aircraft certification and type of certificates 3-9-13

Federal AviationAdministrationPart 21

Aircraft Certification

&

Type Certificates

•IA Seminar 3/9/13

Federal AviationAdministration

Design Approval; New TCsSL-2-NTC

Overview



Objectives• Identify what the Aircraft Certification Service (AIR) is and

the roll the organization plays in aircraft maintenance.

• Identify what type design data is.

• Characteristics of a Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS).

• Identify some of the key documents that make up Continued Airworthiness data, i.e., limitations, maintenance manuals, and their changes.



Objectives, cont.• Define “Airworthiness” and how it plays a roll in the IA’s

world.

• Recognize the categories of TCs and general requirements that must be met for their issuance.

• How TCs relate to airworthiness certificates.



Aircraft Certification Service (AIR)



FAA Regions Boundaries

Flight Standards Regions



Directorate Boundaries



Interconnected



Airworthiness

• Part 21.1 defines airworthiness approval as:

“a document issued by the FAA for an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or article which certifies that the aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller or article conforms to its approved design and is in a condition for safe operation.”



Standard Airworthiness CertificateUNITED STATES OF AMERICA

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION-FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

STANDARD AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE

1 NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARKS

2 MANUFACTURER AND MODEL

3 AIRCRAFT SERIAL NUMBER

4 CATEGORY

5 AUTHORITY AND BASIS FOR ISSUANCE

This airworthiness certificate is issued pursuant to the 49 U.S.C. § 44704 and certifies that, as of the date of issuance, the aircraft to which issued has been inspected and found to conform to the type certificate therefore, to be in condition for safe operation, and has been shown to meet the requirements of the applicable comprehensive and detailed airworthiness code as provided by Annex 8 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, except as noted herein.Exceptions:

6 TERMS AND CONDITIONSUnless sooner surrendered, suspended, revoked, or a termination date is otherwise established by the FAA, this airworthiness certificate is effective as long as the maintenance, preventative maintenance, and alterations are performed in accordance with Parts 21, 43, and 91 of the Federal Aviation Regulations, as appropriate, and the aircraft is registered in the United States.

DATE OF ISSUANCE

FAA REPRESENTATIVE

DESIGNATION NUMBER

Any iteration, reproduction, or misuse of this certificate may be punishable by a fine not exceeding $1,000 or imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or both. THIS CERTIFICATE MUST BE DISPLAYED IN THE AIRCRAFT IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS.



Airworthiness Links

• Standard Airworthiness Certificates states:

“This airworthiness certificate is effective as long as the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations are preformed in accordance with parts 21, 43, 91”



Part 21, 43, 91 ConnectionUNITED STATES OF AMERICA

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION-FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

STANDARD AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE

1 NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARKS

2 MANUFACTURER AND MODEL

3 AIRCRAFT SERIAL NUMBER

4 CATEGORY

5 AUTHORITY AND BASIS FOR ISSUANCEThis airworthiness certificate is issued pursuant to the 49 U.S.C. § 44704 and certifies that, as of the date of issuance, the aircraft to which issued has been inspected and found to conform to the type certificate therefore, to be in condition for safe operation, and has been shown to meet the requirements of the applicable comprehensive and detailed airworthiness code as provided by Annex 8 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, except as noted herein.Exceptions:

6 TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Unless sooner surrendered, suspended, revoked, or a termination date is otherwise established by the FAA, this airworthiness certificate is effective as long as the maintenance, preventative maintenance, and alterations are performed in accordance with Parts 21, 43, and 91 of the Federal Aviation Regulations, as appropriate, and the aircraft is registered in the United States.

DATE OF ISSUANCE

FAA REPRESENTATIVE

DESIGNATION NUMBER

Any iteration, reproduction, or misuse of this certificate may be punishable by a fine not exceeding $1,000 or imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or both. THIS CERTIFICATE MUST BE DISPLAYED IN THE AIRCRAFT IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS.



What does this have to do with IA’s?

CFR Part 65.95

Privileges and Limitations:

“Gives the IA the authority to inspect and approve for return to service any aircraft or related part or appliance after a major repair or major alteration to it, in accordance with Part 43.”



Return to Service Statements

CFR Part 43 gives the IA the authority to make Return to Service Statements.

These statements attest to conformity.

What is Conformity?



• Definition Of The Term “Airworthy” for U.S. Type-Certificated (TC) Aircraft. Although the term “airworthy” is defined in 14 CFR § 3.5(a), a clear understanding of its meaning is essential for use in the FAA’s airworthiness certification program. Below is a summary of the conditions necessary for the issuance of an airworthiness certificate. A review of case law relating to airworthiness reveals two conditions that must be met for an aircraft to be considered “airworthy.” Title 49, United States Code (49 U.S.C.) § 44704(c) and 14 CFR § 21.183(a), (b), and (c) state that the following two conditions necessary for issuance of an airworthiness certificate:

• a. The aircraft must conform to its type design. Conformity to the type design is considered attained when the aircraft configuration and the engine, propeller, and articles installed are consistent with the drawings, specifications, and other data that are part of the TC. This includes any supplemental type certificate (STC) and repairs and alterations incorporated into the aircraft.

• b. The aircraft must be in a condition for safe operation. This refers to the condition of the aircraft relative to wear and deterioration, for example, skin corrosion, window delamination/crazing, fluid leaks, and tire wear.



It all Start Here

The Birth Certificate of an Aircraft

Type Certificate Data Sheet

(TCDS)



§21.41, Type CertificatesA type certificate is issued upon FAA approval of Applicant design documentation for aircraft, engine, or propeller.

The TC includes:

Type Design (including the flight manual

containing operating

limitations, instructions, and

other data)

Limitations that the FAA imposes on the certificate

TC Data Sheet

Airworthiness &

Environmental

Requirements


Design Approval; New TCsSL-22-NTC2-

22

§21.31, Type design includes technical data —to define an approved configuration and allow for its “reproducibility”

Design data may change, but it must undergo FAA approval

§21.31, Type Design



Changes in Type Design

Changes in type design may be due to:

• Product improvements

• Tooling changes

• Usage Changes

Change Requires

Some type of FAA engineering approval Submission of revised/changed data



More About TCsEligibility, § 21.13 – Any interested person

Privileges, § 21.45 – May obtain: Airworthiness Certificates; Approval for Installation; A Production Certificate, including approval of replacement parts

Responsibilities,§ 21.3 – Report malfunctions, failures and defects§ 21.49 – Make the TC available to FAA & NTSB§ 21.99 – Make design changes to correct unsafe

conditions



25

Requires FAA approval

§21.50, Instructions for Continued Airworthiness

FAA can impose limitations in interest of safety

ICA

Airworthin

ess Limitations

Section

(Typically in

Maintenance

Manuals)

Chapters 4 or 5



26

Changes to Airworthiness Limitations

Airworthiness

Limitations Section

Design Approval Holder must provide changes to owners and make them available to repair stations, etc. [21.50(b)]



TC Categories

• Standard

• Primary

• Restricted

• Surplus military

• Import Products



§21.21, Standard US TC§21.21, Issue of TC for Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, Commuter, Transport Aircraft; Manned Free Balloons; Special Classes of Aircraft; Aircraft Engines; Propellers

The applicant who meets the requirements of either subparagraphs (a) or (b) is entitled to a TC



§21.24, Primary Category: Purpose

A means to create a source of simple, relatively inexpensive, aircraft for recreational flying through—

• Simpler certification standards

• Streamlined process

• Means for owner to perform certain preventative maintenance

• Not for carrying people or property for compensation or hire



§21.21 & §21.24 Compared

Engines & propellers

Certification Basis

Showing & finding of compliance:

TC’d separately

Rigid

Requires proposed type design, detailed substantiating data, and statement of compliance

TC’d as part of aircraft

Some flexibility

Requires certifying statement of compliance& summary report

What 21.2421.21

Regardless of the process, the FAA may still review data at its discretion



§21.25, Restricted CategorySpecial purpose operations, such as:

• Agricultural• Forest and wildlife conservation• Aerial surveying• Patrolling• Weather control• Aerial advertising• Operation specified by FAA

Two avenues for type certification• Civil; purpose-built—21.25(a)(1)• Surplus U.S. military—21.25(a)(2)



§21.25(a)(1) & (a)(2) ComparedUnder 21.25(a)(1) Under 21.25(a)(2)

Have no feature or characteristic that makes it unsafe when operated within its prescribed limitations Meet noise standards of 14 CFR 36 (exception: special purpose)

Must meet airworthiness requirements of a standard category,Exception: Thoseinappropriate for the specialpurpose

Accepted for use by the military and found acceptable for civilian use as “modified” and with appropriate limitations

I Part

21



§21.27, Surplus Military• Specifies the type certification of surplus aircraft of the

U.S. Armed Forces

No type certificated

civil counterpart?

Does have a type

certificated civil

counterpart?

§21.27(a), allows surplus military aircraft to be type certificated to the airworthiness standards in the table contained in §21.27(f)

§21.27(b), allows these surplus military aircraft to be type certificated to the standards for that counterpart



§21.29, Import ProductsFocuses on products manufactured in a country with an “agreement” (BAA or BASA) with the US

Our approval is dependent upon the FCAA’s

FCAA FAA



Objectives Review

aircraft certification and type of certificates 3-9-13

Education