. David, F. Scott Key

HotelRosenstock, J.t Rose HavenWeinberg. Leo, 22 W. 2dWillner, Rev. Dr. W., 6 E. Patrick

HagerstownDorfan. M. I.. 921 Oak Hill Av.Greenwald, M., 47 N. PotomacGrossman, M. S.. 1137 Oak Hill Av.Kline, J. A., 1927 Virginia Av.

Havre-de-GraceHecht, Emanuel

HyattsvllleEdlavitch, Moses, J.

Owlngs MillsRosenf eld, M. W., Green Lea. Reis. Rd.

PikesvlUeCahn, F. B., "Knollwood"Cone, Dr. S. M., Maple LawnHutzler, A. D., Pomona

SalisburyBenjamin, I. L., 223 Main

St. GeorgeLevy. Paul, S. P. O. Reisterstown

MMBachusetts] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 441

MASSACHUSETTSAlls ton

Chase, Miss H., 7 Price Rd.

BostonPATRON

Kirstein, L. E., 426 WashingtonLIBRARY MEMBERS

Agoos, S., 207 SouthAgoos, S. L., 145 SouthKaplan, J. J., 161 Devonshire

ANNUAL MEMBERSAlberts, Mrs. A. I., 373 WashingtonArkin, Dr. L., 471 Commonwealth Av.Berson, S., 121 Audubon Rd.Biller, M., 99 GreenBrody, E. J., 129 PortlandBureau of Jewish Educ, 6 N. RussellBurroughs, H. E., 18 TremontCaro, M., 18 TremontCavior, Jos., 70 BeachCharak, J., 38 WarehamCohen, A. K., 645 BeaconCohen, C, 17 HudsonCohen, H., 725 TremontCooper, H. D., 65 ChaunceyCooper, L. C, 81 BedfordDana, Myer, 809 Pemberton Bldg.Dvoretzky, S., 18 OxfordEhrenfried Dr. A., 21 Bay State Rd.Eisenberg, S. S., 11 BeaconElkon, M., 373 WashingtonEndler, I., 27 SchoolEntin, Z., 35 KneelandFeins, Raphael, 68 ChaunceyFeldman, Dr., 56 ChambersFinkelstein, Dr. H., 366 CommonwealthFreedman, Dr. L. M., 419 BoylstonFriedman, Dr. B., 35 AllenFriedman, Lee M., 206 Bay State Rd.Ginzberg, A. A., 333 WashingtonGlunts, J. D., 31 MilkGoldberg, L., 167 State HouseGoldman, A. C, 164 SouthGoldwasser, D., 373 Wash.Green, M., 86 LeverettGrosberg, Mrs. D., 484 WashingtonGuterman, H. N., 714 Tremont Bldg.Hamlin, A., 262 WashingtonHelpern, C. K., 24 FullerHelpern, M. E., 453 Wash.Herman, Mrs. J. M., 424 MarlboroughHill, Harold H., 286 StateHorblit, Mark M., 101 MilkHurwich, L., 190 RuthvenJasper, L., 222 Massachusetts Av.Kaplan, Simon. 31 MilkKaufman, H., 68 CharlesKrokyn. J. F.. 153 Chiswick RdLangenthal, J. M., 18 TremontLeavitt, M. J., 972 Massachusetts Av.Lebowich, Jacob, 27 SchoolLevenson, J. M., 1148-50Old South Bid*"

Levine, Dr. J. H., 311 CommonwealthAv.

Levy, M. M., 200 SummerLurie, R. L., 17 MilkMarks, E., 14 Harrison Av.Markwett, L., 57 KneelandMedalia, Dr. Leon S., 78 Bay State Rd.Miller. A. H., 75 Kneeland •Mintz,Dr.Anna,471 Commonwealth AvMorrison, H. I., 502 Pemberton Bldg.Morrison, Dr. H., 33 SchuylerOshry Bros., 12 SpringPublic LibraryRobbins, J., 9 LeverettRobinson, J., 99 ChaunceyRombach, H. M., 1857 CommonwealthRubenowitz, Rev. H. H.. 154 SeaverRubenstein, Philip, 60 StateRubin, P., 103 CharlesRubin, Samuel. 11 EdinboroRudnick, M., 18 TremontSchooner, Jos. Y., 40 CourtShivek, B., 615 AlbanyShocket, A., 186 LincolnSiegel, E., 365 WashingtonSilverman, J. J., 43 TremontStone, H., 303 CambridgeStone, S., 343 CambridgeTobey, M.. 40 CourtUlman, S., 90 RichmondVershbow, H., 615 AlbanyVictorson, H. S., 6 BeaconWalbursht, J. L., 10 LowellWasserman, J., 7 Alpha Rd.Weinberg, Jos., I l l MilkWeinrhe, A. L., 32 DoaneWerby, A. B., 88 BroadWiseman, J. L., 18 TremontYoresh, B., 406 Harrison Av.

BrightonDaniels, S. M., 41 Orkney Rd.Goldberg, H., 1661 Commonwealth Av.

BrocktonGreen, Jos., 201 CenterY. M. & Y. W. H. A., 66 Green

BrooklineLIBRARY MEMBER

Hirshberg, A. S., 74 VerndaleNorton, S. M., 202 St. Paul

ANNUAL MEMBERSAbrams, Rabbi S. J., 12 FullerAronson, Mrs. H. I., 164 CoolidgeBeckwith. L. I., 115 Sewall Av.Burack, A., 54 LawtonByer, L. E., 118 PleasantCorman, M. F., 323 HarvardEpstein, Rabbi L. M., 28 Littell Rd.Feldman, I., 42 St. Paul Ter.Fox, I.. 60 Wallingford Rd.Goodman, Rabbi A. V., 222 Babcock

442 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Massachusetts

Gordon, M., 130 Longwood Av.Kasanof, D. M., 84 FullerKirshen, M. S., 275 Dean Rd.Lerner, Dr. P., 16 Strathmore Rd.Levi, Rabbi Harry, 84 Salisbury Rd.Marcus, B. W., 30 Littell Rd.Meltzer. S. E., 139 University Rd.Moldow, A. S., 1318 BeaconMorse, B., 141 Clark Rd.Norman, Dr. H., 124 Longwood Av.Oscar, H., 124 HarvardRudman, E. G., 58 VerndaleSachs, A. S., 74 BrowneScheinfeldt. J. H., 15 GibbsShapiro, A., 88 Stearns Rd.Shapiro, A., 1521 BeaconShapiro, J. S., 162 Naples Rd.Shapiro, M., 1519 BeaconWolkwich, E., 10 Greenway Ct.

CambridgeCohen, Edward. 678 Massachusetts Av.Isaacs, Dr. N., 5 Walnut Av.Kaplan, I., 91 AlbanyMendelsohn, M. H., 2362 Man Av.Raczus, A., 57 GustinSiegel, Miss F., 29 WendellWolfson, Prof. H. A., 95 Prescott

ChelseaBerman, S., 304 BroadwayDavidson, Dr. A., 155 ChestnutGordon, G. E., 58 EleanorLangh, Rabbi P. A., Cong. Beth ElLevin, M., 16 JohnPaul, H., 329 BroadwayPaulive, S. E., 322 Wash. Av.Pollack. Dr. T., 52 Wash. Av.Rosemark. L., 121 BloomingdaleSauvetz, G., 52 Wash. Av.Silverstein, E. I., 9 Crescent Av.Sterman, M., 312 Everett Av.

DorchesterAppell, M., 55 Johnston Rd.Berman, S., 54 BicknellBlank, A., 16 CanterburyBrody, Israel, 478 Geneva Av.Burack, C, 829 Blue Hill Av.Cline, Dr. S., 85 StrattonCohen, J., 14 MerrillCohen, M., 15 GreenockCorman, S., 43 HansboroughDrucker, J., 1160 Blue Hill Av.Entin, I., IS WalesFeinstein, A., 48 LomeFinkelstein, H. J., 15 WilcockFriedman, Dr. N. M., 1067 Blue Hill Av.Ginsburg, L.. 947 Blue Hill Av.Goldman, A. K., 39 EsmondGoldstein, M., 12 PaxtonHackman, J., 43 KerwinH. for Jewish Children, 160 CanterburyLandy, M., 44 MascottLebow, S., 12 McLellanLevitt, M., 41 Supple Rd.Lourie, Myer L., 50 Bradshaw

Lubit, Jos. M., 810 Blue Hill Av.Magat, H., 14 MerrillMargolis, J., 92 LyndhurstMindick, B., 115 MaxwellNovick, I., 92 EvansPolan, H., 12 McLellanPollan, R., 12 McLellanRosemark, S., 31 AbbotSher, S. S., 57 LomeSilver, D., 939 Blue Hill Av.Stone, E. D., 93 Columbia Rd.Stone, Dr. H. E., 810 Blue Hill Av.Stone, J., 49 Michigan Av.Vershbow, A., 64 McLellan

E. CambridgeKatz, H.. 309 Main

EverettLack, S., 3 Maiden

Fall RiverFeldman, S., 162 S. MainGoldberg, Rabbi M., Franklin Bldg.Horwitz, S. 41 ChesworthJacobson, Miss Sarah, 85 MadisonLovit, I., 28 McClure PI.Radovsky, D. R., 1316 Highland Av.Radovsky, H. W., 130 S. MainUdis, T., 38 ChaversonYamins. N., 1219 Highland Av.Yoken, Miss E., 828 Second

HolyokeLIFE MEMBER

Barowsky, J. H., 1552 DwightANNUAL MEMBER

Hirsch, M., 1684 Northampton

Jamaica PlainUrgoin, J., 89 Bickford

LawrenceLevek, Dr. J. A., 32 LawrenceSiskind, Dr. A. L.. 541 Haverhill

LongmeadowGoldstein, S.. Somers Rd.Jorey. Miss A. H., 253 Bliss Rd.N'aurison, Dr. J. Z., 91 Roseland Ter.

LowellLIBRARY MEMBER

Harrison, Sol. H., 166 CentralANNUAL MEMBERS

Baker, Sol., Sun Bldg.Bernstein, Dr. B., 727 WestfordGlazer, S., 234 MiddlesexGoldman, F.. 404 Sun Bldg.Silverblatt, Bennett, 803 Sun Bldg.Weinberg, M.. 121 Tanner

Massachusetts] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 443

LynnHorwitz, S., 65 WillowLansky, L. H., 37 EstesLinde, I., 36 CherryWerner, Rabbi O. W., 25 Prospect

MaidenBoruchoff, Rabbi B., 211 BryantCohen, M., 421 FerryGoldfarb, L.. 111 Mt. VernonHoberman, Dr. S., 115 SalemIsenman, M., 115 FairmontLevine, Miss L., 135 FranklinMargolis, Rev. Dr. J. H., 22 ClarkNeipris, A. T., 18 PorterNorman, S. P., 300 FerryPuchert, Miss E., 75 Warren Av.Silverraan, Miss C , 67 WalnutSugarman, M., 78 Upham

MarshfieldFeinberg, B. M., Ocean

MattapanCantor, Miss L., 35 ClarkwoodDaub, J., 24 RexfordNigrosh, M., 1 DukePaisner, C, 20 OrmondPriluk, J.. 16 Goodale Rd.Silverstein, S., 82 Wildwood

MiltonUllman, A., 44 Windsor Rd.

New Bedford

LIBRARY MEMBEkFinger, S. B., 332 Hawthorn

ANNUAL MEMBERSBarnet, S., 888 PurchaseGenensky, J., 5 Clinton PI.Goodman, G. B., 888 PurchaseRosenberg, S., 465 Purchase

NewtonCibel, A. B., 63 Mandalay Rd.Golden, E. I., 11 Merrill Rd.Simon. H., 22 Holland

Newton CentreLevine, E., 60 Cedar

NewtonvilleLewis, A. S., 123 Norwood Av.

Northampton

Michelman, S., 25 Fort

PittsneldEisner, M. L., 69 Commonwealth Av.England, Simon, 186 Wendell Av.Society Ansha Amonim

QuincyGrossman, J. B., 19 Glendale Rd.Grossman, R. A., 130 Granite

ReverePrice, M. J., 62 HighlandStone, M., 2* George Av.

RoxburyAlford, N., 68 CheneyBerman, N., 33 WenonahBolonsky, L. W., 94 CrawfordBoston Y. M. H. A., 108 SeaverBrilliant, Frank, 40 SchuylerCline, L., 47 ElmoreCohen, H. A., 67 CheneyCohen, M. W., 27 BrookledgeCussell, J.. 21 NayingFeinstone, A., 53 Supple Rd.Ginsburg, Mrs. H., 19 BrookledgeGordon, A. O., 8 Nazing Ct.Grossman, Rev. B. L., 42 HowlandHebrew Teachers College, 14 CrawfordIngall, S., 140 SeaverKline, S. H., 320 Blue Hill Av.Lefkovitz, M., 7 Walnut Pk. Rd.Levin, Mrs. C , 250 SeaverLibrary of Temple Mishkan TefilaLourie, D. A., 36 SchuylerNemzoff, S., 28 SeaverOshry, H. L., 72 WaylandPaderson, M. G., 22 HolbornPalais, Maurice, 139 HaroldPhillips, F., 32 DennisonPinanski, Nathan, 15 StatePokroisky, L., 10 SunderlandQuint, Mrs. S., 89 GeorgiaSolomont, S., 98 Elm Hill Av.Sperack, Miss R. R., 4 Nazing Ct.Taylor, Frank, 2 Maple Ct.Wagner, Mr6. Chas., 69 Waumbeck

SalemCarman, K., 220 LafayetteGoldstein, H. P., 193 LafayetteRabinowitz, I., 9 Holly

SomervilleBerlak, W., 72 LineHillson, H. M., 169 Highland Av.New England Cabinet Co., 37 HarrisWaldfogel, B., 50 Cross

SpringfieldAdaskin, H., 44 Summer Av.Auerbach, H. A., 26 Commonwealth Av.Chereskin, Dr. J. L., 333 BridgeCity Library AssociationCohen, Julius A., 387 MainDavison, P. L., 170 BridgeEhrlich, Harry M., 1387 MainFreedman, H., 190 Forest Pk. Av.Freedman, Rev. J., 68 CalhounGlickman, Dr. A. M., 1938 MainGordon, L. J., 1597 MainGreen, E., 132 Fort Pleasant Av.

444 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Michigan

Green, S., 91 Forest Pk. Av.Kamberg, A., 441 Court Sq. Bldg.Katz, Benj. H., 118 LonghillKingsberg, J. D., 36 Sumner TerraceLasker, R., 69 WashingtonNirenstein, N., 1618 MainPeyser, S. L.. P. O. Box 1027Price, Rev. S., 67 Fort Pleasant Av.Prowler, J. E., 38 WarnerQuint, S. T., 42 OlmstedRadnor, V., 35 Trafton Rd.Sagolyn, R., P. O. Box 1094Shaine, W., 62 Cherryvale Av.Savin. A. H., 1634 Main

StonehamCentz, Rev. H. B., 8 Grant

WabanKahan, E., 1637 Beacon

Walt hamBayard, H., P. O. Box 164

Winthrop

Fleisher, S.. 4 Woodside Pk.

Worcester

Baker, P. W., 20 Strathmore Rd.Epstein, L., 138 ElmGurwitz, S.. 25 FosterHillman. A. M., 390 MainHorowitz, Mrs. J., 55 CedarIsenberg. David B., 38 Chamberlain

PkwayLubin, B., 25 FosterMargolis, A., 72 Hadwen Rd.Margolis, N.. 25 N. WoodfordOlan, Rabbi L. A., I l l ElmPoriss, Harry, 61 Sagamore Rd.Rome, Mrs. Edythe, 14 WoodfordRome, Nathan, 17 HeywoodSeder, Jos. S., 318 Slater Bide.Waxier, S., 21 Chamberlain PkwayWolfe, R., 8 Richmond Av.

MICHIGAN

AhmeekGlass, Mrs. Fruma

Ann ArborHeller, Rabbi B., 615 E. Univeristy Av.Isaacs, Dr. R., 1600 Shadford Rd.Sharfman, I. Leo, 1108 Baldwin Av.

Bay CityLevy, Mrs. C. J., 703 Green Av.

DetroitLIFE MEMBER

Rosenberg, Louis J., 1450-53 Buhl Bldg.LIBRARY MEMBERS

Brown, H. Z., 262 E. Boston Blvd.Butzel, L. M., 138 Pallister Av.Kahn, Albert, 62 RowenaKass, Dr. J. B., 8592 Jos. Campau Av.Klein, A.. 271 EliotRosenzweig, S. D., 66 Connecticut Av.School of Religion, Temple Beth ElSimons, D. W., 160 Pallister Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSAlexander, M. M., 1997 Gladstone Av.Ashinsky, Rabbi A. M., 2083 GladstoneBale, H. L., 308 Mich. Theatre Bldg.Barnett, Dr. S. E., 25 ParsonsBaron, N., 1998 Lawrence Av.Bennett, H. S., 18934 &arkside Dr.Berman, Dr. H. S., 10 PeterboroBernstein, Dr. A. E., 2400 Boston Blvd.Blatt, J. T., 9100 La Salle Blvd.Bloome, W. L., 3952 Chatsworth Av.Blumberg, M. H., 1485 Chicago Blvd.

Brown, M. C, First Nafl Bk. Bldg.Buchhalter, Wm., 2240 ClainnountAv.Burrows, J.. 1724 Burlingame Av.Butzel, F. M., 1st Nafl Bk. Bldg.Butzel, Judge H. M., 1st Nat'l Bk. BldgCaplan. A.. 2752 W. Boston Blvd.Cohn, I. I., 804 Hammond Bldg.Davidson, Mrs. L., 1983 Edison Av.Dubnove, Dr. A., 8753 12thEdwards, M., 1465 Calvert Av.Ehrlich, Mrs. J. H., 5553 Second Blvd.Elconin, E. V., 2977 SturtevantEllman, Hon. Jas. I., 2454 W. EuclidFellman. A., 2649 Webb Av.Finstenwald, Adolph, 67 MonroeFishman. M., 2252 GladstoneFixel. R. W., 1002 Buhl Bldg.Fram, Rabbi L.. 8801 Woodward Av.Frank, Saml.. 1940 Book Bldg.Friedberg, J., 306 ErskineFriedman, W., 726 Dime Bk. Bldg.Frohlich, E., 269 Edmund PI.Garvett, M., 2643 Webb Av.Gerson, Jos., 466 Kirby Av.. W.Gilbert, P. J.. 2695 Monterey Av.Ginsburg. B., The BelcrestGittleman. S., 11551 2nd Blvd.Goldman. M.. 29S6 Calvert Av.Goodfriend, E., 3205 LeslieGoodman, H., 2294 TuxedoGordon. Abe. 8511 La Salle Blvd.Gordon, A. L., 2755 Blaine Av.Gordon. H., 284 FrederickGreenberg, T. R., 2497 Taylor Av.Hersch. A. D., 645 Bethane Av.. W.Hubar, D. I., 712 Penobscot Bldg.Jacob, Wm., 302 E. Ferry Av.Jacobs, Harry, 2075 Phila., W.Jewish Centers Ass'n., 31 Melbourne Av

Minnesota] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 445

Kallet, Dr. H. I., 3352 Sturtevant Av.Kaplan, Wolf, 1996 CalvertKasle, A., 1613 W. Phila.Keidan, Judge H. B., The WhittierKrolik, J. H., 1555 Chicago Blvd.Landau, M., 2455 BlainLeemon, J. R., 314 E. Hancok Av.Levin, A. J., First Nat'l Bk. Bldg.Levin, I., 1990 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg.Levin, Dr. S. J., 914 Maccabee Bldg.Levin, S. R., 3620 Barium TowerLichtig, Wm., 140 Glynn Ct.Lieberman, B. D., 2284 Chicago Blvd.Lieberman, M., 5232 2d Blvd.Lightstone, Louis, 1472 Virginia Pk.Lipkin, Dr. E.. 4853 Michigan Av.Liss, Mrs. M. I., 2723 Sturtevant Av.Lurya, I., 15000 Linwood Av.Marks, Herman, 107 ErskineMarkson, A. D., 3293 W. EuclidMetzger, N. D., 2532 Pingree Av.Meyers, H., 2910 Calvert Av.Oxenhandler, Miss A., Temple Beth ElPrentis, M. L., General Motors Corp.Rosenman, Dr. J. D., 1015 Kresge Bldg.Saulson, S., 12524 Broadstreet Av.Savage, L., 119 Virginia Pk.Sempliner, A. W., 1805 Dime Bk. Bid*.Simons, Judge Chas. C, 24 Connecticut' Av.Singer, W. B.. 956 Mich. Av.Slavin, H., 2745 CortlandSlomovitz, Phil., 3321 Monterey Av.Smilansky, L., 873 Boston Blvd., W.Smilay, H. H., 511 Arden Pk.Sobeloff, Dr. H.. 2900 HastingsSosensky, H., 649 E. Boston Blvd.Steinberg, Miss J. M., 1518 Edison Av.Stern, Dr. E. A., 9428 Oakland Av.Stern, Milford, 1656 Penobscot Bldg.Strauss, S., 3710 Burlingame Av.Trunsky, Peter, 1001 Adelaide

United Jewish Charities, 51 W. Warren,c/o P. Houtz

Weinberg, J. I., 7365 HanoverWeinman, S. S., 74 McLean Av.Weinstein. H. H., 3014 Tuxedo Av.Weinstein, Mrs. H. N., 2033 Atkinson Av.Wolkovich, D., 335 WestminsterZuieback, R., 3048 Webb Av.

FlintLebster, Louis S., 1701 W. CourtRubenstein, P., 421 W. 7th Av.Wiener, Benj. F., 301 S. Saginaw

Grand RapidsEmdin, Rabbi B., 443 Lincoln Av.Wolf, G. A., Gd. Rapids Tr. Co.

KalamazooFriedman, H., 2438 University

ManlstiqueRosenthal, L., 223 Range

PontlacBirnkraut, S. J., 75 Ottawa Dr.

SaginawLevinsohn, A. S., 1013 Holland Av.Philippe, A. D., 1026 N. Mich igan Av.Saginaw Lodge, No. 636, I. O- B. B.

WashingtonLitvin. Ben, R. No. 2, Box 74

YpsUantiLIBRARY MEMBER

Mich. State Normal College Library

MINNESOTA

DuluthBergstein, A., 326 Central Av.Clarfield, A. B., 1023 12th Av., E.Covenant Lodge No. 569Davis, H. W.. 409 First Nat'l Bk. Bldg.Hirschfield, Dr. M. S., 830 E. 4thSegal, J. E.. 1012 E. 2ndWessel, Rabbi H. E., 2426 E. 8th

Grand RapidsLatz, Herman

HlbblngHallock, C, 429 Sellers Av.

MinneapolisAronson, Rabbi D., 1239 Queen Av., N.Barron, Dr. M., 2529 Thomas Av., S.Borushak, I. L., 315 Lumber Exchange

Brin, A., 2566 Lake of Isles Blvd.Cohen, J. G., Essex Bldg.Cohen, Dr. N. N., 642 6th Av., N.Cutts, Dr. Geo., 1128 Vincent Av., N.Friedman, I. L., 1204 Knox Av., N.Gelman, J. Z., 2517 19th Av., N.Gordon, Dr. Geo. J., 1717 Portland Av.Gordon, N., 1018 Oliver Av. N.Greenberg, Mrs. J. R., 1715 Morgan Av.,

N.Gross, Mrs. A. M., 3135 S. Dupont Av.Gross, S., 86 S. 10thHelfman, Mrs. N. B., 1120 Morgan Av.,

N.Josewich, Dr. A.. 4517 Colfax Av., S.Korengold, M., 1618 Oliver Av., N.Kreiner, I. A., 1216 Vincent Av., N.Levitt, Chas. L., 1612 W. 25thLicht, B., 1003 Sheridan Av., N.Lifson, B., Metropolitan Bk. Bldg.London, Mrs. D., 1301 Vincent Av., N.

446 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK I Missouri

Minda, Rabbi A.G., 1919Dupont Av.,N.Public Library, 10th & Hennepin Av.Rubin, S. N., 3712 Colfax Av., S.Savlan, J., 312 Andrus Bldg.Schanfeld, J. H., 527 2d Av., S.Schwartz, L. F., 1234 Logan Av., X.Silberman, C. H., 117 N. 6thSteinman, Mrs. S., 1601 Newton Av., N.Sweet, II. & Co., 27 N. 4thTemple Israel Rel. SchoolTremblatt, B., 1115 Vincent Av., N.Weinberg, B. L., 2501 12th Av., N.Weinstein, Mrs. M. J., 1207 Washburn

Av., N.Woolpy. J. H., 3321 Emerson Av., S.Zieve, Rimal, 1128 Sheridan Av., N.Zipperman, Mrs. M., 1423 Sheridan Av.,

N.St. Paul

Blehert, M. B., 1062 Linwood PI.Calmenson, J. B., 717 Pioneer Bldg.Cohen, Rabbi H. M., 1004 Goodrich Av.Firestone, M. P., 1866 Portland Av.

Ginsberg, Dr. Win., 1108 W. 7thGordon, Louis, 186 S. PascalGrodinsky, Miss H., Wilder Charity BldgHarris, W., 1458 Lincoln Av.Hoffman, Dr. M. H., 1945 Lincoln Av.Horwitz, H., 761 Hague Av.Levy, A. J., 2148 Stanford Av.Levy, Miss E., 45 S. Lexington Av.Loevinger, G., Court HouseMargolis, Rabbi H. S.. Holly & AvonMogelson, A., 1770 Princeton Av.Orenstein, J., 406 Pioneer Bldg.Phillips, D., 1499 University Av.Schwab, Max, 888 Lincoln Av.Shedorsky, L. A., 1858 Lincoln Av.Supornick, J., 954 Ashland Av.Temple Aaron Talmud Torah Lib'ry

South St. PaulBlumenfeld, D., 213 N. Concord Av.

WinonaShapero, Chas., 3rd and Wall

MISSISSIPPI

AberdeenBergman, MaxLasky, M., P. O. Box 136

AngulllaKline. AbeKline, Henry

GreenvilleGoldstein, Nathan, 607 MainLevitan, S., 207 N. Walnut

HattlesburgDreyfus, M., 606 Court

Hollandale

Jackson

Adelson, M. B.

Dreyfus, I., 644 S. StateLehman, I., 730 Gillespie PI.

LaurelMatison, Dave A., 7 Av.

MerldanLoeb, Alex

NatchezGeisenberger, Ben. C . 906 Main

PaceHyman, Mrs. Mose

VlcksburgKory, Rabbi S. L., Box 356Landau, M. D., 1st Nat'l Bank Bldg.Rsoe, Mrs. A., 1414 Cherry

MISSOURI

BoonvllleZuzak, H. T.

Kansas CityPATRON MEMBER

Reefer. Miss Z., 638 W. 59th Ter.

LIBRARY MEMBERS

B'nai Jehudah Cong., Linwood and FloraAv.

Harzfeld, J. A., 604 Security Bldg.Keneseth Israel Beth Sholom Rel. Sch..

34th & Paseo

ANNUAL MEMBERSBerkowitz, W. J.. 19th & CampbellBraver, Rabbi J., 2732 HarrisonCinnamon, B., 4226 Benton Blvd.Friedberg, H., 538 Lathrop Bldg.Ginsberg, Dr. A. M., 724 Argyle Bldg.Horowitz, L., 3302 Agnes Av.Katz, I., 3629 Harrison Blvd.Katz, N., 4138 Benton Blvd.Kreger, T., 4330 Benton Blvd.Li twin, O.. 1405 E. 76thMayer, Rabbi H. H., 3512 Kenwood Av.Minkin, P., 1010 Gloyd Bldg.Mnookin, N. M., 5026 Brookside Blvd.

Nebraska] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 447

Nathan, R. D., 4339 Gilham Rd.Olchoff, M., 103 Ward Pkway.Public Library, 9th and LocustRieger, A., 1117 WalnutRubin, Heiraan, 423 Lee Bldg.Settenfeld, G. M.. 2615 WalnutSheskin, H., 703 Commerce Bldg.Silverforb, M. H., 1017 Commerce Bldg.Staenberg, H., 305 Gumble Bldg.Stern, Sigmund, 1013 Baltimore Av.Webber, M. M., 3814 BellefontaineWolf. Dr. I. J., 3710 Tracey Av.Y. M. H. A., 1600 Linwood Blvd.

LouisianaMichael, M., 118 S. 8th

St. CharlesHess, Rabbi J., 1037 Madison

St. JosephHassenbush, S.', 514 N. 10thJoseph Lodge No. 73 I. O. B. B.Kaplan, A. J., 3007 JuleKranitz. L., 424 Kirkpatrick Bldg.Stone, \Y\, 516 Corby Bldg.

St. LouisLIBRARY MEMBERS

Ebn Ezra Lodge, No. 47, I. O. B. B.Nathan, E., 5037 Waterman Av.Salomon, S., c/o B. Nugent & Bro. D. G.

Co.ANNUAL MEMBERS

Bass, S. S., 502 Times Bldg.Berger, H. I., 4715 McPherson Av.Bierman, I., 934 N. NewsteadBierman. S., 1008 N. 12thB'nai Zion Hebrew School, 301 SoulardBowman, S., 516 Chemical Bldg.Brown, J. S., 5863 Roosevelt PI.Chackes, L., 905 Chemical Bldg.Charak, David, 7557 Buckingham Dr.Cohen, B., 5 Fraternal Bldg.Conn, M. M., 615 N. 9thEinstein, R. E., 6650 Easton Av.Engel, J., 764 Leland Av.Extein, Edw., 929 Concordia LaneFaier, Isadore, S749 Easton Av.Feigenbaum, J. M., 730 Eastgate

Ferer, S., 2000 N. MainFischlowitz, F., 71 Aberdeen PI.Fisher, M. N., 5821 demons Av.Frey, Hon. A. B., 5062 Westminster PI.Fuller, L. C , 6444 EllenwoodGallant, C. L., 5386 Pershing Av.Gillerman, Gus, 1629 N. Bway.Goldstein, J., 5084 Cates Av.Gordon, Rabbi J., 725 S. Skinker Blvd.Grand. J. H., 737 LimitGreensfelder, B., 705 OliveGrosberg, B., 6629 Waterman Av.Halpern, Rabbi A. E., 5348 Cabanne AvHamburg, S., Jr., 1034 Arcade Bldg.Harris, G.. Union & EnrightHoffman, Dr. P., 3657 Delmaf Blvd.Isserman, Rabbi F. M., Temple IsraelKalish, R., 5934 Enright Av.Levinspn, M. G., 506 OliveLevis/Edgar S., 1115 WashingtonLevy, Dr. Aaron, 5646 WaterjiianLevy, M., 1280 Hamilton Av'.,Lewin, G., 6246 North Drive •Lipsitz, Mrs. S., 5740 Waterman Av.Littman, Mrs. M., 6233 North Wood AvLosos, S., 7320 Pershing Av.Mayer, Emil, 5539 Waterman Av.Michael, E., 4383 Westminster PI.Milder, A. S., 1388 GoodfellowPublic Library, Olive, 13th & 14thRosen, Wm., 2232 S. BroadwayRovee, L., 6609 Clayton Rd.Rovics, S., 6340 DelmarRubenstein, T. H., 901 Lucas Av.Sakowsky, D., 2668 MorganSale, Dr. S., 5115 Westminster PI.Salkey, J. S., 506 OliveSchiele, E., 1622 PineSigoloff, M., 4027 Lafayette Av.Singer, Dr. Jacob J.,'4i8 Beaumont Bldg.Slonim, M. J., 5593 Waterman Av.St. Louis Mercantile Library: 510 LocustThurman, Rabbi S.. United Heb. TempleUllman, P., c/oStix, Baerft FullerUnited Hebrew Congr. Sunday SchoolVetsburg, K. M., 1530 Telephone Bldg.Yawitz. F., 2333 PineY. M. & Y. W. H. A., Union Blvd. at

Enright

University CityGoldman, W. H., 746 He'man Av.Oxenhandler; L. L.,-84.7 Westgate

Billings

Friedwald, M., 2501 Montana Av.Harron, L., Box 404

MONTANA' But te"

Cohen, J. S., c/o Symons b , G. Co.Meyer, Wm., 110 Penn Bldg.- '

HelenaWinestein, N.t 5 Washington PI.

NEBRASKAEmerson Grand Island,

LIBRARY MEMBERDaskovsky.M. Wolbach, S. N;

448 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [New Jersey

ANNUAL MEMBERKaufman, D., 1521 W. Koenig

LincolnFinkelstein, L., Sec. Mutual Bldg.Friend, M., 1845 EMozer, C, 432 S. 11thOgel, Rabbi J. J., 20th & SouthSabbath School, 1126 "P"Zelen, J., 2144 "N"

OmahaLIBRARY MEMBER

Wolf, H. A., Blackatone HotelANNUAL MEMBERS

Auerbach, H. H., 4506 Pappleton Av.Beber, S., 650 Omaha Nat'l Bk. Bldg.Cohn, Rev. Fred'k, 5105 WebsterDansky, Dr. T., 218 S. 15thFreeman, D. A., 2869 DavenportGreenberg, Dr. A., 002 Medical Arts Bldg.

Grodinsky, W., 2639 DavenportHolzman, W. L., Blackstone HotelJewish Com. Center, 101 N. 20thKaiman, A. H.. 129 N. 33rdKatleman, Carl C, 737 Omaha Nat'l Bk.

Bldg.Klutznick, P. M., 650 Omaha Nat'l Bk.Korol, Dr. E., U. S. Veterans BureauKulakofsky. J. Harry, 811 S. 30thKulakofsky, L., 1608 HaineyLapidus, H. H., 2205 S. 32dMargolin, Dr. M., 2516 Woolworth Av.Milder, M., 1023 N. 17thMonsky, Henry. Omaha Nat'l Bk. Bldg.Omaha Public LibraryRubnitz, Dr. A. S., 5016 BurtShafer, A. W., 3564 Woolworth Av.Stalmaster. I. A., 4804 DodgeWolfson, J. L., 4421 Woolworth Av.Zinman, H. B., Brandis Store

WayneJacques, R. H., 108 Main

NEVADAElko

Sax, P., 632 2d

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Manchester

LIBRARY MEMBER

Chase, E. M., 90 Harrison

ANNUAL MEMBERDeitch, Dr. J.. 967 ElmSaidel, L., 70 Stark Av.

NashuaEdelstein, M., 23 Factory

NEW JERSEY

ArlingtonLIBRARY MEMBER

Jarre. M., 734 Kearny Av.

Asbury ParkBerger, D., 612 Cookman Av.KlinghorTer. H.. 650 Cookman Av.

Atlantic CityLIBRARY MEMBERS

Grundwerg. Mr. & Mrs. S., 128 S. Conn.

Kline. H. S., 15 S. Laclede PI.Perskie, J. B., S N. Plaza PI.Rubel, J.. 1128 Atlantic Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSAgrons, I. N., 1307 Pacific Av.Antinoph. B. E., 603 Schwehm Bldg.Bar bash, Dr. S., 1902 Pacific Av.Berman, M., 29 N. Bartram Av.Bloom, M., Guarantee Trust Bldg.Brodsky. J., 165 S. Virginia Av.Brown, C., 29 So. Mass. Av.Cassman, H., Real Estate & Law Bldg.Civin, L. J.. 11 N. Maryland Av.Community Synagogue School LibraryCramer, M. D., 411 N. New Hampshire

Av.Crane, Dr. B.. 306 Pacific Av.Dannenbaum, M., 109 S. Elberon Av.Fisher, Rabbi H., 205 Seaside Av.Fleisher, P., c/o The PresidentFriedman, Mrs. Wm., 117 Dewey PI.

New Jersey] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 449

Gardner, A., 4 N. St. KatherineGorson, M. M., 511-13 Schwehm Bldg.Gottlieb, H., 3907 Ventnor Av.Green, S., 8 S. Windsor Av.Greenburg, Max A., 933 Atlantic Av.Grossman, J., Grossman's HotelJewish Library, Community CenterJosephson, J., 1710 Atlantic Av.Kaas, A., Hotel BreakersKolmetsky, H., 1503 Pacific Av.Krassenstein. E., 21 N. Maryland Av.Mallin, L. M.. Guarantee Trust Bldg.Miller, H.. 31 Law Bldg.Miller, S. Law Bldg.Paull, D.. 510 Schwehm Bldg.Pearlstein, J., 2919 Fairmount Av.Perskie, J. H., 23 N. Raleigh Av.Peskoe, B., 3829 Atlantic Av.Poland, Dr. J,, 1904 Pacific Av.Raphael, Mrs. S., 2224 Arctic Av.Riser, M., 2815 Atlantic Av.Rodman, R., Delaware & Drexel Avs.Roschovsky, Dr. J., 2618 Pacific Av.Rosenblum, Dr. D., 2500 Pacific Av.Saltzberg B. J.. 1509 Pacific Av.Schlosser. A., 1834 Atlantic Av.Schartz, A., 103 S. Elberon Av.Schwartz, I., C 1 Iowa Apts.Shapiro, J.. 327 Atlantic Av.Shapiro. Rabbi M., 105 Columbia PI..Silberman, W., 817 Atlantic Av.Singer, D. G., 1000 Pacific Av.Slotoroff. S.. 1331 Arctic Av.Soltz, J., 2517 Atlantic Av.Steinhauser, W., 919 Pacific Av.Stern, L. F., Hotel SterlingWaldman, H.. 2408 Pacific Av.Weilerstein, Rabbi B. R., 105 Oriental

Av.Weinberg, Dr. C. B., Ritz-Carlton HotelWolf, Mrs. F., 109 States Av.Youtie, H., 1208 Atlantic Av.

AudubonMorris, F., 107 Merchant

BayonneBrodsky, H., 70 W. 32dKohn, Dr. Ben. H., 473 BroadwayLevinson, H., 36 W. 32ndMarshak, Dr. M. I., 679 Av. C.Moskowitz, E. W., 319 Av. C.Nalitt, Dr. D. I., 28 W. 33dNessanbaum, B., 473 BroadwayThe Library of Temple Emanuel Heb.

Schl., Ave C. and 26th

BellevilleSiegel, Miss R., 99 Little

BeverlyKatz, A.

BridgetonSchwarzman, D., 20 N. Laurel

BurlingtonSoffer, Rabbi H., 212 High

CaldwellEpstein, I., 350 Bloomfield Av.Goodwin, H., 23 Hillside Av.Grossman, A. M., 19 Hillside Av.Halprin, Dr. H., 8 Washburn PI.Salper, J., 30 ThomasStave. L., Knollwood Ter.

CamdenLIBRARY MEMBER

Dale, H., Haddon Book BinderyANNUAL MEMBERS

Adlen, R.. 1455 B'wayAmoff. Rabbi N., 1254 Langham Av.Brown, B. B., 1222 Langham Av.Conston, H., 707 BroadwayCooper, Dr. D. E., 1314 BroadwayCooperson, L., 40 N. 4thFeldman, J.. 422 Kaighn Av.Feldsher, R., 800 BroadwayFine, Florence, 520 Kaighn Av.Fox, P., 1122 BroadwayFridrick, H. E., 2587 Baird Blvd.Fuhrman, Abe., 444 BroadwayFurer, Jacob L., 602 Wilson Bldg.Goldstein, Dr. H. I., 1425 BroadwayGrossberg, J., 827 BroadwayHeine, Saml., 910 BroadwayHermann, I. H., 300 BroadwayJaspan, H., 631 GrantKaplan, S., 804 Wilson Bldg.Levy. W. H., 2554 Baird Blvd.Liberman, L., 307 MarketLichtenstein, H. S., 1450 Wildwood Av.Markowich, H. W., 1277 Kenwood Av.Markowich. S. N.. 1221 Haddon Av.Markowitz, L. L., 808 BroadwayMarritz, M., 521 CooperMiller, S. N., 548 FederalNaden, J., 773 Kaighn Av.Natal, Ben., 1491 Greenwood Av.Newman, A., 1178 Haddon Av.Ostroff, Wm., 1196 Haddon Av.Palitz, Sarah L., 514 FederalPolivnick, Miss C, 1449 Ormond Av.Rose, L. H.. 511 Income Insurance Bldg.Rosenfeld, R. H.. 3046 FederalUdell, W.. 504 Kaighn Av.Visor, D. L., 23 BroadwayWeitzman, I., 1456 Haddon Av.Yuschinsky. Miss D. E., 520 LibertyZinman, P., 548 Federal

Clemen tonMeizen, H., Berlin Rd.Wolf, B., Berlin Rd.

CollingswoodJanor, M., 813 Haddon Av.Katz, I., 106 Pacific Av.


DelairGlass, M. S., 512 VeldeAv. • •

East NewarkKummel, Dr. M., 315 Central Av.

East OrangeDessler, A. I., 116 ProspectDimond, A. J., 67 S. Munn Av.Friend, H. M., 145 S. Arlington Av.Greenberg, M., 25 S. Munn Av.

EatontownPhilips. M., Peach Blossom Farm

ElizabethBlick, L. D:, 1139 E. JerseyBrailove, Dr. S. A;, 72 BroadCahn, W. L., 190 RalphCohen, P., 207 BroadFinkel. J., 229 BroadFishman, S., 60 BroadForman, D. S., Broad & Jersey Avs.Greenberg, D., 50 BroadJacobson, B., 143Westneld Av.Julius Stein Memorial LibraryLevy, E.. 1364 North Av.Merlis, M., 108 BroadMiller, A., 210 Hillside Rd.Rosenthal, Dr. J. B., 129 BroadSimon, Miss R., 423 Elizabeth Av.Stamler, Jno. J., 29 BroadStein, Dr. Emil, 607 Park Av.Weinberg, L.. 1130 Worth Av.

FreeholdHochberg, Miss E. L., R. D. 5

GloucesterFriedman, J., 218 S. King

HackensackHarris, H. H., 406 Prospect Av.Rosenberg, C, 187 W. AndersonY. M. H. Ass'n., 211 Essex

HaddonfieldLa Bove, L., 203 E. Kings H'way.

Highland ParkSchwartzstein, J., 207 Adelaide Av.

HobokenBrand, I. H., 84 WashingtonLichtenstein, J., 604 River

IrvingtonRothstein, H. R., 139 Carolina Av.

Jersey CityLIBRARY MEMBER

Eichmann, M., 2158 Hudson Blvd.

ANNUAL MEMBERSAlpert, Dr. E., 661 Jersey Av.Alpert, H., 65 Wegman Pky.Alters, S., 104 Newark Av.Appletori, W., 895 Bergen Av.Barison. E. B., 591 Summit Av.Ben-Asher, Dr. S., 260 Bergen Av.Birnbaum. P. L., 2844 BoulevardChazin, A., 30 Journal Sq.Cohen, L., 479 Bergen Av.Eisenberg, I., 779 MontgomeryFalk, L. A., 21 Broadman PkwayFeinberg, N., 200 Newark Av.Florman, Mrs. S., 708 Newark Av.Freedman, M. A., 546 Bergen Av.Gerstein. L., 284 Harrison Av.Gizang, W. B., 136 MontgomeryGluckman, H., 145 Belmont Av.Goldberg, C, 921 Bergen Av.Goldstein, A. J., 176 Bergen Av.Goodman, N., 830 Bergen Av.Gordon, Dr. H. J., 251 Beacon Av.Greenstone, S., 49 BrinkerhofTGross, Benj., 15 Exchange PI.Gross, Dr. Benj., 311 GroveGross, I.. 630 Bergen Av.Gross, M., 2 Paulmier PI.Haas, Mrs. A.. 47 Duncan Av.Harris, J. J., 241 StegmanHeyman, I., 110 Glenwood Av.James, P. H., 665 Newark Av.Katzman, A., 2848 Hudson Blvd.Kriegel. L. J.. 40 Journal Sq.Landau, J., 132 EssexLane, Dr. M. J., 589 Summit Av.Levitan, A., 665 Newark Av.Lieberman, M. W., 921 Bergen Av.Mendelsohn, Dr. L., 272 MontgomeryNatovitz. A., 921 Bergen Av.Plotkin, Rabbi B., 35 Kensington Av.Rubenstein, Dr. M. M., 754 Newark Av.Schimel, H., 15 Clifton PLStaloff, Miss J.. 61 Warner Av.Weitz, E., 75 Montgomery

KeyportPrager, Isidore, 23 Main

LakewoodCouncil of Jewish Juniors, 312 Clifton Av.

LambertvilleMessenger, J., 5 Union

LindenLind, Miss Lena, 22 E. 18th

Long BranchHeimlich. S. M., 339 B'way

ManasquanPaperth, E., Main

MaplewoodHahn, Henry, 5 Rutgers

New JerseyJ JEWISH PUBLICATION .SOCIETY 451

Margate CityFriedlander, I., 25 E. Drive

MetuchenWernik, A. P.. 412 Main

MoorestownMarmer, A., 107 W. Main

Morris townRubin. Dr. H. S.. 11 High

Mount HollyKrupnick, H., 40 MainLevy, L.. 70 Main

NewarkPATRON

Bamberger, Louis, 135 MarketLIBRARY MEMBERS

Cohn, M., 24 Pomona Av.Hollander, Ben. W.. 143 East KinneyKussy, Mrs. M., 30 Nairn PI.Miller, S., 31 E. KinneyRich, Wm. S., 201 Springfield Av.Schlesinger, M. S., Broad St. Theatre

ANNUAL MEMBERSAdelman, M., 208 Renner Av.Albach, M. M., Military Pk. Bldg.Alenick, M. G., 24 Branford PI.Alper, J., 207 MarketApter & Son. P., 100 MortonAronoff, E., 34 Branford PI.Avidan & Avidan, 192 Osborne Ter.Berla, Sol., 232 MulberryBernstein, D. E., 786 BroadB'nai Jeshurum Liby., High & WaverlyBrotman, Dr. M. M., 90 Avon Av.Buchler, Dr. H., 566 HighCohen, J. H., 1 Mapes Av.Cohn, Jos. E., 25 Girard PI.Cohn, S., 25 Milford Av.Cone, Dr. Arthur S., 61 WestCowen, Rev. M., 537 HighDanzis, Dr. M., 608 HighEchikson, E., 670 RidgeEisner, M., 585 HighElin, N., 52 Hedden Ter.Englander, L. B., 11 Raymond Blvd.Erlich, Nathan, 1057 HunterdonFast, Louis A., 59 Baldwin Av.Fenning, Herman H., 424 ParkerFine, Dr. M. J., 175 Clinton Av.Fischel, Jacob, 60 Park PI.Flachs. Dr. A., 347 LafayetteFleischman, Dr. M., 5 Belmont Av.Forman, E. I., 28 WilliamFoster, Rabbi S., 90 Treacy Av.Fox, Mrs. M. A., 486 Clifton Av.Freeman, L. N., 631 S. 11thFreiman, N., 130 Goldsmith Av.Friedman, L., 425 Springfield Av.Furst, Geo., 24 Johnson Av.Gallop, M. M., 199 Pacific

Gersten, E.,,212.Ridgewoo(J Avj •Goldberg, 1., 32 Mercer > 'Goldstein, G. L., 972 Broad.Green, B.C., 11 HillGreenbaum, H. H., 10 Lehigh Av.Greenberg, Dr. S., 46 Johnson Av,Gross, Rudolph, 34 LeslieGrubstein, Chas.,'New & NuttmanHarris, A., 21 Johnson Av.Hecht, J. H., 207 MarketHerman, L. F., 133 Hillside Av.Herman, P., 2 Beekman •• •.Herman, Samuel, 7 Nelson PI.Hoffman, Rabbi C. Jj,;624 HighHollander, Sam-M-, Cham, of Com. Bldg.Hood, C , II Pomona Av.Hood, Louis, 402 Mt. Prospect Ay.Hurwitz, M., AcademyIsserman, A., 171 Osborn Ter.Jay, Leopold, 972 BroadJedell, Helen, 34a Kearney ,Kanengieser, A. Sigmund, 88 NewtonKantor, B., 73 MarketKaplan, J. I., 104 MarketKatchen, I. J., .786 BroadKatz, C , 64 Huntington Ter.Kenarik, H., 438 Springfield Av.Kessler, Dr. H. H., 9 FranklinKessler, N. T., 50 Bloomfield Av.Khin, J.,,69 Springfield Av.King, Nathaniel, 348 Clinton Av.Kohn, Richard E., 31 ClintonKohn, Sylvan H., 790 BroadKonwitz, Rabbi J., 345 Belmont Av.Koplowitz, L., 19 Parkview Ter.Kraemer, Jos., 164 MarketKrasner, Nathan G., 800 BroadKrieger, Mrs. L., 68 Poe Av.Kristeller, L. P., 810 BroadKussy, Herman, 59 Treacy I v.Kussy, Nathan, 790 BroadLarkey, A., 95 Shanley Av.Leber, Sam'l F.. 60 Park PI.Leeds, H., Pomona & Elizabeth Av.Leibowitz, I., 172 Sp4ingfield Av.Levey, S. B., 40 Huntington Ter.Levy, Chas., 37 Randolph PI.Lief. H., 106 OrchardLoebel, Chas., 174 Osborne Ter.Lowenstein, E.,-21 Hedden Ter.Lowenstein, Isaac, 12 Baldwin Av.Lubetkin, Jacob, 60 Park PI.Macy, B., 15 Leo PI.Manhofl, Chas., 714 S. 10thManshel, C , 103 Vassar Av.Marx, Meier, 49 Avon PLMayer, C, 39 Rose Ter,Miller, M., 79 Baldwin Av.Muehlfelder, A., 65 Tracy Av.Munson, W., 27 ClintonNeiwirth, H. S.. Military Pk. Bldg.Newman, B., 69 Girard PI.Newman, Jacob L., 810 BroadNorton, W. M., 17 AcademyOheb Shalom Library, 45 Elizabeth AOlson, Carl, Federal Trust Bldg.Osrowitz, Dr. M., 102 Shanley Av.Osterweil, T., 116 Market


Osterwell. W.t Fireman's Bldg.Pearson, H., 127 Montclair Av.PerkofT. H., 28 WilliamPlant Memorial School, 225 PrincePoleshuck, S., 164 MarketPollak. S., 972 BroadPosner, H., 47 W. KlnneyRadln, Dr. H. R., 107 Clinton Av.Ravitz. Dr. S. F., 1113 BroadReich, Dr. J., 130 CourtRich, Leopold, 22 Ingraham PI.Roeasler, Saml., 9 ClintonRosenstein, G. H., 830 BroadRosenstein, I., 575 BroadRouse. Dr. M., 60 Branford PI.Ruback, M. E., 60 Park PI.Rutkln, M., 64 Millington Av.Sandusky, I., 260 Meeker Av.Saslow. Dr. M., 116 MarketSchiffmann, Dr. S., 110 Shanley Av.Schlesinger, Louis, 31 Clinton Av.Schotland, Phil J., 9 ClintonSchwarz, Dr. E., 561 HighSegal, Miss D. E., 305 Osborne Ter.Shalit, I., 108 Fleming Av.Shapiro, Miss L. R., 207 MarketSichel, Moses, 69 Shanley Av.Silber, Charles, Lefcourt Bldg.Silberfeld, Rev. J., 32 Ingraham PI.Skwirsky, Dr. Jos., 170 Hathorne Av.Soman, Nathan, 31 2d Av.Sonnabend, J. M., 3 Belmont Av.Spellman, W.. 825 S. 10thSpielman, M., 106 Lyons Av.Spitalnlk, H., 266 Meeker Av.Stavitsky, M. A., 60 Park PI.Stein, Le Roy, 93 SpruceSteinberg. B., 12 BeaverSteiner, Herman, 60 Park PI.Steiner, J., 790 BroadStemick, B.. 1189 BroadStraus, D., 853 S. 13thSturm. Wm., 317 LeslieSussman, I. H., 51 Grumman Av.Tepper, Jules E., 1060 BroadTurkenkopf, A. JR., 20 Shanley Av.Weinberg, B., 738 BroadWeiss, L., 24 Branford PI.Weiss, Dr. L., 849 S. 11thWhitefield, N.. 60 Park PI.Wiener, B., 60 SprinpBeld Av.Wortzel, S. J., 9 ClintonYaruss, M., 790 BroadYawitz, B., 239 Springfield Av.

New BrunswickAdler, S. M., 45 PetersonKaufman, S. S., 316 Livingston Av.Lipman, J. G., Experiment StationRudensky. M.. R. F. D. No. 6Strauss, J., 226 Seaman

N. BergenJacobs, S., 3789 Hudson Blvd.

NutleyWeinU-aub. S.. 437 Kingsland Rd.

OrangeBesser, H., 688 Mosswood Av.Green, Harry, 182 Heywood Av.Pinsky, Dr. John, 301 Main

PalmyraFreeman, SamuelSchwartz, D. L., 19 E. Broad

PassalcLIBRARY MEMBER

Stein, H.. 201 Lexington Av.ANNUAL MEMBERS

Rosenberg, J., 161 Hamilton Av.Shapiro, Dr. D., 104 Passaic Av.Simon, Dr. A. L., 18 Temple PI.Slaff, Samuel, 110 HighSteiner, I. M., 118 Lexington Av.Weinberger, H. H., Service Trust Co.

Bldg.Zucker, Rabbi Max, TemjJle EmanueJ

Paterson

LIBRARY MEMBERSBloom. Ed., 550 Park Av.Dimond, P., 284 E. 32dFabian, J., 150 FairFabian, Simon H., 92 E. 37th

ANNUAL MEMBERSB'nai Jesh. Rel. Sen.. Bwy. & StraightCohen, J., 273 Hamilton Av.Conn, Bertha S., 49 13th Av.Cohn, David, 112 EllisonGold, G.. 396 E. 41stGoldhill, A., 458 E. 32ndJoelson, Dr. M. S., 87 FairKitay, Mrs. H., 376 BroadwayPlatt. Jos., 409 E. 35thPollock, S., 247 18th Av.Rosenstein, F. L., 125 EllisonSimon, I., 470 BoulevardSurnamer, Dr. I., 345 BroadwayUrdang, L., 4 Pope Rd.Yanofl. W., 281 19th Av.

PennsgrovePoland, Mrs. J. E., cor. Main and BroadZebooker, M. A., Box 416

Perth AmboyLIBRARY MEMBERS

Dobbs, David, 86 JeffersonWurtzel. Max, 142 Gordon

ANNUAL MEMBERSAlpern, I., 147 SmithCohen, S. S., 210 SmithDavidson, Rabbi M. D., 118 StateMiller, Geo. J., 176 SmithSilk, Dr. C. I.. 189 RectorSosin, L. Y., 130 Smith

New Jersey] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 453

Pine BrookFish, Nathaniel

PlainfieldLIBRARY MEMBER

Newcorn, Wm., Queen City Hotel

ANNUAL MEMBERSBird, G. W., 130 North Av.Kurtzman, C., 146 E. FrontRosenbaum H., 701 E. FrontRothberg. H.. 928 W. FrontTepper, A., 669 W. 7thTepper, M., 933 W. 7thYood, Dr. R., 401 Grant Av.

PrincetonKreeley. K., 22 Witherspoon

Red bankKridel. Mrs. J.. 190 E. Front

RiversideCohen, J. J.. 3 ScottKaplan, H., 119 Pavilion Av.Milavsky, H., 213 Pavilion Av.Schneidman, I. K., 11 LafayetteSchrieber, M.

RutherfordDanzinger, S.. 3 Ayer PI.Lyons, E., 255 Feronia Way

SecaucusPollak, Dr. B. S.

South OrangeAbelson, J. J., 257 Warwick Av.Berla, A., 574 Sinclair Ter.Fenster, A., 458 Lenox Av.Herzberg, M. J.. 135 Mercer PI.Klein, P., 139 Mercer PI.Lichtman, H., 60 S. Kingman Rd.

SummitAppleton, L., 12 MapleMantel, J. R., 12 Maple

TrentonAbrams, S., 807 S. BroadAzarchi, L., 214 N. BroadBarnett, Mrs. D., 106 E. StateBellin, A. I., 56 Laurel Av.Budson, Alex., 85 JacksonCohen, H., 118 E. FrontFishberg, J., 475 Hamilton Av.Forman, P., 112 N. MontgomeryGoitein, L., 703 S. BroadGoldberg, J., 148 N. Olden Av.Goldman, S. A., 849 S. BroadGrad, Mrs. F., 132 S. BroadHershowitz, I. P., 74 LambertonHolzner. D., 643 W. StateIsaacs, J., Broad & AcademyJulian, Dr. W., 23 Atterbury AvKasser, A., 910 S. Broad

Konwitz, Mrs. F. R., 984 S. BroadKoplin, Dr. N. H., 142 W. StateKramer, B., 345 Hilcrest Av.Kramer, H., 45 W. HanoverKramer, N., 69 Maple Av.Lavine, Dr. B. D., 630 N. Clinton Av.Lavine, S., 125 N. BroadLeopold, S., Broad St. Bk. Bldg.Levin, I., 326 MarketLiebreich, Dr. Leon J., 640 W. StateMillner, F., 902 BeUevue Av.Rosen, S. T., 701 Brunswick Av.Safir, Miss B., 135 Ingleam Av.Shipper, L. E., 9 Beechwopd Av.Siegel, M. H., 1201 S. BroadSilverstein, H., 206 S. BroadTaylor, S. J., 30 Ellsowrth Av.Vine, P. S., 220 BroadWineberg, S., 903 S. BroadY. M. H. A., 18 S. Stockton

Union CityRappaport, Dr. M., 755 Bergenline Av.Urevitz, Dr. Abr., 495 New York Av.

VentnorBiron, E. M., U N . Newport Av.Bloom, L., 6414 Ventnor Av.Grossman, D. M., 19 S. Victoria Av.Lichtenstein, J., 5414 Ventnor Av.Schultz, H., 9 S. Wash. Av.Segal, W.. 6418 Ventnor Av.

VlnelandRosenthal, D., 919 Pear

WeehaukenLieberman, W., 4 Grauert PI.Sorokin, M. O.. 59 Eldorado PI.

West CordviUeReinfeld, J., 783 Mountain Av.

West HobokenUmansky, M., 212 Clinton Av.

WestmontWolf, A., 154 Haddon Av.

West New YorkDiska, Dr. L. A., 307 16th

WestvilieSchatz, B., 154 Broadway

WestwoodGoldberg, Dr. David, 7 Bogert PI.Lack, Philip, 30 Bryant PI.

WoodbrldgeBrown, A., P. O. Box 272

WoodburyPolsky, H., 240 S. Broad


NEW MEXICO

(New York

AlbuquerqueBloom, Rabbi H. I., 819 Forrester Av.

Santa FeGarriesky, Martin

NEW YORK

AlbanyLIFE MEMBER

Rosendale, Hon. Si W., 57 State

LIBRARY MEMBERSHeasberg, Sariil., 57 StateI llch, Julius, 78 StateMann, Isaac, 114 Rycktnan Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSAronowitz, S. E., 536 Madison Av.Aufsesser; M. F., 1002 Madison Av.Ball, Dr. A., 351 StateBamberger, Rev. Dr. B. J., 206 StateBaum, Rabbi S. Z., 90 Morton Av.Bellin. Dr. M., 202 Central Av.Bennett, E., 818 Myrtle Av.Beth Emeth Religious SchoolBookheim, L. W,, 133 S. Lake Av.Caplan Bros., 232 S. PearlFenster, P. W.. 6 S. PearlGreenberg, J., 82 StateHershberg, J., 110 Grand-Hessberg, Mrs. A., 352 StateHirschfield, H., 30 ChestnutLieberman, L., 90 StateLivingston, Dr. P., '35 If! PearlMedwin, N., 90 StateMuhlfelder, J.v 1002 Madison Av.Naumofl, M. S., 69 Euclid Av.Phillips. H., 131 Madison Av.Poskanzer, R. Q., 78 StateRackman. Mrs. D.. 245 S. PearlSherman, M., 81 S. Allen .Sporborg, Mr?. H. J., Hotel Ten EyckStern, C. M., 121 S. Lake Av.Suchoff, J., 15 Clinton Av.Tarsey, Mrs. R. B.. 3 BanckerThe Jewish Com. Center. I l l Wash. AvYaras, Coplin. 752 Myrtle Av.

AmsterdamGray, Max, 70 GroveLurie, A. D., 195 Guy Park Av.

AxverneBenderly, Dr. S., 705 Beach 69thEmanuel. B.. Beach 69thGorman, B. I., 561 B 69thKessler, A..149 Beach 72ndSamuels, Dr. S. S.. I l l Beach 62nd

Belle HarborBurger, E. H., 100 Beach 131st

BlnfthamtonBloom, Dr. M. S., 110 Oak

Public LibraryRosenthal, S. C , 119 Murray

Brighton BeachBerger, Mrs. D., 76 Southern Pkway.Borodkin, Rabbi S., 230 Brier Ct.Chale, M., 3057 Lakeland PI.Gingold, A. M., 3035 E. 2ndGold. L. J.. 3034 Ocean View Av.Hittler. M. N.. 2991 RippleWaxman, H., 6 MayoWeise, M.,3036^ E. 6th

BrooklynLIFE MEMBERS

Rel. Schl. Cong. Beth Elohim; Garfield& 8th

Straus, H. Grant; 422 FultonLIBRARY MEMBERS

Barrasch, B., 928 Avenue RBernstein, A. A., 1690 Ditmas Av.Brightman. S. D., 1517 47thCott, L., 2149 62dDuberstein. S. C , 26 CourtEdelman, Dr. M., 861 Fresh Pond Rd.Friedman, J. P., 658 MontgomeryGordon, Dr. M. B., 4803 14th Av.Heller, Dr. J., 225 Eastern Pkway.Kaufman. M.. 614a E. 27thMargoshes, J., 188 S. ThirdMatz, I.. 1522 Albemarle Rd.Meislin, Mrs. Rose. 1450 PresidentMichton, M., 180 WinthropRabbin, M. M.. 805 St. Marks Av.Rottenberg, S., 1377 PresidentRubenstein, E. I., 819 Prospect PI.School, A., 353 Ocean Av.Schwartz, Dr. L. S., 849 Park PI.Schwartzschild, M. M., 1452 55thShapiro, N. D.. 50 CourtSteinberg, I., 577 MontgomeryUchitelle. B.. 1344 E. 8thWalkof. N., 175 Eastern Pkway.Wilner, Morris, 1657 50th

ANNUAL MEMBERSAaron, A., 26 CourtAaron, Rabbi I. A.. 255 Eastern PkwayAbels, Rabbi M. J., S. 14th Av. & 49thAbrahams, E. L., 231 Ocean Av.Abrahamson. Dr. E. M., 284 E. Pkway.Ackerman, M. E., 286 Johnson Av.Altrowitz, I., 1130 E. 22ndAnchel, W.. 6723 10th Av.Arens, M.. 532 8thAronson, D., 51 Amherst

New York] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 455

Auaubel, Dr. H., 1 De Kalb Av.Babbit. L. H., 602 MontgomeryBacharach, C. G., 215 MantagueBall, Miss E., 2735 Ocean Pkway.Barbash. Dr. H., 8603 Bay Pkway.Barnett, B. A., 1117 E. 27thBarnett, H. I., 1320 48thBaskin, David, 1156 57thBecker, M., 1378 E. 8thBenjamin, A., 142 68thBenjamin, B. L., 139 E. 96thBennett, Helen, 76 Bay 26thBerger, M. A., 1915 78thBerkowitz, Dr. B. B., 225 E. Pkway.Berman. L. H., 2220 Ocean Av.Bernhardt, Mrs. J., 250 DoverBernstein, A. N., Ralph Av. & PacificBernstein, J. L., 397 E. 11thBernstein, M., 1201 Av KBildersee, Miss A., 115 WillowBlau, Miss L. B., 77 Linden Blvd.Blumberg, Meyer, 805 Ocean Av.Boochever, G., 272 E. 16thBosniak, Rabbi J., 490 Ocean Pkway.Boudin, J. B., 26 Court .Breslauer, M., 7101 Colonial Rd.Bresler, H. S., 62 Marlborough Rd.Brightman, Jos. W., 1837 49thBrinberg, A., 1666 53rdBrooke, B. H., 862 Flatbush Av.Brooklyn Jewish Centre, 667 E. Pkway.Burstein, Rabbi A., 339 62ndCeller, E., 32 CourtChertoff, Rabbi P., 1362 46thCohen. A. S., 217 S. 4thCohen, C. C , 310 E. 25thCohen, Dr. D. H., 6601 Bay Pkway.Cohen, Misa E. G., 1738 UnionCohen, I., 313 E. 49thCohen, Rev. S. R., 17 Eastern PkwavCohn, J. H., 27 Throop Av.Cohn, Dr. M. A., 1457 Eastern Pkway.Coler, Samuel G., 160 5th Av.Coles, J. I., 15 CrownCommanday, Victor, 946 E. 12thCong. Ahavath AchimDanlin, I. A., 2224 Av. PDargo, N., 947 MontgomeryDavidson, Dr. B., 1457 UnionDavidson, G., 353 Ocean Av.Davis, Dr. F., 8 Bay 35thDavison. S., 1201 Av. IDe Waltoff, Dr. D. B., 7714 Ridge Blvd.Dinin.S., 1059 NewportDoft, Max, 1460 55thDorin, Miss N. D., 1249 45thDressner. C. L., 224 S. 9thDroshnicop, S., 788 E. ParkwayDumay, Dr. C , 241 PennEdelman, H., 313 RoeblingEhrlich, A. L., 778 Lexington Av.Eisenberg, Dr. A. D., 586 LeonardEisenberg, R., 4311 Snyder Av.Ellenbogen, M., 531 Bedford Av.Ellman, A., 1444 58thEpstein, M. C , 66 CourtEsrig, Dr. N., 326 7thFarber, Mrs. S. W.. 44 Marlborough Rd.

Feinson, J., 1239 CarrollFeit, Abr., 50 Courtl-'eld, Dr. H., 542 Willoughby Av.Fine, Isidore, 881 Wash. Av.Finkelstein, A. A., 1465 54thFinkelstein, Dr. R., 576 E. ParkwayFisher, I. H., 1205 Avenue IFisher, J., 4621 Ft. Hamilton ParkwayFleiss, H., 370 Tompkins Av.Forman, H., 401 VermontFranks, H. S., 44 MidwoodFreedman, Isaac, 340 PulaskiFreiberger, D., 2149 80thFriedman, Dr. J. H., 236 S. 2ndFriedman, Rebecca, 515 Alabama Av.Fromberg, H. G., 945 E. 10thFruchtbaum. Dr. L. M., 370 S. 2dFuchs, Sig. H., 1221 Remson Av.Furst, M., 130 ClintonGabriel, B., 318 Brooklyn Av.Gabriel, J., 1265 45thGanopolsky, S., 733 Miller Av.Gelfand, S., 1710 CarrollGelles, I. D., 477 Miller Av.Germain, L., 470 8th Av.Getz, D. B., 26 CourtGilbert, Mrs. G. I., 51 80thGinsburg, H., 814 Hopkinson Av.Gittelson, Dr. M., 1921 BergenGittelson, M., 2301 Av. GGladstone, S., 1120 E. 22ndGlauboch, Dr. C. L., 6659 Colonial Rd.Gluckman, J., 545 Gates Av.Gotten, Dr. A. M., 518 MonroeGoldberg, L., 850 50thGoldberg, L. P.. 2111 Myra Ct.Goldberg, S., 1679 Pitkin Av.Goldfarb, Rabbi I., 360 ClintonGoldman, B., 2059 80thGoldman, L. A., 640 MontgomeryGoldstein, J., 1564 52ndGoldstein, P., 701 Greene Av.Goldstein, S., 26 CourtGoodman, A. M., 1237 48thGoodman, N., 270 CrownGottlieb, J. W., 16 CourtGrayer, H., 44 CourtGrayzel, Mrs. S. M., 825 Linden Blvd.Green, J. J., 1352 47thGreen, S. E.. 1220 54thGreenberg, J., 1526 47thGreene, I. F., 44 CourtGreenstone, M. S., 21 SmithGreenwald, Dr. H. M., 499 Ocean Av.Greenwald, Mrs. R., 1947 Ocean Av.Groden, Morris, 693 MontgomeryGross, Rabbi L. D., 570 PacificGutkin, E. P., 148 KeapHaft, M. W., 1336 PresidentHalbfinger, C , 122 Liberty Av.Halperin, A., 26 CourtHamburger, S. L.. 1929 62ndHarrison, H. A., 1208 CarrollHartstein, J., 1041 Bushwick Av.Haskel & Sons, Inc., S., 100 Harrison PI.Heckelman, I., 1462 S7thHeckelman, J. C . 1462 57thHeller, Rabbi A. M., 335 E. 5th

4S6 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [New York

Heller, M. G., 1580 E. 28thHeller, M., 1SS2 54thHershman, W., 225 QuincyHerzfeld. Max, 773 Willoughby Av.Hitlin, Dr. A., 685 Willoughby Av.Hoffman, Dr. M., 99 Marcy Av.Horowitz, B., 225 E. ParkwayHorowitz, J., 805 MontgomeryHorwitz, L., 1470 E. 22ndHurwitz. B. L., 436 85thItkin, Miss M., 8753 26th Av.Jablons. J. M., 461 Empire Blvd.Jacobson, H. I., 1920 62dJacobson, L. J., 217 HavemeyerJacobus, L., 2137 E 23rdJaffe, A. L., 1129 E. 22ndJaffe, B., 947 E. 24thJanowitch, J. H., 214 Stratford Rd.Jones, Mrs. Rose, 1038 E. 7thKahan, S., 1720 E. 19thKahane, Rabbi C, 2141 E. 8thKahn, H., 1461 E. 4thKamerman, D., 878 E. 24thKaplan, Miss L., 1620 UnionKaralunsky, B., 61 MeseroleKarash, S., 1569 PresidentKaanowitz, S., 1762 UnionKatz, W., 1843 74thKaufman, Dr. M., 170 LeonardKayfetz, I., 1528 Pitkin Av.Kimmel, Dr. M., 48 AshfordKlein, D., 126 Myrtle Av.Kleinman, M., 675 Georgia Av.Klinger, S.. 743 Alabama Av.Kohn, L. A., 219 36thKohs, Dr. S. C, 160 MontagueKoplowitz, J., 1800 Pitkin Av.Kornbluth, S., 313 MontgomeryKoven, Dr. B., 1129 E. ParkwayKraditor, A., 3806 Clarendon Rd.Kraushaar, M., 32 CourtKrimsky, Dr. J., 263 E. ParkwayKrotinger, B. A., 1615 47thKruger, H. B., 946 E. 18thKrumbein, A., 1712 43dKrumbein, B. H., 990 MontgomeryLadin, I., 68 Schenck Av.Landesman, Rabbi A. F., 1663 PresidentLane, J. M., 16 E. 10thLargeman, Morris, 12 Graham Av.Latner, M. H., 350 FultonLazansky, Judge E., Borough HallLeeger, L. L., 1072 E. 18thLemler, S., 1464 St. Johns PI.Leslie, Dr. R. L., 145 Lincoln Rd.Levine, J. M., 1491 Sterling PI.Levine, M. H., 1707 PresidentLevinson, Rabbi S. J., 83 Marlborough

Rd.Levinthal, Rev. Dr. I. H., 576 E. Pkway.Levitt, Dr. J. M., 975 E. 14thLevy, Dr. A. M., 110 Graham Av.Levy, Arthur, 768 Bushwick Av.Levy, Dr. Max, 261 S. 9thLewis, Aaron, 1482 CarrollLieberman, Nathan, 190 Westminster Rd.Lipkin, M., 1371 E. 21stLipman, Miss N., 945 45th

Lipper, A., 230 Stratford Rd.Liss, C, 715 Riverdale Av.London, Dr. E., 1927 Kings HighwayLyons, Rev. A., 225 Lincoln PI.Machzikei Talmud Torah, 1315 43dMand, Dr. J. H., 502 39thMandel, A., 274 HewesMandel, L. M., 78 19thMandel, S., 205 E. 95thMarcus, Dr. L., 699 Howard Av.Market, A. J., 16 CourtMarrow, I. L., 1328 49thMartinique, H., 7913 20th Av.May, Judge M., 441 Ocean Av.Maze, J. M., 1046 E. 14thMeller, John, 237 ColeridgeMeltsner, O.. 1639 44thMereel, Alex.. 1658 52dMeyerowitz, Rabbi A. N., 403 BarrettMilberg, S., 1934 E. 19thMiller, Rabbi J., 443 Linden Blvd.Miller, M., 1543 PresidentMiller, S., 1344 E. 19thMintz, B., 26 CourtMoelis. R., 649 WatkinsMoinester, E. A., 334 Howard Av.Morell, I., 4711 14th Av.Mormar, J., 369 CrownMoses, Miss S. R., 1571 46thMoskowitz, H. W., 1644 48thMoss. L. J., 319 St. Johns PI.Nevins, C. B., 612 Ocean Av.Newman, Rabbi J. J.. 1761 E. 7thNewman, Dr. S. L., 500 Bedford Av.Okun, I. E.. 1616 CarrollPaymer, Rabbi J. H., 725 CrownPearlman, S., 105 CourtPenziner, C. H., 26 CourtPerlman, A., 1359 51stPerlmutter, M., 8201 Bay Pkway.Perlstein, Dr. I., 591 MontgomeryPeyser, Miss B. L. B., 178-80 HooperPeyser, J. B., 2048 79thPhillips, A. M., 399 Ocean Pkway.Piesen, H. H., 160 Marlborough Rd.Pines, Dr. L., 745 Franklin Av.Pion, B., 1139 E. 22ndPosner, H., 546 MontgomeryPosner, Dr. N. A., 136 S. 2ndPrashker, L., 96 SchennerhomPrice. A., 61 WhippleProkesch, Dr. S. Z., 901 Av. N.Queen, Rae. 4623 15th Av.Rabinowitz, Dr. H. M., 276 Buffalo AvRand. J. H., 1456 55thReichler. Rabbi M., 84 Bay 25thReis, Miss D. C, 3403 14th Av.Rel. Sch. of Temple Beth Emeth, 83

Marlborough Rd.Resnikoff, L. A., 59 S. 10thRichter, C, 386 Ocean Av.Robbinovitz, Dr. S.. 71-A Sumner Av.Robbins, H. G.. 32 CourtRock, W., 141 RossRokeach, Dr. A., 959 Park PI.Rose. Jos. H.. 363 Stone Av.Roseman. I., 374 S. 5thRosen, D., 2313 83d

New York| JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 457

Rosen, S., 155 SeigelRosenberg, E., 82 FulaskiRosenberg, Dr. H. D., 2754 Pitkin Av.Rosenberg, H. L., 1526 55thRosenberg, J. M., 1324 47thRosenblum, P., 519 Eastern Pkway.Rosenfeld. H. T.t 565 5thRosenfeld, M., 135 Eastern PkwayRosenfeld, Dr. R., 1208 E. ParkwayRosenfeld, Dr. W., 351 Penna Av.Rosen thai, Miss F., 79 GrandRosenthal, H. H., 4718 12th Av.Rosenthal, Miss I. B., 3111 HubbardRosenthal. Rabbi M., 1324 Brooklyn Av.Rosenzweig, A., 2058 UnionRoss, Dr. M., 1821 St. Johns PI.Rothschild, S. F., 422 FultonRottenberg, M. L., 194 E. 95thRubin, S., 2572 E. 23rdRuda, M., 4002 5th Av.Rudovsky, J. I., 350 Stone Av.Sacks, I., 125 Av. JSacks, Rabbi M. L., 1230 E. 12thSakin, Dr. B. M., 1549 Eastern PkwaySalwen, Dr. E., 455 Ocean Av.Salwen, S. J., 1622 43dSambur. Dr. S. J., 544 MonroeSatlow, I. D., 52 Thatford Av.Sawitzky Mrs. Jennie, 3585 Bedford Av.Schaffer, M., 361 StaggScharfstein, Z., 2647 Kenmore PI.Scheiner, N., 1429 35thScher, Dr. M., 899 MontgomerySchildkraut, M., 2328 Myrtle Av.Schoen, G. B., 854 E. 24thSchoenholtz, S., 1224 Schenectady Av.Schrag, C. I., 3379 Bedford Av.Schreiber, Dr. M., 105 Penna. Av.Schulkind, D. W., 1249 E. 23rdSchwartz, Dr. A. S., 1268 46thSchwartz, D., 107 6th Av.Schwartz, Dr. Jac. R., 1 De Kalb Av.Schwartz, J. L., 1324 CarrollSchwartz, Mrs. S., 620 Ralph Av.Seidelman, N., 2059 61stSeiderman, S., 750 E. ParkwaySeif, J. B.. 41 Chester Av.Seigle, C. H., 956 E. 7thSeldin, C, 447 Schenck Av.Selig, Mrs. H. L., 1450 49thShankroff, Dr. L., 142 JoralemonShapiro, C. 1661 46thShapiro, Dr. L., 4702 15th Av.Shapiro, S., 1133 E. 22ndSherman, H., 1319 51stSigner, Rabbi I., 47 BeaumontSilberman, J., 1729 76thSilberman, Dr. M., 61 Lewis Av.Silverman, Dr. E. G., 4712 14th Av.Silverstein, L. B., 1143 43dSimon, A. H., 493 E. 23dSiskin, I.. 1904 Park PI.Snyder, M., 50 CourtSocolof, Miss L., 2306 DouglassSokoloff, A., 8403 20th Av.Sovatkin, E. J., 1264 CarrollSpector, M., 469 E. 9bthSpevack, M., 50 Court

Starr, Dr. I. P., 98 Lincoln Rd.Statsinger. M.( 1324 CarrollSteigman, Dr. H., 1039 Myrtle Av.Steinbrink, M., 215 MontagueStoll, Dr. V., 1315 BergenStolon*. Dr. B., 1137 E. ParkwayStrully, Dr. J. M., 617 Av. KStulman, Jos., 1326 UnionSweedler, N., 194 CrownTacobin, S., 406 Lenox Rd.Teitelbaum. Rabbi A., 1621-65thTeitelbaum, Dr. H., 30 Throop Av.Tunick. S., 7610 Colonial Rd.Turberg, Ph., 1274 46thVladeck, Baruch Charney, 125 E. Pkway.Wald, L., 2313 Benson Av.Warshow, L., 1467 Sterling PI.Wechsler. M., 154 Ocean Pkway.Weinberg, Dr. H. M., 5218 12th Av.Weinstein, A. A., 1475 CarrollWeinstock, L., 135 E. ParkwayWeinzimmer, A., 2155-71stWeitzman, Dr. I., 1543 71stWiener, George, 350 Stone Av.Wiener, N., 437 Kingston Av.Wilhelm. M., 1125 E. 22ndWilson, Dr. S. J.. 208 New York Av.Wise, Rev. M., 1050 Bushwick Av.Wolf, F. N.. 1162 E. 14thWolodarsky, A.. 255 E. ParkwayWolodarsky. Dr. A. Z.. 676 E. Pkway.Young Israel Synagogue, 1363 50thZechnowitz, J., 2110 Westbury Ct.Zvirin, N., 26 Court

BuffaloAronson, M., 430 Huntington Av.Bernstone, M., 430 Bramson Bldg.Beth El Library, 151 Richmond Av.Blumenthal, P. L., 316 Parker Av.Brickman, Mrs. S., 182 LandonBuffalo Public LibraryBushinsky, J. M., 48 Traymore Av.Cantor. D. I., 131 Butler Av.Cohen. Dr. R., 485 MainCristall, S., 13 % SwanDarlich, S. B., 10 Colonial Av.Dautch. Chas., 131 Richmond Av.Desbecker, L. E., Buffalo ClubDiamond, D., 738 Prudential Bldg.Dickman, I., 461 Humboldt Pkway.Ellison. H. E., 401 Colvin Pk.Fink, Rabbi J. L., 748 Auburn Av.Fleischman, Mrs. B. K., 449 Richmond

Av.Fybush, A., Mutual Life Bldg.Gilden, Dr. J. H.. 268 E. FerryGoldstein, Dr. H. N., 55 Manchester PI.Grossman, H. J., 298 Middlesex Rd.Grossman, S., 137 Dorchester Rd.Harris. Hon. S. J.. 198 Woodbridge Av.Kass. L., 95 LutheranKauffman, Dr. Lesser, 584 W. FerryKeiser, August, 675 Delaware Av.Lasser, Mrs. I., 1220 Prudential Bldg.Lazarus, Mrs. B., 91 Fordham Dr.Levintan, M., 711 W. Delavan Av.Liebeskind, S., 1035 Broadway

458 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [New York

Maisel, L., 703 FilmoreMiller, L. H., 190 Cleveland Av.Nathan. A., 1955 Hertel Av.Nathan, Mrs. H., 223 Depew Av.Polokoff, C. Prudential Bldg.Rivo, M., 47 Fordham Dr.Rosen, Daniel, 291 Commonwealth Av.Ruslander, D., Erie County Bk. Bldg.Saperston, W. W., 130 Dorchester Rd.Sapowitch, .1. A., 40 Manchester PI.Schwartz, E., Prudential Bldg.Stulberg. J., 419 Richmond Av.Temple Beth David LibraryWallens, Marcus, 327 E. EagleWile, H., Ellicott & CarrollYellen, J. S., 237 Linwood Av.Yellen, M. M., 16 E. MohawkYoung Women's Club of Temple Beth

David

CatskillMargolius, Mrs. I. M., 352 Main

Cedarhurst' L. I.Kohn, Mrs. M., Oceanpoint Av.Kommel. J., 73 Prospect Av.

Coney IslandReiss, Miss Leah, 6 Stern WalkRubin, I. H., 3712 Oceanic Av.

CoronaPerlo, Samuel, 108-21 Ditmars Av.

CrestwoodLIBRARY MEMBER

Shiman, Abraham

Croton on HudsonLIBRARY MEMBER

Rosen, Joseph A., Box 39

Dobbs FerryBloom, A. S., 448 N. Broadway

ElIeDvUleLevine, H. J., 36 Center

ElmhurstKramer, V. A., 15 DeweyStartz, Dr. I. S., 24 Gleane

ElmlraGoldstein, H., 106 Dewitt Av.Levy. Ben. F., 454 W. WaterRadin, H. J., 113 Grove

ElmsfordMorey, S. M., Hartsdale Rd.

Far RockawayBaum, Dr. J., 2270 Mott Av.Benjamin, A., 5 New Broadway

Bloch, H., 1499 Edgmont PI.Denenholz, Mrs. J. H.. Neilson Av.Diamond; Mrs. A., 1216 Neilson Av.Doniger, S., 2535 Ocean Av.Goldberg, A., 800 HardingLevy, J., 820 Central Av.Rosenzweig, L., 2391 Mott Av.Salit. N., 1152 NewSal wen, N., 1108 SenecaSteiner, S. J., 60 Gibson Place

FlushingRosenberg, H. D., P. O. Sta. A-4012 171stZeamans, Mrs. H. R., 146-53 Delaware

Forest HillsCohen, A. H., 7131 ManseJaffe, H., 93-12 Baldwin Av.Seidman, N. H.. 72-26 Juno

FreeportMikol, M., 166 Penna. Av.

Glen CoveJoepe. Theo., 49 School

GlendaleWaldman, H. A., 2 Epsilon PL

Glovers villeJewish Community Center, 28 E. FultonKarch, M., 77 Division

Great NeckCrystal, H. S., Ridge Drive, E.

HarrisonKugel, Harry J.

Havers trawAdler, Henry, 15 Broadway

HawthorneRabinowitz, E. N., P. O. Box 245

HerklmerSchermer, Benj., 328 N. Wash.

HudsonGrossman, R. H., 711 WarTenKline, Samuel, 438 E. Allen

Huntlngton'L. I.Hardt, Miss M., c/o Huntington Hospita

IthacaHoffman, Rabbi I. B., 223 EddyHurwitz, W. A., 610 E. BuffaloMintz, L. M., I l l Brandon PI.

Jackson HeightsGoodman, M., 73-16 Roosevelt Av.

New York] JEWISH.PUBLICATION SOCIETY 459

JamaicaLIBRARY MEMBER

Miller, S., 1S9-2 Jamaica Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSBlatt, Rev. J., 40 Wells Av.Buxbaum, Dr. E. J., 8711 150thFelberbaum, N., 161-10 Jamaica Av.Gross, A., 160-16 Jamaica Av.Gross, G., 86-06 178thJaffe, I., 160-16 Jamaica Av.Moss, J., 181-04 Grand Central Pkway.Sirkin, H.. 8401 Midland Pkway.

JamestownDavis, S., 35 Barrett Av.Minsker, M. M., 151 Foote Av.

Kew GardensMetzger, H. J., 57 Beverly Rd.Nalven, J., 126 Audley

KingstonStern, Dr. A. A., Presidents PI.

LarchmontDavidson, P., 70 N. Chatsworth Av.Margolin, N. E., 318 Forest Av.Pollock, M., 45 Stuyvesant Av.

LawrenceSchnell, H., Bway. 8c Marguerite Av.Sheldon, B. I., 20 Muriel Av.

LibertyRayevsky, Dr. Chas., 75 ChestnutSinger, Dr. E., 244 N. Main

Little FallsGrieff, S., 93 Prospect

Long BeachJacobs, Miss D., 65 E. Chester

Long Island CityCohen, I. E., 3935 45thDavidson, L. S., Loose-Wiles Biscuit Co.Herzog, Dr. Ed. A., 2520 Ditmars Blvd.Horowitz. Bertha, 54 WellingLeichter, L. H., 2815 45thRabinowitz, Dr. C , 520 Jamaica Av.Steiner, G., 483 7th Av.

Manhattan BeachLIBRARY MEMBER

Cooper, Leon, 206 Corbin PI.ANNUAL MEMBERS

Baltuch, M., 60 ColeridgeMarder, Leo, 245 Amherst

MassenaFriedman, I., 15 Clark

MonseySchreiber, Miss S. E., c/o Webbs Farm

MonticelloRosenthal, Dr. J. M., 205 Broadway

Mount VernonLIBRARY MEMBERS

Coweri, A. V., 270 Prospect Av.Feist, Milton, 37 Central Blvd.Levine, A., 22 W. 1st

ANNUAL MEMBERSAronowitz, Fannie J., 118 S. 13th Av.Blechman, Rabbi N., 578 E. 3rdBreitbart, B., 4 Wallace Av.Caplin, H., 65 Winfield Av.Davis, J., 121 Wallace Av.Durst, J., 136 EsplanadeEssrig, Dr. J., 144 UrbanFell, A., 134 N. Fulton Av.Fineberg, Rabbi S. A., 669 N. Terrace Av.Finkelstein, C , 303 Sheridan Rd.Friedenberg, S., 160 LawrenceFriedman, H. S., 352 Franklin Av.Fromm, Mrs. J., 27 S. 7th Av.Gevirtz, Abr., 470 E. Lincoln Av.Gorfinkle, Rabbi, J. 1., 319 N. Fulton Av.Heymann, M., 141 Wallace Av.Horvitz, A., 206 Langdon Av.Kadis, I., 296 E. FifthKaliski, Mrs. H., 16 Magnolia Av.Kitt, P., 72 S. 4th Av.Maccoby, M., 284 S. Columbus Av,Mann, Leon, 32 Winfield Av.Margolis, Rabbi E., 16 Glen Av.Mottsman, H., 41 Winfield Av.Oleet, I., 406 N. Fulton Av.Robison, I., 485 Prospect Av.Rosen, M., 147 Stevens Av.Samuels, Mrs. I., 107 VillaSubotky, R., 11 S. 4th Av.Sussman, Dr. H., 36 Primrose Av.Teitelman, G. A., 316 McLellan Av,Temple Sinai LibraryWeill. Max, 280 Rich Av.Welber, W., 19 Greendale Av.Workman, j . A., 156 Claremont Av.Workman, M. S., 93 Grand View Av.Y. M. H. A., 30 N. 10th Av.Zimmerman, H. I., 109 Wallace Av.

NeponsltSalpeter, Mrs. M., W. 339 B. 144thWeinberg, M., 17y Beach 144th

New BrightonAttinson, Mollie, 144 BenzigerRivkin, Mrs. J., 200 JerseyStrauss, F. A., 230 Hamilton Av.

NewburghKempler, P. & A. L., 86 S. WaterStern, F., 193 Grand


New RochelleLIBRARY MEMBERS

Amdur, N. W,, 120 Broadview Av.Brecher, Leo.. 110 Elk Av.Bronner, Mrs. H., 3 Albemarle Av.James, M., 29 Brockdale Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSBernstein, H., 11 Trinity PI.Cohen, I. B., 507 MainGrant, Adolph, 131 Lockwood Av.Lott, S., 9 Alpha PlacePotter, S. A., 70 Manor PI.Rosett, Mrs. F. S., 35 Brookdale Av.Sloman, M., 88 Broadview Av.

New York CityLIFE MEMBERS

Buttonweiser, J. L., 200 5th Av.Elkus, Abram I., 165 BroadwayFischel, Harry, 276 5th Av.Goodhart, P. J., 21 W. 81stKempner, I. H., 522 5th Av.Kohut, Rev. G. A., 220 W. 87thLamport, A. M., 44 PineLamport. S. C. 1125 5th Av.Mosessohn, D. N., 255 W. 84thSchiff, Mrs. Jacob H., 965 - 5th Av.Schifl, Mortimer L., 52 WilliamSulzberger, C. L., 305 West End Av.Warburg, Felix M., 1109 5th Av.Warburg, Mrs. F. M., 1109 5th Av.Wiesen, Max, 500 7th Av.

SUSTAINING MEMBEROchs, A. S., 308 W. 75th

FRIENDSIttleson, H., 1050 Park Av.Schiff, Mrs. Jacob H., 965 5th Av.Sulzberger, A. H., 229 W. 43rdVogelstein, L., 270 Park Av.

PATRONSBaerwald, P., 120 BroadwayBecher, M. M., 538 W. 143dCong. Emanuel Rel. School, 1 E. 65thCowen, M., 262 Central Pk W.Goldman, Julius, 132 E. 70thGuggenheim, Sol. R., 120 BroadwayGuinzburg, Mrs. V., 21 W. 89thKatz, Eugene, 480 Park Av.Lasker, E., 25 W. 45 thLehman, Hon. Irving, 36 W. 44thMarshall. J., 50 Central Pk., W.Pforzheimer, C. H., 25 BroadRobinson, A., 171 W. 71stSadacca, H., 525 BroadwaySadowsky, R., Bway. at 37thUnterberg, Israel, 40 WorthWarburg, G. F.. 101 E. 74th

LIBRARY MEMBERSAbraham, Dr. S.t 20 E. 57thAbraham son, Mrs. R., 260 Riverside Dr.Arkush, R., 345 W. 88thBerliner, J. S., 10 W. 86thBlock, P., 247 Park Av.Blumgart, L., 325 West End Av.

Bob, H. D., 40 LeonardBondy, E. L., 276 5th Av.Brill, Dr. A. A., 15 W. 70thBrown, D. A., 1790 BroadwayChanin, I. S., 211 Central Pk. W.Cohen, Simon, 123 William *Dazian, Henry, 144 W. 44thDeiches, M., 44 WallDeutsch, J., 1776 Clay Av.Edu. Alliance, E. Bway. & JeffersonEisemann, E., 63 W. 38thEnelow, Rev. Dr. H. G., 1 E. 65thFeiner, B. F., 37 Wall mFischman, Win., 5 Columbus CircleFox, Geo. I., 164 W. 25thFrank, J. J., 173 Riverside Dr.Frankel, F., 28 W. 38thFrankel, M., 19 W. 44thFriedkin, Israel, 77 BoweryFriedman, H. G., 345 W. 88thFriedman, J., Jr., 23 W. 73rdGainsburg, I., 291 BroadwayGladstone, A. I., 405 Lexington Av.Glass, A. G.. 334 W. 86thGlass, M. L., 430 6th Av.Glemby, Harry. 12 E. 22dGolden, S. H., 680 West End Av.Goldstein, Rabbi I., 2178 BroadwayGoodfried, Dr. I. L., 898 West End Av.Goodfriend, Miss Carrie. 645 West End

Av.Goodman, J., 2505 Grand Ar.Green, C, 233 SpringGreenwald, M., 1340 Rosedale Av.Guggenheim, Simon, 120 BroadwayGuggenheim, Wm., 3 Riverside Dr.Hahn, A., 25 E. 86thHalkin. Abr. S.. 1152 Grant Av.Harris, E. K.. 17 JohnHeb. Orphan Asy., 1560 Amsterdam Av,Heb. Shel. & Im. Aid Soc. 425 LafayetteHendricks, H. S., 253 BroadwayHerzog, S. A., 64 E. 86thHirschkom, M., 233 SpringHirsh, H., 100 BroadwayHolstein, M. G., 165 BroadwayHorowitz, Dr. P., 57 W. 73rdHorowitz, W., 512 7th Av.Ind. Ord. Free Sons of Isrl., 257-259 W.

93rdJewish Center Library. 131 W. 86thKahn, O. H., 54 WilliamKaplan, Dr. I. I., 55 E. 86thKastor, A., 14 W. 70thKaufman, S., 151 W. 40thKohnstamm, E., 87 Park PI.Kahnstamm, Mr. & Mrs. Jos., 23 W. 73dKramer, S., 122 E. 42ndKrinsky, H. J., 299 BroadwayKuhn, A. K., 14 E. 75thLachman, S., 290 West End Av.Lamport, Mrs. A. M., 590 West End Av.Leblang, J., 1482 BroadwayLehman, A., 31 W. 56thLevy, W., 210 Riverside Dr.Lowe, M. A., 1375 BroadwayLurie, I. J., 57 2d Av.Marcus, B. K., 535 5th Av.


Margolis. B., 895 West End Av.Mark, J., 285 Madison Av.Markewich, S., 168 W. 86thMayer, B., 41 E. 72dMeltsner, C. N., 45 W. 81stMerzbach, G., 44 PineMeyer, E., 14 WallMeyer, Max, 45 N. 81stMeyer, Mrs. S., 720 West End Av.Miller, Dr. J. A., 345 W. 84thMonfried, M., 515 West End Av.Morgenthau, H., 1133 Fifth Av.Morrisons, Inc., 1370 BroadwayMoskowitz, I., 778 First Av.Munk, O., 575 Riverside Dr.Mutterperl, S., 18 W. 18thNewburger, Joseph E., 10 W. 86thPaley, A. B., 25 W. 43rdPearlman, P., 1616 Webster Av.Platzek. M. Warley, 65 Central Pk.. W.Polaik, I., 249 PearlPosner, Louis S., 115 BroadwayRich, M. B., 225 BroadwayRobert, S., 906 Park Av.

• Robinson, B., 50 W. 96thRobinson, Dr. M. R.. 1125 Madison Av.Rocker, L. P., 15 BroadRosenberg, M. H.. 501 W. 110thRosenblatt, A., 1370 BroadwayRunsheim, J., 17 E. 42dSack, S., 176 W. 87thSamuels, S., 45 W. 81stSard, F. N., 230 W. 15thSatz, L., 170 Second Av.Saxe. Sig., I l l W. 78thSchamus, J. B., 180 E, 79thShcneiderman, H.. 171 Madison Av.Schweitzer, I. S.. 270 West End Av.Segal, M. S., 206 Lexington Av.Shapiro, H.. 286 Fifth Av.Shapiro, S., 11 E. 44thShiman, David, 234 W. 39thSiegel, J., 1384 BroadwaySimonds, L. B.. I l l E. 56thSlater, J. P., 905 West End Av.Solomon, A., 865 West End Av.Solomon, Rev. E. L., 302 W. 87thStraus, Hon. N., Jr., 1 W. 81stStrauss, Mrs. M., 401 West End Av.Strauss, Samuel, 885 Park Av.Strauss. S., 3 E. 44thStronck, S. M., 141 BroadwaySugarman, M. H., 345 Madison Av.Sulzberger, Judge M., 240 E. 72dTekulsky, S., 285 Madison Av.Telsey. Dr. S. A., 70 WallThe N. Y. Times Reference Liby, Times

AnnexTischler, S., 127-31 W. 33dUnger, Henry W., 1239 Madison Av.Unterberg. D. W., 11 W. 86thWalter, Mrs. W. I., Hotel St. RegisWarburg. P. M., 17 E. 80thWasservogel. Hon. I.. 40 E. 83dWertheim, M., 57 WilliamWiener. J., 347 Fifth Av.Wiernik, P.. 77 BoweryWilner, Max. 46 White

Wimpfheimer, Chas. A., 450 4th Av.Winter, B., 250 Park Av.Wise, E. E., 550 Park Av.Y. M. H. A., 148 E. 92dZinke, A. U., 120 BroadwayZipser. Dr. J. E., 122 E. 82d

ANNUAL MEMBERSAbel, Dr. S., 1525 Madison Av.Abelson, Dr. P., 385 Central Pk., W.Aberle, A. J., 1440 BroadwayAbert, B., 40 E. 83dAbraham, N., 135 W. 26thAbrahams, H., 856 Elsmere PI.Abrahams, Dr. R., 277 West End Av.Abrams, H., 3-5-7 W. 4thAbramson, N. M., 180 Riverside Dr.Abramson, W., 291 BroadwayAddelson, Dr. W. M., 672 Fort George

Av.Adler, Dr. F.. Soc. for Ethical CultureAdlerblum, I. S., 1 Madison Av.Adlerstein. H., 401 BroadwayAdlerstein, Miss I., 480 E. 172ndAhrend, D. H., 52 DuaneAlexander, B., 1440 B'wayAllmayer, E., Ansonia HotelAlstat, Rabbi P. R.. 1749 Gd. ConcourseAmer. Jewish Congress, 33 W. 42dAmster, N. L., 25 BroadAntin, Senator B., 850 E. 161stApfel, Chas., 475 5th Av.Arac, Benj., 328 E. 180thArnstein, A.. 1050 Park Av.Aronson, P. N.. 270 West End Av.Aronstein, A., 80 Maiden LaneAronstein, Dr. Wm., 576 5th Av.Asinof, M.. 801 BroadwayAtlas, Harry, 329 GreenwichAtlas. S. A., 730 Riverside Dr.August, R., 27 E. 22ndBach, J. J., 1390 BroadwayBache, L., 225 B'wayBachrach. H., 239 Central Pk.. W.Badman, T., 260 West End Av.Bael. J., 10W. 182dBakst, Dr. Jos., 1107 Hoe Av.Banner, E., 39 BroadwayBarlaz. E., 56 Featherbed Av.Barnett, I. M., 90 GoldBamett, S., 305 Riverside Dr.Baron, D., 251 W. 89thBaron. H.. 41 W. 86thBaron de Hirsh Fund, 233 B'wayBaron. Prof. S.. 310 W. 75thBaskin. D.. 33 W. 60thBauer, E., 871 KellyBaum, H., 123 W. 33dBaumgart, I., 928 BroadwayBeckhardt, M., 2755 Bainbridge Av.Beier, A., 261 B'wayBeier, S. K., 261 BroadwayBelais. H.. 145 W. 36thBelber, A. S.. 30 Fifth Av.Ben Ami. Jacob. 620 W. 116thBendheim, S., 233 BroadwayBenedek, M. H.. 1133 B'wayBennett, Jacob, Fisk Bldg.


Bereano, Dr. P., 1316 Fulton Av.Berg, Max, 949 BroadwayBerger, Dr. I. S., 391 E. 149thBerger, S., 321 W. 78thBerk, J. L., 543 BroadwayBerkelhammer, I., 1440 BroadwayBerlinger, Dr. R., 320 Riverside Dr.'Berman, H., 1630 Undercliff Av.Berman, L. E., 189 Sherman Av.Bernays, E. L., 9 E. 46thBernhard, G., 1574 Crotona Pk., E.Bernhardt, Miss F., 418 E. 84thBernheim, M., 347 Fif th Av.Bernheimer, Dr. C. S., 98 Riverside Dr.Bernstein, B., 755 West End Av.Bernstein, B., 299 B'wayBernstein, D., 54 HowardBernstein, Dr. I. I., 2021 Gd. ConcourseBernstein, Dr. S., Ill 5th Av.Bernstein, Saul, 440 West End Av.Bers, Jos. L. 451 WashingtonBeth Abraham Home for Incurables, 612

Allerton Av.Bijur, Hon. Nathan. 160W. 75thBilgore, David, 261 Wash.Billet, E., 165 W. 91stBinder, Abr. W.. 385 Central Pk. \V.Bing. Alexander M., 1155 Park Av.Birkhahn, R. C, 420 Lexington Av.Black. M. J.. 353 4th Av.Blankman, B., 108 ElwoodBlauner, I., 272 W. 90thBlechman, Simon, 502 B'wayBlitz. L., 770 FaileBloch, M. E., 509 BroadwayBloch Publishing Co., 31 W. 31stBlock, A. J., 1285 3d Av.Block, A. S., 165-7 HenryBlock, J., 15 Maiden LaneBlock, L. H., 664 W. 161stBloom, H., 180 Riverside Dr.Bloom, Rev. I. M., 964 W. 160thBluestone, Dr. H., 520 GrandBlumberg, L., 95 WallBlumberg, S., 1801 7th Av.Blumberg, S., 345 W. 88thBlumstock, M., 825 West End Av.Blumenthal, M. B., 233 BroadwayBob, Maurice H., 425 BroadwayBogart, John, 63 Park RowBogdonoff, M., 2734 Claflin Av.Bookey, I., 1511 Sheridan Av.Borg, Sidney C, 420 Madison Av.Borgenicht, L., 1333 BroadwayBossak, J., 2001 University Av.Bossak, W., 2075 Gd. ConcourseBoudin, L. B., 70 W. 40thBrand, H., 55 W. 42dBranower, Dr. Wm., 4725 Iselin Av.Braun, Dr. J., 270 West End Av.Braunstein, B., Rabbi, 395 Riverside Dr.Braverman, H. L., 386 E. 4thBrawer. Miss R. R., 1973 Arthur Av.Bregman, H., 285 Madison Av.Brenner, R. H., 99 PerryBrentano, Mrs. L., 225 5th Av.Bressler, D. M., 75 Maiden LaneBressler, Dr. J., 391 E. 8th

Brodek, C. A., 354 West End Av.Brodman, Dr. H., 124 E. 39thBronstein, Miss R., 1698 Vyse Av.Bronx House, 1637 Wash. Av.Buchsbaum, J., 245 W. 29thBuegeleisen, S., 590 West End Av.Bullowa, Dr. A. M., 64 E. 80thBurton, T. D., 15 WilliamCahan, S., 605 W. 113thCahn, Arthur L., 43 Exchange PLCahn, J. M., 165 BroadwayCaiman, Dr. M. S., 600 W. 181stCaplow, S., 2 LafayetteCardoza, Hon. B. N., 16 W. 75thCarlinger, J., Dyckman St. & River Rd.Carton, D., 218 W. 40thCelniker, Dr. S. J., 128 LewisChalif/L. H.. 163 W. 57thChalniers, T. M., 2654 Marion Av.Charnas, H., 49 W. 24thChertoff, N., 530 BroadwayChipkin, 1. S., 68 W. 117thChorosh, Wm. H., Paramount Bldg.Coblens, R., 291 BroadwayCohen, A., 60 E. 42ndCohen, Dr. A. B.( 347 5th Av.Cohen, Boaz, 531 W. 123dCohen, Chas., 507 B'wayCohen, G., 217 BroadwayCohen, G. L., 412 Cathedral Pkway.Cohen, I., 136 E. 95thCohen, J. H., 60 JohnCohen, J., 277 BroadwayCohen, Rabbi J. X., 40 W. 68thCohen, L. L., 225 BroadwayCohen, Max, 632 FaileCohen, M. K., 6 W. 77thCohen, Moses, 51 ChambersCohen, Rabbi S. M., 531 W. 123dCohen, Samuel, 233 W. 25thCohen, S., 291 BroadwayCohn, Dr. A. E., 315 Central Pk., W.Cohn, Dr. I., 229 W. 97thCohn, Louis, 302 B'wayCohn, M., 2 RectorConning, Rev. J. S., 156 5th Av.Convel, A., 15 Park RowDanziger, Mrs. Max, 910 Park Av.Dauber, J., 1170 BroadwayDavidson, A., 118 Riverside Dr.Davidson, Dr. I., 218 W. 112thDavidson, Dr. Israel, 92 Morningside AvDavis, A. M., 152 W. 118thDavis, Anna R., 1738 Clay Av.Davis, Morton I., 521 5th Av.Deitch, J., 2105 Ryer Av.Delman, J. D., 1476 B'wayDerow, Dr. David, 17 W. 9thDeutsch, B. S., 122 E. 42ndDiamond, Dr. B., 1488 Wash. Av.Diamond, Dr. J. S.. 16 E. 83rdDickheiser, S. J., 137 W. 110th-Dickstein, Hon. S., 306 E. B'wayDist. No. 1, I. O. B. Bt, 36 W. 69thDix, Henry A., 135 Madison Av.Dolowitz, A., 70 W. 40thDorfman, R., 51 ChambersDoskow, Dr. S., 562 5th Av..


Dreyfus, Dr. W. E., Hotel SussexDrob, Rev. M., 2720 Gd. ConcourseDrosin, Dr. Louis, 302 W. 86thDrucker, M. A., 2084 Grand Av.Eberstein, D., 165 BroadwayEckert, Dr. M. M., 2021 Gd. ConcourseEdelman, S., 600 W. lUthEdlin, W., 2523 Aqueduct Av.Edman, S.. 537 B'wayElseman, Rev. A., 600 W. 111thEisen, I. W., 463 7th Av.Eisen, J. M., 463 7th Av.Eisler, S. H.. 311 E. 4thEisner, Jerome, 401 B'wayEitelberg, S.. 225 W. 34thEllbogen, B. K., 570 W. 204thElster, Dr. H. B., 229 W. 78thEndel, Chas. W., 152 W. 42dEngleman, Morris, 35 Nathan Davis PI.Entmacher, C , 949 BroadwayEphraim, Miss M. R., 2290 Davidson Av.Epstein. A., 325 Central Pk., W.Epstein, E., 205 E. 42ndEpstein, Ed., 46 W. 95thEpstein, H., 130 Post Av.Epstein, Dr. H., 1456 Wash. Av.Epstein, Dr. H. J., 1738 Crotona Pk., E.Epstein, M. W., 314 W. 100thEpstein, N. B., 2100 Creston Av.Epstein, S.. 808 West End Av.Erdmann, A. J., 7 E. 76thErnst, I. L., 151 W. 86thEron, Jos. E., 853 BroadwayFaeder, S. J., 1672 Davidson Av.Falk, Dr. H. C , 1 W. 86thFalk. Saml., 310 W. 94thFarber, Dr. I., 1 E. 115thFaust, Dr. I. S., 779 Prospect Av.Feder, H., 514 W. 110thFederman, M. J., 838 West End Av.Feigelman, Mrs. J., 300 Riverside Dr.Feinberg, A. A., 655 W. 160thFeinberg, Benj. G., 515 W. 187thFeinberg, Sol., 1440 B'wayFeld, M., 1469 Jesup Av.Feldman, Miss C. S., 421 WestFeldman, Rev. S., 250 W. 94thFeldman. S., 1474 Jesup Av.Fierst, Harry P., 275 7th Av.Fine, S., 610 W. 110thFinelite, A., 150 NassauFink, R., 122 E. 42ndFinkelstein, Rabbi L., 1700 Crotona Pk.,

E.Finkelstein, Dr. M., 758 DawsonFinkelstein, P. A., 91 Central Pk., W.Finkelstone, M., 1105 Jerome Av.Finn, J., 80 Maiden LaneFischer, Jos., 521 5th Av.Fishman. J., 77 BoweryFlatow, Ida, 76 W. 113thFlatow, S., 38 Park RowFlexner, Bernard. 40 Exchange PI.Fluegelman. N., 525 West End Av.Fortgang, A., 191 DuaneFox, J., 165-7 HenryFox, R. J., 960 Gd. ConcourseFrackman, M., 51 Chambers

Frankel, Mrs. E. C , 605 W. 170thFrankel, Dr. Lee K., 1 Madison Av.Frankfurt, B., 1350 BroadwayFranzblau, A. N., 425 Riverside Dr.Freedman, D. M., Woolworth Bldg.Freedman, R., 114 E. 168thFreiman, L., 225 BroadwayFrenkel, Emil, 8 E. 81stFrey, Dr. D. I., 2065 Gd. ConcourseFriedland, S., 291 BroadwayFriedlander, M., 5 W. 75thFriedman, C., 68 Lenox Av.Friedman, Dr. E. D., 1192 Park Av.Friedman, E. M., 165 BroadwayFriedman, I., 415 Central Pk., W.Friedman, Jacob H., 132 NassauFriedman, L. M., 216 W. 89thFriedman, Dr. L. M., 324 E. 4thFriedman, M., 38 Ft. Wash. Av.Friedman, M., 835 Walton Av.Friedman, Saml. p . , 628 B'wayFrieze, A., 15 Maiden LaneFrost, S., 41 W. 14thFuchs, Max, 233 B'wayFuerst, W. F., 87 NassauFurgatch, S. H., 915 Prospect Av.Furman, Edw. I., 789 West End Av.Furman, Leo S., 740 West End Av.Galef, Jos.. 555 W. 151stGansberg, S., 37-39 Maiden LaneGanz, S. H.. 150 NassauGarbat, Dr. A. L., 113 E. 81stGarmesey, J. H., 51 ChambersGeiger, C, 340 Riverside Dr.Geiger, Mrs. D., 473 West End Av.Gelfand, S., 43 DelanceyGeller, H. J., 46 Ft. Wash. Av.Gellert, Dr. S., 170 E. 61stGeneral Israel Orphan Home, 250 E.

B'wayGerber. Dr. J., 346 E. 10thGilbert, A. S., 85 StrongGillenson, C, 421 7th Av.Gilston, J., 70 E. 45thGinzberg, Dr. L., 508 W. 114thGisnet, Morris, 1482 B'wayGitterman, J. L., 483 West End Av.Glickman, P. S., 1501 BroadwayGlucksman. H. L., 720 West End Av.Glucksman, J., 729 7th Av.Gold, L., 340 Madison Av.Goldberg, A., 123 WilliamGoldberg, E., 280 BroadwayGoldberg. H. M., 451 West End Av.Goldberg, I., 80 Van Cortlandt Pk., S.Goldberg, Dr. M., 1070 Park Av.Goldberg. W., 151 W. 40thGoldberg, Dr. Wm. H., 251 W. 95thGoldberger, L. J., 395 4th Av.Golde, Louis, 270 West End Av.Golde, Morris, 325 West End Av.Goldfarb. L.. 123 WilliamGoldfarb, P., 302 B'wayGoldnnger, W., 200 B'wayGoldhirsch, J., 100 E. 15thGolding, J. H., 220 W.93rdGolding, L.. 299 Riverside Dr.Goldsmith, M., 353 W. 85th


Goldsmith, S. J., 151 Central Pk., W.Goldsmith, S. M., 25 SpruceGoldstein, Dr. B., 500 West End Av.Goldstein, B., 12 W. 17thGoldstein, C, 43 W. 23rdGoldstein, C. J., 302 B'wayGoldstein, D. I., 302 B'wayGoldstein, Rabbi H. S., 1925 7th Av.Goldstein, J. D., 475 5lh Av.Goldstein, J. J., 24 5th Av.Goldstein, Dr. P. R., 71 W. 47thGoldstein, Dr. Win., 2146 Hughes Av.Goldstone, Wm., 1530 Jesup Av.Goldwasser, J. E., 345 4th Av.Goldwater, Dr. S. S., 1212 Fifth Av.Golub, L., 225 B'wayGoodfriend, H. B., 542 5th Av.Goodman, A. & Son, 640 E. 17thGoodman, S. A., 473 West End Av.Goorland, M., 225 B'wayGordis, Dr. Robert, 265 E. 181stGordon, Alfred, 17 JohnGordon, Bernard, Woolworth Bldg.Gordon, Mrs. Freda, 310 Riverside Dr.Gordon, J., 344 W. 38thGordon, J., 271 Madison Av.Gordon, Dr. N., 895 West End Av.Gottheil, Dr. R., 220 W. 98thGottlieb, J., Dr. 4103 Woolworth Bldg.Gottschall, S., 15 Claremont Av.Gralnick, B., 225 W. 34thGrayzel, A. G., 2 LafayetteGranet, Dr. Adolph, 45 E. 85thGreenbaum, D., 299 BroadwayGreenbaum, Mrs. S., 285 Madison Av.Greenbaum, L. S., 285 Madison Av.Greenberg, H., 120 WallGreenberg, J., 29 W. 35thGreenberg, M., 99 NassauGreene, I. M., 276 Fifth Av.Greenebaum, S., 492 BroomeGreenhill, Jos., 160 BroadwayGreenstein, M., 790 Riverside Dr.Greenwald, I., 242 E. 19thGrossman, A., 531 W. 123dGrossman, M. H., 521 5th Av.Grossman, Wm., 521 5th Av.Grunauer, R., 216 W. 89thGuelman, Dr. H., 245 E. 24thGuggenheim, Murry, 120 BroadwayGuinzburg, Mrs. H. A., 941 Park Av.Gutman, Louis, 1185 Park Av.Haas, S. A., 9 E. 48thHafer, H. E., 490 West End Av.Hammer, Rabbi L., 2739 Webb Av.Hand, Sol S., 223 W. 35thHano, Philip, 40 WorthHarris, Abraham, 261 BroadwayHarris, C. A., 312 W. 93dHarris, Mrs. Jacob M., 685 W. End Av.Harris, Rev. Dr. M. H., 418 Central Pk.,

W.Hausdorff, D. M., 706 Riverside Dr.Hayman, N., 15 Maiden LaneHecht, Chas., 292 Madison Av.Hecht, Meyer, 8 JacobHelfat, J. N., 233 BroadwayHeller, A. A., 171 W. 71st

Heller. Saml., 15 W. 47thHeller, S., 1440 BroadwayHeller, Zachary, 507 BroadwayHemley, Fred'k, 521 5th Av.Hendler, M., 576 Timpson Pi.Hendricks, Mrs. C, 262 Central Pk., W.Herbert, Dr. L. M., 45 W. 110thHerring, P.. 280 Madison Av.Herehfield, L., 140 W. 79thHertz, Emanuel, 149 BroadwayHerzog, Mrs. Jos., 808 West End Av.Heymsfeld, N. A., 1477 Wash. Av.Hillquit, M.. 19 W. 44thHimmelstein, Dr. U., 10 E. 95thHirsch, Dr. D., 636 GreenwichHirsch, Dr. H. L., 124 W. 45thHirsch, Dr. Sol., 574 E. 141stHirschstein, P., 1079 KellyHirsh, S., 10 W. 47thHobel, I., 835 Walton Av.Hoffman, Dr. C, Jr., 419 4th Av.Hofheimer, H., 61 BroadwayHollander, I. L.. 124 W. 79thHollander, M. L., 37 7thHonig, E., 377 Edgecombe Av.Horowitz, Dr. A. D., 440 E. 6thHorowitz, A., 626 W. 165thHorowitz, G., 3 W. 87thHorowitz, J. L., 440 E. 6thHorowitz, Jos., 597 E. 170thHorowitz, J. L., 320 GrandHorowitz, L., 369 E. 4thHorowitz, S. I., 369 E. 4thHoschander, Dr. J., 218 W. 112thHousman, C. J., 40 WallHousman. M. C, 774 Mott Av.Huber, J. A., 2 Park Av.Huhner, Leon. 320 Central Pk., W.Hyamson, Rev. Dr. M., 65 E. 96thHyman, Dr. A., 144 E. 36thHyman, Jos. C, 210 W. 78thHyman, Mrs. Saml. I., 172 W. 79thIlloway, Dr. H., 1113 Madison Av.Inselbuch, S., 1501 BroadwayIsaacs, J. I., 1368 Sheridan Av.Isaacs, Lewis M., 475 5th Av.Isaacs, Stanley M., 505 5th Av.Isaacson, Jos. D., 8 W. 30thIssacson, R. I., 41 W. 96thIsakow, S., 20 Northern Av.Ish Kishor, J., Order Sons of ZionJablow, J. M., 1384 Gd. ConcourseJablow. M., 120 W. 42dJacobs. J. J.. 168 W. 86thJacobs, M. L., 115 BroadwayJacobs, Ralph J., 37 W. 70thJacobson, H. L., 1440 BroadwayJacobson, M. L., 301 W. 22dJacobson, O., 20 Magaw PI.Jacobson, Samuel J., 51 ChambersJacoby, Elias, 1806 Phelan PI.Jacoby, Mrs. I. M., 380 Riverside Dr.Jaffe, Moses, 1170 BroadwayJais, J. D., 290 West End Av.Jalien. John J., 333 Central Pk., W.Jalkut, Benj., 30 E. 23dJanko, Dr. N., 25 Marble Hill Av.Janowsky, O. I., College of City of N. Y


Jarcho, Dr. J.. 303 W. 106thJarcho, M.. 215 E. 37thJaslow, Lewis, 60 Gramercy Pk.Jerskey, Dr. Abram, 27 W. 96thJew., Agri. & Aid Soc, 301 E. 14thewish Inst. of Rel. Lib., 40 W. 68thewish Theological Sem., 531 W. 123doffe, J., 141 Broadwayofle, M. E., 258 E. 49thoffe, S. A., 526 W. 113thonas, H. J., 500 Riverside Dr.onas, Ralph, 115 Broadway

Joseph, L., 865 West End Av.Jurist, Benj., 126 W. 32dJurist, Dr. D., 325 E. 80thJuster, Jos. A., 112 Tudor PI.Kahn, H.. 830 W. 177thKahn, H. J.. 1440 B'wayKahn, J., 66 BroadwayKahn, Mrs. J. M., 200 W. 113thKalb, A. I., 31 W. Moshalu Pkway., N.Kantrowitz, J., 791 Lexington Av.Kaplan, E., 67 E. 77thKaplan, M., 2478 Grand Av.Kaplan, Rev. M. M., 1 W. 89thKaplan, Dr. P., 9 E. 96thKaplan, S. M., 1175 Park Av.Kapp, I., 624 HudsonKarpf, M. J., 71 W. 47thKastor, Sigmund, 1239 BroadwayKatz, Dr. David, 650 West End Av.Katz, Dr. E., 1887 Madison Av.Katz, Rabbi J., 945 E. 163dKatz, Rev. Marcel, 325 W. 112thKaufman, H. M., 970 Park Av.Kehlman, L., 229 W. 28thKeibel, Erich, 116 BroadKeilson & Waxelbaum, 205 E. 42dKempner, J., 1 GreeneKessler, M., 603 AcademyKirschstein, B., 401 B'wayKleban, L. E., 697 West End Av.Kleban, S., 697 West End Av.Klein, H. H., 1349 Lexington Av.Klein, Jacob, 272 W. 90thKlein, Dr. J. J., 19 W. 44thKlein. M., 261 BroadwayKlein, Rose, 1455 Fulton Av.Klein, Dr. W.. 2021 Gd. ConcourseKling. Dr. Jehiel, 924 E. 181stKoenig, Hon. Saml. S., 27 CedarKoenigsberg, B., 400 E. HoustonKohler. E. J., 983 Park Av.Kohler, Max J., 777 West End Av.Kohn, Rabbi J., 215 W. 98thKohn, Sol., 270 Madison Av.Kolodney, L., 15 Park RowKommel, Alex., 315 Central Pk., W.Kopelman, B. E., 225 BroadwayKopeloff, I., 6113 Spencer Av.Korn, Chas., 285 Madison Av.Korn, Dr. H., 924 West End Av.Kornfeld, A. E., 124 W. 79thKossin, Dr. L., 1181 Walton Av.Koven, M. N., 340 Madison Av.Kramer, H.. 127 W. 33dKrass, Rev. Dr. N., 2370 BroadwayKresh, Robt.. 30-34 W. 26th

Krulevltch, Harry, 415 Produce Ex.Krulwich, B., 505 West End Av.Kugel. S. H., 70 WallKushner, S.( 204 ClintonLamberg, A., 241 CentreLanda, Dr. M. G., 281 E. BroadwayLande, L., 291 BroadwayLande, M. B.. 240 W. 98thLandes, L., 676 Riverside Dr.Landman, Rev. I., 333 Central Pk., W.Landres, S., 3965 Sedgwick Av.Landsberg, J., 326 BroadwayLandsman, S., 1380 Prospect Av.Landy, J., 211 Ft. Wash. Av.Lasdon, S. D., 435 Riverside Dr.Lasky, S. D., 280 B'wayLazaroff, M., 45 W. 110thLebowitz, S. H., 1035 Boynton Av.Lederman, M., 153 W. 72dLeffel, I., 1542 Coney Island Av.Lefkow, Dr. S., 212 E. B'wayLehr, I. A., 233 BroadwayLeichter, A., 7 E. 44thLeichtman, Max, 11 W. 42dLerman, Charles, 29 E. B'wayLerner, Milton, 261 BroadwayLesser, Harry, 521 5th Av.Lesser, Henry, 2 LafayetteLevenson, Jos., 243 CanalLevi, A. J., 45 E. 85thLevin, Miss B. I., 45 Tieman PI.Levine. B. A., 345 W. 88thLevine, Jos. M., 832 ManidaLevine, Miss M., 915 FoxLevine, Rabbi M., 527 W. 157thLevinson, A., 65 Ft. Wash. Av.Levinson, Chas., Fairfield HotelLevinthal, Miss Tillie, 53 E. 97thLevitas. G., 367 FordLevitt, C. H., 1440 BroadwayLevow, Benj., 1061 Tinton Av.Levowitz, Miss A., 831 ManidaLevy, A., 180 Riverside Dr.Levy. A. A., 25 W. 81stLevy, A. M., 331 W. 84thLevy, Aaron Wm., 225 BroadwayLevy, David N., 2156 Cruger Av.Levy, E. B., 551 5th Av.Levy, Eugene N., 345 Fourth Av.Levy, F. H., 11 BroadwayLevy, Harold, 336 Ft. Wash. Av.Levy, H., 315 E. 88thLevy, H., 129 E. 80thLevy, Isaac B., 317 W. 99thLevy, I. H.. 37 WallLevy, J., 473 West End Av.Levy, J., 256 BroadwayLevy, Mrs. L., Napoleon, 101 E. 74thLevy, Mrs. M., 600 W. 115thLevy, M., 910 Riverside Dr.Levy. Sam'l, 295 5th Av.Lewi, Isidor, 12 E. 86thLewine, F., 12 E. 86thLewine. H. S., 565 Fifth Av.Lewinson, Benno, 2880 BroadwayLewis, C. M., 31 E. 48thLewis. Hon. D. C . 141 B'wayLewis, S., Jr., 417 E. 85th


Lewlsohn, Adolph, 61 BroadwayLeWitter, Dr. Arnold, 1108 Times Bldg.Lhowe, Harold R., 1 Madison Av.Library of Heb. Union Col. Sch. for

Teachers 1 E. 65 thLidz, Israel, 250 W. 36thLieberman, Dr. L., 741 West End Av.Liebovitz, A., 75 LeonardLiebovitz, E. J., 75 LeonardLiebowitz, H. H., 75 LeonardLief, Dr. J. F., 11 W. 42dLieser, E., 396 B'wayLiff, Dr. J., 757 BeckLilienthal, Mrs. G., 305 W. 72dLinde, B., 501 7th Av.Lindheim, Mrs. N. R., 1 W. 67thLinfield, Dr. H. S., 171 Madison Av.Lipman, H. J., 371 Ft. Washington Av.Lip man, H., 295 Ft. Washington Av.Lipman, J., 128 Ft. Wash. Av.Lipman, S., 359 Ft. Wash. Av.Lippit, M., 512 B'wayLissman, Rev. Dr. Ed., 417 Riverside Dr.Litt, Miss R., 585 West End Av.Littauer, L. N., 64 W. 87thLiverman, H., 16 W. 40thLivingston, W., 474 W. BroadwayLocks, L., 20 Northern Av.Loeb, J. F., 100 BroadwayLoebel, E., 299 B'wayLogin, Paul, 29 E. 21stLondon. H., 310 W. 99thLookstein, Rabbi J. H., 25 E. 86thLorber, Dr. H., 77 Park Av.Lorsch, Miss Fannie, 885 West End Av.Louchheim. W. C . I l l BroadwayLowenstein, S., 150 W. 79thLowinson, Oscar, 5 W. 91stLubell, A. P., 1851 7th Av.Lubell, J. E., 806 BroadwayLubell, J. J., 502 BroadwayLubell, Morris M., 502 BroadwayLubell, S. L., 789 West End Av.Lurie, H. I., 38 Park RowLurie, Mrs. M., 68 E. 86thLyons, Mrs. M. S., 1230 Park Av.Mack, Harry, 475 5th Av.Mack, Hugo S., 7 BeekmanMack, Hon. J. W., Woolworth Bldg.Manaccus, S., 200 Fifth Av.Mandel, Max, 495 BroadwayMandel, M., 247 W. 38thMandell, K., 33 RectorManheimer, J. S.. 250 W. 75thManheimer, S. S., 304 E. BroadwayMann, Sam'l, 1121 Forest Av.Mann, T., 1793 Riverside Dr.Manner. Miss Jane, 60 W. 68thMansbach, M., 61 BroadwayMarcus, N., 1 Park Av.Marcus, R., 684 Riverside Dr.Margolies, Rabbi M. S- 25 E. 86thMargolies, N., 148 E. BroadwayMargolis, S., 720 Hunts PointMargolish, M. L.. 627 B'wayMarmor, C. K.. 3451 Giles PlaceMarx, Dr. A., 100 Morningside DriveMasliansky, P., 601 W. 160th

Mayer, A. I., 10 E. 40thMay per, A. A., 1440 B'wayMehler, Aaron, 54. HarrisonMeinhard, M., 51 Madison Av.Meirowitz, Dr. Phil., 949 B'wayMandelsohn, Rabbi J. I., 1801 PophamMendelsohn, Col. M. J., 415 Wash.Mendelsohn, Sig., 7 W. 81stMendelson, Dr. H., 29 Columbus Av.Mendes, Rev. Dr. H. P., 30 W. 70thMendoza, I., 15 AnnMesser, S., 209 W. 37thMeyer, Louis, 220 B'wayMeyerhoff, M. L., 1185 Park Av.Meyerowitz, A., 11 W. 42ndMeyers & Sons, A., 315 W. 39thMeyrich, Eli., 152 W. 25thMichaelson. Ben. S., 1 Madison Av.Miller, A., 74 Van Cortlandt Pk., S.Miller, Dr. I., 105 E. 177thMiller, Dr. L., 122 RivingtonMiller ,M .L., 515 W. 147thMiller, N., 250 W. 39thMindlin. H., 123 WilliamMinkin, Rabbi J. S., 1795 Riverside Dr.Mintz, M. L.. 1398 Gd. ConcourseMittelman, Dr. J. H., 116 ColumbiaMoisseiff. Leon S., 215 W. 101stMorais, Rev. H. S., Hotel CecilMorgenstern, D. A., 25 CommingMorris, G., 274 Madison Av.Morton, A. S., 1440 B'wayMoscow, D., 157 E. 32ndMoses, Abr., 584 Union Av.Moseson Rabbi C. E., 1469 Washington

Av.Mosessohn, M., 29 E. 32dMoshkovitz, Dr. Z., 344 E. 17thMoss, N., 80 Maiden LaneMuller, B. L., 320 W. 86thMurzin, I., 42 HesterMusken, W., 683 BroadwayMyerson, M., 771 Crotona Pk., N.Nachimowsky, H., 260 Audubon Av. :Nalven, L., 20 W. 22dNash, J., 52 LispenardNathan, Mrs. F., 225 W. 86thNathan, S., 200 DyckmanNeaderland, H., 362 5th Av.Necarsulmer, H., 120 BroadwayNeivert, Dr. H.. 2178 B'wayNeustadt, Mrs. S., 92 7 5th Av.Nevelson, B., 19 W. 44thNevin, H., 203 W. 33dNewburger. Alfred H., 40 WallNewburger, S. M., 40 WallNewman. A. L., 755 Park Av.Newman, Rabbi L. I.. 7 W. 83dNew York Public Library, 476 5th Av.Noshpitz. I., 1310 Hoe Av.Notess, M., 424 Madison Av.Novogrodsky, Dr. S., 161 ClintonNusbaum, Myer, 342 Madison Av.Oshlag, Dr. J., 1060 Madison Av.Osserman, Simon E., 200 W. 90thPaley, Louis J.. 61 BroadwayPalitz, S., 320 W. 86thPantell, J. J., 857 Crotona Pk., W.


Parker, N. H., 825 West End Av.Pasternack, M., Municipal Bldg.Payson, H. H., 220 4th Av.Pearlman, D. W., 20 Hamilton Ter.Perkiss, M., 2600 Creston Av.Perla, Dr. D.. 3425 Knox PI.Perla, Morris, 533 W. 112thPerlman, S., 2012 Prospect Av.Peyser, G. B., 969 2d Av.Pfaelzer, D., 158 W. 29thPfeiffer, Alex., 15 E. 41stPhillips, N., 50 E. 42dPhillips, Capt. N. T., 114 W. 74thPick, M., 2178 BroadwayPinkus, Dr. J. B., 604 E. 170thPinski, D., 1950 Andrews Av.Podell, D. L.. 39 BroadwayPodolsky, D., 38 Park RowPollack, J.. 12 E. 22dPollak, S. B., 898 West End Av.Pollock, Henry W., 535 5th Av.Pompan, M. A., 38 Park Av.Pool, Rev. Dr. D. deSola, 99 Central Pk.

W.Prager, Wm., 2 RectorPrashker, R., 615 W. 183dPreiser, Theo. H., 304 W. 98thPreiss, Elias. 250 W. 104thPrice, Dr. G. M., 31 Union Sq.Projector, Dr. H., 1340 Nelson Av.Propp, Morris, 524 BroadwayProskauer, J. M., 11 BroadwayQuat, Ephrim, 1680 Park Av.Rabinovitch, M. A., 1226 Evergreen Av.Rabinowitz, L. M., 175 WoosterRabinowitz, S., 149 BroadwayRacoosin, T. R., 1440 BroadwayRafalowsky, A., 136 HenryRaisler, S., 173 Riverside Dr.Raphael, J. H., 522 Second Av.Reader, Mrs. Fannie, 1350 Shakespeare

Av.Reich, Dr. H., 2021 Gd. ConcourseReich, L. R., 10 W. 96thReichman, Rabbi S., 1738 Crotona Pk., E.Reit. H. J., 1441 BroadwayReligious School Cong. Shaaray Tefila,

160 W. 82ndResler, Dr. A. S., 1265 Lexington Av.Rettenberg, J. K., 545 W. 164thRetzker, Michael, 101 W. 106thReubens, R., 551 5th Ay.Riegelman, H., 420 Lexington Av.Rifkind, S. H., 120 B'wayRippe, M. L., 152 W. 42dRitter, Dr. I. L., 1050 Park Av.Robbins, Ben, 11 E. 26thRoberts, R., 551 Sth Av.Robins, J. H., 51 ChambersRobinsohn, Dr. D., 25 E. 86thRobinson, Dr. W., 322 W. 72dRobison, L., 280 Riverside Dr.Rodef Shalom Religious SchoolRogers, C. A.. 152 W. 42dRogers, M. H., 1 Park Av.Rogers, S. E., 850 10th Av.Roggen H.. 365 West End Av.

Roggen, L. A., 1372 BroadwayRogovin, A.. 2075 Walton Av.Rongy, Dr. A. J., 590 West End Av.Rosalsky, Hon. Otto A., 225 W. 86thRose, L. S., 211 Central Pk., W.Rose, Mrs. Wm. R., The Savoy—PlazaRosen, A. H., 128 RivingtonRosen, A. W., 200 W. 90thRosen, Dr. B. J., 773 DawsonRosen, David J., 47 Ft. Washington AvRosen, Dr. I., 44 E. 51stRosen, J. A., 130 W. 86thRosen, Dr. S., 1662 Vyse Av.Rosenbaum, I. I., 845 West End Av.Rosenbaum, Dr. M., 61 W. 88thRosenbaum, S. G., 730 5th Av.Rosenberg, Albert V., 97 Ft. Wash. Av.Rosenberg, H. L., 1526 55thRosenberg, J. N., 74 BroadwayRosenberg, L., 780 West End Av.Rosenberg, Louis, 800 Riverside Dr.Rosenberg, L., 240 E. 19thRosenberg, S., 1440 B'wayRosenberg, W., 302 E. 14thRosenberger, Carl, Belnord Apts.Rosenbloom, Rabbi B. L., 1612 Walton

Av.Rosenblum, D., 36 W. 59thRosenblum, Rabbi W. F., 210 W. 91stRosenfeld, Miss Jessie, 604 5th Av.Rosenheck. I., 225 W. 35thRosensohn. S. J., 8 W. 40thRosensweig, C. S., 80 Maiden LaneRosensweig, L., 105 E. 177thRosenthal, E. J., 32 FranklinRosenthal, R., 386 BroadwayRosenzweig, Jos., 51 ChambersRosett, Louis J., 740 West End Av.Rosofl, Dr. M. L., 529 Cortlandt Av.Ross, A. L., 160 BroadwayRosston, W. J., 527 W. 110thRoten. J. F., 40 W. 77thRoth, Dr. Henry, 409 E. 140thRoth, Louis, 110 W. 40thRothenberg, Morris, 5 BeekmanRothschild, Miss M., 601 W. 180thRothschild, W. N., 23 E. 81stRothstein, A. E., 41 E. 11thRothstein, Rabbi L. J., Park Central

HotelRubin, H. H., 15 MooreRubin, I. A., 34 HubertRubin, Dr. I. C, 911 Park Av.Rubins, Rabbi H. H., 901 E. 179thRubinsky, S..9W. 3dRuskay, Cecil B., 68 WilliamRuttenberg, B., 286 Ft. Wash. Av.Sachs. E., 395 4th Av.Sachs, G. M., 19 W. 44thSachs, Louis, 8 W. 40thSafran, M. H., 2515 University Av.Saks, I., 2 E. 55th, "St. Regis"Saks, W. A., 32 W. 74thSolomon, S. W., 1701 University Av.Salpeter, M., 220 BroadwaySaltzman, J. E., 69 St. Marks PI.Salzberg, M., 225 VarickSampter. Morris, 322 W. 76th


Samuel. J., 131 E. 93rdSamuels, S. N.. 225 W. 86thSamuels, Dr. S. S., 151 E. 83dSanders, Leon, 280 BroadwaySandier, Bernard H., 884 West End Av.Sandier, W. B., 160 BroadwaySareteky, S., 125 E. 85thSargent, I., 253 B'waySchaap, Michael, 12 5th Av.Schafer, A. S., 120 BroadwaySchafran, B., 251 W. 89thSchallek, M. L., 7 W. 81stSchechter, Dr. Frank, 350 BroadwayScheiber, I. B., 51 ChambersScherer, L., 51 ChambersSchiff, Jacob R., 320 BroadwaySchiff, J., 127 W. 33dSchlansky, Dr. H. P., 83 MadisonSchleider, M. N., 225 BroadwaySchleimer, S., 5 Columbus CircleSchlossberg, J., 15 Union Sq.Schmer, M., 291 BroadwaySchmidt, Dr. I., 1275 Webster Av.Schneider, J., 224 W. 35thSchneider, M. J., 149 W. 179thSchneyer, Dr. L., 235 Brook Av.Schoenbaum, Dr. G. L., 850 Longwood

Av.Schoenberg, N., 1440 BroadwaySchoenfeld, N., 13 E. 22dSchotland, M., 498 West End Av.Schottenfels, Sara X., 601 W. 113thSchulman, Rev. Sam'l, 27 W. 72dSchumer, Dr. H., 770 Hewitt PI.Schwartz, E., 122 E. 42dSchwartz, J., 1490 Jesup Av.Schwartz, Dr. S., 1209 Westchester Av.Schwartz, S. P., 1 Union Sq.Schwartzberg, J., 228 HenrySchwarz, J., 225 W. 86thSeckel, Harry W., 807 Riverside Dr.Seelav, R., 250 W. 57thSegal, H. R., 355 Riverside Dr.Segal, L. H., 11 W 42dSeidman, Mrs. D. E., 41 W. 96thSeidman, J. A., 271 Madison Av.Seinfel, S., 245 W. 107thSelikowitz, S. D., 90 WestSemel, Bernard, 38-40 GreenSena, Harry, 280 BroadwaySeril, A., 467 BroadwayShack, S. M., 291 BroadwayShaftan, Dr. T., 2445 Walton Av.Shaine, M. L., 295 Madison Av.Shapiro, A. J., 1904 Crotona Av.Shapiro, Miss A. E., 106 Clarmont Av.Sharlot, I. J., Woolworth Bldg.Sheitles, Dr. D., 250 W. 85thSherman, H., 2007 Davidson Av.Sherwin, I. N., 875 West End Av.Shinensky, Hyman, 70 E. BroadwayShuchatowitz, Rabbi M., 255 Haven Av.Sidenberg, R., 157 W. 57thSiegel, A. B.. 118 W. 79thSiegel, F., 3318 BainbridgeSiegel, I., 280 BroadwaySiegelstein, B. E., 99 NassauSilverman, H., 34 W. 33d

Silverman, H., 5 BeekmanSilverman, Nat., 498 7th Av.Silverman, S. S., 1664 Weeks Av.Silverstein, C, 249 W. 34thSimmons, M., 25 W. 43dSimons, M., 328 Bible HouseSimonson, A., 37 Riverside Dr.Sindel, D., 1170 Gerard Av.Singer, Dr. D. A., 585 West End Av.Sinsheimer, J., 330 W. 102ndSirowich, Dr. W. I., 539 E. 6thSlobodkin, Dr. S. H., 20 W. 23rdSmith, D. T., 277 BroadwaySmith, G. W., 910 Riverside Dr.Smith, L., 550 GreenwichSobel, H., 122 WilliamSobel, Mrs. J., 215 W. 91stSobel, Jacob, 885 MontgomerySobel, Samuel, 66 Ft. Wash. Av.Soc. for Adv. of Judaism, 13-15 W. 86thSolis, Elvira, N., 441 West End Av.Solomon, A., 1440 BroadwaySolomon, L. H., 51 Madison Av.Solomon, S. H., 1440 BroadwaySolomon, W. J., 150 W. 82dSoltes, Dr. M., 71 W. 47thSome, Max, 95 NassauSonderling, S. J., 16 WilliamSondheim, P., 305 West End Av.Sonneborn, Dr. F., 114 5th Av.Sossnitz, Dr. I., 17 W. 71stSpachner, L., 260 W. 72ndSpector, Jos., 37 Hamilton TerraceSpeiser, J., 170 BroadwaySpiegel, E., 1046 College Av.Spiegel, Max, 34 W. 17thSpiegel, Mrs. S.. 17 E. 89thSpiegelberg, F., 25 E. 77thSpiegelberg, W. I., Hotel Dorset, 30 W.

54thSpielberg, Mrs. H., 404 Riverside Dr.Spinner, Dr. Jonas, 90 Riverside Dr.Spinrad, L., 700 W. 178thSpira, Dr. Jos., 1700 Crotona Pk., E.Spiro, A. I., 375 West End Av.Spiro, J. S., 51 ChambersSpitz, L., 435 Wash. Av.Spitzer, Oscar, 17 E. 89thSprayregen, J., 295 Madison Av.Stackell. H., 849 ManidaStander, I. J., 840 Mott Av.Stavisky Bros., 222 4th Av.Steckler, D., 51 ChambersSteigman, Dr. P., 91 OrchardStein, Mrs. A. E., 19 W. 57thStein, Max Z.. 9 Maiden LaneStein, Morton, 251 W. 89thStein, S. S., 11 Park PI.Steinam, Ed. S., cor. Williams and PineSteinman, N., 1715 Nelson Av.Stern, A., 2355 Morris Av.Stern, J. F., 93 WorthStern, M., 521 5th Av.Stern, Rev. Dr. N., 201 W. 79thStern, S. W., 120 BroadwayStern. Mrs. W. A., 251 W. 89thSternberg, Mrs. Helen, 176 RivingtonSternberger, M. M., Guaranty Trust Co.


Stettiner, L., 838 West End Av.Stocker, D. R., 310 W. 79thStoll, H.. 46 W. 96thStone, J., 340 W. 86thStone, N. H., 255 W. 88thStrasbourger, Saml., 74 BroadwayStraus. J. I., 399 Park Av.Strauss, Ben., 562 W. 113thStrauss, Louis, Jr., 52 WilliamStrauss, N.. 246 West End Av.Stroock, J. E., 15 W. 75thStroock, M. J., 88 Central Pk.. W.Sultan, A. I., 15 W. 24thSundelson, Mrs. R. W., 25 E. 86thSusman, Louis, 3208 3d Av.Sverdlik, A.. 186 Riverside Dr.Sverdlik, S., 290 BroadwaySzold, Henrietta, Hotel AlexandriaTananbaum, Dr. A., 3866 Sedgwick Av.Tannenbaum, Dr. J., 590 West End Av.Tannenbaum, S., 41 W. 82ndTannanbaum, Dr. S., 255 W. 84thTarlowe, J. D., 17 JohnTeachers Inst. Jewish Theo. Sem., 34

StuyvesantTeirstein, J., 1711 Morris Av.The Jewish Club, 23 W. 73dThe Training School for Jewish Social

Work. 71 W. 47thTischler, F. Wm.. 412 E. 125thTobias, L., 162 W. 165thTow, Isidor, 7 E. 44thTrachman, Morris, 1750 Montgomery

Av.Tuchman, P. L., 21 E. 87thUdell, J.. 46 W. 23dUnger, J. L., 40 W. 68thUnited Heb. Com., 201 E. BroadwayUptown Talmud T. Ass'n, 132 E. 111thVorhaus, Louis J., 521 5th Av.Voxman, W., 645 E. Tremont Av.Wachman, J. M., 147 W. 35thWacht. H., 250 W. 94thWachtler. M., 138 W. 34thWaldman, H., 2 LafayetteWaldman, I., 522 5th Av.Walerstein, J., 210 W. 101stWallerstein, Dr. L., 1049 Gd. ConcourseWaterman, F., 715 W. 175thWechsler, Dr. I. S., 1112 Park Av.Weckatein, I., 51 ChambersWeil, David L., 601 W. 115thWeil, L., 772 St. Nicholas Av.Weinberg, Jacob, 145 W. 30thWeinberg, N., 225 BroadwayWeinberger, Dr. B. W., 119 W. 57thWeinrib, E. C, 225 BroadwayWeinstein, M. H., 860 E. 161stWeinstein, S. J., 461 Produce Exch.Weisman, S. G.. 179 E. 79thWeiss. Dr. Saml., 16 E. 96thWeiss. S.. 254 W. 35thWeiss, Wm., 1440 BroadwayWeit, Solon, 305 BroadwayWeitzner. Emil, 211 W. 106thWeU, Isidor, 233 BroadwayWiley, Louis, 417 Park Av.Wilson. N., 302 W. 87th

Winer, H. L., 420 Lexington Av.Winkelman, L. L., 12 E. 86thWise, Rev. Dr. J. B., 35 E. 62ndWise, Mrs. L. H., 77 Park Av.Wise, Rev. Dr. S. S., 23 W. 90thWolbarst, Dr. A. L., 114 E. 61stWolf, A. .30 W. 70thWolf, I. D., 122 E. 42dWolf, J. J.. 666 West End Av.Wolf, R., 115 BroadwayWolf .Simson, 270 Madison Av.Wolfenstein, S. C, 32 SpruceWolff, Dr. Alex.. 141 E. 34thWolff, Mrs. J. R., 325 West End Av.Wolfson, Dr. A., 401 W. 59thWollman, Henry, 20 BroadYankauer, A., 680 West End Av.Young Israel Synagogue, 229 E. B'wayY. M. H. A., 975 St. Nicholas Av.Y. W. H. A., 31 W. 110thY. M. H. A. of the Bronx, 171st and

FultonZabronsky & Zabronsky, 1501 B'wayZadek, Jacob, Hotel FairfieldZagor, H. I., 257 4th Av.Zelickson, M., 275 Lenox Av.Zimmer, I., 119 W. 71stZucker, N., 1348 Elder Av.Zucker, S. A., 1006 FreemanZuckerman, S., 110 W. 40thZukunft, The. 175 E. Broadway

SUBSCRIBERLewek, Rev. J. R.. 1216 Wash. Av.

Niagara FallsPorath, Rabbi S. I., Box 633Silverberg Bros., 2118 Main

NorwichSelkowitz, S.. 27 N. Broad

NyackNeisner, J., 61 5th Av.

OgdensburgDobisky, R. W., 404 Riverside Av.Fisher, H. S., 207 FordFrank, J., 117 Franklin

OleanMarcus, H. W., 131 S. Union

Ozone ParkSonnenschein, N., 11921 130th

PlattsburftGoldman, S., 75 Montcalm Av.

Port ChesterGimbel, Mrs. I., Upper King

Port RichmondJacobson, I., 128 Richmond Av.


Levy, M., 137 Heberton Av.Millner, Rabbi I. A., 246 Decker Av.

PoughkeepsleRodin, H., 215 MainRosenthal, R., 179 MillSobel, Dr. Aaron, Circular Rd.

Richmond HillCahn, S., 8533 108thCohen, S., 10772 110thCohen, S., 8807 104thCong. Beth Israel, 102nd & 88th Av.Cott, S., 134-01 KeystoneEnoch, H., 9421 134thStern. Rabbi M. A., 115-01 107th Av.

Rochester

LIBRARY MEMBERSHart, A., 120 Portland Av.Jewish Y. M. Ass'n, Franklin Sq.Levinson, W., 54 ShepardMichaels, J., c/o Michaels, Stem & Co.Stein, S. H., Stein-Bloch Co.

ANNUAL MEMBERSAdler, S. L., 17 ArgyleAiole, S., 44 FaradayAppelbaum, Dr. S. J., 188 Culver Rd.Berger, I. W., 63 StateBerger, S., 1594 Culver Rd.Beth El, Sunday School, Park Av. and

MeigsBloom, Miss Celia, 940 Mercantile Bldg.B'nai Zion Hebrew Library, 192 OrmondCohen, M., 3 Granger PI.Covner, S., 7 GibbsCramer, B. A., East Av. & ChestnutDavidson, Dr. S. C , 40 Westchester AvFisher, L., 86 University Av.Frankel, C., 217 BarringtonFrankel, L., 30 Vick Pk., A.Goldman, Mrs. J. E., 145 HarvardGreenhouse, S. H., 760 HarvardHarris, H. Z., 121 BoardmanJewish Children's home, 27 GorhamKahn, Mrs. N., 573 Monroe Av.Kahn, Saul, 12 HelenaKirstein, H. E., 89 Westminster Rd.Klonick, H., 961 HarvardKolko, H., 440 OrmondKominz, Dr. J. S., 250 Canterbury Rd.Levin, Dr. L., 763 HarvardMarks, H. H., 13 Franklin Sq.Miller, Wm., 571 University Av.Natapow, N., 26 Av. "A"Pearlman, A. I., 930 MeigsPosner, M., 552 HumboldtRobfogel, B., 1186 Lake Av.Rockoff, M. A., 200 Joseph Av.Rose, B., 376 HarvardRoth, T., 289 Hazelwood Ter.Rubenstein, N., 186 Canterbury Rd.Rubinson, H.. 793 S. GoodmanShapiro, Dr. I. M., 129 Canterbury Rd.Sher, Noah, 143 Palmerston Rd.Shulman, L., 79 Beverly

Silverstein, J. E., 1619 St. PaulStern, Chas., 130 East Av.Weinberg, Mrs. A. M., 245 EdgertonWeinstein, Miss F., 21 HarperWeinstein, S. H., 176 Conkey Av.

Rockaway BeachFink, Max, 142-10 Newport Av.Friedman, Dr. E. L., 92-13 BoulevardRabinowitz, I., 162 B 129th

Rockaway ParkSchool of Temple Beth El

Rockville CentreLampert, J., 15 Wilson Lane

Saranac LakeEdelberg, S., 13 BroadwayFeustmann, Maurice M., 28 CatherineMatthews, S. D., P. O. Box 349

Saratoga SpringsLeibowitz, Rabbi J., Jew. Com. Center

ScarsdaleTrager, J. G., 26 Donellon Rd.

SchenectadyBernstein, Dan, 222 StateCoplon, H. G., 307 StateFeldman, E., 1301 StateFerber, Abr., 434 StateFisher, S. A., 1114 Van Curler Av.Gold, H. J., 308 StateGraubart, M. B., 30 JamesGrosberg, Jos. E., 636 HamiltonJewish Com. Center, 724 AlbanyLifset, A., 1059 Glenwood Blvd.Lifset, Theo., 29 Bedford Rd.Lurie, J. B.. 307 StateMarcus, G. A., 330 Summit Av.Rosen, Rabbi J., 24 Hampton Av.Schaffer, H., 19 De Camp Av.

ScotiaDushman, Dr. S., 21 Sunnyside Rd.

Sea GateCong-Kneses IsraelShapiro, S., 4731 Beach 47th

Spring ValleyBrack, S., R. F. D. Box 168

StapletonKutcher, H.. 147 Cebra Av.

Staten IslandLakeview Home, Arrochar

SuSernLIBRARY MEMBER

Goldburg, L., 30 First

North Carolina] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 471

ANNUAL MEMBERGreenstein, Sam'l, 115 Lafayette Av.

SunnysideNewman, Mrs. G. K., 3996 44thWilson, G. I., 3921 Heiser

SyracusePATRON MEMBER

Levy, Dr. I. H., 717 E. GeneseeLIBRARY MEMBERS

Holstein, A. E., 106 Circle Rd.Holstein, A. M., 748 Comstock Av.Rosenbloom, I., 806 E. GeneseeStolz, Benj., 718 E. JeffersonWinkelstein, M., 214 CambridgeWinkelstein, W., 919 Euclid Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSBelloff, I., 431 S. Warren 'Bellofl, L. A.. 431 S. WarrenBerkman, L. J.. 1208 HarrisonBienenfeld, Rabbi J., 914 Ackerman Av.Boff, Arthur, 160 Fellows Av.Burman, Dr. Aaron, 537 E. GeneseeFederman, J., 440 AllenFriedman, Rabbi B., 115 Fellows Av.Gerber, W., 860 Livingston Av.Gilbert, M., 732 Irving Av.Given, B. B., 423 Euclid Av.Goldstein, E., 333 BruceHarris, Dr. L. H., 533 Westmoreland Av.Hurwitz, M., 540 TracyJewish Communal Home, 222 CedarMarkson, A. S., 229 N. SalinaMarkson, I., 231 N. SalinaMarkson, N. W., 229 N. SalinaMiller, J. H., 142 CambridgePutziger, S., 2208 E. CeneseeRoth, Philip, 105 Crawford Av.Rubenstein, A., 107 Berkeley Dr.Rudolph, Ben., 136 Fellows Av.Rudolph, Max H., Ktpl E. GeneseeShapiro, L., 316 BroadShopiro, S., 2100 E. GeneseeShulman, S. L., 224 Union Bldg.Silverman, Dr. A. C , 183 Renwick PI.Solomon, S. D., 942 Euclid Av.Steinborn, I., 924 Ackerman Av.Wechsler, Rev. M. L., 862 Summer Av.Weinstein, A., 1409 E. FayetteWinkelstein, M., 324 Allen

TannersvilleJacobson, Inc., S., Fairmount Hotel

TompkinsvilleMarcus, S., Jew. Com. CenterSilber, D., I l l Victory Bldg.

TroyBerner, Mrs. P., 2338 15thTroy Public Library

UticaAbelson, L., 4 Avery PI.Dean, S., Hotel MajesticGoldstein, D. J., 1st N. B. Bldg.Kowalsky, Dr. H. E., 223 GeneseeKrohn, L. E., 13 Parkside Ct.Lichtman, Max, 221 GeneseeMarkson, S., 124 ThomasRobbins, N., 2219 GeneseeRosen, I., 1008 MillerRosen, M. S., 1634 Howard Av.Shapiro, Chief Rabbi A., 446 WhitesboroSonneborn, Mrs. H., 18 Melrose Av.Sugarman, C , 195 Genesee Av.Temple Beth El Lib'y, 1607 GeneseeTumposky, J., 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg.

WatertownLebovsky, J., 231 Paddock

White PlainsLIBRARY MEMBER

Grinberg, P. I., Old Mamaroneck Rd.

ANNUAL MEMBERSLiberman, S., 75 ProspectMark, Mrs. E. R., Gedney Farm Hotel

WoodhavenNeulauder, Rabbi A. H., 8920 Park Lane

S.

WoodmereLIBRARY MEMBERS

Altheimer, B., Box 251Leibowitz, J. L., 71 Burton Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSCrystal, S. O.Frank, L. J., 132 Lafayette PI.Pompan, D. M.Schuster, J., 997 Allen Lane

YonkersBlaustein, J., 199 N. BroadwayBlummer, S., 7 Highland PI.Levy, M. J., CrestwoodMiller, Dr. S., 4 Getty SquareSteinmetz, Mrs. Dora, 31 Ravine Av.Wolkowitz, Leon, 39 Hamilton Av.

NORTH CAROLINA

AshevilleHenry, Philip S., Zealandia

BelhavenMeyerowitz, J., Box 157

472 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Ohio

Blowing RockCone, Mrs. Moses H.

CharlotteCohen, Hermann E.

GastoniaKareah, A. S., Box 188

GoldsboroPATRON MEMBER

Weil, Mrs. H., 200 W. ChestnutLIBRARY MEMBER

Weil, LionelANNUAL MEMBERS

Shrago, A. M.Weil, Leslie, 610 Park Av.

HendersonHayes, Sam'l M.Roth, Gus., Box 273

New BernLipman, Sam

WilmingtonBlock, W., 1618 PrincessKelson, Rabbi B., 314 Grace

WilsonOettinger, E. R.. 219 W. Broad

Wlnston-SalemLevin, Louis, 1270 W. 4th

NORTH DAKOTA

BismarckMekler, Rabbi J. H., Box 94

DickinsonMackoff, H. A.

FargoGoldberg, Max, 615 13th, S.Lashkowitz, Harry, 117 BroadwayNaftalin, D., 225 FrontPaper, S., 202 1st Av., S.Stern, AlexanderWilk, H.. 1225 9th, S.

Grand ForksBergman, S. J., 619 4th Av.. S.Horowitz, S., 407 S. 9thPanovitz, M.Papermaster, I., 1015 Reeves Dr.Papermaster, S., 216 Fenton Av.

MandenGreengard, Nathan

MinotBaker, A.. 616 Central Av.. E.

OHIO

AkronAlexander, Rabbi D.. 944 Amelia Av.Bear, Max, 254 S. MainGuren, S. B., 407 Merriman Rd.KJivans, S., 132 S. MainLoeb, Louis, 20 Twin Oaks Apt.Mack, B., 276 Merriman Rd.Ostrov, L., 406 Woodland Av.Schwartz, C. E., 319 BoweryTem. Israel Rel. Sch. Lib., 133 Merriman

BellevueWolf, Jos. E.. 250 W. Main

CantonLatz, Rabbi C. B.. 1127 13th. N. W.Luntz, S., 1645 Cleveland Av., N. W.

CincinnatiLIFE MEMBERS

Freiberg. J. Walter, 3583 Alaska Av.Hebrew Union College Lib'y. Clifton Av.

Heinsheimer, E. L., 3584 Alaska Av.Seasongood, M., 3661 Wash. Av.

LIBRARY MEMBERSBerman, Oscar, 3d & PlumB'nai Jeshurm S. S. Lib'y, Wise Center

Bldg.Brown. Dr. S.. 705 Pearl Mkt. Bk. BldgFechheimer. S. M., 4050 Rose Hill Av.Freiberg, Dr. A. H., 3577 Alaska Av.Freiberg. M. J., 3576 Alaska Av.Freiberg, S., 2300 Upland PI.Kuppin, M., 3573 Wilson Av.

ANNUAL ME'BERSAppelbaum, S. B., Heb. Union CollegeBanks. H. W., Heb. Union CollegeBauman, M., Heb. Union CollegeBeckman, N. H., Alms HotelBerkowitz, S., Heb. Union CollegeBerman, A., 315 E. Mitchell Av.Berman. A., 5 W. 3rdBettman, A., 1st Nat'lBilgray, A. T., Heb. Union College

Ohio] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 473

Bing, Ben M., 739 N. Crescent Av.Blank, Dr. S. H., Heb. Union CollegeBlock, L. Z., 820 Cleveland Av.Blumenthal, R., Hebrew Union CollegeB'nai Jeshurun S. S. LibraryBraude, W., Hebrew Union CollegeBrav, S. R., Heb. Union CollegeBrener, S. D., Heb. Union CollegeBucove, M., Heb. Union CollegeCashdan, L., Heb. Union CollegeCohen, Alfred M., 3557 Reading Rd.Cohn, M. J., Heb. Union CollegeCohon, Prof. S. S., Hebrew Union Col.Const. Grand Lodge I. O. B. B., Electric

Bldg.Cook, Samuel, Heb. Union CollegeCook, Theo. H., Heb. Union CollegeCronbach, Dr. A., Heb. Union CollegeDanziger, M. M., 629 Forest Av.Diesendruck, Dr. Z., 543 Glenwood Av.Doppelt, F. A., Heb. Union CollegeEgelson, Rabbi L. I., 2 Avon Apts.Eichhorn, D. M., Heb. Union CollegeEinstein, S., Avon Apts.Elsberg, L., Heb. Union CollegeEnelander, Prof. H., 904 Lexington Av.Epstein, E. L., 3447 Harvey Av.Feinberg, A. H., Hebrew Union CollegeFeinberg, A. J., Heb. Union CollegeFeinberg, Rabbi L., 3562 Lee PI.Fineberg, A. M., Heb. Union CollegeFogel, Dr. E. I., 3623 Reading Rd.Folkman, J. D., Hebrew Union CollegeFriedland, E., Heb. Union CollegeFriedman, A., 819 Lexington Av.Friedman, N. J., Heb. Union CollegeGamoran, Dr. E., Merchants Bldg.Gerstenfeld, N., Heb. Union CollegeGitin, Joseph, Hebrew Union CollegeGlueck, N., 859 Hutchins Av.Godfried, E., 3971 Parker PI.Goldberg, S., 3949 Red Bud Av.Goldblatt, M., Hebrew Union CollegeGolden, I. R., 604 RaceGoldstein, A. S., Heb. Union CollegeGoldstein, H. K., Heb. Union CollegeGrad, Ben., 556 Prospect PI.Graff, Rabbi M., Heb. Union CollegeGrafman, M. L., Heb. Union CollegeGreen, A. S., Heb. Union CollegeGumbiner, J. H., Heb. Union CollegeGuthman, H., Heb. Union CollegeHabas, R. A., Heb. Union CollegeHeller, Rabbi J. G., 3557 Alaska Av.Hirschfeld, Wm., 820 Mann PI.Hoenig, S., 302 Rockdale Av., W.Huttenbauer, E., 690 N. Crescent Av.Hyman, Jacob, 861 Hutchins Av.Isaac, Morris, Hotel AlmsIsrael, C, 807 Schmidt Bldg.Jacobson D., Heb. Union CollegeJohnson, Hon. S. M., 3427 Burch Av.Joseph, Leopold, 674 N. Crescent,

AvondaleJosephson, L. A., Heb. Union CollegeKlein, M., Hebrew Union CollegeKleinberg. M. S., Heb. Union CollegeKline. A., Hebrew Union College

Krohn. I. M., 1144 Edwards Rd.Lauterbach, Rev. Dr. J. Z., Heb. U. CoLLefkowitz, S., Heb. Union CollegeLeshner Library of Avondale SynagogueLevenson, L., 629 Forest Av.Levey, S. H., Heb. Union CollegeLevi, Rabbi C. S., Cincinnati ClubLevine, Raphael, Heb. Union CollegeLevinson, B. E., Heb. Union CollegeLevy, H. M., 309 Traction Bldg.Liebman, J. L., Heb. Union CollegeLittner, B. C, Heb. Union CollegeLivingston, H. S., 316 RaceLubel, J., Heb. Union CollegeLustberg, A. G., Heb. Union CollegeMack, A., Court HouseMack, Jacob W., 984 Burton Av.Manischevitz Co., The B., 2100 W. 8thMarcus, Dr. J. R., Heb. Union CollegeMarks, L. D., 3556 Alaska Av.Marks, L. V., 4009 Beechwood Av.Marks, Martin, 15 W. PearlMaximon, S. B., Heb. Union CollegeMeiss, Harry, 960 Lenox PI.Meyer, Jos. L., 712 Cholsom Av.Meyers, M., 1032 Valley LaneMielziner, B., 945 Burton Av.Miller, C. I., Hebrew Union CollegeMiller, Dr. R. W., 3561 Reading Rd.Miran, B. B., Heb. Union CollegeMorgenstern, J., 8 Burton Woods La.Nelson, Dr. A. W., 3584 Bogart Av.Nussbaum, P. E., Heb. Union CollegeOettinger, M., 4200 Rose Hill Av.Pastor, H., Heb. Union CollegePerilman, N., Heb. Union CollegePhilipson, Rev. Dr. D., 270 McGregor

Av.Polatsek, J., Heb. Union CollegePolish, D., Heb. Union CollegePollack, H. I., Heb. Union CollegePollak, Mrs. E., 2648 Stanton Av.Present, M., Heb. Union CollegePritz, C. E., 3536 Biddle CliftonPritz, S. E., 218 Dixie TerminalPublic LibraryReichert, Rabbi V. E., Rockdale Av.

TempleRichman, P., Heb. Union CollegeRosenberg, B. D., Heb. Union CollegeRosenthal, N., Heb. Union CollegeRothenberg, Saml., 22 W. 7thRuskin, Moses, 4141 Rose Hill Av.Ruslander, S., Heb. Union CollegeSachs, W. I., 546 Camden Av.Sack, E., Heb. Union CollegeSamuels, J., 3823 Edgehill PI.Samuels, Julius R.t 3970 Parker PI.Samuels, M. E., 860 Blair Av.Schusterman, A., Heb. Union CollegeSchwarz, Rabbi J. D., Kemper Lane

HotelSeasongood, P. L., 885 Clinton Springs

Av.Segal. A., 727 Gholson Av.Seligson, D., Heb. Union CollegeSenior, Edw., 2220 Frances LaneSenior, Max, 3580 Washington Av.

474 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Ohio

Share, N., Heb. Union CollegeShaw, A. D., Heb. Union CollegeShershevsky, D., Heb. Union CollegeShohl, Chas., 714 S. Crescent Av.Shor, D., Heb. Union CollegeSilver, H., 686 Gholson Av.Silverblatt, N., 729 S. Crescent Av.Simon, M., Hebrew Union CollegeSolway, H., 3621 Eaton LaneStein, B., Heb. Union CollegeTash, E., 1047 Dana Av.The Jewish Com. House, 415 ClintonToner, J. P., Heb. Union CollegeTouff, H. E., 3569 Glenwood Av.Trager, J., Heb. Union CollegeTuritz, L. J., Heb. Union CollegeUnited Jew. Social Agencies, 15th & PlumWarm & Warm, Drs., 641 Doctors Bldg.Weiland, F., 1006 Burton Av.Weiland, L., 3161 Harvey Av.Weiss, Dr. H. B., 730 N. CrescentWeitz, M. M., Hebrew Union CollegeWice, D. H., Heb. Union CollegeWohl, Rabbi S., 501 Carplin PI.Zepin, Rabbi G., Merchants Bldg.Zuckerman, A., Heb. Union College

ClevelandLIFE MEMBERS

Mahler, Mr. & Mrs. B., 12417 Cedar Rd.Peskind, Dr. A., 2414 E. 55th

PATRONSKlein, G. J., 2480 E. 22dMaschke. M., 2489 Guilford Rd.

LIBRARY MEMBER

Mellen, J. H., 908 Ulmer Bldg.ANNUAL MEMBERS

Adams, S. A., 13514 Larchmere Blvd.Auerbach, Mrs. H., 15107 Shore Acre Dr.Baker, E. M., Union Trust Bldg.Ballenberg, F. A., 1149 E. 125thBecker, Eli, 10708 Grantwood Av.Beckerman, H. A., Natl. City Bk. Bldg.Berick, M., 822 Leader Bldg.Bemon, Judge M., Union Trust Bldg.Bernstein, A. E., 1832 Wadena Av., E.Blaugrund, H., 2669 EdgehiU Rd.Bloch, Judge J. C , Williamson Bldg.Blum, H., 1545 E. 23rdBlumenthal, W. R., Hotel WintonBotwin, N. M., Engineers Bldg.Brickner, Rabbi B. R., 8206 Euclid Av.Brilliant, N., 8206 Euclid Av.Brown, R., 2828 LudlowBuxbaum, L., Hotel OlmstedCahen, A., 2864 E. Overlook Rd.Cahn, Mrs. L., 2099 Lamberton Rd.Cleveland Heb. Sch. & Ins., 105th &

West Chester Ave.Cooper, Dr. B. H., 10115 Superior Av.Cornsweet, N. R., Guarantee Title Bldg.Davidowitz, Rabbi H. S., 1017 E. Blvd.Dembrow, Dr. W. L., 9301 ParmeleeDeutsch, A. S., 4613 Payne Av.

Efros, M., 1661 Bel-Mar Rd.Ehrman, G. B., 2509 Norfolk Rd.Eisenberg, L., 1169 E. 79thElder, E. A.. 3820 Lakeside Av.Ellis, M., 10133 N. Blvd.Engelman, N. D., 1418 Keith Bldg.Epstein, Dr. J. W., 10604 Drexel Av.Feigenbaum, I., 985 E. Blvd.Fisher, I. H., 11213 Ashbury Av.Friedman, Max, 3264 Euclid Hghts. Blvd.Fryer, J., 1383 East Blvd.Galvin, Dr. M. B., 1417 E. 85thGarber, Dr. M.. 1098 E. 98thGittelsohn, Dr. R., 10111 Euclid Av.Glick, Harry F.. 11116 Ashbury Av.Good, S., 2872 W. 25thGoodman, M. P.. State Bk. Bldg.Gordon, B. D., 1108 Ulmer Bldg.Gross, J., 9917 South Blvd.Grossman, L. J., 10519 Lake Shore Blvd.Grossman, M. J.. 16950 S. Woodland Rd.Haber, M. W., 2692 Cochester Rd.Halle, S. P., 924 Hanna Bldg.Hausman, A. I., Central Police StationHeimlich, Dr. D., 10510 Euclid Av.Hertz. D. R., 1755 E. 89thHirsch, Dr. S. F., 2727 W. ScarboroughImmerman, A., 10850 Pasadena Av.Jacobs, Dr. P. A., 3912 Prospect Av.Jaffa, Rabbi P. W., 3152 E. Derbyshire

Rd.Jewish Social Service Bureau, 507 Huron

Sixth Bldg.Joseph, Emil, 1689 E. 115thKahn, M., 3551 E. 153dKalish. A. A., 3608 Euclid Av.Kaplan, H. L., 14246 Superior Rd.Katz, A. A., 1058 E. 99thKatz, L., 9000 Kempton Av.Kirtz. A., 506 Woodland Av.Klopper, N., 413 St. Clair Av., W.Koblitz. H. D., 328 Osbom Bldg.Kohn, W. S., 105th & St. Clair Av.Kohrman, M. I., 410 B. of L. E. Bldg.Kollin, Abr., 945 Soc. for Sav. Bldg.Kollin, H. L., 1641 Coventry Rd.Kollin, I. L., 10907 Pasadena Av.. N. E.Landesman, Dr. W. B., 10308 Euclid Av.Laronge, Jos., 10714 Drexel Av.Lev, Abraham, 950 Parkwood Dr.Levenberg, Dr. B., 1496 E. 107thLewin, M., 2295 S. Overlook Rd.Lichtig, I. W., 3398 Euclid Hghts. Blvd.Lindsey. Dr. P. R., 6810 Hough Av.Loeser, N., 10214 Lake Shore Blvd.Markowitz, Miss M. B., 1610 E. 105thMilcoff, Dr. I., 10012 Euclid Av.Milder, S., 11103 Asbury Av.Miller, J. H., 3003 Litchfield Rd.Miller, S., 1822 Central Ay.Newman, A. L., 1706 Euclid Av.Nowak, Rabbi Abr., 1591 Compton RdOheb Zedek Cong. Parkwood Dr. &

Morison Av.Orthodox Jewish Orphan Home, 879

Parkwood Dr.Ozer, M. M., Commodore Apts.Papo, J. M., 10527 Churchill

Ohio] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 475

Robbens, Dr. S. M., 1284 E. 105thRocker, H. A., 717 Guardian Bldg.Rocker, S., 1565 Glenmont Rd.Rosenthal, H., 2295 S. Overlook Rd.ScharfieW, M. B., 1610 E. 105thSchildhouse, J., 1135 Superior Av.Schnitzer, A., 768 E. 90thSchwartz, B. H., 11902 Fairport Av.Schwartz, E. E., 10920 Madison Av.Shapiro, Aaron, 2711 Woodland Av.Shier, R., 1410 B. F. Keith Bldg.Silbert, Judge S. H., 1454 Ansell Rd.Silver, Rabbi A. H., The TempleSimon, D. I., 1067 E. 98thSimon, H., Guarantee Title Bldg.Simon, M., 1303 W. 6thSobel. L. S., 2640 Euclid Blvd.Soglovitz, Geo. L., 6311 Kinsman Rd.Spira, H., 2207 OntarioStanford, M. S., 10113 Pierpont Av.The Euclid Av. Temple, S. S. LibraryThe Jewish Cen. Liby., 1117 E. 105thThe Temple Cong., E. 105th & AnsellUlmer, J. M., 710 Ulmer Bldg.Weil, E. S., 4000 Orange Av.Weinberg, J. L.. 10009 Yale Av.Weinstein, A. H., Soc. for Sav. Bldg.Weitz, Sidney N., 95 Belmore Rd.Wiener, Miss Lillian, 896 Eddy Rd.Wintner, A. S., 520 Soc. for Sav. Bldg.Wolf, E. E., Engineers Bldg.Wolfenstein, Dr. Leo, 1624 Compton Rd.Wolpaw, Jacob, 2777 Edgehill Rd.Zimet, S., 12631 Irvington Av.Zinner, O. J., 2940 Kingsley Rd.Zwick, Dr. I., 7805 Superior

Columbus

FRIENDLazarus, Fred, High

LIBRARY MEMBER

Hersch, W. A., 950 E. BroadANNUAL MEMBERS

B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, 96 18thAv.

Columbus Public LibraryGluck, Mrs. F. R., 272 Eastmoor Blvd.Gumble, H., 781 Bryden Rd.Kobacher, A. J., 295 S. ParkviewLevinger, Rabbi L. J., 2257 Indianola AvPolster, L. R., 314 S. Drexel Av.Schanfarber, E. J., 1424 Franklin Av.Schiff, A., 32 W. ChestnutSchiff, S.. 32 W. ChestnutWasserstrom, N., 433 N. High

DaytonLIBRARY MEMBERS

Ach, F., 510 E. 3rdStern, M. C , Dayton-Biltmore Hotel

ANNUAL MEMBERSKusworm, Sidney G., Gibbons HotelWitt, Rabbi L., 1528 N. Euclid Av.

East LiverpoolBendheim, G., 108 E. 6thErlanger, Win. Jr., 319 W. 5th

ElyriaAltfeld, A., 324 4th

Free, S. R.HUlsboro

Iron tonBrumberg, A. B.

LimaFishel, S. S., 813 W. Elm

MiddletonSchneider, Max, 3rd & Clinton

Mineral RidgeRosenblum, M. L.

NorwalkPreis, L. M., 204 W. Main

PortsmouthAtlas, Henry, 1401 Kinney's LaneAtlas, Wm., 2111 Sunrise

SanduskyHerman, H. L.. 214 W. MarketIsaacs, HarryKaplan, Saml., 903 Central Av.

So. Euclid P. O.Jewish Orphan Home, Fairmount &

Belvoir Blvd.

SpringfieldAltschul, Mrs. S., 519 E. CassillyEbner, Jos., 370 E. CassillyJaffa, S. J., 226 E. CassillySalzer, G. M., 215 Circle Dr.Schadel, Mrs. J., 222 W. NorthSmoller, Rabbi P., 1327 N. Limestone

SteubenvilleEsakovich, A. S., 328 MarketLevinson, Ralph S., 4th

TiffinBerson, M., 185 Sycamore

ToledoLIBRARY MEMBER

Kobacker, Mrs. M., 324 SummitANNUAL MEMBERS

Antin, Judge E., Spitzer Bldg.Applebaum, J., 2441 WarrenBasch, S. L., 2724 CollingwoodCalisch, Sol. H., 2206 Ashland Av.

476 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Pennsylvania

Green, B. M., 2405 PutnamHirsch, H., 362 RockinghamJewish Federation, Southward & LinwoodKobacker. Mrs. J. I., 2117 Robinwood

Av.Landman, Dr. Otto, Collingwood Av.,

TempleLevison, Harry, 2226 PutnamSanger, Sig., 2614 Collingwood Av.Shaw, E. E., 564 Spitzer Bldg.Shomer Emoonim Sabbath SchoolSilverman, I., 2116 Glenwood Av.Smith, Oscar J., 940 Spitzer Bldg.Treuhoft. M. E.. 2440 WarrenWiener, H., 2730 Scottwood Av.Zanville, H., 2479 Parkwood Av.Zeckhauser, J. N., c/o Tiedtke's

Youngs townLIBRARY MEMBER

Klivans, I., 366 Crandall Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

Bloch, L., 2220 Cordova Av.Bloch, Rev. S. J., 66 HalleckBroida, M. H., 3405 MarketCohen, M., 704 W. Norwood Av.Collins, M. A., 243 Norwood Av.Dreyfus, M., 273 Outlook Av.Eidelman, J., 411 W. Lora Av.Goldblatt, Dr. L. J., The WoodbineKamenetzky, A., 1715 Ohio Av.Library of Cong. Anshe Emeth, Park Av.

and ElmManello, Rabbi C, 422 Fairgreen Av.Philo. Rabbi I. E., 1817 Selma Av.Regenstreich, Louis, 262 FultonReinwasser, S., 1241 Wick Av.Rheuban, A. H., 507 Stambaugh Bldg.Rodef Sholem Sab. Sch., Elm & WoodbineSchneckinger, I., 17 E. FederalSteiner, D., 1053 Marshall

ArdmoreBodovitz, Jake A., 619 A. N. W.Daube, Mrs. Saml.

OKLAHOMA

AtokaZweigel, A.

Oklahoma CityLIBRARY MEMBER

Schonwald, D.. 215 W. 19th

ANNUAL MEMBERSBlatt, Rabbi Jos., 901 W. 24thEngelman, A. D., 617 Perrine Bldg.Gerstein. Rabbi I., 1312 W. 9thHoffman, H. R., 22 N. Robinson

Katz, A. J.Sapulpa

TulsaBoorstin, Saml. A., Mayo Bldg.Lewis, A. J., Box 1221May, Max H., 2141 Norfolk Ter.Singer, M., 1001 N. EllwoodSlutzky, L., 2648 Admiral Ct,

OREGON

PortlandLIBRARY MEMBERS

Selling, Estate of Ben., Mayer Bldg.Simon, Hon. J., 429 Vista Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSBerkowitz, Rabbi H. J., Temple Beth

IsraelB'nai Brith Bldg. Ass'n., 13th & MillDavis, H. B., 735 IrvingGevurtz, Louis, 3rd & AlderGreenstein, S. J., 482 Harrison

Library Ass'n of PortlandLib. Ass'n of Portland, 10th & YamhillMiller, Alex. E., 143 3rdNeighborhood House, 2nd & WoodNelson, R. C, 800 Pacific Bldg.Nudelman, E., 394 WashingtonParzen, Rabbi H.. 403 W. ParkReed CollegeShemanski, J., 400 WashingtonStrauss, N., c/o Fleischer, Mayer & Co.Tyre, B., P. O. Box 3496Weinbaum. Edwin N., 908 E. 29th, N.Weinstein, S. B., 687 Multnomah

Allen townColeman, B., 31 South WestHeinz, M.. 27 N. FultonHess Bros., 1244 Hamilton

PENNSYLVANIA

Kline, Chas., 821 HamiltonLeonard, J., 339 N. LehMeltzer, S., 25 N. 6thRockmaker, H., 32 S. 18th

Pennsylvania] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 477

Siegel, Morris J., 612 N. 11thWasserman, J., 633 Hamilton

AltoonaGoldstein, A. D., 2808 Broad Av.Leopold, L. E., 204 Logan Av.Scheeline, I., 2005 Maple Av.Scheinberg, Mrs. S., 307 Aldrich Av.Silverman Bros., 1512 11th Av.

AmblerLindenfeld, B., 439 Butler Av.

AmbrldgeFriedberg, S., 503 MerchantNadler, M. B., 639 MerchantWe Are Sevens Club, 418 Merchant

ArdmoreBalaity, J. S., 18 E. Lancaster Av.Kaplan, L., 104 W. Lancaster Av.Levy, J. L., 25 W. Lancaster Av.

BalaGoldich, M., 159 Bala Av.Kohn, M. M., Bala & Union Avs.

Barne8boroLIBRARY MEMBER

Luxenberg, Louis

Beaver FallsMarkson, H. M., 1523 6th Av.Riesberg, B., 190 Taylor Av.Solomon, Mrs. Max, 1202 8th Av.

BellefonteCohen, Walter, 19 N. SpringLanday, M. A., Markland Hotel

BerwickFriedberg, L. 144 W. Front.Schain, J. M.

BethlehemStone, F., 85 W. Broad

BloomsburgArcua, C , 132 W. MainLustig, P. A., 7 MainMayer, David, 38 W. 3rd

BradfordKreinson, L. J., 28 BushnellSiff, Samuel. 75 Congress

ButlerBerman, M. A., 170 OakHorwitz, Wm., 239 E. CunninghamRosenthal, S. M., 114 Charles

BywoodBerman, M., 529 Larchwood Av.

CannonsburgLevin, J. D., 201 E. Pike

CarbondaleKurlancheek, J., 39 Pike

CarlisleBerg, Miss Selma, 55 S. College

CentraliaLippman, P.

ChesterAdelman, S. H., 519 MarketBaron. Miss H., 148 W. 3dBaylin, Miss A., 831 W. 3dBaylin. O., 705 E. 21stBloom, L. A., 622 Crozer Bldg.Bloom, Saml., 212 W. 7thDublisky, B., 118 W. 5thFederman, Dr. A. G., 405 MarketGarson, S., 804 W. 3dGoodman. Dr. W. H., 2411 W. 3dHerehon, J. L., 200 W. 5thLevy, M., 15 W. 3dMendelsohn, Mrs. M., 923 Keystone Rd.Pfeffer. M., 1105 W. 3dPlafker, Dr. N. V., 803 Edgmont Av.Snyder, L., 800 Edgmont Av.Speare, N., 629 Edgmont Av.Steinberg, J., 1207 W. 3dWolson, A. W., 337 W. 9thZucker. M., 614 Welsh

Clifton HeightsFastman, A.Pleet, D. H.

ClymerLevinson, H.

CoatesvilleApfelbaum, Louis, 116 E. Lincoln

HighwayGoldberg, I., 589 ChestnutWeiss, B., 228 E. Main

ColllngdaleEdelman, S., 23 Chester Pike

ConnellsvilleOppenheim. S. D., 409 E. Green

CorrySmith, Dr. A. L., 310 E. SouthZalzneck, LUlian E., 308 W. Wash.

CynwydLibros, E., 416 State Rd.Moore, A., 200 Bala Av.

DarbyCaine, I. E., 504 MainGoss, H., 510 MainGreenwald, J., 1130 Main


Mayerson, H., 871 MainPhilips, B., 1118 Main

DonoraHirsch, R., 517 Prospect Av.

EastonKrohn, I., 6 S. 7thMayer, Jacob, 115 N. 14thRalph, L. M., 137 N. 7thTrachtenberg, Rabbi J., 52 N. 3d

East StroudsburgJacobs, I., c/o Bon Ton StoreSommer, C, 286 N. Courtland

Elkins ParkLIFE MEMBER

Teller, Est. of Mrs. Benj. F.PATRON

Wolf, LouisLIBRARY MEMBER

Solis-Cohen, J., Jr., 709 Rambler Rd.ANNUAL MEMBERS

Bloch, Mrs. M. L., Elkins Ct. Apt. F. 2Cherry, Geo.,7813 Park Av.Gerstley, I., 421 Ashboume Rd.Labe, Mrs. Jacob, 709 Rambler Rd.Newburger, F. L., 534 Elkins Av.

Elwood CityFeldman, Nathan, 522 Weyne Av.

ErieLIBRARY MEMBER

Sobel. Isador. 931 W. 9thANNUAL MEMBERS

Ansche, Chesed Congr., 523 W. 9thB'nai B'rith Home for ChildrenCohen, M., 16 Kenilworth Apt.Currick, Rabbi M. C, 523 W. 9thGale, I., 144 W. 5thLevin, A. K., 216 W. 18thLevin, J. L., 649 Downing Ct.Levy, M. D., 4310 CherryOstrow, Mrs. S., 437 W. 7thRubin, H. H.. 317 E. 23dSchaffner, M., 239 W. 21stSilin, N., 952 W. 8thSimon, Mrs. H. O., 316 W. 10thZacks. J. H., 1222 W. 10th

EtnaCaplan, Harry, 8 Freeport

FarrellMay, Patrick, Box 581

GreensburgFriedlander, H. M., Depot

Kahanowitz, I., 112 WashingtonShapiro, J., 816 W. Otterman

HarrisburgBookstabor, Dr. P. D., 208 N. 3dBurnstein, Rabbi A., Temple Beth ElCaplan, P. H., 2965 N. 2ndClaster, Henry C, 2001 N. 3dClaster, Jos., 925 N. 4thFriedman, S., 1200 N. 3dHirschler, A., 803 N. 6thLipsett, H., 2813 N. 2dSachs, Miss Mary. 208-10 N. 3d

HaverfordLIBRARY MEMBER

Publicker, H., 1 Tunbridge Rd.

HazletonDessun, Dr. L. A., 145 N. LaurelFriedlander, M., 210 Markle Bk. Bldg.

HomesteadFriedlander, B., 218 E. 11th Av.

JenkintownRosenthal, E., 121 Township LaneRuberg, M., 504 Runnymede Av.

JohnstownKaaplander, Rabbi M. H., 54 ErieNathan, Mrs. M., 344 Tioga, WestmontSilverstone, M. B., 519 Main

KaneElson, C, 316 Chase

KingstonFriedman, A., 164 Dorrance

KittanningKaplan, M., 135 S. Jefferson

LancasterJacobs, J., 19 W. ChestnutRosenthal, Rev., I., 445 N. DukeShaarai Shomayim Congr. Lib'yStein, Dr. B. D.. 230 N. Duke

LansdowneBerry. I. H., 3 S. Lansdowne Av.Saturen, P., 285 Coverly Rd.

Latham ParkKerstine, H. E., 24 Parkway

LatrobeLowenstein, Fred., 202 Depot

LebanonLevin, H., 11th & LocustLevitz, S., 218 S. 9th

Pennsylvania) JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 479

LeetsdaleGross, Max, 460 Wash.

LehightonCohen, Wm., 159 N. FirstRauscher, Emanuel, Box 218Weiss. Wm., 143 N. 1st

LewistownSiegel. H. L., 23 N. Grand

Lock HavenClaster, M. L., 46 N. Bald Eagle

LuzerneDattner, M., 540 Bennett

McKeesportAuslander, Dr I. L., 618 MarketFriedman, Henry, 531 Shaw Av.Kaplan, F. R. S., 1500 Carnegie Av.Levy, H. R., 510 WalnutMendlowitz, Dr. P., 141 Fifth Av.Pollak, Rabbi A., 211 ThirdRuben, Jos. H., Ruben Bldg.Sunstein, Dr. Noah, 607 Shaw Av.

Mahanoy CityShanfield, S., 634 E. Centre

East Mauch ChunkWeiss, S., Jr.

MechanlcsburgJacobson, A. S., Est. of, 14 W. MainLevy, Joseph G.

Melrose ParkPATRON

Bernstein, R. M., 1100 Melrose Av.LIBRARY MEMBER

Hirsh, H. B., 1213 Stratford Av.ANNUAL MEMBER

Paris, E. J., 9 Mill Rd.

MerionBenoliel, S. D.

Mount AiryNusbaum, E., 143 W. SharpnackNusbaum, Mrs. J., 7135 Cresheim Rd.

NazarethWolf, L., 365 Mauch Chunk

New BrightonRosenberg. E., 903 EighthSaul, Ellis I.. 601 6th

New CastleFeuchtwanger, Mrs. M., 331 Laurel Blvd.

Kaplan, Dr. E., 223 N. MercerKohn, L., 113 Moody Av.The Agenda Club, 410^ Lyndal

New CumberlandSmarr, Jos. B., 12th & Bridge

New KensingtonGoldberger, Rabbi H. R., 1132 Victoria

Av.

NorristownAbramovitz, I., 412 W. FornanceBermazel, M., 234 W. MainBloch, S. E., 524 Haws Av.Cohen, S. G., 17 W. OakFeder, A. L., 150 W. MainFeldman, D. M., 10 W. MainGoldberg, R., 64 E. MainHessen, I. L., 1409 W. MainHorwitz, S., 139 W. MainHydeman, N., 1438 MarkleyNovell, M., 56 E. MainPolak, Dr. S., 24 E. MainRosenman, Dr. H. M., 46 E. MainSandier, J., 330 CherryWeiss, H., 132 W. Main

North WalesBernstein, Sigmund

Oil CityStahl, H. L., 41 E. Bissell Av.

OlyphantRaker, Dave K.Raker, Louis. Miles Av.

Petrolia, Butler Co.Breth. Dr. F. W., Daugherty Refining Co.

Philadelphia

LIFE MEMBERSBloch. S. L., 12th & MarketEshner, Dr. A. A.. 1019 SpruceSchechtman, M., 2459 N. 33dSnellenburg, N., 12th & Market

SUBSCRIBER FOR LIFEPeirce, Harold, 222 Drexel Bldg.

SUSTAINING MEMBERWolf, Albert, 330-48 N. 12th

FRIENDSFels, M., Garden Ct. Apt.Gerstley, Wm., Finance Bldg.

PATRONS

Bernstein, R. M., North American Bids.Eichhofc, A., 360 Bullitt Bldg.Fels, S. S., 39th & WalnutFleisher, Edwin A., 2220 GreenFriedmann, Lionel, School House &

Gypsy Lanes


Gerstley, L., 701 Finance Bldg.Gerstley, S. L., 250 S. 17thGolder, Ben, 2011 N. 33dMiller, Simon, 1S20 SpruceSickles, L., 3220 DiamondSulzberger, Estate of J. E., 6508 Lincoln

Dr.Wolf, Mrs. Ben.. 250 S. 17thWolf, Clarence, 1521 N. 16thWolf, Edwin, 1517 N. 16th

LIBRARY MEMBERSBauer, G., 1817 VenangoBerkowitz, L. L., 1739 BerksBernheimer, L. G., 233 W. HarveyBlumenthal, Hart, Rittenhouse Plaza

Apts.Fernberger, Mrs. J. W., 1530 LocustFlelsher, Arthur A., 2301 GreenFreeman, A. E., 134 WalnutGimbel. Mrs. E. A., 1830 S. Rittenhouse

SquareGoldman, N. I. S., 1505 Nedro Av.Goldstein, L.. 703 W. Girard Av.Goldstein, Wm, 1411 WalnutHagedorn, J. H., 1520 SpruceHerzberg, M. H., 127 S. 13thIsenberg Bros., S. E. Cor. Broad &

Spring GardenKauffmann, M., 5812 N. 15thKeneseth Isr. Cong., Broad ab. ColumbiaKlein, Rabbi M. D., 2109 N. BroadKohn, H. E., Bankers Trust Bldg.K.un. Judge J. L., Bankers Trust Bldg.Laver, H., 5427 Woodcrest Av.Levinthai, L. E., Bankers Trust Bldg.Lit. J. D., 1014 Packard Bldg.Maimed, A. T., Gtn. Manor Apts.Mercantile Club, 1422 N. BroadMiller, Chas., 1520 SprucePitkow, H. M., 5336 Lebanon Av.Schamberg, Dr. J. F., 1402 SpruceSchenck, Julius, 827 S. 58thSelzer, P., 1549 Champlost Av.Silverman, D. L., N. W. Cor. 6th & SouthSnellenburg, J. N., Market & 12thSteinbach, Mrs. L. W., 1511 OxfordSteinberg, Mrs. P., Drexel Bldg.Sterling, P., 2176 E. YorkStern. Mrs. E., 135 S. 17thStern, Judge Horace, 1524 N. 16thStrauss, B., Allegheny & HancockTalimer, Mrs. B. M. O., Warwick HotelWeber, David, 53d and Gainor Rd.Weyl, J. S., 140 N. 6thWeyl, M. N., 6506 Lincoln Dr.Wolf, M., Packard Bldg.Y. M. and Y. W. H. A., Broad & Pine

ANNUAL MEMBERSAaron Berman Lib'y, 63rd & MarketAaron, M. N.. 2100 WalnutAarons. G. P., 1909 N. Park Av.Aaronson. A.. 594 City HallAbrahams, R. D., 1520 SpruceAbrams, M. A., 1816 N. 28thAcron, Dr. Jno., 421 S. 18thAdler. A. J., 5506 N. 7th

Adler, Dr. Cyrus, 2041 N. BroadAdler, Mrs. Cyrus, 2041 N. BroadAisenstein, S., 5V02 WalnutAlexander, J., 1955 N. 52ndAlexander, L., 3832 N. 17thAlexander, Mrs. M. R., 1530 LocustAlkus, Wm., 1531 Nedro Av.Allman, H. D., Ritz-Carlton HotelAllman, J. P., 1522 ChestnutAlmes, C. S., 1506 S. BroadAlsher, L., 1727 N. FranklinAmram, D. W., 918 Packard Bldg.Amram, P. W., 1204 Packard Bldg.Amster, M., 44 W. HainesArnold, Albert K., The "Lenox"Aron, Max, 804 Franklin Tr. Bldg.Arronson, H., 4923 Parkside Av.Artzt, B. S., 6014 OxfordAtchick, I., 1736 OrthodoxAtlas, D.. 6752 N. 13thAxe, B., 1315 CherryBacharach, Mrs. S., Hotel MajesticBachman, F. H.. 212 S. 15thBalaban, J., 5306 Lebanon Av.Balis, H., 508 Market St. Nat'l Bk. Bldg.Barol, H.. 1025 WingohockingBass, C. P., 1211 ChestnutBaum, N., Lenox Apts.Baylson, I.. 5030 Kingsessing Av.Baylson. J. J., 6313 N. 13thBeck, Miss Victoria, 1000 N. 45thBecker, D., 2283 N. 51stBedner, H. I., 2612 N. 9thBehrend, Max, 6672 Lincoln Dr.Behrend, Dr. M.. 1738 PineBeliekowsky, S., 5503 PentridgeBellmore, J. B., 5206 Lebanon Av.Belmont, Leo, 2103 Green, Apt. DBendiner, Mrs. H., 469 Abbotsford Rd.,

Gtn.Berg, D., 1715 JeffersonBerger, D., 6654 Lincoln Dr.Berger, D., 5226 Gainor Rd.Berger, H., 131 S. 5thBerger, J. A., 1901 WalnutBerkman, A., 1020 W. UpsalBerkowitz, A., 2034 S. 6thBerkowitz, Mrs. F., 1821 DiamondBernstein, B., 613 E. Allegheny Av.Beth-El Cong., 58th & WalnutBiberman, J. M., 321 Carpenter LaneBiberman, Jos., 607 W. UpsalBiberman, L., 6639 Lincoln Dr.Biederman. L., 869 N. 5thBiernbaum, M. H., Stephen Girard Bldg.Billikopf, J., 235 S. 15thBirdman, N., Moya. Av. & McKeanBlank, J., 6165 CatharineBlatstein, E. M., 5742 RodmanBlauner, H., 833 MarketBless Bindery Co., 704 ChestnutBlieden, G. L., Bankers Trust Bldg.Bloom, Louis. 5625 N. 12thBloom, N., 5729 N. 17thBloom, S. S., S. W. cor. 48th & BrownBloomberg, L. M., 5925 EllsworthBlum, Isidor, 3133 DakotaBlumberg, A. A.. 2136 S. 7th


Blumberg, Dr. N., 1922 SpruceBlumberg, N. M., 1610 S. 5thBluraerfeld, J. B., 824 W. SomersetBorowsky, A. G., 403 Morris Bldg.Brahin, C , 7092 N. 20thBram, Dr. Israel, 1633 SpruceBraslawsky, H., 90S N. MarshallBraude, H. W., 4900 PineBrav, Dr. A., 2027 SpruceBrav, Victor, 1514 Lindley Av.Brein, D., 6202 EllsworthBrenner, H. N., 524 PineBrenner, M., 5025 WalnutBreskman, R., 1312 WingohockingBrick, H. A., 1618 ConlynBrod, H., 6030 Wash. Av.Brooks, B., 11th & DiamondBrown, F., 725 W. Wyoming Av.Brunswick, E., 3421 N. 19thBrylawski, Mrs. E., 626 W. ClivedenBurd, A. M., 112-20 N. 12thBurd, L. A., 1009 W. Cliveden Av.Busch, Hyman, Amber & WestmorelandCahan, L. H., 19th & LocustCantor, H. L., 1727 W. 68th Av.Caplan, Jos., 2340 N. Park Av.Chabrow, D. P., 5434 Gainor Rd.Chabrow, F., 4927 Parkside Av.Chabrow, H., 6223 Washington Av.Chaiken, Dr. J. B., 1330 N. FranklinCharen, M., 6031 CarpenterCherry, N., 2021 N. 33dChomsky, Dr. W., Dropsie CollegeCohan, I., 3982 PennsgroveCohen, Dr. A. J., 1630 SpruceCohen, Albert B., 5725 Cedar Av.Cohen, Charity Solis, 1537 N. 8thCohen, D. H. Solis, City Line & Mountain

Av.Cohen, E. J., 2311 BrownCohen, Mrs. H., 321 S. 51stCohen, H. H., 1637 Wyoming Av.Cohen, J. J., 6607 N. GratzCohen, Rabbi M. J., 1117 Duncannon Av.Cohen, Dr. Myer S., 2110 SpruceCohen, N., 1126 N. OriannaCohen, P., 2419 S. SthCohen, R., 332 ReedCohen, Dr. S. Solis, 135 S. 17thCohn, B. R., 3846 N. 17thCohn, L. I., 232 S. 2ndCohn, S., 6204 CarpenterColonial Cafe, 514 S. 5thCooperberg, S., Fruit Trade Bldg.Cornfeld, Dr. M., 1336 S 4thCoyne, M. A., Widener Bldg.Creskoff, A. J., 2314 Fidelity Bldg.Crown, M., Jr., 1506 CallowhillDalsimer, H., 211-13-15 ChestnutDannenbaum, E. M., Alleg'y & Bd'notDannenbaum, H. M., 6315 Park Av.Daroff. S., 11th & ArchDavis, H. L., 1504 N MervineDe Ford, Dr. F. A., 5629 N. 16thDembitz, Arthur, 5329 N. 15thDewolf, Mrs. E. L., 4109 N BroadDilsheimer, F., 3021 DiamondDintenfass, Dr. Henry, 1305 Spruce

Bogulov, M. M., 721 Archostrow, Dr. V. G., 143 E. Roosevelt;Blvd.

Dreifus, M., 1529 DiamondDrill, A. F., 349 E. Roosevelt Blvd.Drob, M.. Bankers Trust Bldg.Drucker, A. B., 5407 PentridgeDruckman, S., 147 N. 8thEckert, S. P., 2437 S. 4thEdelman, J. J., 6230 PineEliel, Mrs. L. S., "Warwick," 17th &

LocustBllendman, J., 816 W. Wyoming Av.Ellis, A. M., 2227 N. 33dEllis, John, 126 N. Delaware Av.Ellis, K., 2401 N. 54thEllis, M. J., 5404 Gainor Rd.Ellis, M., 5328 Gainor Rd.Elmaleh, Rev. L. H., 2322 N. BroadElson. M., 521 S. RedfieldEnglander, J. B., 125 S. 63dEnglander, S., 4532 N. BroadEpstein, J., 6012 N. 11thEpstein, O., 5943 PineEttelson, Jos., 913 S. 60thFagan, Mrs. N., 1837 N. 33rdFastman, J. I., 5633 Gainor Rd.Faust, Ed., 1227 N. 6thFazar, L., 5350 ArlingtonFeigenbaum, B., 1207 Wyoming Av.Fein, Nettie L., 3023 Euclid Av.Feinberg, C. S., 248 N. Delaware Av.Feinberg, F., 1216 Ridge Av.Feiner, Edward, 928 ArchFeinstein, Dr. A., 4818 N. 11thFeld, M. J., 4th & CumberlandFeldman, Dr. D., 4101 W. Girard Av.Feldman, David, N., 617 S. 63rdFeldman, H., 5433 Gainor Rd.Feldman, S. L., 4618 Conshohocken Av.Fels, H., 311 E. Roosevelt Blvd.Fernberger, H. W., 1901 WalnutFernberger, S. W., 6314 Wissahickon AvFeustman, M., 4408 WalnutFineman, Dr. H. E., 1324 S. 5thFineman, S. S., 618 Penna. Bldg.Fineshriber, Rev. Dr. W. H., 1916

Rittenhouse Sq.Finestone, L. J., 404 GreenFingles, Dr. A. A., 647 N. 22dFischer, J. J., 1242 Widener Bldg.Fischman, H., 10th & Allegheny Av.Fischer, I. Irwin, 5253 N. SydenhamFlamm, S. A., 2520 N. BroadFleisher, Mrs. A., 2030 Spring GardenFleisher, Louis, 2045 GreenFleisher, Mrs. M., 2223 GreenFleisher, W. A., City Line & LakesideFlink, S., 5522 Osage Av.Fogel, F., 5313 Lebanon Av.Folkman, S., 5647 SansomFolz, S., Bankers Trust Bldg.Fox, Chas. E., Bankers Trust Bldg.Fox, T. L., 1844 N. NatronaFrank, C. I., 601 N. 6thFrank, M., 1735 W. Montgomery Av.Frankel, B. L., 6800 Lawnton Av.Frankel, L., 717 Walnut


Fredman, Rabbi S., 6046 Wash. Av.Frecdman, A., 1522 Widener PI.Freedman, N., 5936 Cobbs Creek Pky.Free Library, Logan SquareFreides, Dr. R., 250 S. BroadFriedman, J., 2929 Ridge Av.Friedman, S. G.. 404 SansomFurth, Eraanuel, 121R ChestnutGarrison, H., 1023 FilbertGans, Mrs. S. J., 3247 N. 15thGekoski, L., 5741 Virginian Rd.Gershenfeld, Dr. L., 281 S. 63rdGerson, F. N., 3413 RaceGerstley, Mrs. H., Majestic HotelGetson, B., 1703 N. FranklinGetson, Dr. P., Moya. Av. & WhartonGettlin, A. A., 5630 N. 5thGetzow, Dr. J. A., 251 PineGevov, E., 244 W. Girard Av.Gilgor, L. I., 4931 GransbackGimbel, Mrs. B., 250 S. 1 7thGimbel, Chas., 250 S. 17thGinns, Dr. R. S., 30 Carpenter LaneGinsberg, L.. 5631 Lebanon Av.Ginsburg, Dr. M., 1441 S. BroadGinsburg, S. R., 1832 SpruceGinsburg, Wm., Bankers Trust Bldg.Ginsburg, W. B., 7036 N. BroadGittelson, Dr. S. J., 1017 SpruceGlass, H. E., 1504 MarketGlassman, A., 2615 W. Girard Av.Goldbaum, Dr. Jacob S., 4234 SpruceGoldberg, Miss J. M , 1305 Stephen

Girard Bldg.Goldberg, S., 235 S. BroadGoldberg, V., 227 GreenwichGolden, Dr. M. H., 1830 PineGoldenberg, J. B., 4955 PineGoldin, A. J., 1415 Penn Bldg.Goldman, I., 2512 N. 30thGoldman, M. D., 2100 WalnutGoldner, E., 1627 N. 33rdGoldsmith, E. M., 18th and CourtlandGoldsmith, H. N., 2336 N. BroadGoldsmith, Katherine, 5251 N. 10thGoldsmith, L., 6664 Lincoln Dr.Goldstein, D., 5742 N. 17thGoldstein, R., Pine Vista Apts., 4800 PineGoodman, Isaac, Ritz-Carlton HotelGordesky, P., 4046 Parkside Av.Gordon, Max E., 5922 WalnutGorson, G., 250 N. BroadGottlieb, N. J., 728 ArchGoward, Geo., 4701 Wayne Av.Grabosky, S., 1616 WalnutGradess. Dr. M., 2932 N. 6thGrand Uph. Furn. Co., 837 N. 3rdGranoff, H., 4650 N. 10thGra=s, Jacob, 1301 N. 54thGratz, College, Broad and YorkGrayzel, Rabbi S.. Broad & YorkGreen, E., 5706 ChestnutGreen, Jacob, 5638 Woodcrest Av.Green, Dr. Max, 2007 S. 4thGreen, S. A., 1330 Pt. Breeze Av.Greenbarg, Ben., 207 FilbertGreenbaum, Mrs. M., The CoronadoGreenberg, J., 1347 S. 6th

Greenberg, J. J., 123 S. BroadGreenberg, Rabbi S., 5635 Wyndale AvGreenblatt, L., 3110 Montgomery Av.Grecnebaum, A., 58th and MarketGreenfield, A. M., 310 W. JohnsonGreenhouse, M. E., 1507 N. 16thGreenstein, L. A., Real Est. Tr. Bldg.Greenstone. Dr. J. H., 1926 N. 13thGreenwood, Dr. N. S., 6216 CarpenterGribbel, J., 1513 RaceGroskin, H., Land Title Bldg.Gross, Harry. 331 S. 5thGross, H., 1235 SouthGross, Joseph, 706 Bulletin Bldg.Gross, N., 730 S. 5thGrossman, Miss Bertha, 5758 Larchwood

Av.Grossman, Chas. S., 703 W. Girard Av.Grossman, I., 1411 Pt. Breeze Av.Grossman, Martin, 0249 Walton Av.Grunfeld, C , 1210 W. 52ndGudis, M., 1029 RaceGusdorff, A., 615 MarketGuth, H. A., 2016 N. 8thGutman, B., 26th & ReedGutman, J. C , 1230 ArchHafler, M., 6137 EllsworthHalpert. N., 714 SamsonHamberg, L., 319 GreenHammerschlag, Mrs. P., 4626 N. CamacHano, Mrs. H., The DrakeHar Zion Library. 54th bel. Wynnefield

Av.Hassler. I.. 2004 Finance Bldg.Heb. Sun. Sen. Soc, 10th & CarpenterHeb. Sun. Sch. Soc, 1529 N. 7thHeilveil, H., 2076 E. VenangoHelfand. David, 318 S. 2ndHenly, Elkan, 16th and ReedHenly, J., 1725 Memorial Av.Herbach. Jos., 1819 NewkirkHerman, M. E., 5750 N. 5thHerson, M.. 500 N. 6thHerzberg, H., 1531 N. 8thHess, Mrs. L. E., Hotel WarwickHillerson, David, 700 SansomHillerson, Dr. M. S., 422 GreenHirschberg, Miss A., 3124 DiamondHirschwald. R. M., N. American Bldg.Hochman, P., 3051 Frankford Av.Hoffman, J. B., 6607 N. 10thHoffman. J., 1622 S. 4thHorvitz. H., 3605 MarketHurshman, A. E., Bankers Tr. Bldg.Husik, Dr. Isaac, 2100 WalnutHyman, Mrs. C , 1220 S. 58thIlloway, B. A., 215 S. BroadIngber, D. A., 1901 WalnutIngber. I. W., 2251 N. 51stIsaacs, J. L., 1430 N. 16thJacobs, S. N., Broad & SouthJacobson, P. D., 335 W. Girard Av.Jaffe, Louis, 4112 Parkside Av.Jastrow, Miss A. M., 68th Av. & 13thJeitles, Sam'I C , 19th & WalnutJewish Students' House, 3613 LocustJewish World. The, 223 S. 5thJosephs, M., 718 Chestnut


Kahn, Dr. B. L., 2125 S. 4thKalish, Dr. M, E., 1420 W. Girard AvKane, Benj., 24 S. 2ndKaplan, Abr., 4702 ChestnutKarmel, S. H., 821 ArchKass, Rachel, 12 N. 19thKatz. E., 327 Snyder Av.Katz, Simon, 431 WalnutKaufman, Dr. A. S., 1923 SpruceKaufman, E. M., 617 W. HortterKaufman, Dr. I., 3508 N. 23rdKaufman, M. A., Allegheny & HancockKaufman, Dr. N., 4400 N. 8thKaufman, S., 305 WalnutKaufman, Wm., 1233 ArchKellner, B., 1806 Champlost Av.Kempler, David M., 804 Passyunk AvKeneseth Israel Free Lib'y., 1717 N.

BroadKlebanoff, B., 532 S. 59thKlebanoff, D., 6122 ColumbiaKlein, Eugene, 44 N. 50thKohn, Dr. I. M., 1530 LocustKoch, Mrs. A. M., Oak Lane Manor,

Valley Rd.Kohn, Dr., Bernard, 1516 N. 15thKohn, Geo., 4620 WalnutKohn, Isadore, 1517 N. 16thKohn, Israel, 1512 S. 5thKohn, Jos., 5416 Woodcrest Av.Kohn, J. C, 406 E. Roosevelt Blvd.Kohn, Rabbi S. J.. 348 WolfKolander, M. W., 915 Packard Bldg.Kolodner, A , 726 SansomKolsky. H., 417 S. 46thKorff, S. Z., 5486 BerksKorn, Henry, 528 RitnerKorn, M., 1211 ChestnutKraftsow, M., 3915 Powelton Av.Krakovitz, A., 5360 Lebanon Av.Krakovitz, S., 4th & MorrisKrasnov, S., 3106 W. CliffordKratzok, S. E., 5427 Wynnefield Av.Kraus, G. J., Bankers Trust Bldg.Kraus, Meyer, 3532 N. 19thKraus, S. L., N. American Bldg.Krause, P. G., 6037 N. CamacKremer, Dr. D. N., 5904 SpruceKrieger, Wm. 2255 N. BroadKrischer, Morris, 6203 WebsterKurtz, Rob't, 1840 N. 32ndKushner, R., 6744 N. SmedleyKutikoff, Dr. J., 403 RitnerLam, A. M., 4613 N. 13thLandau, H., 5253 ArlingtonLang, A., 6109 Ridge Av.Lang, G. H., 218 W. Walnut LaneLangfeld, Wm. R.. 1512 N. 17thLax, A., 121 W. WentzLederer, Mrs. E., Hotel PennsylvaniaLeebron, Dr. J. B., 6101 Wash. Av.Leibowitz, A., 1002 N. 6thLeipsiger, N. S., 12th & MarketLeopold, Mrs. I., 2025 SpruceLeventhal, M. B., 107 S. 2ndLeventhal. S., 41 N. 10thLeventon, B. E., 455 N. 6thLevi, I. D., 1600 Walnut

Levi, Julius C, N. American Bldg.Levin, Aaron, 409 Olney Av.Le Vine, M., 1950 Godfrey Av.Levinthal, Rev. B. L., 4036 Parkside Av.Levis, A. L., 507 S. 6thLevy, Rabbi A. J., 324 E. Roosevelt Blvd.Levy, A. B., 251 W. HansberryLevy, A. S., Bankers Tr. Bldg.Levy, Dr. Frank D., 1859 N. 8thLevy, H. M., 220 SouthLevy, Howard S., 220 W. Roberts Av.Levy, I. K., Real Estate Tr. Bldg.Levy, L. F., Wayne Av. & BerkleyLevy, Louis, 2406 S. 9thLevy, Martin O., 1014 RocklandLevy, Raphael, 2265 N. Park Av.Lewin, M. S., 1524 ChestnutLewine, Mrs. Rose, 1819 N. 33rdLewis. Judge Wm. M., 1914 N. 32ndLichtenstein, M., 1001 ChestnutLiebeman, Chas. N., 5653 Lebanon Av.Lieber, S. E., 1946 Godfrey Av.Lieberman, A. H., 5136 Wayne Av.Lifter, Mrs. J. J., 6312 N. 13thLindauer, Dr. E., 6451 N. BroadLipschitz, A. B., 1020 N. 45thLipschitz, Rabbi M., 823 N. 6thLisan, M. F., 6216 Woodland Av.Lisberger, L., Hotel MajesticLischin, A. L., 718 W. RocklandLitman. Mr. & Mrs. S., N. E. Cor. 45th &

PineLoeb, Arthur, 1701 LocustLoeb, David J., 4220 PineLoeb, H. A., 431 ChestnutLoeb, Horace, 1512 WalnutLoeb, Leo, 1631 WalnutLoeb, Dr. Ludwig, 1421 N. 15thLoeb, Oscar, 6704 N. 12thLoeb, Simon, 17th & LocustLoewenberg, Dr. S. A., 1905 SpruceLowenstein, Sidney, Land Title Bldg.Lorber, J., 1930 Germantown Av.Lowenburg, Dr. H., 325 S. 17thLowengrund, E., Land Title Bldg.Lowenthal, A., 6227 ChristianLubarsky, J., 19th & CarpenterLyons, L. E., 1521 Nedro Av.Magaziner, L., 1701 WalnutMagil, Myer, 20 N. 6thMann, David I., Front & BerksMarder, H. M., 1721 N. 31stMargolis, Dr. M., Dropsie CollegeMargulies, M. J., 121 N. DeweyMargulis, A., 219 S. BroadMarkmann, M. J., 6511 N. 11thMarkowich, A. L., N. E. Cor. 17th &

Chelten Av.Markowich, Jack, 6546 Dicks Av.Markowitz, B. J.. 1323 S. 5thMarks, A. S., 35th & Powelton Av.Marx, S. J., 4910 Pulaski Av.Masel, B. A., 305 E. Walnut LaneMasel, Isaac, 1108 SpruceMatt, Rabbi C. D., 271 S. 63rdMatusow, Harry, 3236 W. NorrisMayer, Alfred, 1851 N. 17thMayer, C. O., Bankers Trust Bldg.


Mayer, G. H., 728 SansomMayor, Dr. Chas. A., 2223 S. BroadMazer, Dr. Chas., 1829 PineMazer, Mrs. E. W., S. E. Cor. 13th &

Oak Lane Av.Meisach, S., 6301 N. 12thMellman, M., 324 E. Girard Av.Melnicoff, Dr. J., 408 W. Girard Av.Metser, H., 45th & PineMeltzer, A., 24 N. 3rdMerz. Leon, 431 ChestnutMeshberg, P.. 904 N. FranklinMesirow, H. S., Packard Bldg.Mesirov, Isaac, 1304 ArchMichel, H., S253 BerksMickelson, S., 455 N. 6thMickve Israel Congr. Sch., Broad & YorkMiller, A. E., 16th & ReedMiller Community Center, 33rd &

DiamondMiller, Morris L., 5201 Overbrook Av.Millgram, Rabbi A. E., 3226 W. BerksMitosky, Jos., 110 S. 4thMonheit, Albert D., 5105 N. 15thMosco, Dr. S. F., 1733 N. FranklinMoskowitz, H., 5410 Gainor Rd.Moss, Jos., Commonwealth Bldg.Myers. P. M., 904 69th Av.Myberg, M., 103 W. Girard Av.Nachman, J., 320 S. 59thNagler, M., 6365 ShermanNathan, Rev. M., 3417 Ridge Av.Nemirow, M. A., 419 N. Amer. Bldg.Netsky, G. N., 2655 S. 10thNetzky, S., 6224 WebsterNeuman, Rev. Dr. A. A., 2319 N. Park

Av.Neutra, J. E., 6241 Osage Av.Newhouse, Florence, 4418 SpruceNitzky, J., 519 N. 5thNusbaum, Harry, 1835 W. TiogaNusbaum, Lee, 141 W. SharpnackNusbaum, S., 151 W. SharpnackObermayer, L. J., 509 Westview Av.Oliver, Dr. B. O.. 246 S. 23rdOrsher, and Auerbach Drs., 702 Snyder

Av.Ottenberg, J. H., 1002 66th Av.Packman, H., 424 S. 57thPerilstein, H., 515 S. 6thPerilstein, N., 4119 Leidy Av.Perlberc N., 1720 Memorial Av.Peterzell, A., 513 N. American Bldg.Petrosky, H., 913 N. 64thPfaelzer, Mrs. F. A., 1522 N. 17thPincus. A. A., 6038 ChristianPincus, N., 6449 N. BroadPinkus, M., Garden Ct. Apt.Podolnick, L., 320 SouthPogost, Dr. S. B., 945 N. 40thPolisher, E. N., 4121 Leidy Av.Pomerantz, A., 624 W. Cliveden Av.Popovsky, Z., 2038 N. 6thPortner, Wm., 5403 Woodcrest Av.Powell, Dr. L., N. E. Cor. 4th & Snyder

Av.Prager, Jos., 5913 WalnutPrepstein, A. V., 2323 Brown

Publicker, P., Delaware & MifflinRabinovich, Bessie, 4926 PineRabinovitz, J., 2912 Germantown Av.Racusin, M., 413 SouthRaditz. L., 150 N. 20thRaiziss, Dr. Geo. W., Pine Manor Apts.Raker, D. M., 4815 N. WarnockRappaport, J., 748 Drexel Bldg.Rappaport, S., 4550 N. 11thReese, I., 928 PineRefsen, A., 5402 DiamondReibstein, Benj., 425 S. 6thReich, Prof. Dr. N. J., P. O. Box 337Reinhart, J., 521 S. MelvilleRichman, Dr. M., 1641 N. 33rdRieder, Dr. Joseph, 128 MarketRiesman, Dr. David, 1520 SpruceRiff, Jos., City Centre Bldg.Rifkin, M., 6th & PineRitch, M., 2015 N. 33rdRittenberg, Dr. B. B.. 5400 Arlington Av.Rodeph Shalom Rel. Schl., 615 N. BroadRodin, S. S., N. E. Cor. 11th & SpruceRoot, M. J., Lafayette Bldg.Rose, A. M., 5938 PineRosen, Ben., 330 S. 9thRosen, E. L., 428 W. Roosevelt Blvd.Rosenbach, Dr. A. S., 1320 WalnutRosenbach, N. P., 5008 PineRosenbach. Philip H., 1320 WalnutRosenbaum, H., 4844 Pulaski Av.Rosenbaum, O.. 1422 RocklandRosenberg, Mrs. M., 2009 N. BroadRosenberger, H., 228 S. Melville Av.Rosenbloom, F. L., 5211 Church Rd.Rosenblum, D., 6217 PineRosenstein, A. A., 1201 ChestnutRosenstein, Miss Hettie, 2227 N. 13thRosenthal, B., 1308 N. 3rdRosin, Sig. M., Penna. Bldg.Ross, S., 1405 Real Es. Tr. Bldg.Rosskam, Wm. B., 2300 N. BroadRoth, A. M.. 1636 WalnutRothschild. L. B.. 215 S. BroadRothschild, S., Majestic HotelRubenstein, M., 3d & SouthRubenstone, Dr. A. I., 2006 SpruceRuberg, Lewis, 4617 NewhallRubin, H. L., 1006 Marlyn Rd.Rubin, Isaac, 147 N. 10thRubin, Jos. H., 1617 WalnutRubinsohn. B. L., 1829 N. 17thRudofker & Son, S.. 429 N. 13thSaftlas, Joseph, 5461 BerksSagorsky, I. S., 1015 ChestnutSalus, H. W., 614 S. 11thSand, Louis, 5336 ArlingtonSandier, J. A., 119 N. 2dSatinsky, Sol., 1813 N. 33rdSavitz, J., 5512 WalnutSavitz, Dr. Samuel A., 2031 PineSavrin, A.. 8th & MasterSchambelan, M.. 5436 Woodcrest Av.Schamberg, Jesse J., Packard Bldg.Scherr, M., 119 VineSchimmel, Samuel, 61g Westview Av.Schlesinger, L. T.. 121 N. BroadSchlesinger, N N., Jr., 918 Spring


Schlesinger. S. D., 5918 N. 19thSchmerling, A., 854 N. 7thSchneyer, Louis A., 1304 ArchSchneyer, M. L., 338 Public Ledger Bldg.Schoenfeld, Morris, 5837 ChestnutSchorr. G. J., 1203 Packard Bldg.Schorr, Henry W., 1118 Real Est. Tr.

Bldg.Schultz, D., 757 Passyunk Av.Schwab, Max B., 510 Colonial Bldg.Schwartz, Dr. B., 1020 Snyder Av.Schwartz, Joseph, 1911 N. 7thSchwartz, Dr. M.. 218 RitnerSchwartz, Mrs. R. M., 1520 SpruceSchwartz, S. G., North American Bldg.Schwarzman, I. C . 226 N. 63rdSchwarzman, J., 4435 Frankford Av.Seder, M. B., Swathmore Apt.Seidenberg, H. M., Bulletin Bldg.Seidman. M. E., 1618 S. 4thSeitchik. J., 6035 CarpenterSelig, B., 6501 N. 13thSelig, E. K., Ritz-Carlton HotelSelig, Emil, The WarwickSelig. Sol., 6501 N. 11thSeltzer, Dr. N., 2808 W. Lehigh Av.Shabam, Dr. S.. 9th and Snyder Av.Shander. B., 5305 BerksShane, H., 1211 ChestnutShapiro. H.. 2601 S. PercyShapiro, Mrs. Morris, 1729 N. 7thShapiro. Dr. S. S., 1412 N. 4thSheerr, Philip L., 4321 Torresdale AvIShenker. Morris, 519 S. 19thShmookler, Dr. H. B., 2201 N. 51stShtulboim. J. L., 1151 E. StaffordShuman, S., 5239 BerksSickles. A., Majestic HotelSickles. Edw., 900 ChestnutSickles, Mr. & Mrs. Sol., 1218 WalnutSiegel, E., 4934 W. GransbackSiegel. J., 6216 EllsworthSigtnund, B. J.. 3847 N. 17thSilverman, Chas., N. W. Cor. 6th and

SouthSilverman. I. H.. Land Title Bldg.Simon, E. D., 1021 Melrose Av.Singer, Dr. Benj., N. E. Cor. 20th and

ChestnutSinger, J., 1218 ChestnutSirody, M., Bankers Tr. Bldg.Sklar, Dr. W., 1007 S. 3rdSklaroff & Sons. S., 714 S. 2ndSlobodin, M.. 902 N. American BldE.Slonimsky. N. N., Franklin Trust Bldg.Smolens, M., 6157 Columbia Av.Snyderman, Dr. H. S.. 1920 N. 7thSollott, H., 1812 Widener PI.Solms, A. M., Bourse Bldg.Sonstein, A.. 528 S. 4thSpector, A.. 5528 AddisonSpeiser, M. J., 521 TaskerStein, I.. 3017 W. DiamondStein, M. G., 509 Morris Bldg.Stein, W. M., 4418 WalnutSteinberg, Mrs. L., 1205 Columbia Av.Steinberg, S. H., Bankers Trust Bldg.Steinberg, Wm., 5844 Chestnut

Stern & Sons, I., 415 ChestnutStern, M., 2839 N. 26thStern, Sidney M., 34th and Powelton Av.Stern. W , 1814 N. 7thSternthal, W. H., 269 N. 12thStiefel, M.. 2279 N. 51stStone. Irvin L., 2221 N Park Av.Streitfeld, S., 5614 BerksStrickler. S.. 2653 S. 11thStrouse, A., St. James AnnexStrouse. H., Real Est. Trust Bldg.Strouse, N. B., 1628 DiamondSundheim, H. G., St. James HotelSundheim, Jos. H., 224 W. Walnut La.Sunstein, Leon C , 213 S. BroadSutow, J., 1029 RaceSwaab. S. M., 1629 DiamondSwitt, Herman, 5920 WalnutTahl, H. J., 508 Bulletin Bldg.Taine, Dr. Louis N., 601 ParrishTaylor, M., 4740 Osage Av.Teacher. B.. 3818 FolsomTeller, Dr. Wm. H., 1713 GreenThe Rebecca Gratz Club, 1912 N. 32dTierkel, David, 332 S. 5thTobin, L., 5316 ArlingtonToll, William, 6412 N. 11thToomey, F., 130 N. 3rdTrachtenburg, H. S., 4142 PoplarTrassoff, Dr. A., 5907 WalnutTrichon, M., 2550 N. 33rdUllman, D. L., 4845 Pulaski Av.Vlachez, M., 933 ArchVogelson, S. I., 49th and PineWachs, A., 5495 Woodcrest Av.Wachstein, Miss M. A., 515 DickinsonWallerstein, David, Land Title Bldg.Walowitz, N., 206 N. 50thWasserman, B. J., Hotel MajesticWasserman, Chas., Fidelity Trust Co.Wasserman, Mrs. Jos., Wissa. & HortterWax, C, 325 JacksonWax, Morris, 5224 Woodbine Av.Weber, Herman, 3852 Girard Av.Weinberg, B., 5237 ArlingtonWeiner, D. M., 4809 N. WarnockWeiner, F., 1530 LocustWeiner. J., 3326 W. HaroldWeiner, L., 4925 N. HutchinsonWeinfeld, H., 302 E. Roosevelt Blvd.Weinrott, Leo., 260 S. 15thWeinstein, H., 724 S. BroadWeinstein, J. I., Bankers Trust Bldg.Weinstein, Dr. M. A., 615 PineWeinstein. M., 2631 S. 9thWeintraub, Leo I., 4927 PineWeisbrodt, S. H.. 229 S. 60thWeiser. David. 744 Passyunk Av.Weisfeld. H., 4718 N. 8thWeisfield, S., 5916 N. BroadWeiss, Chas. J., 1620 Lindley Av.Weiss, S.. Bankers Trust Bldg.Weissman, H., 506 Vandam Bldg.Wernick, A., 275 S. 63dWerrin, M., 1104 N. 41stWhetstone, M. K., Stock Exchange Bldg.Whitehall, Mrs. E.. 1509 N. 17thWilf, E., 16 N. 52d


Wilf, L., 5246 BerksWilf.L., 519 SouthWolf, David, 15 BankWolgin, I., 4746 N. 12thWolsey, Rabbi L., Rodeph Sholom Cong,Yarlsh, P., 5430 ArlingtonZarchin, Dr. M. M., Dropsie CollegeZeitlin, Prof. S., Dropsie CollegeZinman, F., 601 N. 2nd

PittsburghLIFE MEMBERS

Lehman, A. C., Blaw-Knox Co.Lehman, L., 914 Penn Av.Nelman, B., 305 SraithfleldRauh, Mr. & Mrs. E., 5837 BartlettRauh, Marcus, 5621 Northumberland Av.Rothschild, M., c/o Rosenbaum Co.Weil, A. Leo., 5931 Howe

PATRONKaufmann, E. J., 5th & Smithfield

LIBRARY MEMBERSAronson, H. M., Aronson Bldg.Busia, D., 804 N. Negley Av.Cohen. W. S., 5516 NorthumberlandDreyfuss, Barney, 5547 BartlettFrank, R. J., 1336 Inverness Av.Giffen, I. L., 5519 BlackGunsberg, Rev. M., 605 LockhartKlee, Wm. B., 5307 NorthumberlandLewis, A., 5714 WoodmontMars. A. L., 1206 ColwellMayer, Dr. E. E., Jenkins Arcade Bldg.Neaman, H. I.. 7612 BennettRodef Shalom Cong., 4905 Fifth Av.Rosenbloom, Mrs. S., 1036 Beechwood

Blvd.Sachs. C. H., 5541 HaysStadtfeld, Jos., Union Trust Bldg.Zeligsohn, J. D., 816 Fifth Av.

ANNUAL MEMBERSAaron, Marcus, 5564 Aylesboro Av.Abrams, Israel A., 921 AdelaideAdelman, L. F., 1105 Grant Bldg.Adler, J., 6370 Burchfield Av.Adler, L. J., 5846 BartlettAlpern, Lewis M., 529 Union Trust Bldg.Amshel, Louis, 1661 Beechwood Blvd.Applestein, B., 2707 Penn Av.Arnfeld, M., 415 Winebiddle Av.Aronson, I. L., 2000 WendoverAronson, L. R., Box 4280, Carson Sta.Avner, M. L., 5847 BeaconBachrach, M. D., 2328 TilburyBarkon, L., Investment Bldg.Bart, L., 804 Heths Av., E. E.Bazell, Dr. D. L., 5880 Darlington Rd.Bernstein, I. A., 5501 Beverly PI.Bernstein, Dr. L. B., 5704 Darlington Rd.Bloom, Rev. J., 5525 Avondale PI.Braunstein, E. L., 200 SmithfieldBraunstein, M., 1108 Winterton, E. E.Bravin, D. B., 5809 HaysBroide, A. J., 5920 Beacon

Caplan, Dr. Louis, 328 Frick Bldg.Caplan, M. L., 5525 MargarettaCarnegie Library of Schenley Pk.Chaitken, Maurice, Bakewell Bldg.Cohen, Mrs. J., Hotel SchenleyCohen, J. H., 5615 BartlettDavis, Mrs. Barnet, 5421 AlbermarleEdlis, Adolph, 1106 De Victor PlaceFechheimer, C. J., 5420 PlainfieldFeldstein, B. H., 1122 MellonFinkelhor, R. K., 5721 NorthumberlandFrankel, Chaa. W., 415 Bakewell Bldg.Friedman, Rabbi S. B., 6360 Phillips Av.Fuss, S. L., 411 Union Trust Bldg.Glick, D., 1540 Shady Av.Glick, Peter, 1204 Park Bldg.Gluck, S., 537 MellonGoldenson, Rev. S. H., 5th & MorewoodGordon, Miss A. T., 359 S. Atlantic Av.Greenberger, J., Jones Law Bldg.Greenburg, I. S., 257 McKee PI.Greenwald, B., 12 Dawson Ct.Gresser, S. M.. 2342 Centre Av.Haas, L., 823 N. Euclid Av.Hailperin, Rabbi H., 5844 Phillips Av.Half, Rudolph, 5537 Darlington Rd.Hanauer, A. M., 5632 Aylesboro Av.Harris. H. M., 3439 ButlerHeb. Inst. of Pittsburgh, Wylie Av. and

GreenHeller, M. E., 613 N. St. ClairHepner, Jacob M.. 331 4th Av.Herman, J.. 92 Bradford Av., CraftonHeymann, Ph. S., 205 S. Pacific Av.Jackson, Dr. D. F., 3401 5th Av.Jay, Joseph, William Penn HotelKahn. J., 5174 Liberty Av.Kann, B., 5528 BaywoodKann, M., Arrott Bldg.Kann, S., 5517 BeaconKaufman, Mrs. Isaac, Schenley Apts.Lando, Wm., 331 4th Av.Leiter, Rabbi W.. 1847 Centre Av.Lencher, B., 965 Union Tr. Bldg.Lencher, D. M., 915 Penn Av.Levin, I. H., 425 HastingsLevin, L. S., 1356 Denniston Av.Levy, Mrs. J. L., 5745 BeaconLichter, Rabbi B. A., 5436 JacksonLieberman, S., 501 WilmotLuskin, Max, 1434 N. St. ClairLutsky, M. N., 1550 Centre Av.McFadden, Rev. E. M., Box 97, Uptown

Sta.Mackay, M. A., 1606 Beechwood Blvd.Mallin, S.. 729 E. OhioMervis, M., BartlettMiller. S.. 2306 Shady Av.Morrison, L., 908 Fifth Av.Nathanson. Dr. J. B., 5537 BeelerNeaman, A. H., 303 Plaza Bldg.Neaman, Morris, 308 RobertsObernauer, Harold, 1841 Centre Av.Olbum, A., 5653 Munhall Rd.Oseroff, A., Montifiore HospitalOsgood, Sam., 1135 MellonPalley, J. L., 1115 FayettePassamaneck, H.. 315 Bellefield


Pearlman, B., 5742 Darlington Rd.Pearlstein, Max, 6335 BartlettPerrin, S., 5737 BeaconPittsburgh Lodge No. 44, I. O. B. B.Raphael, Benj., 6360 AldersonReich, Jos. H., 5510 Darlington Rd.Rice, N., 5919 Phillips Av.Rose, Rabbi G., 2110 Murray Av.Rosen, Dr. S. J., 1208 Fifth Av.Ruben, Mrs. Maurice, 333 42ndSachs, H., 2550 Beechwood Blvd.Sachs, I., 1522 Centre Av.Saville. A., 907 Highview, E. E.Schein, Saul, 725 N. St. ClairScheinman, I. L., 936 N. Negley Av.Schulberg, A., 632 Penn Av.Schwartz, A., 5444 Stan ton Av.Seder. A., care of Frank & SederShapiro, H. J.. 5813 Phillips Av.Shapiro, I. L., 6029 Stanton Av.Shaw, Dr. H. A., 2223 CarsonSidenberg, H., Federal Reserve Bldg.Simon, Dr. D. L., 202 Jenkins Bldg.Snitzer, Dr. H. M., Medical Bldg.Spann, Max, 5731 HobartSpear, Nathaniel, 915 Penn Av.Spitz, Chas. L., 5.514 WoodmontSteinberg, B. L.; 718 HastingsTeplitz, A. C , Law & Finance Bldg. 'Thorpe, Dr. H. E., 6400 Forward Av.Tolochko, M. L., Law & Finance Bldg.Tolochko, Miss S., 3237 WardWeil, Henry, E., 401 WintonWein, A., 7110 MonticelloWeiner, M., 412 Lincoln Av.Wesoky, S., 5823 CallowhillWhite, Chas., 5711 PocussetWilkoff, D. L., 5606 Fair OaksWolk, W., 5532 Darlington Rd.Y. M. & Y. W. H. A., Bellefield, 5th &

Forbes

PittstonFleisher, Miss Cecelia, 51 ChurchRubinstein, Dr. Harry. 53 N. Main

PottstownEstreicher, J., 624 WalnutFuerman, S., 323 HighHoffman, P., 1236 HighMagitson, H., 619 N. EvansMiller, Isaac, 308 Rosedale Dr.

PunxsutawneyRosenthal, A. G., 206 Dinsmore Av.

Reading

LIBRARY MEMBERSLiever, I., 1621 Mineral Spgs. Rd.Luria, Max, Colonial Bldg.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

Brodstein, E., 25 S. 11thFisher, M., 21 Carsonia Av.Friedman, E. B., 2534 Cumberland Av.Goldstine, A., 1731 OliveGreenberg. N. N.. 1543 Perkiomen Av.

Greenfield, I., 925 N. 4thLevin, P., Berks Trust Bldg.Levy, L. S., 1218 Eckert Av.Liever, J. M., 511 Carsonia Av.Lurio, S. R., 1400 Alsace Rd.Regner, Rabbi S. L., 40 N. 11thSchwartz, M., 1526 Hill Rd.Sondheim, L. J., 1568 Mineral Spga. Rd.Sondheim, Dr. S. J., 119 S. 5thZable, B. D., 424 Penn

SayreWeiss, Harry, 315 S. Elmer Av.

ScottdaleMorris, C , 617 Mulberry

Scran tonLIBRARY MEMBER

Oppenheim, I. E., 1121 Myrtle

ANNUAL MEMBERSArzt, Rabbi Max, 809 Monroe Av.Cantor, Dr. A. S., 540 Wyoming Av.Cohen, Harry A., 2138 Washington Av.Finkelstein, M. J., 1022 PoplarGerson, I., 309 Lack Av.Goodman, M. L., 910 Clay Av.Horn, Rev. Wm. S., 1411 PineJewish Federation, 440 Wyoming Av.Kabatchnick, M., 421 Colfax Av.Kaplan, H., 1814 OliveKaplan, Max, 914 PineKrotosky, I., 801 N. Webster Av.Landau, David, 839 Taylor Av.Levy, Dr. S., 620 N. Wash. Av.Madison Av. Temple Brotherhood, 523

Madison Av.Oldstein, Dr. H. J., 431 Lack Av.Reisman, C , 829 Jefferson Av.Rice, A., 805 Taylor Av.Rosenberg, A. S.. 619 N. Wash. Av.Silverstone, B. W., 613 E. Lacka. Av.Smith, B. J., 1 S. Webster Av.Wolf, Louis, 1002 PineY. M. H. A., 440 Wyoming Av.

SharonMoskowitz, Rabbi M., 211 Sterling Av.Rosenblum, A. M., 133 Hazen PI.

ShenandoahCenter Library, 35 S. JardinLevit, Max

South BethlehemHartman J., 1201 Delaware Av.

StroudsburgWeiss, S., 540 Main

SunburyKerman, Rabbi J., 249 ArchMarkley. M. H., 211 N. 2d

488 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Rhode island

TowandaLoewus, B., 409 MainTowanda Wholesale Co., 727 Main

Upper DarbyLIBRARY MEMBER

Lichtenberg, Lt. Col. C, 300 StrathmoreRd.

ANNUAL MEMBERSBrotaker, C. J., 306 Long LaneMalen, J. B., 33 N. State Rd.Mesirov, A., 126 Chatham Rd.Rothman, J. K.. 155 Marlborough Rd.

WarrenBall, Dr. M. V.. 316 HazelGlassman, E. I., 3d Av. & HickoryStein. E. L., 209 Liberty

WashingtonGoldfarb, Rev. J., 34 N. FranklinHanau, R., 59 S. MainWeiner, D. H., Wash. Tr. Bldg.

West ChesterLIBRARY MEMBER

Benson, Samuel T., 109 W. GayANNUAL MEMBERS

MacElree, W. W., 609 S. HighMargolis, J. H., Walnut & MarketRosenberg, S. M., 121 E. MarketWeiss, Morris, 508 S. Walnut

Wllkes-BarreBravman, B., 327 S. RiverBravman, J., 80 W. RossBravman, P., 261 AcademyCantor, M. S., Miners Bk. Bldg.Casper, Louis, 310 S. RiverCasper, Max, 61 Carey Av.Cohen, B., 86 Riverside DrDavidson, Rabbi I.. 300 E. SouthEpstein, L., 43 S. Welles

Epstine, S., 162 CharlesFeinberg, H., 372 S. FranklinFierman, Mrs. A., 19 Mallery PI.Fierman, Mrs. H., 141 CharlesFrank, L., 313 S. RiverFreedman, M., 451 S. RiverGoldman, J. A., 92 Riverside Dr.Groh, Isador, P. O. Box 88Havedon. W.. 336 S. MainIsaacs, J. G., 133 Old River Rd.Kaufman, Dr. I., 123 S. FranklinLevitsky, Rabbi L. M., 95 W. RossLong, Dr. Chas., 33 S. WashingtonMenkes, L., 316 HazlePlatsky. N., 41 S. HancockSalzman, Rev. M., 94 W. RossShaffer, J., 390 S. MainShapiro, Henry, 524 S. FranklinSilverblatt, J., 86 AcademySpeizman, Mrs. A., 70 TerraceStein, E., 273 S. RiverTemple Israel Liby., 239 S. RiverTischler, Dr. M., 132 S. FranklinTomberg, I., 205-07 S. WashingtonUnion Supply Co., 93 E. NorthamptonWeiss, Mrs. F. K., 58 TerraceWeissman, C, 2 TerraceWeitzenkorn, J. K., S. MainWilliams, J. L., 62 Park Av.Wolk, Rabbi S.. 47 N. River

WllkinsburgLIBRARY MEMBER

Biederman, L., 1342 Franklin Av.ANNUAL MEMBER

Solomon, Rev. J., 1436 Franklin Av.

WllliamsportMantinband, Rabbi C. 425 Center

YorkBiederman, S., 130 S. NewberrySegel, Rabbi A., 146 E. MarketZweifler, D., 837 Linden Av.

RHODE ISLAND

PawtucketPansy, J., 22 Blodgett Av.

ProvidenceLIFE MEMBER

Misch, Mrs. C, 400 WestminsterANNUAL MEMBERS

Alper, Benj. L., 120 AlneyBellin, H. D., 15 WestminsterBerger, Dr. I., 76 DorranceBliss, M. W., 46 MontagueGoldman, Rabbi L. M., 490 AngellHassenfeld. Mrs. M. L., 142 Emeline

Joslin, Philip C. 100 Hazard Av.Magid, S. M., 102 HalseyMarkensohn, F., 490 E. AngellParis, P. B., 31 SaunterRabinowitz, Wm., 64 12thResnick, S., 212 Oakland Av.Shore, W., 560 Wayland Av.Silverman, A., 210 Blackstone Blvd.Sonderling, Rabbi Dr. J., 155 MagardTemkin, N., 154 ProspectTemple Beth El Rel. School

WoonsocketLIBRARY MEMBER

Darman, A. I., 309 Prospect

Texas] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 489

SOUTH CAROLINA

AikenPolier, M. S., 1020 Greenville

BennettsvilleStrauss, L.

CharlestonHornick, M. J., St. Johns HotelLoeb, Mrs. L., 28 BroadRaisin, Rev. J. S., 207 BroadRittenberg, Sam., 187 Rutledge Av.Solomons, Mrs. E. M., F. Marion HotelWilensky, H. L., 88 Ashley Av.

ColumbiaCitron, M., 1421 Elmwood Av.

DarlingtonLumiansky, M. S., 109 Park Av.

St. MatthewsLIBRARY MEMBER

Pearlstine, Shep

TENNESSEE

BristolHecht, H., P. O. Box 416

ChattanoogaAdler, H. C, 415 W. Sth

ClevelandArd, N., 309 Inman

JacksonRosenbloom, J. L., 370 Highland Av.

Johnson CityCantor, M. E., 301 E. Eighth Av.Silver. Wm.. 112 W. Unaka Av.

KnoxvilleGourse, Geo., GayUniversity of Tennessee

MemphisBlumenthal, H., 1252 Peabody Av.Ettelson, Rev. Dr. H. W., Parkview Apt.

HotelMarx, Mrs. M., 1556 Poplar Av.Padawer, S. B., 1775 Madison Av.Peres, H., 307 Wagner PI.

NashvilleEskind, O., 1107-9 JeffersonFensterwald, J., c/o Burk & Co.Garfinkle, E., 705 DemumbreunGhertner, S., 1702 Ashwood Av.Loventhal, Lee J., 216 UnionMark, Rabbi J., Vine St. TempleMay, Jack, 3749 Whitland Av.Simon, Jos., 2002 Terrace PI.Spitz, Dr. H., 1406 Beechwood Av.Stern, H., 140 Hermitage Av.Weinreb, J., 159 Kenner Av.Weinstein, I., 220 5th Av., N.Yampol, Rabbi S. B., 305 28th Av., N.Y. M. H.A., Polk & Union

TEXAS

AmarilloAbramson, B., Box 349

AustinBaron, Rabbi S. H., 1712 Rio Grande

Bay CitySimon, A. H.

BeaumontAronson, B., OrleansBlum, B., 381 CollegeGreenberg, Dr. P. B., 1310 BroadwaySharfstein, J., 2350 Calder Av.

Big SpringDe Vries, H., 700 Gregg

DallasBarish, Jos., 2028 CadizBromberg, H. L., 2621 S. Blvd.Bromberg, Mrs. I. G., 2617 S. Blvd.Dreyfus, G., c/o Dreyfus & SonHexter, J. K., 420 Linz Bldg.Kahn, L. S., 900 ElmKleinman, Louis, 2830 S. ErvayKramer, A. L., c/o A. Harris & Co.Lefkowitz, Rev. D., 2415 S. Blvd.Neuman, Dr. A., 910 Medical Arta Bldg.Novin, Louis, 3015 Park RowRosenthal, H., 2831 Forest Av.

490 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Vermpnt

Siegel, L., 319 N. WillometSmith, A. J., 2719 S. ErvayTonkon, I. E., c/o Sanger Bros., Inc.

El PasoB'nai Zion S. School & Talmud Torah,

Mesa. Av. Cor. CliffGiven, Charles, 215 El PasoKrupp, Hayman, .SOI Los AngelesRosenfield, L. A., 700 Cinn.Rosing, Win., Rural Route No. 2Roth, Rabbi J. M., 1216 Los AngelesSchwartz, Maurice, Poplar Dry Goods

Co.Talpis, Ralph T., 630 Prospect Av.Weinstein, Reuben, 617 Cinn.Zielonlca, Rabbi M., Temple Mt. Sinai

Fort WorthCong. Ahavath-Sholom, 109 W. Weath'dCouncil of Jewish WomenGernsbacher, H., 5th & ThrockmortonMerfeld, Rev. H. A., 1122 Penna. Av.Simon, U. M., 322 S. Adams

FredericksburgNorman, Paul

GalvestonCohen, Rabbi H., 1920 BroadwayCohen, Robt. I., 1704 31stCong. B'nai IsraelSwiff, J., 2606 Av. KZinn. W. N., 2808 O'A

GonzalesStahl, Jacob, P. O. Box 327

HoustonLIBRARY MEMBER

Lieberman, Rabbi H. B., 2406 HamiltonANNUAL MEMBERS

Barnstow, Rev. Dr. H., 1919 RichmondRd.

Cohen, Moses D., 502 Drew Av.Finkelstein, M. B., P. O. Box 678

Fruhman, M., c/o Levy Bros. Co.Geller, A. L., 3001 HamiltonGeller, Rev. J., 1814 Franklin Av.Harris, L. L., c/o Harris Hahlo Co.Hirsch, Maurice, 1617 Rusk Av.Houston Public LibraryKlein, A., 208 EmersonMaas, Saml. J., 3820 LabranchNathan, M. H., 2406 HamiltonRadoff, H. V., 84 StanleySchnitzer, Max, Magnolia Paper Co.Westheimer, M.. 4018 Voakum Blvd.

LockhartWeinbaum, A.

MarshallMeyers, E. A.

Port ArthurJacobs, J., P. O. Box 1173

San AntonioBaer, L. A., 127 W. EvergreenCarnegie LibraryCristol, Louis, 301 Alama PlazaEldridge, S. C, 845 Erie Av.Frisch, Rabbi E., 130 Luther Dr.Guttman, T., 112 W. HoustonKarin, N., 1014 Denver Blvd.Lee, L. N., 511 E. Euclid Av.Litwin, Mrs. B., 1409 W. WoodlawnOppenheimer, Jesse D., 309 MadisonVexler, A.. 639 W. ElmiraWasher, N. M., 1403 Main Av.Wiederman, S., 210 Produce Row

TexarkanaEldridge, S., 823 Pine

TylerWadel, B., Mary Av.Wunch, David, P. O. Box 142

Wichita FallsSchwab, Rev. S. J., Temple IsraelTemple Israel Liby., 11th & Burnette

UTAH

OgdenKreiner, J., 2018 Wash. Av.

Salt Lake CityAlexander, Daniel, Deseret Bank Bldg.Public LibraryRosenblatt, N., 840 S. 4th, W.

VERMONT

BurlingtonFrank, Major J., 45 Overtake Pk.

RutlandWolk. H. H., 23 Melrose Av.

We« Virginia] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 491

VIRGINIA

BerkleyKruger, A., 700 Liberty

BerryvilieScheuer, Louis

LeesburgRaflo, Joseph

LexingtonMarks, J. G., P. O. Box 1080

Newport NewsRodef Sholom Remembrance Lib'y.

NorfolkAffachiner, Miss R. G., Juvenile Ct. Bldg.Crockin, H., 1101 Langley Rd.Haskell, J., 720 Graydon Pk.Kaplan, L., 26 Commerce

Steinbach, Rabbi A. A., 621 PrincessAnne Rd.

PortsmouthCrockin, M. M., 215 High

RichmondAmity Club, Inc., 100 N. BoulevardBeth Ahabah Remembrance LibraryCalisch, Rev. E. N., 1643 Monument Av.Friedman, F., 2828 Monument Av.Hutzler, A. B., 1032 Mutual Bldg.Hutzler, H. S., 1107 E. MainKarp, Dr. L.. 2001 W. GraceLevy, H., Brook & MarshallStraus, M. J., P. O. Box 1297Ullman, E., 211 E. Grace

UniversityUniversity of Va. Library

WASHINGTON

CentraliaShanedling, Jacob

SeattleLIBRARY MEMBERS

Eckstein, N., 1000 14th Av., N.Lindenberger, R., 1104 21st Av.. N.

ANNUAL MEMBERSCooper, I., 1104 Minor Av. & SpringGlesin, N., 105 Wash.Grunbaum, O. S., 1513 6th Av.Kreielsheimer Bros., Artie Club

Prottas, L. M., 913 23rd Av., N.Rickles, P. A., 2803 E. MarionRobbins, A., 1234 22d, N.Rogers, S., 128 AlohaSeattle Public LibraryShafer, J., 801 35th Av.Shemanski, A., 1332 2d Av.Stern, L. M., 930 16th Av., N.

SpokaneFink, Rabbi A. H., 205 Cutmstock Arms

TacomaFeist, Theo. 705 North G.

WEST VIRGINIABluefield

Rodgin, Mrs. H., 2118 JeffersonSchlossberg, G., 1310 AugustaWagner, B. J., 2108 Washington

CharlestonGoldman, Mrs. M. B., 2020 KanawhaGordon, H., 1614 VirginiaLoeb, Leo, Charleston Nat'l Bk. Bldg.Polan, H., 1715 VirginiaWebb. J., Box 742

ElkinsGoldberg, Mrs. George, Darby Apts.

Fairmont

LIBRARY MEMBER

Goodman, Simon D., Box 491

Hun ting tonBiem, Samuel, 1214 8thGore, Sam., 1010 3d Av.Samson, S., 301 W. 11th Av.

KeyserKaplon, Miss E., 127 N. Main

LoganEiland, R. R.Rosen, Jack

MartinsburgKatz, Mrs. George, Bowerleigh Apts

MontgomeryMargolis. Mrs. M. A.. 321 2d Av.

492 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Asia

Morgan townB'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, 348 HighFinn, S., 419 HighSlaven, M. S., 160 Pleasants

North ForkLIBRARY MEMBER

Catzen, A., Box 335

ANNUAL MEMBERSeligman, H., Box 365

WheelingFarer, I., Beech GlennLevin, H S., 113 Wash. Av., Chantal Ct.Reichblum, A., 90 14thRosenbloom, B. L., Univ. ClubShulman, Rabbi C. E., Box 238Sonneborn, M., 14th & Market

WISCONSINGreen Bay

Abrohams, B., 1411 CedarSauber, Wm., 116 N. Roosevelt

KenoshaLepp, C. A., 5117 17th Av.Pious, Louis, 500 56thRappaport, Rev. J., 516 60th

MadisonB'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, 512 StateEllman, Ben L., 16 N. HancockFeldman, J., 29 N. CharterKneller, S., 203 KingLandman, Rabbi S., 2021 MonroeLevitan, S., 10 E. GorhamMack, Mrs. H.. 2117 RegentPerlman, Prof. S., 1805 Rowley Av.Simon, J., 901 E. Wash. Av.

MarinetteRubin, R., 1622 Elizabeth Av.

MilwaukeeLIBRARY MEMBERS

Nickall, B. E., 130 Wisconsin Av.Stone, Estate of N., Boston Store

ANNUAL MEMBERSAshley, C. D., 787 Farwell Av.Bamett, I., 200 Muskego Av.Baron, Rabbi J. L., 2419 Kenwood Blvd.Cohen, I., 721 Hi-Mount Blvd.Coplin, Chas., 310 29thFree, J., 71S 14thFriend, Charles, 6185 Plankinton Bldg.Gendelman, H., 427 Farwell Av.Goldstein, H. B., 1249 Lake Dr.Grossman, H. T.. 105 WellsHeller, Rudolph, 325 WellsHiken, M.,666-20thHirschberg, Rev. S., 2612 E. Kenwood

Blvd.

Horwitz, Hayim, 630 51stKamesar, S.. 1153 Grant Blvd.Kleinman, Rabbi Ph.. 1006 51stKoltin, F., 2224 N. 17thLelchuk, O. C, 5409 Wash. Blvd.Levine, H., 556 HartfortLewenauer, B., 530 MerionLib'y of Temple Emanu-ElLitow, Chas., 731 Hi Mount Blvd.Lubotzky, Mrs. E., 1232 N. 12thMiller, Mrs. E., 968 Summit Av.Miller, Morris, 467 Webster PI.Morse, B., 1345 Downer Av.Nathan, Harry, 200 MuskegoNickoll, J., 1401 Maryland Av.Ottenstein, P., 1126 50thPadway, H. E., 973 Murray Av.Padway, J. A., 814-16 Brumder Bldg.Rosenberg, A. P., 3d & North Av.Rosenberg, B., 571 MitchellRotter, L. H., 1038 Grand Blvd.Saltzstein, A. L., 735 N. WaterSaltzstein, B. F., Lake DriveSaxe, A., 730 16thSchlomovitz, Dr. B. H., 904 Straus BldgStern, Morris, 1009 Hackett Av.Sure, Dr. J. H., 423 Kenwood Blvd.Temple Beth El LibraryThe Board of Jewish Education, 2433 N.

13thTussman, S., 1114 49thWeingrad, M., 969 24thWolfsohn, Leo A., 302 15thWollheim, H. S., 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg.Yolles, P. E., 616 StoweU Av.

MinocquaEhrenreich, Rev. B. C.

RacineGoodman, J., 302 6thWaissman, M., 1258 Mound Av.

Red GraniteRobock, Sam

ASIAMesopatamla, Basrah City

Michael, R. S., Seef St.

Canada] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 493

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALANDAdelaide

Matison, Dr. E. A., North Terrace

Auckland, New ZealandNathan, David L.

Brisbane, QueenslandFreedman, I., Brunswick, New FarmGoldman, H., Lower Bowen Ter.Hertzberg, AbrahamHertzberg, Marcus, CharlotteLevine, B., Bowen Ter., New FarmRavdell, N., Boundary, care of Gen.

Rubber Co.Roubin, S., Oriel Rd. Ascot

Footscray, VictoriaBenjamin, Arthur, c/o Footscray

Tannery

Geelong, West VictoriaCouncil of Jewish Women

HawthornJona, Dr. J., 124 Glenferrie Rd.

KalgoorlleCouncil of Jewish Women

Kew, VictoriaBenjamin, L., 1 Sir William

Malvern, MelbourneJona, Dr. J. Leon, 3 Huntingtower Rd.

Melbourne, VictoriaBarnet, N., 117 Alma Rd., St. KildaBrandt, H. A., c/o Bank of AustralasiaBrodie, Rabbi I., Synagogue Chambers,

BourkeMestel, Rabbi S., 94 Simpson, E.Rothberg, S., Pasadena, High, Kew.Schalit, Dr. M. A.. 139 Wellington

South Brisbane, QueenslandBlumberg, D., 689 StanleyEshensky, W., Church Av.Stedman, D., 538 Stanley

Sydney, New So. WalesBlashki, A., Box 1051 G. P. O.Freilich, M., 4 Arthur, EdgcliflSelby, Mrs. H. B., Werona Av., GordonCouncil of Jewish Women

Behr, A., 17 rue de la petite OurseFischer, M., 20 Avenue Helene

BELGIUMAntwerp

Jaffe, Capt. I., Gitschotelei 97Vecht, J., PI. Constance Teichmann No. 4

BRITISH WEST INDIES

Kingston, JamaicaDelgado, A., 19 Kingston Gds.

de S. Pinto, C. S., 10 Port Royalde Souza, S. M. A.. 32 ChurchMyers, Horace V., 188 Harbour

CANADA

Calgary, AlbertaShumiatcher, A. I., 611 Grain Exch. Bldg.

Chlpman, AlbertaOlyan, Harry, Vegreville

Fort William, OntarioTritt, S., 405 Victoria Av.

Glace BayGallay, A. J., Commercial

Halifax, N. S.Simon, J., 103 Upper Water

Hoffer, Sask.Hotter, I., Via Tribune

London, OntarioGoldstick, Dr. I., 458 Oxford

494 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Canada

Montreal, Quebec

LIFE MEMBERS

Cohen, Lyon, 25 Rosemont Av.Jacobs, S. W., 83 Craig, W.Levin, J., c/o General Cigar Co.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

Abramowitz, Rev. Dr. H., 507 Argyle Av.Adelstein, L., 526 St. Catherine, E.Alexander, A. J., 198 McGillBallon, E. M., 1471 CrescentBender, Rev. C , 1443 StanleyBerger, Rabbi J., 102 Grey Av.Blaustein, S. P. O. Box 104, Station B.Brown, M. A.. 1179 BleuryCohen, A., 4899 Sherbrooke, W.Cohen, A. Z., 36 PrinceCrown, Myer, Box 321, Station B.,Danish, E., 938 Jacobs Bldg.Fed. of Young Judea, 384 Sherbrooke W.Fitch, L., 83 Craig, W.Garber, M., 120 St. JamesGlickman, M. J., 242 St. Catherine, W.Glickman, P., 207 St. Catherine, W.Greenspon, Dr. E. A., Medical Arts Bldg.Haltbrecht, S. B., 258 St. Louis Sq.Heillig, L. E., 50 Drummond Apts.Herman, B., c/o V. M. H. A. 265 Mt.

Royal Av., W.Illievitz, Dr. A. B., 1497 BishopJacoby, J. M., 1541 CrescentKellert, Sol., I l l St. Catherine, W.Konowitz, I. M., 65 Vendome Av.Levinson, Jos., 460 St. Catherine, W.Levinson, Solomon, 460 St. Catherine, W.Levy, William, 1435-43 BleuryMeyer, Miss B., McGill UniversityMonteflore, Club, 1195 GuyRessler, h . R., 2091 BeaudryRobinson, Mrs. M., 192 De Carie Blvd.Rose, T. F., 1598-1606 ClarkeRosenbaum, Dr. J., 1396 St. Catherine,

W.Rubin, Dr. I., 453 Strathcona Av.Sessenwein, H., 230 McGillShalinsky, D., 584 Old Orchard Av.Solomon, Dr. A. S., 121 BishopSommer, A., 50 Westmount Av.Sperber, M. M., 132 St. JamesStern, Rabbi H. J., 4128 Sherbrooke, W.The Eagle Pub. Co., 1207 St. Lawrence

Blvd.Weinfield, Henry, 132St. JamesWorkman, M., 585 Sherbrooke, W.Y. M. H. A., 265 Mount Royal Av., W.

Ottawa, OntarioBraverman, W., 85 ClarenceEpstein, L., 181 BankFranklin, J. M., 326 WaverlyFreedman, J., 43-45 GeorgeFreiman, A. J., 69 RideauGlickman, A., 170 Holmwood Av.Goldfield, B., 360 FrielKollin, Rabbi N., 209 Wilbrod

Regina, Sask.Canter, W., 204 Halifax

Regina Judaean Lib'y. 2030 St. JohnRosenberg, L., Ste Avian Ct.

Saskatoon, Sask.Vogel, Aaron, 410 Av. D, So.

Sydney, Whitney Pier

Gallay, A. J., 752 Victoria Rd.

Toronto, OntarioLIFE MEMBERS

Granatstein, J. S., 482 Wellington Av.Kates, Dr. M., 16 Edgar Av.

LIBRARY MEMBERSCohen, M. G., 93 Madison Av.Scheuer, E., 131 Yonge

ANNUAL MEMBERSArkush, S. F.. 20 Oriole Rd.Brown, B., 600 BayCohen, A., 165 Lowther Av.Goldstick, Ed., 356 Delaware Av.Goldstick, M., 358a Delaware Av.Gotfrid, S. S., 401 Manning Av.Herlick, C. M., 72 Queen. W.Holy Blossom Lib'y. US BondPoUack, Dr. M. A., 297 Rushton Rd.Rosenberg, H. S., 2a Sylvan Av.Silver. A., 652 Queen, W.Solway, Dr. L. J., 410 Dundas, W.Taube, H. N., 324 HuronThe Jewish Standard, 210 Metropolitan

Bldg.Toronto Heb. Journal, 542 Dundas. WVise, B., 20 VictoriaYolles, L. S., 66 Roxborough Dr.Zeidman, M., 165 Elizabeth

Vancouver, B. C.Brotman, M. H., 4637 Marguerite Av.

WestmontKaplansky, A. L.. 4328 Sherbrooke, W.Levin, A., 478 Strathcona Av.Levy, P., 606 Victoria Av.

WindsorLebendiger, Rabbi I., Casa Del Mara

Apts.Meretsky & Gitlin, 101 Chatham, W.

Winnipeg, ManitobaCantor, A. E., 645 MainCohen, A., 424 Grain ExchangeFinkelstein, M. J.. 854 Palmerston Av.Frank, Rabbi S., Royal Alexandra HoteHaid, M.. Coca-Cola Bldg.Kay, H., 96 CanoraMahon, E. S.. 100 CharlesMiller. B., 816 MainMorosnick, L. D., 422 Wardlaw Av.Shaen, J., 204 Montgomery Bldg.Shinbane. A. M., 8 Ellesmere Apts.Steinkopf, Max, Canada Bldg.Sternberg, J. N., 761 Grain ExchangeWeidman Bros., 244 Jarvis Av.

England] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 495

CENTRAL AMERICACOSTA RICA

LlmonWendorf, G. C, Drawer F.

CHINA

ShanghaiShahmoon, E., 2a Kinkiang Rd.

CUBACanaguey Havana

„ ., „, w „ , Eppstein, Dr. L. J. V., Avenida deWell, Wm. D., French Consul Wilson Calle H

DENMARK

CopenhagenSimonsen, Prof. D., Skindergade 28

EGYPTAlexandria Cairo

Dwek. Raphael, Box 71 Alexander, A., 2 Chareh El Kadi ElMustaki, W., P. O. Box 196 FadelNadler, Marco, B. P. 13-15 Mosseri, J., P. O. Box 988Sicouri. L., P. O. Box 618 Nahum, E., P. O. Box 940

ENGLAND

Birmingham Edgbaston BirminghamWand, Dr. S., 40 Bristol Rd. Bernstein, A., 127 Pershore Rd.

Cohen, Rev. Dr. A.. 2 Highfield Rd.Bradford Drapkin, L. H., 97 Belgrave Rd.

Bergson, Harry. 29 Oak Lane Dresden, E 159 Pershore Rd.Brodie, Dr. A., Allerton Rainbow, M. L., 241 Hagley Rd.Ludman, A., 8 Oak Mount ,

Harrowgate YorksBrighton Bodlender, L. M., 25 York Rd.

Sawyer, J., 3 Cavendish PI. Burton, M., 64 Kent Rd._, . . . HendonCambridge Cohen_ B F o g c o t e R<J _ N w

LIFE MEMBERIsrael Abrahams Memorial Lib'y. Christ Herne Bay

College Hochbaum, M., Kent Coast CollegeCheltenham Herts

Lipson, D. L., Corinth House Salaman, Dr. R. N., Homestall, BarleyChester Hove

Fox, Dr. I. S., 10 Upper Northgate Asher, Mrs. S. N., 30 Westbourne VillasClapton Hove Brighton

Chissick, B., 204 Evering Rd. Rosenbloom, A., 34 Pembroke Crescent

496 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [England

LeedsBrodetsky, Prof. S., 62 Headingly Lane,

WestgatcLightman, S., Esq., The Towers,

RoundhayMorris. H., Esq., 185 Chapeltown Rd.Stross, M., Esq., Roland House, Weth-

erby Rd.Yewdall, A., Ashbourne, Chapeltown

Rd.Liverpool

Adler, A., 16 Rutland Av.Cherrick, B., 14 VerulamEttinger, P., Soho, IslingtonMarks, S. A., Abbotts Field, Southwood

Rd.London

L I F E MEMBERS

Adler, E. N., 20 Porchester Sq.Baer. Mrs. S., 262 Finchley Rd., N. W. 3Baron, B., Arcadia Works, City Rd.Baron, E., Arcadia Works, City Rd.Baron, L. B., Arcadia Works, City Rd.Rubinstein, B., Broad St. House

LIBRARY MEMBERSEckman, S., Jr., 19 Tower, W. C. 2Hampstead Synagogue, Demington Pk.

Rd., N. W. 6Montefiore, C. G., 42 Portman Sq., W. 1Stepney Public Libraries, Bancroft Rd.,

Mile End Rd.Taylor, Dr. H., 85 Cazenove Rd., N. 16

ANNUAL MEMBERS

Aaron, D. H., 63 Threadneedle, E. C. 2Abrahams, P., 963 Finchley Rd., N. W. 11Abramoyitch, Rev. I., 1 Seymour

Mansions, W 12Adler. H. M., 5 Abercorn PL, N. W. 8.Adler, Rev. M., 38 Hallam, Porfd PI., W.Arram, M., 14 Cliffords Inn, E. C. 4Baker. F., 40 Heber Rd.Baker. Mrs. P., 229 Willesden La., N. W.Barnett, M., 35 Compayne Gds.Barnett, P., 39 Finchley Rd., St. John's

WoodBellin. O., 55a King Henry's N. W. 3Birley, O., 228 All Souls Av.. Willsdon, N.

W. 10Blooman, S., 19 Dunrobin Ct., FinchleyBrody, M., 31 Chardmore Rd.Brown, Rev. M., 17 Lawford Rd.,

CamdentownBuchler, Dr., Jewish College, Queen Sq.

Ho.Cohen, A. A., Esbry Ct., West Heath Rd.Cohen, Rabbi H., 66 Fountayne Rd.Cohen. S., 21 Staverton Rd., N. W. 2Corman, J., 17 Portland Av., N. 16Dainow, S. H., 2 Inglewood MansionsDe Mesquita, Rev. D. Bueno, 4 Ashworth

Rd., W. 9Duschinsky, Dr. C , 257 Goldhurst Ter.Elliott, Dr. A. H., 6 Crooms Hill, Green-

wich, S. F.. 10

Epstein, Rabbi I., 134 Walm Lane,Cricklewood

Epstein, M., Broad St. Ho.Epstein, Miss R., 80 Cranwich Rd.Felsenstein, J., 52 Compayne Gds.Fersht, B. A.. 20 Gt. St. HelensFinn, J. H., 14 West Bank, Amhurst Pk.Gnessen, S., 31 Beaumont Sq. E IGoldberg,P., 31 Dartmouth Rd., N. W. 2Goldblatt, D.. Belsize Pk. Gds. N. W. 3Goldblum, I., 34 Gloucester Rd. N. 4Goldstine, A., 230 Whitechapel Rd., E. 1Goldwater, Mrs. H., 120 Walm Lane,

Ckwd.Goldwater, M., 62 Sunningfield Rd., N.

W. 4Gollop, Rabbi M.. 13 Fawley Rd.,

Hampstead N. W. 6Good, E.. I OxfordGreenberg, L. J., 8 Aylestone Av.Greenwood, S. H., 36 Grosvenor Rd., N.5Gross, Mrs. S., 42 Gloucester Rd, N. 4Grossman, N., 34 Belsize Pk. Gds., N. W.

3Halper, Mrs. L., 13 New Rd., E IHeilperin, E.. 84 Greenwood Rd., E. 8Hertz, Rev. Dr. J. H., 48 Hamilton Ter.,

N. W. 8Hirsch, Rev. J. M.. 81 Goldhurst Ter.Hymans, A. H.. 73 Gore Rd., E. 9Hyams, M., 77 Cranwich Rd.Irwell, Mrs. H., Gloucester PI.Jacob, H., 123 Iverness Ter., W. 2Jacobson, Miss E., 54 Canfield Gds., N.

W. 6Jewish Free Reading Rm., 108a White-

chapel Rd., E IJewish War Mem., 20 Great St. HelensJews Free School, Bell Lane, Spitalfields,

E. IKessler, L., 8 Parcival Rd.. N. W. 6Korn, M. F., 101 Canfield Gds.. N. W. 6Kutchinsky, M. A., 171 Commercial Rd.,

E. ILevy, A., 4 Clarence Gate GdsLevy, I. H., 94 Brondesbury Rd., N. W. 6Lightstone, H., 54a Cawley Rd., E. 9Lindsay, Dr. S. E., 443 New Cross Rd.,

S. E. 14Livingstone, Rev. L., 15 Golders Gds., N.

W. 11Marchant, M., 4 Heneage La., Bevis

MarksMarks, Simon, 40 Hyde Pk. Gate, S. W. 7Mattuck. Rabbi I.. Wildwood, North

End, N. W. 3Meyer, T., Priory Rd., N. W. 6Miller, Rev. H., 27 Radnor, Chelsea,

S. W. 3Mishcon, Rabbi I.. 15 Beechdale Rd.. S.

W. 2Myers, M., 55 Buckley Rd.. N. W 6Naftalin, Dr. M., ii Rodney Rd., S. E. 17Naftalin, Dr. R., 1-A Leyspring Rd.

LeytonstoneNewman, Rabbi J., 96 Cambridge Gds.,

W. 10Opstein, S., 33 Bergholt Crescent, N. 16

England] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 497

Philipp, O., 33 Ferncroft Av., N. W. 3Phillips, Dr. L., 169 High, E. 9Prince, B. B., 81 North GateRabinovitch, H., 12 Durley Rd.Rabinowitz, Dr. L., 12 Gascoyne Rd.Reinhart, Rabbi H. F., 34 Upper BerkeleyRetkinsky, W.. 23 Stamford HillRitvo, Rev. H., 14 West Bank. N. 16Rosenberg, B., S. Darville Rd., N. 16Rosenberg, M., 138 Stoke Newington Rd.Rosenwein, M. R., 15 Martaban Rd.. N.

16Ross, C. 94 Frognal, N. W. 3Ross, D., 6 Sherriff Rd., W. Hpstd.Roth, Dr. C, 65 Compayne Gds., N. W. 6Rubens, Alex., 37 Aberdare Gds., N. W. 6Rubens. A., 10 Grove End Rd., N. W. 8Rubens, H. I., 9-11 Copthall Av., E. C. 2Rubenstein, S., 247 Willesden Lane, N.

W. 2Sacks. Dr. S.. 13 New Rd., E. C.Samuel, W. S., 8 Frognal Lane, N. W. 3Schen, L., 98 Great Tower St., E. C. 3Simon, Leon, 7 Briardale Gds., N. W. 3Sklan, S. L., "Lakefield," Woodbury

Down, N. 4Smith, S., 42 Kings Rd., Sloane Sq.Sorsby, M., 107 Brondesbury Pk., N.

W. 2Spanjer, S.. 58 St. Kildas Rd., N. 16Summerfield, W., 2 Pump Ct. Temple E.

C. 4Swager, S., 43 King Edwards Rd., E. 9Swaything, The Dowager Lady, 28

Kensington Ct.Tanchan, M., 17 Woodchurch Rd., N. W.

6Taylor, A. A., 24 Osbaldeston Rd.The Jewish Orphanage, West NorwoodTobias, Mrs., L., "Havilah," Beechwood

Av.Torrance, Dr. M. C, 146 Mile End, E. 1Tuck, Esq., Gustave, 33 Upper Hamilton

Ter., N. W. 8Weizmann, Dr. C, 16 Addison Crescent,

W. 14Wolf. Mrs. M.. 9 Ellerdale Rd.Woolf, A., 38 Wentworth Rd., N. W. 11Woolf, S. J., 38 Wentworth Rd.. N. W. 11Yahuda, Mrs. E., 80 Warwick Gds.. W. 17Zeitlyn. E., 4 Kidderpore Gds., N. W.Zoob, I., 6 Wandsworth Bdge. Rd.

ManchesterAdler. N. I., 44 Bignor, Hghtn.Alman, L., 171 Gt. DucieBernstein, S., 1 NightingaleChadwick, Dr. W., 379 Cheetham Hill

Rd.Cohen, B., 96 Palatine Rd., West

DidsburyCohen, Rev. M. M., 64 Heywood.

CheethamDavis, N., 12 Sheepfoot Lane, PrestwichDr. Moses Gaster Lodge, I. O. B. B.Finestone. A.. 9 Wellington E., Hr. Br.Goddard, G., 112 Kings Rd., Prestwich

Goldberg, I. W., 10a LeverGoldstein, S.. The UniversityGordomer, H., 7a NicholasLetter, L., 4 Parkfield Rd., DidsburvLevy, J., Hanover House, Broome Lane.

Br.Locker, L., 63-A CannonMordell, Prof. L. J., UniversityMorgenstern, J., 117 StrangewaysPortnoy, J., 5 Moor Lane, KersalQuas-Cohen, Mrs. P., Raynor Croft.

BowdonSamuels, I., 142 Bellott, Hghtn.Shammah, A. J., 6 HallSortman, M., 11 Derby, CheethamSusman, Dr. W. B., Pathological Dept..

Manchester Univ.Wallfish, S., 7 Bennett Rd., Hr.

CrumpsallWebber, Geo., Sunnyside, Leicester, Br'nYoffey, Dr. J. M., Victoria University

New Castle-upon-TyneDrukker, Rev. E., 21 Lyndhurst Av.Newton, I., "Lyndore," The Grove

Newport MonmouthshireHarris, Lionel L.. 11 Fields Rd.Hymans, A., 20 Edward VII Av.

NorfolkFabritz, Rev. M. I., Synagogue, Norwich

NorthamptonDoffman, Mrs. S., 43 St. Matthews Par.

OxfordLoewe, H., 29 Beaumont

RamsgatePereira-Rodrigues, Rev. B., Temple

Cottage

Richmond, SurreyHowitt, A., The Castle

SalfordPortnoy, H., 114 Chapel

SouthportSilverstone. Dr. A. E., 50 Hartwood Rd

Sunder landCohen, M. A., 46 Ashwood Ter.

Tunbridge, WellsPhillips, L. H., "Corner House," Chest-

nut Av., Southborough

498 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Palestine

FRANCE

ParisJewish Colonization Ass'n, 29 rue de la

Bienfaisance

GERMANY

Bavaria BreslauLoeb, Herrn Jas., Landhaus "Hochried" Vogelstein, Dr. H., Am. Anger 8

Berlin Charlottenburg 2Weinberg, Dr. S., 46 Guentzel Str. 46 Lehmann, Dr. J., Fasanenstr. 6

HUNGARYBudapest

Landes-Rabbinerschule, VIII Rokk Sz-ilard-utca 26

INDIABombay

Moses, M. A., Tarmahomed Bldg.

IRELANDBelfast

Briscoe, W.. 10 Malone Pk.Isaacs, Mrs. B., 18 Malone Pk.

ITALY

RomeFederazione Delle Associazioni Culturali

Ebraiche D'ItaliaGordon, Dr. H. L., Casella, 1046

MEXICO

Monterrey, N. L. Saltillo, CoahuilaLIBRARY MEMBER

Nathan, E. I., American Consul Sokobin, S.. American Consulate

PALESTINE

Haifa Goldwater, A., Box 554Rosenblatt, B. A., P. O. Box 33 Hadar Hyamson. A. M., Dept. of Labour. Box

Hacarmel „,? , . •. T. , „ ., , Kligler. I. J., Hebrew UniversityJerusalem Rosenberg, M., P. O. Box 391

Abrahams, S., P. O. Box 178 Sacher, H., Box 393Agronsky, G., P. O. Box 625 Seligman, M., P. O. Box 391Bentwich, H., Rechavia Viteles, Harry. P. O. Box 238

South Africa] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 499

PORTUGAL

LisbonAmzalak, Prof. Moses, Bensabat,

104 Avenida Duque de Louie loLevy, Abraham Abner, 17 Rua Castitho

REPUBLIC OF PANAMA

PanamaHalman, I. P. O., Box 617

SCOTLAND

Glasgow

Bloch, M., 138 RenfieldLevine, Dr. E., S Charing Cross MansionsLipsey, Dr. J., 14 Grosvenor Ter.Mellick, J., 23 Apsley PI.Michaelson, Dr. I., 109 Lennox, Possipark

Morris, Dr. N., Barone, W., ChapeltonAve., Bearsden

Naftalin, A., 82 Albert Rd., CrosshillSachs, J., 1S3 Monreith Rd., CathcartSamuel, J. M., 12 Beaumont GateWalport, N., 18 Williamwood Pk., W.

Netherlee

EAST AFRICA

Kenya ColonyRuben, A., P. O. Box 408, NairobiSomen, Miss P., P. O. Box 247, Nairobi

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

Aliwal NorthBecker, H., P. O. Box 48Becker. M., P. O. Box 9Bendelstein, H., SomersetCohen, H. M., Queens Ter.Frankel, A., Imperial HotelGerber, Rev. B., BarkleyGerber, I., P. O. Box 84Hirshowitz, W. M., P. O. Box 89Marcow, A., Box 9Sanders, B., P. O. Box 9Sief, W., Somerset

Benonl, TransvaalLIFE MEMBER

Benoni Dorshei Zion Ass'n.LIBRARY MEMBER

Kirschner, N., 105 Ampthill Av.ANNUAL MEMBERS

Benoni Jewish Cultural & Social SocietyGoodman, I., c/o Rand Daily MailLevy, A. J., P. O. Box 342London, G., P. O. Box 252Smith, M., Bright & May»r Av.

BethlehemBethlehem Jewish Library, P. O. Box 96

Bloemfontein, O. F. S.Bloch, Mrs. G., 4 Milner Rd.Bradlow, H., P. O. Box 78, MaitlandPencharz. M., P. O. Box 755Schwartz, A., P. O. Box 236

Bulawayo, RhodesiaBlumberg, D. A., Box 409

Cape ProvinceEdelstein, I., Barkley EastLevenson, Mrs. M., Grand Hotel, Bark-

ley E.Levin, Fannie, P. O. Box 29, Somerset

EastMuizenberg Young Israel SocietyQueenstown Sons of Zion, 22 Livingston

Rd., QueenstownSarif, J., 8 Solomon Rd., Sea PointSchneider, B. P. O., Kenegha E. L.Simenoff, J., Jean Lodge, St. James Rd.,

Sea PointWulf.Rev. B., P. O. Box 21,

VanrhynsdorpZneimer, E. Buffelspaagts Station, Dist.

SwellendamCape Town

Aaronowitch, H.. P. O. Box 56, NoorderPaarl

500 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [South Africa

Abrahams, A. E., 122 LongmarketAlexander, M., Sav. Bk. Bldg., 117 St.

GeorgeAltschul, Dr. H. W., Lawrence Rd.,

AthloneBashew, H., P. O. Box 343Bashew, M., P. O. Box 343Bender, Rev. A. P., 88 Hatfield St. Gds.Benischowitz, M. I., 8 ParliamentGetz, 0., P. O. Box 1972Goodman, I. M., P. O. Box 1204Gradner, L., Hilton Rd. & Montrose Av.Guinz berg. Miss H. L., MuizenbergHerbstein, Mrs. B., Tel Hai, Marmion

Rd.Horwitz, M., c/o 9 SchoonderJackson, A. M., P. O. Box 341Kaufman, Dr. C., Avoca, Main Rd.,

WynbergKibel, Rev. S., 88 Hatfield St. Gds.Matthews, L., 82 New Church, Tarn-

boerskloofMuizenberg & Kalk Bay Talmud Torah

SchoolNell, S., P. O. Box 3096Philips, A., Sandhurst, Ottery Rd.,

WynbergPincus, Dr. J. V., Main Rd., PlumsteadSchach, M., 77 WaterkantSchermann, I., P. O. Box 221Schwartz, I., 84 St. George'sSegal, L., Clonbrook Av., Dis. Sea Pt.Smollan, M. M., P. O. Box 2551Zionist Hall Liby., Hope

Clairwood, NatalSmith, Dr. N.

DurbanLIBRARY MEMBER

The Durban Jewish Club, P. O. Box2198

ANNUAL MEMBERSAlper, Dr. Minnie, 310 Vause Rd.Bloom, B. H., Cato Rd., ExtensionFreed, M., 244 Musgrave Rd.Henochsberg, E. S., Temple OhambersJacobson, S. L., 389 Cuerie Rd.Levy, Rabbi E. M., 166 Moore Rd.Magid, H. L., 376 SmithMoshal, Dr. B., 249 Avondale Rd.Moshal. S.. P. O. Box 1183Moss-Morris, H., P. O. Box 879Wolpert, M., P. O. Box 2050

East GriquelandBarnard, M., P. O. Franklin

East LondonAronwitz, Master J., 44 St. James Rd.Franklin, M., 114 OxfordGottlieb, H., P. O. Box 382

HumansdorpMarkman, A., P. O. Box 6Schultz, Miss Esther, Royal Hotel

Johannesburg, TransvaalAlexander, B., Box 2590Baynash, E. B., Box 4359Belcher, Lewis L., 31 SauerBlank, H. S., 96 Banket, HillbrowBradlow & Co., A. R., 83 MarketBradlow, D. A., 83 MarketBraude, M., Box 5084Cassel, P., P. O. Box 3511Cohen, Miss F., 12 Elm, HoughtonCranko, J., 46 Sauers Bldgs.Edenburg, S.. Box 5472Falkow, E., P. O. Box 7132Gabrilowitz, J., P. O. Box 6441Guinsberg, Mrs. O., Box 1149Hayman, Mrs. E., "The Angles," Jan

Smuts Av.Kamovsky. H. L., P. O. Box 5933Lenson, I., GeraniumLipworth, A., Box 5084Lipworth, W., Box 7132Massey, J., Box 4710Rajak, H., P. O. Box 3288Sapiro, S., 73 B RaleighSchneier, S., P. O. Box 6009Shaffer, D., 46 Sauers Bldgs.Sieff, Dr. B., 40 Louis Botha Av.Sive, Abr., P. O. Box 5933

King Williams TownCohen, M. B., 4 Wellington

Lindley, O. F. S.Lange, S.Nathanson, I., P. O. Box 20

NatalLipworth, Dr. M.. Red Hill

Noorder PaarlSilbert, I. B., Lady Grey

Paul RouxKristal, Miss Y.. P. O. Box 9

Pietersburg, TransvaalPietersburg Zoutpansberg Zionist Society

Port ElizabethAbrahams, J., 128 MainCohn, S., 2 Clevedon Rd.Elion, S. J., P. O. Box 408Joffa, H., 4 Cambridge Rd.Kaplan, J., New BrightonLapin, A. H., P. O. Box 221Marcow, L. D., New BrightonMirkin, L.. P. O. Box 9Schumacker, J., Box 408Shochet, J., Box 198Solomons, W., 119 PrincesSpilkin, J., P. O. Box 90Spilkin, M., P. O. Box 4|6Tabacho'witz, M., 9« Newlngton Rd.Wailer, A.. P. O. Box 149Weinronk, B., 104 Cape Rd.Weinronk, Simon, 57 Princes

Wales] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 501

Pretoria SteynsrustGetz, A., P. O. Box 743 T „„„„ w p n n™ iHirsch, Rabbi W.. 211 Struben L a n g e ' W - P ' °- B o x 3

Pretoria Jewish Liby., 211 StrubenSaks, J. L., 210 Church Vereenlglng Trans.

Roodebank, Transvaal Feldman, Dr. S.Rosmarin, Harry

i» . . . > r. c WarmbathsRouxville, O. F. S.

Cohen, M. Isaacson, M. I., Box 27Rubin,' J.,'p. O. Box 30

Somerset Strand WolseleyIsaacson. Dr. B., De Beers Rd. Kirsch, H., Ou Stasie

South RhodesiaKrikler, Mrs. T. H.. Shabani /.astronRalstein, M., P. O. Box 423 Levitt, S.. P. O. Box 138

SOUTH AMERICA

BrazilGardner, M., Rua Das Palmeiras 3, Sao

Paulo

SPAIN

Gibraltar, B. C.Levy, M. I.. 64 Irish Town

SWITZERLAND

GenevaParkes, J., 13 Rue Calvin

VIRGIN ISLANDS. U. S. A.

St. ThomasTrepuk, Max E., Villa Edlitham

WALES

Bangor Diamond, A., 189 Bute Rd.WartaH I Derwpn Dee Hauser, A., 37 Park PI.Wartski, I.. Derwen Lleg. Janner, B., SO Tydraw Rd.

rwrnarnonshire Jerevitch, Rev. H., 79 HamiltonCaernaroonshire Josephson, A.. IS Beauchamp

Pollecoff, S., Mimmanton, So. Rd. Ovitz, J., 121 Cathedral Rd.„ . , _ Reuben, E.. 9 Glossop Ter.Cardiff Shepherd, I., 12 Richmond Rd.

Cohen, I. C , 48 Penylan Rd. Shepherd, M., 99 Kimberly Rd.


MEMBERSHIP TO JUNE 1, 1931

AlabamaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaIllinoisIndiana . .Iowa.KansasKentuckyLouisianaMaine . . .MarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew York CityNew York State . .North CarolinaNorth Dakota. . .OhioOklahoma . .Oregon . . .PhiladelphiaPennsylvania State . . .Rhode Island.. . .South CarolinaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginia

Life

3

6

1

2

1

11

153

6

581

Sus-taining

1

1

1

Friend

3

1

2

Patron

31

1

1

1

1

1

1

1611

2

143

Library

1

182

5

1J.

2741

1

1069

6

2

121

14254

1

1312

4326

11

1

Annual

2188

14640

16631331726

3816030123741

52423301156617

1005

3413

4972

1094781

1315

3771318

744439

18102781

42

22

JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY

MEMBERSHIP TO JUNE 1, 1931 (Continued)

503

WashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinAsiaAustralia and New ZealandBelgiumBritish West IndiesCanadaCentral AmericaChinaCubaDenmark vEgypt "*4EnglandFranceGermanyHungaryIndiaIrelandItalyMexicoPalestinePortugalRepublic of PanamaScotlandEast AfricaUnion of South Africa....South AmericaSpainSwitzerlandVirgin IslandsWales

Life

65

Sus-taining Friend Patron

47

Library Annual

415

1527591

2714

10411217

18614112221121102

142111112

6765


CHARTER

The terms of the charter are as follows:The name of the corporation is THE JEWISH PUBLICATION

SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

The said Corporation is formed for the support of abenevolent educational undertaking, namely, for the publi-cation and dissemination of literary, scientific, and religiousworks, giving instruction in the principles of the Jewishreligion and in Jewish history and literature.

The business of said corporation is to be transacted inthe city and county of Philadelphia.

The corporation is to exist perpetually.There is no capital stock, and there are no shares of stock.The corporation is to be managed by a Board of Trustees,

consisting of fifteen members, and by the following officers:President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer, andsuch other officers as may from time to time be necessary.


BY-LAWS

ARTICLE I

MembershipSECTION I.—The Society shall be composed of Annual

Members, Special Members, Library Members, Patrons,Friends, and Life Members. Any person of the Jewish faithmay become a Member by paying annually the sum of threedollars ($3), or a Special Member by the annual payment offive dollars ($5), or a Library Member by the annual pay-ment of ten dollars ($10), or a Patron by the annual pay-ment of twenty dollars ($20), or a Friend by the annualpayment of fifty dollars ($50), or a Life Member by onepayment of one hundred dollars ($100).

SEC. II.—Any Jewish Society may become a Member bythe annual payment of ten dollars ($10).

SEC. HI.—Any person may become a Subscriber by theannual payment of three dollars ($3), which entitles him orher to all the publications of the Society to which membersare entitled.

ARTICLE II

MeetingsSECTION I.—The annual meeting of this Society shall be

held in the month of March, the day of such meeting to befixed by the Directors at their meeting in the previousJanuary.

SEC. II.—Special meetings may be held at any time at thecall of the President, or by a vote of a majority of the Boardof Directors, or at the written request of fifty members ofthe Society.

ARTICLE III

Officers and Their DutiesSECTION I.—There shall be twenty-one Directors, to be

elected by the Society by ballot.At the annual meeting to be held in May, 1908, there

shall be elected eleven directors, seven to serve for one year,two to serve for two years, and two to serve for three years:


and at every subsequent annual meeting, seven directorsshall be elected for three years.

SEC. II.—Out of the said twenty-one, the Society shallannually elect a President, Vice-President, and Second Vice-President, who shall hold their offices for one year.

SEC. HI.—The Society shall also elect fifteen HonoraryVice-Presidents, in the same manner for the same terms ofoffice as the Directors are chosen.

SEC. IV.—The Board of Directors shall elect a Treasurer,a Secretary, and such other officers as they may from timeto time find necessary or expedient for the transaction of theSociety's business.

SEC. v.—The Board of Directors shall appoint its owncommittee, including a Publication Committee, which com-dittee may consist in whole or in part of members of theBoard.

The Publication Committee shall serve for one year.

ARTICLE IV

QuorumSECTION I.—Forty members of the Society shall consti-

tute a quorum for the transaction of business.

ARTICLE V

VacanciesSECTION I.—The Board of Directors shall have power to

fill all vacancies for unexpired terms.

ARTICLE VI

BenefitsSECTION I.—Every member of the Society shall receive a

copy of each of its publications approved by the Board ofDirectors for distribution among the members.

ARTICLE VII

Free DistributionSECTION I.—The Board of Directors is authorized to dis-

tribute copies of the Society's publications among such


institutions as may be deemed proper, and wherever suchdistribution may be deemed productive of good for thecause of Israel.

ARTICLE VIII

A uxiliariesSECTION I.—Other associations for a similar object may

be made auxiliary to this Society, by such names and insuch manner as may be directed by the Board of Directors,and shall have the privilege of representation at meetings.Agencies for the sale and distribution of the Society's publi-cations shall be established by the Board of Directors indifferent sections of the country. The Society shall have theright to establish branches.

ARTICLE IX

FinancesSECTION I.—Moneys received for life memberships, and

donations and bequests for such purpose, together with suchother moneys as the Board of Directors may deem proper,shall constitute a permanent fund, but the interest of suchfund may be used for the purposes of the Society.

ARTICLE x

AmendmentsThese By-Laws may be altered or amended by a vote of

two-thirds of those entitled to vote at any meeting of theSociety; provided that thirty days' notice be given by theBoard of Directors, by publication, to the members of theSociety.


LIST OF BOOKSISSUED BY

T H E JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETYOF AMERICA

THE HOLY SCRIPTURES—(New Translation.) The Board ofEditors consisted of Doctors Solomon Schechtefr, Cyrus Adler,Joseph Jacobs, Kaufman Kohler, David Philipson, SamuelSchulman and Prof. Max L. Margolis. Type very legible.

Cloth, red edges, 1 in. thick $1.25Black Leather, gold edges 3.00White Leather, gold edges 3.00Bridal Bible, leatherette and silk moire 3.00Flexible Morocco, gold edges 7.50Pulpit and Family Bible, 13 in. x 15 in., seal grain leather.. 40.00

ABRIDGED BIBLE. Especially arranged for Children 1.25SELECTED POEMS OF SOLOMON IBN GABIROL. Eng-

lish Translation by Israel Zangwill. Hebrew text edited by Dr.Israel Davidson. First volume of the Schiff Jewish Classics.

Leather, $5.00; Cloth, 2.50SELECTED POEMS OF JEHUDAH HALEVI. English Trans

lation by Nina Salaman. Hebrew text edited by Dr. HeinrichBrody. Second volume of the Schiff Jewish Classics.

Leather, $5.00; Cloth, 2.00HEBREW ETHICAL WILLS. Testamentary directions for

religious and secular guidance. Translated by Dr. Israel Abra-hams. Third volume of the Schiff Jewish Classics. In two parts.

Leather, $10.00; Cloth, 4.00TREATISE TA'ANIT OF THE BABYLONIAN TALMUD.

Translated by Henry Malter. Of great value as a source forJewish history, liturgy and folklore. Fourth volume of theSchiff Jewish Classics Leather, $5.00; Cloth, 2.50

SEFER HA-'IKKARIM: BOOK OF PRINCIPLES. By JosephAlbo. Critically edited on the basis of manuscripts and oldeditions and provided with a Translation and Notes, by Dr.Isaac Husik. Explains the fundamental principles of theJewish faith. In five volumes Leather, $25.00; Cloth, 10.00

HISTORYHISTORY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE. By Profs. Max L.

Margolis and Alexander Marx. Authoritative one-volume his-tory of the Jews published in America, 848 pages. CompleteBibliography, Chronological Tables, Index, 13 maps in color.Creation to 1927 Leather, $10.00; Cloth, 4.00

HISTORY OF THE JEWS. By Prof. H. Graetz. From theearliest period to modern times. 4,000 pages, covering over4,000 years. Six volumes 12.00


HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN FRANKFORT. By A Frei-mann. First volume in Jewish Community Series $2.25

HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN LONDON. By Elkan N. Adler.Second volume in Jewish Community Series 2.25

HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN VENICE. By Cecil Roth. ThirdVolume in Jewish Community Series . 2.25

HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND. ByS. M. Dubnow. From the earliest times until the present day.With Bibliography. 3 volumes. Each 2.50

JEWISH HISTORY. By S. M. Dubnow. Essays on Spirit ofJewish History . . . 1.25

JEWISH CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION—AN ES-TIMATE. By Joseph Jacobs. An account of the part playedby the Jews in progress of mankind 2.25

JEWS AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS. By MaxRadin. Presents the nature of the contact between the Jews,Greeks and Romans 1.75

MESSIAH IDEA IN JEWISH HISTORY. By Julius H. Green-s t o n e . A n a c c o u n t o f t h e b e l i e f i n t h e c o m i n g o f M e s s i a h . . . . 1 . 5 0

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THE LIFE AND WORKS OFMOSES HAYYIM LUZZATTO

Founder of Modern Hebrew Literature

By

SIMON GINZBURG, PH.D.

This work reveals the life of the fascinating personality,Moses Hayyim Luzzatto, born of a distinguished familyin Padua, Italy, in 1707. The work consists of an intro-duction, in which the author outlines the period prior

to Luzzatto. Then follows a description of hischildhood and youth, his absorption in Cab-balism and the persecutions which resultedtherefrom. The second part is. devoted tothe analysis of his Cabbalistic and Rab-binic-philosophical works, his dramasand lyrical poems and his meter andstyle. There is a bibliography anda selection of unpublished He-brew documents relating to

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JOSEPHUS ON JESUSWith Particular Reference to

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THE DIVAN OFLEO DE MODENA

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