8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

1/56

Volume 22, Number 1, January 199

Agricultural and Forestry Experiment StationSchool of Agriculture and Land Resources Management

University of Alaska Fairbanks

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

2/56

In SALRM,We re Looking Forward to the 1990s

Jn tht? Sd1ool of Agriculltl tt and Land Resourct'S Man.tgemt;>nl

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

3/56

ISSN: 00021B22AgroborealisJanuary 1990

Volume 22 Number 1A g r i ~ : u J t u r . 1 1 1m.l Fonstry

Fxpenmt'nt SlahnnS...hool llion .................... . ..." .. 5rult l'enwPill'n11ted oy Prurlinfo\ .1nd OupltGlling Xrvlcl'.;,,I ntv,r

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

4/56

AFES Notess, SAl R\11/AH.S cmployt>es r v h n t m i o u ~ ln -ccnli\'e Awardsand SL200dw ks lor r m d m g work .l.tnicc Glenn Sue Englerth d l1d Peg Banks earned therecognition from t h ~ st,tff. Amtmf the fac.ulty, BobWeeden was tt.lmt>d the v ~ . t n i wmner in lhe t t . a c h i n ~1 iassiJit.ttion Jay McKendrick m public sen ice; ,,nJMerio1m Karlsson in reseilrch .l.untnhutOJ:; '" LES .1nd 'iAI R\tdouhled their j v i n ~ tothe T.1nr.An E l ~ l l l w i i o / l t ~ lf:.li:\1/Ji/ily f t ~ 1 Suk.i:,;tmn u r l l m , ~ m ~ ' \ ' m u g d l - 5 1 . f ~ 1 < :Ni1tiot:al Parle. Ala d p o ~ o ; a b l e cooper,llt\e n.':'ICiln::h

p r o j ~ ts Dr. Pmg ho . org;min>d llw A Iask,1 &)j 1C t ' o ~ ril-phy Workshop iJS a ::.ummcr coun;e and mtC'nm Lmu mgtor the pmf,--sswnnil sdenb..'from out..-ilde the .,tall:.'. Dr . Fr.mz De Coninck, from ruurnl.'ln hlr lhe J < ) ~ Y - ) 9 { . 1 0 WL ..ttrn Rl'gtonul Coopl' r,ltivt Soil l 1 n f e r c n c ~ , . : ~ n d he is 1-.ns) coordinat ing thernnleteJlt't' to be held in June I ~ J 9 0 in F'ilirbanks. Curr ~ n t l v . Dr P m ~ is wndung with his reseilr;;h i ssodate ind l d . r ~ c l l r i z i n g from interior Alaskd, .md in theorga11ic m.1tter and . : ~ r b o n con\ ersiun f,1ctors in subarch; soils. Dr also \ V o r k ~ wilh wil scienlisl5 fnm1LSDA o i l Conservatiun Slt\ Cl' on t h ~ d.ti.,ifircln'"ll ofperm.tfrost sot su1 . L l " k ~ Dr. u ~ has >Non a ~ \ M c k d "two year contr.1ct Irom 'sibtll ( Ol ..n,rl, in plant pest survey ,.md delcclmn. In 1\up.ust,

Dr . McAeclth il Hcndt d 1he Th ir d lnlt.rn,1tinn.llTnchodcrma Workshop in llhac

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

5/56

Cooperation in Agricultural Science betweenSiberia and Alaska

\Vaync C Thoma...,

I nilia Stages: ln respond tng to .L U.S StateDL'parllllent r l : ' q u e ~ t for proposals in ea rly 19H6, theUniversity of Alaska : ~ i r b a n k s (UAf) Agriculturaland FmesiTy E\perinwnt SL.lhon (AFE.S) i.nilia t(.o.d .1proo.>c; 1ndLidt'ti in a prfltocul ~ i g m : d hy the Lwocountries was m agn>l'ml'nt to exlhangc methods of

u d u c t i n g agnlllll1.1re oml cr1)r mt..ttiOll m northernla titude:.. Whrn the fm.t RusI.lns' \'LSit OAgricultural ResearchSen.;cl ln Bellwillc Mary land North D . ; ~ k u t a StelleUniversity; and lhe l m\crsity or M i n n t ~ o t . 1 So whileollwr institutions were mvolvl."d i.I e s t a l - l l i < . l u n ~ t hts

~ x ~ h a r t g c Af+:S's propos.1l, Jl minimwn, helped lay thegwundwmk .

n o t h ~ r appruach ;;t1Ttcd .I1O.:tohPr1 11:17 ,..,.henDr DlmJid O'Duwd l 'niver '>ilv ul Alask.l prLosidt>nl, n - ~~ v e d a teller t 1om LJr. Yurt \ No\'oSt>luv, \:ice preSI-

dent nt the Lenin All-Union \c,ldt'my ot AgriculturalScience, Sibenan Brandt (V1\SKhNJL C,f-\), Inca led inNovosibirsk, L .S.S.R Novoselm asked il theuni\'\ rsity

w t ~ s illlt'rested in cooperation m Agnculturd l sciPnce. Heinvited .1 uniwrsity r e p r ~ e n t i l b \ e to \J-. tt V S h ~ lSl:l flit furl herd ~ c u s ~ i o n s ,

Vol . 22, No. 1, 1990 5

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

6/56

B e g i n n i n ~ in ~ lhLtwo track ~ - . prOilfh " ...undtr way tow;ud he ,.,mt , AFF.S; r1ndDonald lynch UAG pwfess.or uf geographv,visited tlwS> \ iC'I l 'nion fn r Af.FS. Lynth \ ' dS .sdedtd fnr hi'>explrtJ tC in Suvwt l O ~ F a p h ~ dnd tlul:'ncy m Ru,si,ln.

l'lw IW(l-l r were to oh"t rH., td c u . . , . . . , aptlul-lllral Jevd opmcnl 111 both ....,,b 'n 'l c111d \lo .. . Onteconomist from Siberi.l, Dr. Y. \. '\Jm'' ' t'lv, ':. ~ i t t ' dAlaska m lun( ~ n d l 'Af ., I h 1ma::. "'" t..>d Siberia in luly.Ctmmws, p r ~ . 1 b l e m \\ c observed; dbldllLL' k"' markctand triln-.port dtffit..:ultJt. m_obvsous i m i l , 1 n t 1 e ~ It w.:tsagrred 1 al both pa tl\-.c; \\ ouldbt.nt'flt fmm mtormn icmg c ~ i m thnmgh tht conhnuallon nf lhts joint c o o ~ " ~ e r ation

Musk tl'< r l . ~ l ' . u c h indudl under this d a.pt '" ol mu-.koxl'(."')Cigy.UA} C h a n n l l ( r P.1tri k J. O ' Rourke .1nd Dr

m u ~ d o v exd1angl'ri.t in ,.,1rly lui}'. \)r t lr ly P

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

7/56

191>9, Goncharov and O'Rourke signed i l joinl resolution: ~ t a reception in the American Embassy in \.foS gradu,,te t u d ~ l l romc;ALRM tor thret- months at VASKhN[L and v i c ~ :

\ C T ~ l

f. f-anner x c h a n ~ e : t n V C ' s t i ~ n t i o n of clmt l l lH r a c t i c t - ~and applil'd researd1 i x l h of ,he llniloo St.11cs'land mass, prodw.cs only f i v ~ per(cnt ot Ihe ltw..>J ' l l l t-sumed by 11: -. pupulahon , the smalll' -;t populabun uf the50 t e ~ (45ll,00(l peop P m 19881

ll1e coC1pC'rilhvc r e s t < ~ rch plan is \'cry genera l.F t.>scarch e ~ . . . > d : . m subarcbcareas, on the other h11nd.

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

8/56

Develop :1 jo int p u b l i c . : ~ t i o n conc;t>minJ; deLtringm ~ t h o c b t.peciticallv and other cropping systemresearcll in e n e t . in Stheria .1nd anterior Alil ..k.1 .l Condud nodeli.ng using J,ltil t rom b ~ k al'oncenli.ng hmtlle, rpla.-emtnt.

h. E x ~ . : h a n g e data and compu ter sothvnre wh ich t.Jnuc;;cd m StberiJ and A l a ~ k . 1 and i n v e s t i ~ , 1 k rtol.atedopporlunitle:. for l'Xchange.

ltt:rn lhrcc in lhc \-\'llrkint-i p r u ~ ' T i l m ic. .llreadyunder way. Thl AFFS scienlJ ;IS pt"'\ iJed hvo rubltca-tiom. nmcerning land clearing m mtnot A.la:;J...., to lhtV.\SKhNJI - ; c i ~ n h s l . s The Snvwl scitntisls preparf'd ,,draH rlLlt ntl ' c; {rom Stbt fiil.

Most 1mpt1rt" h. hnwt \cr, ts the l.1ct thdl theseagrtenwnlclmpll.:'s inchtcfmg reterence:-amplt.'S ot plant s p ~ c i C " i not common in tht' Alaskan

tundra 1 en.1blcs us to make k r o h i s t o l o g i c ; : ~ l dllcr,. Professor of Wildlife Management, Alaska

Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Lniven.ity ofAwska fairbanks.

minaliun.-. uf phnt p e c i l ~ in the fet.'"5 ~ f muc;;k ' 'xen at\d.nther h e rim. ~ n o s < ~ t Wt collected 'rvhile m lhe Snvit'l".Umun. It w,1.; nt pcu t i ~ L h r inlert.>st lt) me tn v i ~ 1 t arL'e:\snt>.-tr the NLlriJ..,J,. indu . rial cnrnph x and to h r s t h ~ n da s ~ - . the damage c.mst>d bv atr pl)]]uhnn The proce-dml's anJ findings o{ . , p c ~ . t i H : : lu hen response."> tO hl'avymetal

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

9/56

Germplasm Exchange ProgramWilliam W. Mitchell and Stt VL M. Dofing T n Sov1et scientists, P r n f e : < . ~ o r \L .\. Suun andP r o f e ~ s o r V.S MoloteeY,::.pcnlJulv 20to '\ ugu,.t2,1 in Alask.1, ;md we VIStted Russia from Au -

gusl6 to 19SfXnding August 8 to 18 in . i b e r u ~ \IVhile inSiherio1 we obtained genetic materiab of gr.lSSf'S, leg-umes, and cerPals. llwse induded both varieties 01l.ullivars devdopcc.l at lheir 5Jberian research >talionsand field l"olllclmns lrom n < ~ live ilnd ddvenlive pl use some,,f the r a ~ l a n d s milinlv :dun""' the f1inges uf ridJs undwoudland5, to ITLlintain l11l it tlW11 hve:.tuck There:1ppear.., tn be Vt ry little gras:-l.md t h t ~ J . S nol subject touse.

The heavy use e.xperiem.ed bv h ~ ' S t ' g r n ~ ~ l d n t badds another damcnsion lo the potential of the a s s ~occurring thert . Nalive grassc:s h . : ~ t f n ~ q u e n l l hisaei nfSiberia include orchardgras.s, meadow fC"Sn1e, hmothy.

~ m o n t h b r o m ~ a . s s Kentucky b l u e ~ a s s tuftL>d hair-grass, L Uackgmss. redtop b e n t ~ r a s s , rL'\'d can.lrygrass,and tall ft""CUL;. \1osl ut these an not nalive Lo Alaska.

f h e o c c u n e n u ~ o f such speciL>sason:hard gr.,.._._,meadowfescue, t l n Utan we ,,XlJL'rience in Ska. Tri.liS \\lith \ clrietll'S of these lhrec~ p e c . h . : i h < ~ v < > o.;hmvn lhem instliiUit'Titl) wUtlerhard} forAlask.ln lJ.St . H m - v e v ~ ~ r gPnebc mdlerJills th.tt have

d ~ : v e l o p e d under ht->Siben.mcond1l ionsmay be ecolypitally ditfcrcnt ~ n d capable of ('ndunng Ald >kan condi-tions.

Some species cullecled there 11re nf parlteul.winterest. Manchar is Lhe brtlmt.grass v.uiety most cum-manly .1:.ed in Alaska tod.1y. Although developed atWashington Stall Universi ly, its origin trclCes to Man-churia, Chit1.1 M,lndmri area we visited ' ieh.b appcarL'd toh" high, despite lower han i3\erage seasonalrainfilllApproximately h.1lf of the barley entries W P ~ r n ~ infidd trir1ls. were two-row Lypes. -n,c occurrence uf late-spring r ~ , s l o . ; c r e a l e s a need filrcultivars wtth rl high il'velof told luler.me. A few uf the Wldl' v grrm n barlevculti 'J m thisarea The lnnger grown g Slason .l ld 1\ ~ u w r tlmpem-

l u r e ~ comparf'd to A.hls"-:1 allm\'l'd pwdudion of hlgh-)1t>lding, rnedmm-mahmly cultiv.H'. Nu elfort was mplace lo devl'"IOp \"VJnter I'-'heal fur tJuVllh lht> Y"llnw-flowerd a l r < ~ t unr Siberidn a fall,l. u lti\ dJ':-> h.lvc D('l'n developedwhich ~ p p l ' a r t o ~ productive .md pO.., >e>s a tugh ~ v e lot v i n t e r h a r d m e s ~

TI1e variet:il.."" anJ tll'ld ('OIIl-ctlnn."- of grassesobtained from Stbcria \nU b ~ : > placed tn trial along \'\'ithvariQtics currently in nse in t\l.t"lw dtld known tn beadaptt>d to Alask."l cond itions compilrison of theperformance of these two sets of gras..o;es sh

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

10/56

A Preliminary Look at Effectsof the xxon Valdez Oil Spill

on Green Island Research Natural AreaC.lenn r .Juday" ilnd Nora R f o ' i l ~ ? r ...

I h ~ ; . ea rly moming hour; of Mart.h 24, 1989, tl1e. '>tlpertanker r x:nm Vnlda fu ll loaded with morethan 10 nufuon gallons ofcntde('il, Stl a o u r s t ~ nut-:;;idc lhc Lanker J,mes of Prmcl' William S(lund ll1 a\ lid~ n m f 2 icc in lt e '"'ater. Afte1 dl .:lring some . C o l t t C r O O ,Stltdll icebt>rg l> lhesltip "huuhl ha\'em uved hiKk mtu the:-.outhbuund lilm. IL didn t.

T h e - . h en' ' ' , a l i L i n g their i ~ d t i t ' n l ~ r r o r ,atlemptPd a last-minute cotu:.t lOrTf"Chon. But themormou.." mmmnttrm of the tanker's [u ll load cd c;hcll oih. ud rock. A hug(' gash ripped the Lanker's hull, releasing nc.uly 11 mi llion gallon > of o il. For twudays following Lhe spill th.: Fr:ro11 vtlhl .mdsm al ler tankers th.1 t were wlloadmg thE' remain-ing .:argo Jy in.., lot.ali.:wJ l u d ~ ~ , of lht(:k Jlack

~ m d e uti Slm,:ly, th{' oilcontainmen t and de.1nup ~ H u r bl'gan arrud ':>tunusuallv Clllm Wl'illher.Rut on March27 a o.;trnn ;h tgh r r f 'SSU re r's su rf.H.:c ;md

...

UIUo Groen lsland

sta rted the oil on a wLlJ wind -w lupped ndc wettt c r o ~ ; sthe c;mrnd undt-r lmght "unny . k t ~ sThe pn.'ttinc Jsland b e a ~ hes ol western and

s o u l h w ~ ; : - . k m Priute William u n d stnod m the p.llhoftht: mi. W1thin wo days they hi1C1 received a vent largeJose ot relati\'cl)' umveathcred cn rd1. o il. One t11 theislands on h e s m t l h e m t d g c o f t h ~ : m . : t s s i n ~ o i l - . i c k \ 'IUSGrf'{'n Island {fiF;. 1), whue, in 1986, WI bad dunr- st1meiniti.1l work in d long-krm munttnring projed o n ~ lhL

b e a c h e ~ and in the r t k i < ~ zone e did nol onginJllyintend to.,ludyl Ecology andAlo1ska Ecologic:t:>:i in l 1:18 1a-. one of nine Re wav .111Ihe l e m c n L o . ; of nil 11raldiven.1tv rn l l1l toresli1H' a vailablt.' for re-

s c < ~ r c h , monitoring, ,mdnmsenation. Becausethe }j\ ing resource::. oltht. l.1nd and w.ttf"rfigure 1. LLlt'afllJ/1 Pt Gmrs r ~ l a w l {/nil OJI ilnflflCI :omsnl Grt ( tllslmuf, prdtmirmrrr ns nf Aprrl 7 l. Q89.

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

11/56

itlonr the shore are closely linked , vve dectded lo docu -mellt mtertidal i r o n m e n as well as terrest1ial fea-tures ill Green lsland RNA.

There are rela li wl} ft W PLologicJl and y s t e maLJCstudieson he i t t o r a l ( - h u r e a m . b l t a l l L ' ~ ' w1t.r) 70nt'in P n n c ~ William Sound (for the effect" of thl 1%4 greatA1.1::.ka eJ.rth llUrContinf'ntoJ lShelf E n v i r o n m e . n t < ~ Assessment ProgrJm 5 t p t ~ o r e d

b a ~ e l i n e ~ t u d i e s of lWLI loc.1tmn..,, Mcleod Harbor il.lldZnlkof Bay on Montague bland (O'Clair c t ;:al l ~ 7 B )Jhcst> are gjmi1u to Green lsl.mJ. 7jmmenn.-u\ andMrrt U ( l976) describe tht abundance anJ dislnbutionof mganism on t h ~ rocky s h o r ~ s ol both IClntion..;.

)n li.JR6 \fJccit : list fromllu: Wt A.vmfrrlidnl.wllt'

a r l ; n c to br,Kil crnd _fcm::.t slud11.plots;2 ldnrtrty mtd drjulrtid.1l ..:onation, plant m dani.malla\a, eVLifal sptrif"s of Ahui.t :tnd lhe red algal" P l utrir spp.and Htl/I)O.:(ICCII.l/1 gl.nutijlllni.C. /.one 4 (bdo"' no m) is< h . J r a c ~ r u e d by I am inari,ms (kelps) .md o;eahrrao;scs,Methods 198'1 Vh;it to Green Island RNA

A l a ~ k a Department of f.nviron.mentdl Conser-vatjun gave s < ~ map whkhdes1gnatect theamuuntofoiJlhal had arriv XI at r ~ n fsland (fig. I}_ The estimates\\CT'C from surveys madL within weeks of the spill WepJ;mneJ to tevisil as many o1S possible uf lhc locationswheeL w ~ had m a d l nbservaLJOns and colic' i n ~ inJl:)8h.

VoL 22, No. 1, 1990 11

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

12/56

The guals uf our :;tudv wen to:I. Irok far CPih'IKC foil (llj Ott' leadlt : uf flH : r ~ N 4;2. Lovk fm t:l'idl tlte of l ~ i l l l i dnmngt' lo f l l n u l ~ omi

aHiumls t ~ ( the rrllt'rtifizl Wilt: :3. Esln/1/islr prnwwmt mlertidal trrmt>t. Cts iltrd hu1cfrVtgttntinu trrmsecls Jrr lm18 lnm mrmitnrillg; rwd1. Note mrd ,trcmn.'1rf rlllll f1WlSjrr L'f oil j)-om the

wa ta lo bmches or flJl lJmds .VVhen '"'Te alTived on Aur:;u.t 12, we c011 d ucted.,

r e c o n n a s ~ : m c c to verify lhe presence of oil (we fotmd ilon ill beaches) an d to c } b e . e n . : ~ nil imp."'ct . We- w.llkeJa long- about fu ur km of sh orefu1e on the no rth andnorthPao: t portions o l Grel?n Jsland . V'le selecled threesludy o c a t i o n ~ . Lunch Point, N n r < ~ ' Po int, t ~ n d LiLlieGreen Island Wg . 1). ThdasttwL w ~ r t : lot-.ahtie-. ~ t v ..ehad ' ltudkd in 1Cl86. No o il spill dean up acUvity Lookplace near Little Green i.md Nora's Poinl Allhetime of our sttt' vlliit cle.:m up wmk had been completedwesl 0f Lu nch PoinL, but there were no obvtous mdJca -tl ons thilr our p lots had been di rectly affected .

At each site c-st.:tblished hori7.on tC1 l b e ~ c hfransecls to map the extent anti distribution uf oil .Mappinp; extended from 1-lbout ~ l H H (or lhree metersabove tidal Jah.Jm) inland to U1 12 line uf illder sh rubs\vhich delineates lllemargln of lhe beach anJ the isl.1nds'woode't.i intf'rinr. Th50%. (high). \Vechose 1mequal class hnu nc aries because th e presence o la ~ m a l l u m o u of o il appeared to be

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

13/56

1 . 4 fW

figure 'i. Tidr rflll?,l nmr Grt'CPI lsiHHli Marcil 29 llmmsfrA1arch 31, 1989. (Acla11tt'd ]rom Af1pltgatr ~ l m u l st11tirm)D 1989 ZumuOil and oil mous.--e a v ~ o b v i n u o : ; mech,mk.ll effects; thcvchJg f.l urfaces and StJifncatc anWlills. Also, lhc. addedweight of oil mily c a u . ~ - - l l e (attached) Clmm .ils andattached p la nb L,) lx lorn o11 hy \\ave ;H bon. Volatiletractluns of o l are the most toxrc. Vul.dWe ~ . o m p n u n d - ;kill individual ;:mimdl" and pl,mts, damage living t:.i >, .md t ' > S C \ l V ~ O f ~ n l ' t r a t ecell mcmbr;mcs (Ndso.n-Smtlh 1973).Oil and tar that have ~ 1 t p1cked. up heavy debnsfloat on the surface o f wi\ter. As a result, the heightof thetides in laLP Mar(']; and early Ap1il determined where on

t h e ~ a c . h e s ;:md Ln ll1C' i n t ~ r h r l a l zone of Green Jslflnd theuil came into contact wiUt li\'ill org(lnisms . Figure 5shows the tid t1Lyde al an are.1 repn:stmtative of Greenlblilnd for a l h r ~ - ~ r i o d st.uting T\1arch 29, the dayoilarri\ ed ., tGrccn l h : : m we de\ eloped for th1sstudvwe assigned Lhe highest rel.:1hve effect to the zone tromMLHW to MHHVV. Any oil comi.ng inlocontact with the

~ h o r e un this tide would have been deposited ando;tnnded al U1e upperra nge. JtcoulJ not be refloated .mdremuVL'\i b) -.ubsequtml tides m the d("('lintng ~ e r i e > uf

l : ~ t e M;,rch j t itrly April at Green I::oland. We also infer1hat during Lhe slow ch.1 nge of t h ~ lldes I csh oil \V

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

14/56

STA 11500m B e a c h g r ~ s Reach grassSeabeach a n d w n ~ , ,X ----- ... ____ ___ _..

(}fiJVUt

1- igflrr 7, , \ - 1 a ~ l u ( t t 2 5 1/1 St','\11R'IJ{ of tilt Lunrh ro l l l1t t1dl Jmn::tt-J ' J Tofc tile i ~ it io/1uf he o li11r' mui i t ~ mrwMr 4 1 1 1 1 J I O ~ i l i t m i11dudirt \ oillt rafftd f'ucus . l.Dw-t nerg li'117'1f011tllt /1 (IS a fJ011//dumJ the Iht/Jidilt. ridj;t', lraih ilt'IWlf IWCIIIIWJO-tiom; (lj oif or lnr The b a ~ c ~ of SLIIIIt' haclr pfants tUt. CttVLr, in oil.

was ..111 etfcct oJ lhe oilc fi)?;- 9).~ V i identifll d 6M c11Lim..1b .1nd pla.11t.s d u r i n ~ our

August survey_ In : o m paring lite 198tJ .1nd 1 9 8 ~ collt cl i o n ~ . \-\'C nolc Ihal J7 animals and 6 plants mlll.'cled orub"ef\ L'slsdue to 1 grealt'r t.1xnnnmicse.uch ctfurt in 1481), al'ld p.ut ot tht:' d i f f t ' r ~ n c e i..; duf' l ( l

0 \lfld"'" 11 ~ lharcu.f , \ )

10

Figurt' 8. Bt'tldl srgmcnt:. a f f , ~ c t r d /1 11 oil al Gn.n f.;lmufRe,;mrcl Natrm1l Arra . Oil poflzllrl.llr wcna,;t's ltfl / (l rig/it .

1he h1> ;h r . 1 t ~ of n.atw.U changl typical nt intt>rlldillu m m u n i t u ~ s We 11 -.n 1dent.J.fwd 1-+ ,1mmals and two

algae in 1'189 lh "f't"Cit."'S I st Webelieve th.1t fllJT dJS(U\'e ry ot "m,v" spe(..ies i . , 1 r ~ d ye\.plainet.1 by h . t ~ h na tural rJ of ch,mgc- bchvL>eh thesa.npllng d . 1 t c ~ , and u ce rtilin munbtJ l ) f ::;pt:des t h c ~ lwere preseJtt but uverlooked in 19Rl1.

F i ~ u r e W illuslmtes it l )o.t.mlit.,tiw ~ t . n l t . > t lt:.tbund.IlKC ,1nd ZOI\,llwn of domin-'n l pbnts .1nd 11tndb in Ihe mkJ ildu . zo ne 1l rur thrL-t' . , t a h o n ~ The

-ec., -40

12'IE: It ,f00sE. ; : ~ )..

a. 4020

figure 9 Total C11,t,., tJ/ prglliii IIL - , rN.rtiwl tmiiSf'd stalwuA1.2 . NLttt dt frf l l.;c at Ltmt.ll l cmrt.

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

15/56

lJTll.E GREEN NORA'S POINT LUNCH POINl

0.0

- 1 ('

Figure 10 Distrilrution mufn/11111dmtcevfJumi11tml i , z t a t h i J r l m g a m s m ~ 011 I ( r/lml tran:>?rts al Crcc11 / ~ l a n d lk.c:urds NaturalAnn ."Jic.''h:s l111 grmn-cies d iagrams in figure 10bt'come tlunnt r in the a m t ~ order as our mt>asu rcment.sut u,l: ammmt of nil and tar on h . \ Ve believ thi'> i'-t.1 reaJ dfcct due tooIpollution

Two aninuili W t obscrvnl with oil

pollution (Nelson-Smith J97JJ, .ve are n1.1t \'l'l Cf:'rtlin ufthe cduse of lhr. InJUT) Lt l1lli '>huiy c1rea .

F1gure P. ~ h o w ... d D interlid

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

16/56

F i ~ r m l l . Clost'-11/) uf 1111 rllt:cmtt-d P i ~ a s J . r (flllf7J/L""n"t zr)jrom Nom's Poi11t inll:llilillllwnzlltn ..un't'V mc,1 t u g t ~ : > l16, 1989 Tlu. lrlll nt tire lnp Ct'lll1 r nf tlu'.. .... ~ ~ t l l r , n t - not11wmnal c mdiflo11tJ. lmg tronds in the lowL't-tzone' we surveyt'd .

Une mu"t ht> Cdi1110tb m ~ L r i b m g u n u s u < ~ l ro n -1itwns on U1e heach i.'S or m lhC' mtertJda l L.one ot Pnnc\\tlham Lxlund in 1 Q8lJ to Lhe E.Yxull V I/fll":: oil spill T11LmlerliJdl environment is dynamic . ll ld "u.--ccptiblc tobo h natural '-ponsiblc lm h\o mo1wlity v iSemib.llanus cariosus il1 our Mea. Ihe l9n9 Srmta Bat -LMrLI oil..,pill in l alilomia danMged tntertid,ll"'l'lgTilsse\ asnarruwly dehnt>d tomf't'JLr.Hir, 'Jol.r?.Jntumda o;ppP.1Iman.J 'Pf'HalW

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

17/56

rt>Soun.:es tha l con e.1silv be Olt d sW1.:d in dollars ITru.stecCou ncil 19fNl 1\lead y all sd l'ntific research uc;ingCERCLA lunding M b&:nruled 111 l l"'C'c,1use 11d oes no tmee t these r ilcna It the p a i n t and d e.fend l nlschooo;c. to se tt le ou t ot court, ,,1 CERCLA d m ~ lorinvestigati ons wou ld c e a ~ immed iate ly ll1C' sta te o rAla s.ka's special legislative app ropriation for 011 ipillrespono;e m e < ~ s u r e > can be relc.1scd only fnr tlwse pro}ed s whose c o s l s il rmunitur ~ ~ y v,uicbiL..; aver th "" lung term if d r1llllg invevcn tc:. 5lJCh as the Lr:rm. F t ~ f l f . . . - spill nrc tu beun der-.luod . Prinnplts tor m u ::;r ientificOtOnitoring r mgrilm.;; are d\ 'ailr1 bl1? and n{'t'd lU fol-lowed G r e e n 1Y79). \ 1 \ t ~ ; ; belwve th1t, nlthuugh m .ll 0ri.g.t-nillly d l s tgned asan impi'ld r:tudy, momtoring Cr l n m l . ~ ' > l u S lL ul .\ l . 1 ~ b(. r.1pp. G B. 1':1; 11. n1e Bi ,o lopci11 Hft> 1" nf 1arine 0 I l'ollut1nn owd"'lmrt hn ( IP.mmh. Ph.D 11 .., l i " < ' ~ i t ; 'l f \\illu;Cnbp, D 1 .md A.T S.1whwan.i l'l'>R . TIo t>f l.ntertiual

t r ~ i l n i ~ ~ .'\ luug the C(lilst5 nt tl . r . , ~ l l > - 1 1 Ch,H l l t ' J, urn.ll li ltwMannl Blllogil.'i.l l A ...)f'iniJlm (l t the U.K. 37:15721)1-1J-o;;ter N. R. ~ $ 7 Roni-\L b lenGiC'n (or J P r u l r U i l ~ l m - 1 - a i ' " I I JfKE' 14n )'o i'rll1( Wllbd.lll c:: und, 1 \ l ~ , } . ; ; t Th Vrh0,,-",[}(J :Cl7' l)flC'rL'E'n, R I I ] '17'1 pl'ug ~ and :it.1tbt:i ill \1c l rod > fur EnYi-ronmPntion,Nallnn ~ - e a n H Jnd - \ t ' l l o ~ h P n r \dmrmstr,liMn. U.S rti11(Il to l Cm rnprce.

lud.1v, C.ILnn Piltrki ~ t . t He*l'\'t>s l'rof.ram; \ p p < w ' h t ' 'UC'C' "es. anJ pr,Jllcmc,. I " ITiHl .ao.:buns 0 1 lilt: 4l'iltlNtrth A H , ~ waiJ ide .md 'liltur.ll ro.,.;nurt:('; c m f c n . . ' l l L ~ , Mun:h 1721. K,,.,..,,., City \ \ ' i l ~ h l n L r t " u 11 C.:\\ 1ldlile a n , 1 g l ' r n ~ n ( ln:.tttuiL.M , p p 191 2071' I{ ' u r Y e ~ o ftlw leky lntcrltdal. IN Bolo_gh,,l ilnd

lo. , 1110h'Ti1PIUWJ.I .tif\1.IL>r.. (or e YeM Eladmg 1 rtl). 11{,-q ' t ~ r s Fbn L 1or.1l HPT1t l111sll{.ld.Nt . E. F . f. l"ill\ 'i ll nd I \\ ' l ~ ' < h ; p c t l . 1QrilftUSDA f o r L ~ ~ r i 1 C I ' r ~ : 1 . Al,> n a . l Guide k , , R ~ r o nRcp'Tt u n t b ~ Pli,l, u n , ~ ~ ~

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

18/56

Land Fanning of Oil Sludge atValdez Oil Terminal

Willi.lm W. Mitd1el1 *' r1nd G. Allt: n "vtitcheU

Tnkers retu.rni_ng to the VJ lue7 oil terminal archon ' l < ~ n d fannmg'' the oil .,;ludgc. l h 1 s m e a n ~ n f d i s c l S < I I1NOll ld invo lve incorpora ling tlteot u d ~ e i n t o soil priorto planting.Though oil may ha\'e i o n ~ tl rm effects 011 soiland vegetalion (Sparrovv and Sp.mow, 1989), pre\'iousrC'warch condudf'd ;l l Palnwr, Ala.:.ka, L.,.n soil contr1minateLi wiLh PrudhOt:> Ba v Lrlldt: oil h o w ~ t h ~ benefits l)fMlh f e r t i l i z < ~ t i o n and lillage in prnmoting nil degrada-tinn anJ th t s t a b i ~ h m t . > n of pl.mt > ( nynilrhml 197R,Mi b.:-heliPt al., I J 7 ~ } The a t t ~ r ~ t u d prm ided t Vldenetthat patl of the det:nmental influence of weathered oil mIhe s.oil is d11C' to Its hycirophobic n.1h1rc, llms procit1dngdroughtiness . Jt aiS0 ~ m g g e f t e d n threshold level 11f

Figuu 1. t 1rl ~ l w i ~ t lt.'J.Ii'Sitt d till flit /Lif'S{Ii/tr iar lo mit iugit wiOl lire S.Ji/ t lm:; ~ L ' t > J I :.j1'rofl m Pr lhP u r f n ~ , ,lf llitgrrmlly 1 / b ~ t r r ~ t . " P m f e s ~ o r of Agronomy, Agricultural and Forestry

~ x p e r i m m l Station, University of AJaska Fairbanks. ..Associate Pr ofessor of Agzonomy, Ag:rirultwr.ll andForestry Experiment Station, School of Ag.ricuHureand Land Resources M.anrcent oil wn-lenl.Procedures

Tlw T["SeaTch ill the Valdez oil tt rmi11al \ \ dS(0ndt1ded in a dikt>d arecl on d i.nfurrows ;:igbt fl'ellong in three rt.>plication in cach ol tlwthree lime tredtments. Ltve n 1 p . : ~ g u l e s ofbearh .v J r y ~ : :and v.ater Eiedge also were planted in each lreatment rm

Figurt 2. /t d h l ~ L e r m , r A ~ : d cmd u . m ~ u f lltL'tlil : > l ~ t d g t amiIClpstlilln prc11111r, tlw nil slwl,{t ~ J i / mil

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

19/56

July l . Al lhe tnd of the fir' in pl:'rfo r Th'U1Cf' rel11tto>Ci to lime trcal-ment wen c\ 1dent ;,t tlw l'nd o l the first gr:uwinf:,seasonThe nu lim(' t r c ~ h n l ' n t produc..ed the poorest growth.Crowth was ~ c n e t a l h belter on the surfolce-lime lreat-met\l than em the tiUt'd-in l i m ~ : h't'.l ln ten l. Thest re;ulls&ll'i: reflct:"tcd in ~ l w iltl.lly.,k, nt pel'Ct..: nlage ground nwerol lht iJnnuab (Tuble 1) The perennial , m s ~ , in gen-er.tl brt'\'1/ ont: tu ' ' ' o m c h t . ~ lu ll and d1spl.lyl:.'d obvtol.l >stgns of sl reg i\'en its fin .Ll e v a l u ; ~ U o n On fu lv 18, the three perenni.llgrasseo; c t ~ l c d in the previous fall \Vere in the ad\'J.n.::edS4.'t..J 1ing ..wge anJ ShUWL"ll b, ttc T establi.-:;hnlt.'Ul c:Ltd aheallhitrr grmvth lhan the m m t > r ~ l " t : d l n g s had in lh 'rre\ ious \ ' ( ' i \ r. 'llli-; wa . mle.rpreled a ' indicuting thebenehd.1l dfecG of \-\ 'tdlhtmng m h ~ oil -.Judge. MD..,lPt the r o w U \ ot the :oLrv1ving perenmal grd-.S :> St't'l.iedm IYBO OCCllrrl:'d in re phc..1liL)tl ; Lmd [J o the lrci'ltmffit..,rcceiYing lime. Only llagmenlary groV\oth o ~ o o : : u r r e J inthe no-limL tn:almcnt.

On October 3, the suni"inggrasses mdllllt...-steda slnkinp; improvemen t in r m , : t h As in the prC"viou"y ~ . : : ~ r , lhe::.urfuc..e-Litm: treJlmcntsupportf. d bettl .r growththan the tilled in lin1e treJtnwnt (T able 2) T i l ~ no-linwtreatment t"'d-m treatment. The' V1rh1allv l.liltd on lheno-linwtreatment.

Th(' Vilrinus g r a . . . . ; ~ e < > differed in their .1ppan.mltolerance ot the sludgehi

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

20/56

Oli '"'.Tnatnu.' ll pH '. u t,7 ' lTtlll J In llm afLmmJll

l ~ w l ~ Q ~ 4::;( \ 1 ' } ~ 7 4.1

t7.:; l

14

N t--ppm

li. )f l

37

36

35

H

l ' i

j ( )

1735

Pl rnmt h n ~ n I mnLt-11 lnlr':l Julv II\ tn k t . : 1'1117.

K

10::1.J-1

; > ~3::;

:113-

PPfT'l.- pJrts J.'l l millum mulupll b' l '' ootL.1 n Jb/aL-re m '1'veb nf tt,Jet a 1 u ~ for nil ron11n tldtion h vSt'tod'd pia lt ls It J ppl.US Ihat seedmgt'< c Ill bL accom-

p l . i . . ; h ~ on so1ls Wllll about 7.S P' rcen I 1tt.l coutent, vviths;ood gruwth OC'Cl.Jmng on Ml tb cor taini.ng less than 7.0pcrcc>nt 1\n appurent . d v l r ~ e plunomenon, Jn n c r < ' a ~macid1ty (dC'rli nt'on pl Jl, may l i l n ~ \ ' 4 1 riousc,,uses, suLhJ.s the addttion of l ' r h l i z ~ r a11 au .umulation '-.,f r ~ < H U.Jc ids (products of d ~ o r T pubition) th a l urL mwmpletdvoxid ized, and ie? li me t r r : J t m ~ J ' ( -= tiiiLodm l r n 1 l r t ' . l t m ' n ~11 - ~ L ' \ ond rl f'llr,, Inn, II = third l\'phc:alit>n

T(lllle 4. Audity, t-it 1ll f mltnt lll mmlyse.:: .. f n t l - ~ l l l d g c /lopsor/ mn frtlm ~ ' e c i f i ;;IIC$ flLCnr.lmr;; tn l , ~ 1j r o w / I t ,l{ecommendottirms

I he trial results Jemtmstr,lte that land f.mningca.n be ~ u C C ( " S . " i f u l l y employed to dispust vf u d ~ el l lc strategv requirl s :.uftil'it nl di lution uf lhL s l u d ~ l.... .Jth soil, r. 1 tte1spreadil1g 111 J incoJ'fld UmeshoulJ be incorporated as well t

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

21/56

terlllizcr. This could be follmveJ with a seeding nf i'1more perm.1ncnt cover, u..,mg availabk varietit>" ofperennw1 gmsses adaptl::'d tor A l a s ~ 1 n use that. per-lOJmed the best in the trial, 'ttrh a-; Nnrcoast Bering

h J i r g r a s ~ Arctarcd red f c s ~ ; . u e N u g ~ e t Kent\Jckybluegmss, and ~ o r t r a n tu fted hairgrass.Jt interesting Lu note thslabJilUU)', a boll L7.0-7.5 percent l>il wntenl, n ~ r e e < ~ closelywith that s t a b l ~ h e d m t h ~ ~ ? a r l i ~ ? r study (Mitchell et al;1979). Sen in' Co., \'\'hkh pw\ idL-d Ihe

n ~ c ~ t . s a r y hmd mg.References CitedLoynellh,m, T.r. 197" Lmv-temprta lu re m ineraI za bonof rrudc oilll1 sou. Erwinm Qual 7:19-t-500.MitchPil, W.W. T.E. L u ~ n a c h < m and J.D. McKt .ndrid1L1 beringensisDeschampsia c;w.spitusaF e s t ~ c . 1 rubraFestuca lonhtfobaPoa prilkn,isPhleum pralelt >LPuu.H'tdlia sp.Brnmus inermisArdagr . st.is latilolia

C a l a m a g r o ~ t i s r(ln.1Llt'nsJSF.lymus molhsu ~ x aquc1hhs

Vol 22 No 1, 1990 21

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

22/56

History of the Alaskan Reindeer Industryand Its Problems with

Land Use, Ownership, and Marketing

I n Ali sl-.a for almost nltCcondttiuns dS \\'ell as makinp; 1rc; nt raptdl ' \ p i l n ~ o n , 1ll] l-1933; the years o f dedmc, 1933-1950;anJ lhe yeul"'i of ~ d c v l i o p m e n l pl l ) I present.

Tu n it neLt 5s.ay to han m u nd lrstandmg o f wh,,t rt>tnd are. Rcindet>r IMve e\oh l'J fromtheJomlstkalkmnl tlwwtldc.tribuu of nor hE'm Eurllpeand J\s 1. 1\s il rcult of J.oml'slacation, t Ltndeer I t t \ ~

~ . : o n w 1 ~ l p . all >Ubspccics {,f ~ m s l f c l o r m u l u ~ . 11 'Vc.m intt'rbtter L lighter in color w1U a greater ll'ndcn1y to be

m dit.: dtea, hl was d ~ m . l y l ' J b) wl -tl he S b."\ ;e, t : r n ~ i v e d to ha\ 'b< ,n d l p l t . t ~ . . . J tn JJarlbyttw mAux of mmers and w ~ , r ~ jJLk..-.un thein trod Ulllon ot the reincietr ,l-> a ~ n e t J I to Ihr ' ll1\e-..He hope-i 'to stock . 1 ~ k a ' \ il 'r-tndetr o r ~ . . . . : l a i m andm.lkc va lu.-lble millions of aen of mo:.s"'nHrcd tundra,to inlrOJ.UCL a Jar..,c J:lefTnilllt ill u l J W\?althpHldUOngmdustry whe reindeer"" tw.n to incrt>ast' tht \'alut> 1j lhe barnn hmu r.tof the 'W,lrd l'cnitt >Uli\. Thi" grt: dl x p c 1 n ~ eot land offered prime r t > i m i e ~ : r habilllt]a< k.....on, .l P r e ~ l . . , y t c r i n n mt .,tonarvand thl' U S. Gcnli?ra t \ ~ t n t tor Educal on 111Al.lska, rr Jitt.>d w tlh lhe introduction ofcmdcLa . Will n JlLksott f i ~ t i l r r l \ ~ > d in th1:

.. Se nior, School of Agriculture and LmdResources Management, Un iversity ofAlaska fairba.nks.

J r ~ the l l . h ~ l l / 1 rL'rtlilcLr 1 1 d u : : t ~ i pr..;f [a11rit'mdc..o;:;, rollr J . . u n t 'alivc..'Stmd 11011-.'\1oliP

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

23/56

natural proliferabon.ltwa:.jacksun's pohcytoh,ive the r ~ i n d e e r to mi.;sions :a l hrst in an1Ltcmpt to"civilize' J\' l i v e s ~ Nalives \vouldhave lu come to the missions fur food c1ndck,thing go lten from tht rei.nJt:>el. Reindec:rwere ~ q u e n v dislribulcd lo Nalivtsthrough au apprenticeship prngr am.Shortly ilfter the n . i n d ~ L - r irtlroduc-ttlnl, "-t'Vt fal problt: ms developed WhC'n reindeer \arly radi r;tl changes in the apprenlkt>Shtp program,neatt.'d duubt among the E.,kimo to whn TPrdcr;it wa.., on ly 'i9 head ~ r Natl\e lWv'ncr (Olson, J%C ).

Even Jackson saw a chilngc in the: original intentllf nindL>er in troduction . Tite Jem.and Jur rt:mdet:r inLrt' a"L.J with the flood of D1incrs and cnlrt>prcneursJunr g o m e ' ~ g o mshdilyc; Rc>indeerbt.-came Jmpor-tant a..'i u nacdflS ,f J " d n ~ p Q r t , J l l l l t r111d pack animals 1l'>\Veilas a source 1t food . ln the l lurtecnth Annud Reporton lntroducl.tun uf Dnmt' >llC Remdeer mto AJa,;;ka-1kimu::. from th rnission 1nd~ o w m m e n t o w he.rds, tht m 1 m b ~ n ; .tJlutted to inJ rvid\.J.l t N11tive:--.-m average llf heaJ per h ~ r d t > r -were tru.u.fflLient for a connnercialh proci mtivcht-rd. JnesSt>nce, t he government's dfnr1 to put more deer mtoF.skimo t t n d s < ~ c t u a l l y c o n t r i b u t e d l o t h ~ dmvn.fall of Ihe

e n t c r p r i ~ dSa comrneroai effort tor the Native (Stl.'lll e tal , 'JL17J) .f'he introduction ytMs ol reindeer herding s.aw

1 t h a n g ~ in emphasis in ownership ot the herds. Whatwa.., milLllh intended. to provide a socio-onnm ic basefor s k l m o Natives, w .., .,oonconi rolltod gov('rnmPnt,missions c1nd 1..41planden.. 1 owever, tllC> abo h . n t g ~ dwath ~ o w m m e n t U1 \ ul\ menl. B) 1915. 6h (X'rcent otlht 71l,2B reindel r m nnrt w ~ ~ r r n Alaska, wer l l l1\.aliVI' ownership. (.,olJ m ine1 > c r ~ a t e d a booming loca lmnrkl:'t during Lilli phase Remdccr n w < ~ t sold for 40cents u pound. A s ll'd P m d ~ rw.mt fora much J'> $150.Herds clt tlu:" time were l o u J l ~ d ns dose to the- cnr1stalpopuldbon centers as po,-;ihll' With tlw o;mall to n-st,lntly tnded herds, deer became dCLuslomed to theritnge lhe) inhabited

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

24/56

nH:at and meilt prodnd:o;.R e m d ~ > r fairs, >tarhngin 1915, r o n d ~ i l - ( l C l a ~

event cen tered around r ~ m d ~ r Fairs also creatlc'd anoprortu nily for Eskimo herders to gel together and

c . h ~ u s s l'hanges and problt:'ms with nindt>cr herding.l l l t ~ e fJ.in. provideJ the Bureau of EducLJ.tiun, which atlhal time ovt>rsaw reindeer aHa irs, :1 perfect op])IJrlunitytn urge NrltiYc owners to h.md o ~ < ; d h ( ' to fonn iiSscx;a-ho m. to set pnle.., dnd J luoltc pllrbon... of tlw m.Jrketau'tong lhemsdve- . Titt.:"t.' a ~ ~ C K J a l i o l l > also evolved mthe response to the n ~ u n n o u n l i t h k prnblcm of e ~ p i n gsruwing h e r d ~ -.eparated on overlapping r a n g ~ . Juint

~ t o c k comparuto"" evolvL"iun betweeul\'ative 1nd nnn Nativl mvner. Agc1in.\o '111\'C'S w.;>re not benenlmg frum the reindeer indll >lrya ' originallv planned . Tht: n . ~ a l ~ p r l ' S . " i o n of lhl 1930sbrought fmanc1al t r o u b l e ~ to the Lomens i l " export:, tothe lower 48 s td ttp. Gm ernment Jn\'esligalluninto the ~ g a h t y t1f the Lomet. tlperallon culminated in

t h ~ Rt indeer Ad of 1937 \\ hich i0rbids Ihe non-Nativeownership 1) f reindNr. By 1940 the fedcrctl governmenthad u n h , 1 ~ . . . J .. 11 nun-N.1bve uwneJ 1eindcerherdsandthe anun..1b were turnt>dover to Native ~ r d v r ~ (d N.1tin.swas '\ en formalized (Sh: n el 1, , 1 r;7) .

lht> li ttPr b;1ltot thh pt,nnd w lhereintrodud-ion of indh iJual uwm:P..h1p by lu:rJcrs ';1\m\ mg U1egreatest mlert>"l and p t . " " ~ l - ' n l i a I in d n d " ~ r h ~ ~ r d i n g . /\grratcr mtt'n.'sl ' " ' " ti'kcn nn tlw p.1rt 1f th e BmeJu ofLand l'vL:tnagement (Bl.l\ 1} .1llivdy - ~ u p ~ r v i s ~ , . ranp:uti.lizalwn and ai.Jo(cltion. Thb triulanrlerror pt'rind a fnew hC'rd es1abhshment l'\ 'S\lltl"rr1 -bve agreements were mild in 1961-\ m o n ~ lhe Bllre.tlll'fInd ]an ~ f l ' m r ; ( B J A RJ M, 1nd h l S t a t c n i A l a ~ k . whKhresulted in a di i-"'ion of l..lbor and r c ~ p o n s t b i h l \ inmatltc'Fs r d i l l l l l ~ iu lh , . ,ndPer ind11l l ) (01.., m, Jtlf O),

Tht> BLM \\li S responsible lm the -.upl'rVJ >Jor. ofrangeubliwbon and pro eLlJOll through the s u a n n ~ n lgrazing pemub and moni ll1ring ot r . l n t ? , ~ : cnnditilms .Starting in 19h2, til \ t i 1 s ~ e d penm ts for 10-}'t'dr penods.

Ille BlA munagt d II e training and rt tod.w t> to fund Ute operat ion of the Rlind ~ r Herdc:roc; Ao.;s(ldation \\ hith \V l ' fornwd in l ~ i l'Stern C't ,1 , 19Rm .AL ht slwl. ...uppnrt has bt:a'n givf'n in theguid;mce and pr,)muti,m nf the pro

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

25/56

overall herLl managt>men :. In cooperation wtlh lheRe indt.N J-fprders :\. Bl \1 remainsthe inilil\1 grantor of fivP y ~ c < u pernuts, cuordinilted re"-t>indef'T meat Smn" rdndiellrid, 11.)8Q) . llowtver, Lhe;. find 1t dilfiniltlu r."Cn addtt: SSed r o u ~ h o u l ltislorv, dlimg\" Insoci.Jlatorm '> and econotlULLhm a h"" c o n t m u ~ .o pnnnlthe solution to lry bul more co lptr,ltiollbetWL"t'n managing age11Lit"' ,md htrd t ) \ \ 1 \ ~ r ; \ \ i l l ht

n e t ~ d P d b e f o r ~ 1L 1vill r ~ ' \ -h l ~ a l polenhal. ..JliteraLUI"e CitedArobio. Ed\\ard, L. Pero;;on,ll mtenJew \ \ , lh attt,wr 3March IliH'1.Dif'lerich, o ~ r t . P e ~ n n . 1 l intervaewwith,mtlwt 3Marchl 98Q .

i ' c k ~ l . m , S h e l d n . 18Q:?, 1\i porlPtl llltn1

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

26/56

A Profile of Interior Alaska Dog MushersAlan Jubcnville ..

Wilh.-lm C. \>\'11rl-.:miln Amy Smith . . .

Walt' nul Hnilluely A laskan, dos nua-.hmg 1s nnirnport.1nt sport ilnd tocill point for ~ o c i 1interaction during the \\ inier in the state. TI1eldilarod Trail Dug Sled Race is Hu\\ world famou:., andF,1irhnnkeum a t lked for tdntt>5 ol

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

27/56

ResultsProfile of Dog Musher

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

28/56

The vctcri nJ rian expenses are rf'duced in scme ('tl 'iCS byw m u ad i n i o ; t l ' r i n ~ fir:-t aid, pills or s h t ' t ~ , .tndhnme tL'CLoverv,rJI.hcrthan having lhe vel .. rtnallan dolt.I l e s ~ ca::.es,vLlerina rian expenses reprC'Senllhecoc;l oiprl>sc:riplinn l l l l ' d u . . , n ~ tt'ported no expense thi.; rntcgof) lor thelWIA R7 st'aS

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

29/56

G.OI L>STRA UCulJstrean .Mu phy DonwE .lcrF LoopChiltmtka RiverRo >ia:CreQk

llRB N .lREASCHEN.4Uwna Hol Springs H.o.1c.lNurcfille/Chen,lNorth Poll.Tanunclta Sh.w.- Creek Ft. YLtkonMinto Flats Culdfn0tChist . . p t o r u ~ n '. ~ - l o n : than 1tallol LhenmsheJ S 1 J f V C \ ' t ~ d teportedJ nnual n n ~ d 1 o i J i n ~ o m ' 111.exres" of ' >Jc;,ooo. \ \ eragl amm.d o p e r i l t l n ~ expen:.esexceeded $Ci,OOO, with cxpendJt\IT'('S oll dog fond ac-counlmg IUT a l,uge rart of thiS costParttopiltion paltcms sho\\ lertglh ol trips in-crk .t::.ing as the '"''mtcr p r o g r e ~ ~ ~ - t u ~ h t : r s expressedhttle mtere.-;t in m a n J . ~ L m e n l p r o g r a m ~ other than ~ J wavaibb ilit} of lr ai Is. \.1ost dog muo;bers p.trticip,llL neclrhei1 residl'nccs \\ilh those in the urban art.?as indk,,tingthai aCCL'SS to u ~ l u n g L)pportumlle'> w01s hcrs u r v e v e d ~ ~ 01 mt,dk ratte>...I.K'\Ietl? nm flkt beh ..een dog mu.,hmg and "nowmobiling m ilreas w h e r ~

L h ~ - > e atvtie.., o-e:>..Jc;t .:J

Rec;tdence Area-Cold stream Chena

Mush Area An.1L r o l d ~ l n . , m ArcrreiveJ.:on l11cl bv a c e ~ am IL>ss bv recrt>.ttWn1J musht"rs.

Lt.:ntral \J . Lrmtral S ~ l c h a RowJntenur (ntl HUT lotal

0 2 0 52(o.m (7.7) (O.Ol2 2 0 b9

6 .71 lll.O)28 1 0 30

1 9 ~ . 1 ) ( ~ . 4 ) ro.m0 21 0 24(l).()) (80i) (0.11)

0 0 IH 20(110) t Jrrclr I0(2).c:imith, 1\.E. 1969. Dog muo;hmg in Interior Alaska: AnExplor. n . i v c r ~ i t v ofA r ~ . , k . l Fauban k

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

30/56

Hulless Barley and Crab Shell in Diets Fed to Steersf.redm: ~ L Hu -.hV *

F ~ ? J . i c , L u f pruduceLl .md ,, \.ul.nble in \ I a ~ , ; , , tt >formi.J.idte diel3 for L i v t ' s t u ~ k production an hmited tnhY\ L e t ~ a l grajlb tur t 11ergv {harlt.'"V and nats), r r u n i mbv-pruducl"> for protein m e ; ~ l : - produc-C'd ( ~ l m St'Oifnnd

p n x . e ~ i n g w .:tstes , and e d a n g \ alue uJ t.om orG o r ~ h u m . Th v;medmg \"aluc i., 1eL teJ to tt cl} ,_.r d u ~ iott or growmg IUC"dlio'1 . l l u ~ r e l i m i t t . ~tnfm1al1on tm la" relit tJVt> fet -dmg v r ~ l u ~ 11f l ~ v hnwntr, .l\l.lc;ka '"" hPn llci11Jed lu l'll..>ei ~ a t t l hnto.,l ing r.ttioll".llll.' lcmer ~ ~ d m g ' '1hte nfln t lP\ l'' inm n m p a It LUlll1 s p.utl} due a h t g h ~ r fib. r, I \H ' t o;tr\n h, ; < ; t ibJ,cnt'riD mlt'nt Hl l1 .,- llltY.trs 11f h..1 1c\- r -t.tinlt"..;.,fibl;' r (Hu..-.b\ , n i Kncg, , J . l n d m o H ~ t . rlh 1111.1

t h ~ r c l u r e , mav hu.VL' .1 feed in '; \'alue r,n tghh, cqui \akn' too.:om and wheat. l l o w e n ~ r n u ~ m ud; u l l e - = ~ ~ a r l l ' \ 1 .,pwJuced m t h ~ wllrld anJ onlv hm 1ted in fomlali t'n 1>avail.tble concerning the Jeeding \ i lh:Jl fnr in:siPL:k.A hulle:.. .. cultivilJ"'Thu.J.I' \'l.'ilS de,clopt.d in \h-.kn tc o.

t h ~ hullbs tvpe and 1 untilm :.ibmfimntlv lower tibero.:ontent Jue J,,..,.., 1..1 the hull during threshing anJ 1\, ' il." ~ - . u n n . : J t 1.al he h u l l t . . , ~ b -1rl \' nM \ o.:ont.lin J o ; r ' l - , < ~ h ' rccmcentr.ations 01 .l.Y"il.lble enenw when included li\1.: -

~ t o . : k d i ~ An ind iCcltiun thut l lmal mar pruvidl' r e ~ t e rn\' TilttJI is d

l X - t O \ ~ ..:ulli\'Jr .111 d is onl\ o n ~ ol t h n ~ 1 1 l t l l e o , ~ hulevs~ . : H t r t m t l v with stJil,lblt yii>l.l a.ru lr d l g t : > ~ t ibili ties lor didd a=> J did.Hv f i ~ r

~ . n u r , ~ ~ i n c-.llt1t r < ~ l i O I \ : > conta nmg h u l l ~ s s b,n Jev.Prtllr l i l tlw tledtnl? of the : t . J b anal snnr11p i i s h ~ : r ie-. Al.lsktm fi..,h l110oJI plnnb nnua'lv p w d u c ~ .lbout-l-.1100 ttm.; of thPIIt

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

31/56

d 4()-mcsh l V ~ o \ ~ l l l g rh}Sicill St p aration hctJ jmpmvt:'\i nuh'Jtinnatl}'ldhtv and re placed ton percent of l t ~ :..,ovl>ean m(',li m i m i l . u barlev dwts ( - f u ~ b ) , IQH(J) Tlw rL'--rnainmg coar::.e m,1tenal or (r Jh.ln 10-nwsh}Clll1tained i1 gr('illt'r level or chitm_ l polysacl.'haridc in &:tab"1 II t int w.asdt>tennined by ;J\:ic.l detergent fiber n a i y ~ i s\Vall ~ o e s t ltlh1l to be a Hl'tnn s complrl' 'I hua.l b,1r lcy to cum .:ts the solef'T'IIn -.ouro...e m d1C'IS fllr ~ : > h i g h(-ef ~ l k o ' e rMiltcrial.s olnd MethodsGent ral: T h ~ e two grm\lh l.riiJio.; \\ ~ u n d u c t e d IWl r c1

r ~ ' e Yk1.lt period With') n.\11 rep li ca ted m 1486 1nd. 1LfB7ami t il l> i ~ t r e p l i c a t P t l l l'rialll Cl"'mp li>kd in l9R h.,,th lheos.:cond e p l i l d l ~ t e mtrnJuced -11 fo1u lb/head/d.1y and n L T e a . ; L ~ d01i l)'ln 112 1 1 > / h ~ d l\'ith r l ~ ~ ~ b ~ L J l l l ' J l l ndmtaun in hay unlll

full ft ed ltv..ts wtI ' Jtt,lilll'J in approximdtel\' 21 d.l)S .SlCt Th 1.1d ad libttum i l r r t ~ " o ITe'lh Wrllt 'l >lnJ trc::;h f ~ dlh.J W d ~ offen.'G' d dv . 0m \\ ' ' I t L O l l t > : h ~ fllld 1\'t'U:;ht-d

' ( ' k l y . B . : ~ r l l ? v w ,., val'oc gmund and 1111\eJ w1lhc h o p ~ d b m m e g r o l t - ~ ho \ (apprux . three m . - l w ~ J or cmh

itl a 85:15 rahn ( u H 1 C ~ l r O l l l ' Ill w u g h a g ~ dr} matterb o . ~ s i s } and nincr.J I . All dict'l \ Vt:r lnrmulah.'l ;md mrxedas c o m p l l ' l ~ simpli fled diets. No growth p l l 1 1 1 u l a n t ~(impl;:mtc;l 1..1r f

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

32/56

l ~ c s u l l s and Di'>cussionI hua h c ~ r k lllil zt in the..,e tri.Ji., a n . ' r 3 ~ t : < . l 17 'ipt: n.:t nt CP .-tnd I. ,1 1 ~ n t AOF. Thi:. 'lbl : t:vd i w n ~ l \ 1 -

emhly J ~ . . , th;m tlw a\erage ,1t Ak.,kan n\'t'fl'(l btlrl'"'Y '> ,,t7 pern.mt ADF (I IU ;by anJ K1il"'(;, l O ~ i 7 ) A l t h o U f ~ h thestarch ; ~ 1 l u b i l i t y l huJ.l . ~ . , n>l dcterl"l i rwd, Ihe- high c ~ t

~ h t . , of '18-60 lb / bu woulJ d i c c ~ l t : a h1gh strcplrleJ h\ t r - . b ~ ( 4X ))urStelrnllcktl nl 0'-if\5). B r u t n e ~ r < l ~ h . : ~ y en 1111nJ [l;"';s CJ' ( IL lpcro'nll and ADF ("'4 b 1 - . e r u ~ n ) >ll L ,1ppruxim.1tdv 30p < : r ~ t , n l ol Lh a u de protein in CJh U fnr Iher mtnbut1on ni h i b . n - n i . r o ~ e n t h ~ p r u t ~ r..'-l'ntenh ..,hould h..: -.imil.u. In aJditiur llu g . r t : < J . L 1:-.hllfilPnlof a.1b shell cn nlnl:>u1r.."" liul) (Brundage et al., ] 981,.m d ~ b y d a l , 1 1 ~ 1 } lw pc ,m feed pcrformunl:e Dlstibilitv wa >unl) J. 'mt

2.5 l ' l . ' l - - ~ n t m C"i.lttl e J e - u th ( prL 11 U'- r&:ommt:'llCh'd f, \ L lc; butwas Jt lm lv pro\ Jd l: t l r 1 ~ t l l \ l con.:-enlrate L11 m ~ h a j . ; emti.u Ll l ' > o u l e ~ to b . m m n ~ r . 1 ~ ... t..iiel that rt:PfL'"I.' r1lt.'(l

~ w n L i a a t J\ . . lL rtcd r r ; : j c t J r ~ I f r hit.h t llnO..:entr.tte dicb.\ V h t l ~ ' s (191\1 J re..1Jlb furlhtr ,.ugge.-.-ted th lt ~ : h i -in utilizin).J l l UUt tltg.'nl'-111'> 111 the runwn \Venc induob c

m th1.. p r t . ~ e n c e ut l -ab 11t:'.1l h1h11 tlld th.' C:li."lb meal m.: l \ 'lli. m t 1 r ~ dhuenlh ut lh/ l 'd I l l Jll't-; with rel.lti'- h ::.mallarnounl-; ol . w a i l c ~ b l c.nbon ( ~ am) "ClUTCI S. Ch itinul\ lie

m z ~ in Ll1c ntl nen of L t h ttJ cr.1b meal were reporktltt' Lc too dii11ted iJ ,1ffc.'t l Lhlt ln r e < : ~ down in L"iltt t: th.tl'-\'l'TL led ::.lieb ..:onl1imn ,ldequate ' n e r ~ Tum biiiley nrbnw a : ~ (1-Ju..,J \ at'd \- Qrww, 19&1'\J. iowever. th._,..._\\or ~ ~ ~ a g n ~ e d wr h White (1981) th.1t ~ . : h i l i t l - u l l i t t '

c r u o r g c ~ n r 1 1 ~ v,:er\? im1udblc .1mi th..1l cnb me.J 111..1) lLmon: efhuLnllv :.JIIIit.ed 111 m.1rgmallv .1dequate dit..L-. :.IILh.Hi h o ~ t : .\"lilt 1\H\ qu.1hl) r1lligh.1 ,e'i . 1 his :.tud\ \\ OtlldcunLr 1 thdt t.nb ;Jwlll. , p>Orly utilizeJ if' j igl L o n u ~ n t l , J l e

d ~ ~ . ; t . , lhrlnltll pH'' 1s loWL'r in steer ed the LT\lb ~ h e U die banJ \ ~ 1 1 1 I J inchc:-.. 1 Lh 115) J 1 i l ~ ~ a i n and feedefficicm.y Loa diet (.'(Jil l l illing l'l'll"n "oybe.w DlC(1 J l tthcr J, JC'il "ions in " J o r t h A m ~ c r i c < JDa il) fet d comumpl iun w.,.., s ight v lower for barley ledstet>rs bult lw feat w 1 n er i c m \\",1S slightly in rrO\.cd wilh

h u l l ~ s s h.nh.'y ove-r corn .1s ihc main u ~ t a r y l n ~ q ; ) suurn.Th.is t i should be considered prt liminary .111d will benplic,,tcd in 1 W l 9 - ~ ' t witl nn dllL L"Oillll 'hret:> ~ ' c r . s prd1l't irt'almcnt ll thL r ~ u l l s ul th r e p l i c i l t " r ~ arc simi11r,Thua l harlev may prove to ~ . : tht: .. t-rgy o u r c c ot choiLc incalliC' hnishinA dwts dm t 1 Pn hancro ctfirie'lry ~ \ h e ncom pared to imported c.< rn

3 a r l ~ \ c:ont-aitlS ,, ..olublP riN>r tr.xtion c.tlled t ap,lucans and this frdction 0\'Y hP rc-liltro 'o reduct.'

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

33/56

Table 1. P c n Y 1 1 f a g ~ n w 1 1 1 1 1 ~ t i o ~ r o{diet:. ill sten ftc,Jmg Trial. I wd Trial 'l ri.1l IT

Jtem Cr01b shell Broml sra"'s Tltual ComR a r h ~ \ lh uill &15 535 H3.7Br0me grass 1" 1 j"il) 151.)Cum 78 0-Crab '>hell 15.0S HI 11 l Q(Jb feed /hd/dJy)Feed eltirumcy 7.6..1" b..J21' ,.. 1 -l ndS,J -1 t ~ , . 1 h gam JRunw pH 5.: 'l.S

r--._. Valul'.; u .1 ww wt lhm Trii i lnul h.win).:. a ommon -.upo T .crtpl diftcr (P< Ll5).

A recent report hy Engstrom et aL O I . J ~ N ) ndicateJ th,11h.til gh 1cuns m cnvPrl'd Canad.an h.u cy ;Jl11lY n.>duce feedconvt.rsion bv steen;. H owever, Thual barll'V l1;ulr>r iiS t mmmdnltuff [n Al,tska but 1 ma; I ,we llw pulenl:iill to rt'plau.imported rom as the mrlltl ent rgY - ; n u r u in wmmt>rualdairy c.1tlle Jiets Jl l ' \ \ m U >e in AI,,..,J,;,,,

Vol. 22, No. 1, 1990 33

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

34/56

Condusionc;Stt: ert; hulk..,.;-. bdl lt V bronw\)r,1S:o diet-. hadau7epta blt growth .:m d teL' l o)f()lht i I I Au. ilyti l, tf ( " J':I'S{l.Otric'IJIMo ho un111 1 ,JIId llolrine wns lL m t:.tls in lwu ~ L . : 1:1 ntro .;v l.-r . J [',lilY So.t\."f'-oupp l 111 " \b 'r 'H r u n J . 1 ~ ~ . \ L J .\ ll w.bj. M.L Hcrlu;; n, W.l. l l ~ l : < . l l n < ~ \ . I.g ur nn 1 1"'4 A o ' > ' ~ ' " l l o l ] l f L n l \ . ; ' r c r . J b n w . i l l n < " U L l l ' C ) l l r a t ~ l o r l . l d . J i i l ' rI llm'll ' ' ,;-_1%"- '17\).

., 1 II T . I l l , \ " U d ~ l l l l l 1 ~ 1 , uJ . J , , l .cr i l l l r l l l l ~ A J ~ - ~ I I I r u l l t ~ lwlt-vtl'll lwrrill$ f . td lJnh r : ; 1 1 ~ "tAbs r ~ > . J n k . - .'\griL,lltwal.mll I urertry

b J ~ 1 ' 1 1 1 1 o n l ~ l a t . n M"Ll'ubl ;;;(> I , y:F J r r b a n l o . . ~Hushv F \ 1 l i'l. 1\IotJ, lwlh"' "" ' ,, , , "r ..rrhu 1 :111rr" Jl 11r1'uollltlllll'' ' ,1., I ..1" _ 0 , : 1 ~ ""t fidll l:r , . Ab>lr .I l in in s i l ~ ( I \Iaska I,Jir

h w l . ~ > \ Uihrn nd or.:sl:r) &pcnm /1. rtlftm11g IPrl ' 1 1 1 1 ' " 1 ty 11 A l . ~ k . fltlhutl..s Conper3IIH'F' .. . ~ N I I n S . : t \ i C ~ Dom I L ~ I r . t l LIL mJ Rc...m:h KT >rl [l r IYS'i I l l r o o l l l k . ~Mdm:t., \ Z., .1nd F.R (), l . 1977 , \ fii ' IJJ} f th .utifkj,,] l i l ~ ' T lr..rgledmJ IUI fon:ll'tt'Tn"l l l ' n ~ ; I J ,.,,. tli lll\ ffrr..l I ttttn 11'11 r S..l(C. tll'h ) fi."\.IJ"4'i.l...aRilmmc, l 1 " : - 4 . ~ L I ,,,11nllnlrll m t ; ; , l h ~ l h ~ u n ~ t . , , . l . : a t i i . C . Z a .1 ' " ' ' '"ll i.i ,,q 14) ~ . r t2-HNo1 l111n. A J-i ln\ l l f & l r r r ~ N11U otloll R ~ . u c l 1 t 'run.-tJ 19 ' -1. Nuln, 1Rl'lJUIIaort.tr Cltm.'Str. rlrrr"11 Nulrrn1 R 'ilfm" r.f uf l r r f C M i l ~ 'W;thRt'\'I">LJ 1_,1 \\'.r h m ~ ; t ,., OCOr;km, E. R 1 ' 1 7 ' ~ Rocnt iniornulic>n " n ' r t K > ~ i n g , i :,'T;1111 f.,r 1 IOTiltlllllt1{"':/. Pnl "' ,,. 'l . and. f 'T ChanJitr JCfir; In ~ o i ' 'Lli;;""tbiltl) ~ : a i 1 L t l i u 1 1 i

r t l i ~ < > l h 1 lllll"rl . / r\lrrt/ r ::n 1111.l'.aliolt.K

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

35/56

A Class Project in Information Transfer: n EffectiveApplication of Learning by DoingCa ria A. Kirts

E ucalor-; < ~ p p l . m J ll'rning by d0 ing as afund,lmental t ~ i l d u n g r u t e g y which can be usedto ap ply commonly accepted le."lming principksCl,1o;s proJects providea spt."Ciftc opportunity Lo promt,tele.trning by JoingL e . 1 m i n ~ by doinf> is pott.'Titially i ~ o . 1 h l 1 : at

cvl'ry it'tstructional lt>wl, but, in univcrsitv cottr :>e:'i, it 1su ~ u a l l \ legk>ctedinfU L h a t - c v ~ m w h ~ . m tbt> lt-ctUJe mtthod is

u s e d - p r o t : l ' s n r s vctivdy p11rsue two-v..aycommunic.l-lum with the1r ;;tudenls Class projec ts oHeran e'arnmg by duing. f h ~ . : learning by duing str.ltcgy en.h.anu.sfTe.Jhvity and active, t-wo-way s uf pul'>lic. rel.tltnn;.;. These '1ndulher topics prlwided some b,u.i, con(epts I a t h ~ r t h a n l l w ~ . ~ o n v c v o r l , f k . J , ~ > w l - .

Compleltng th...: prnJ d pru' Jdt?t.i learning op portunJtil..'l:t cJ.mo:-.l i m p C ' I S ~ i b tn nlfer ll1 ol typical cldsS-fPOlll..,t't1111g Tu u c . : e ~ f u l l y ho :ttthc oren house, .'\I R:>.211 lutient 11('1.rled It,: designate le,1ders divide lalx,r;undlf"land and work wathln the BLM bure

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

36/56

evl: llt; rmd, '"'hen completeJ, ewlu-alt Lite r,:\ent s. sucn:.-sses and tailUTt>S.

For AI R2 10, lherE'al worldprovided a realbliL, dynamil: andm e a n i n g f u l e a n u n ~ enviroml'The rnstructional Value of theProject

The projt>cl's mslructinnal'alue \\ole; detl.'rmmf'd Ul>Ulg "-1:'\'~ . n l sources ot inloWtdtion Nu-mem_,, j ratings \Verc a\ailab1e fromthe e v u l u ; ~ t i o n s complt>ted by ~ t u dcnts Jnd Bl M/AfS employees.The instmdot' s e,,,luahon , bas('(iun proft.dge of variou:-. te.1ching/lc.1ming p1 aLtkt:"S, provade.J genl'r-lli.rll.lscator"i of the project's u n . e s sSt11dent LOUIN' 1'valuc1ltunsilre prese.nlt'd m T.1ble 1. Since theproject w,1s Iht' dnmin,lnl Jt>alure ofthecnu se, it L'>rt;>asonab le to,, S\1methat theseevaluotionsilrc, in essenc\'dnLe .mJ u-...dulne;..s Ctf "' unw conlenl i-.. 1.(,1b rJ]uatn'c l l grading hni]Ue:> ( t e . ~ l . l p e r ~ rrnjt't l.Rb.." On 1 r, point scale: ,.,,., Jit:nt = \ e1} gtld - -l, good =3, ta u == 2. P'-or =1,\ et) poor - o_

Tabk l lvfeuus jor mur ;e twlunlinrl lult mtJits ott lhe t m i l , . , ~ i l y i1.:.lrudimzalrhSt '-'lllt'l/1 instmmnzt COiti At'trd by AU\ 220 / w k 1 1 i s .

hntt >e. AI tinw:. lhe projr'Ct seert1ed ovcrwhd.tning tothf'm Huwe\'N atlercornplcting it, they . - \ ( r t "surprib(.Ji:ll hmv much \Ve ,lccomphshl:.'d Jnd l.lrnel.l" and ''ghdlo1 ha\ mg h;,ci the opport-..mil) to expt>rit?nce the realworld fora che1nge" On the uthf'r hand, lh1s lower scorLshou ld be a llug to the mslructor lh a t dfc, tivelvcommtmicating cuursccxp t"C't,, lion . to t u d c n t s J s u Jllc.1l.

- "The re5ted and r e s ~ "- ''Tius . 1 ~ g r c . : ~ t l(,r letting thL pubht. knov., \Vhat\ve do."i l t ~ BLM uf tht op enh o u ~ are prt:>sent&l in T1bJc 2. Jnlatt>m1nb recehl-'1:1a mean above.J.IL All 12 reqpnndents m d i ~ : a t r o tha t Lh e open house"hou)d be repe.lted. It .l pp t':;sed rel.JtiYelv mjnorpoinh. One commt'nl as.keJ V:htther Lht: organiz.lliPnalre1a tionship helween Bl \{ anJ AFS Wil ' i oCCUtdlely r p-rcsented. (Bl 1\f is lhe a n ~ n t ~ g u t c v ot AR:, JU'> d'> theu.s.T'kra.r lment l i l n t e n u r ~ thL'polrnl.lgenLV

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

37/56

C\'en lhnugh lltt:' -.tude'lt did ;1n ~ ' ' J \ C 1 -knt job

Afte1 the open house the AFSm.m.1ga wrote th.1t he ldl the pro-gram was e l d l p t > n n t S ~ I o n lo perfnrrnhU Lh n : ~ : t . 1 r c '"'l'> cun:-idcn .>ti indp-propnale and exr l..' ~ inducting tlle prim;iplt> o f effed ( l runkilltm.tnd Krebs, 1 s th.1 t 11 :-lUtlcnts ln. '

s . : ~ t i : ; 1 1 > \ . i v.titn a l t ~ d m i n g ,1-;.,jgnnll'nL.. dom ilccord-

i n ~ to U1e pwjl"'Ct's l 11ne lint . In thi-. GISt . t"IL' uJ-.tntctnrsuggt:'st(d 1 rcdi'ltribu ion of tl e Wt.lrkJo.Jd 1-fm, e\ er,astht> pmjcct m g r t ' s ~ l i d and the students gaimd cxpcri-POCl It\ urking hlgetl1er and undcrstaudiug oneJ.tmther'..,stnn h ~ .1nd Wt'

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

38/56

idebar 1Th e Course: ALP .,.,Oi >d Wphomon.: lcvd. threecredit, dectivc l-om-sc. ll intrO\.iuces tht? ln1ormationtranster p r o c ~ ~ used by uatur.tl r ~ o m C t ' S milnag:e-mcn l profectsionals A relJtively newcourse,AlR220lw...; bel'n .)ff'">rcd (our tim{ S with r.:mgmgFrtm 1sh: lu 12. fln. viuu"' p r u j e d ~ Wl ' tt ' ' individual ffiude-nt demnslralil.ll1::. of spedfk communication lt S m.mugeml:nt context.rhc> required text b ruMrc RclalfDib and Cvm-mmlicatr msjor Natural ~ 1 1 1 1 C ' . t ; . / v 1 m r a g t : r 5 b y j a m e s R .

Fazio nn..: D n U & l a ~ Gill: ert ( 986} TI1e first two seclion:; c1fthc text, 'AnlnlToducltOn ll) Public l a t i o n sanJ "The of l'ublic RtL:llions.'' f'lomin;,te thefirst fl1ur weeoks of the tour:_..('. nu , 1 ~ t two "'tctieome ~ o u rcesf\,r the :.tudents to L.L-;e a. tlwy pro eed lhmugh thdrpmj lllcrdorl.?, inSliMd ofsyslcmMio_aTiy :;hnlyirtgVurioL.L.., forms anJ modt; t.l communicatirm when

l u . ~ instrucl\'r a y ~ it is time to. lht e l t . m t > n ~ of thepwjecl l l ' L the time and c"t'-'IIl to which v a r i u u ~commnntl Jtlon strategie$ .ut> taught. TI1is uppro;;s(;h

u ~ ~ the prm cipJcsoftimelincss and e < t d i n c ~ : : > ~ P h i p p sand O..;borne, l 9SR), whkh intlr Ih,1t, whill le,, med

~ m o s t Jpt to e ~ t t 1 l and e m ~ n b t ' r e d i f t is le,mlL'iijust OO to rt. it is b1 J ~ P d by the )C;1mr.

TlW flllnltlassproj drt'pTL'5e1lt -l(lpl'TCCnlofl h ~ fin.1l gr:1dt?. Tlll : oLher 60 p e r ~ . : e n l .b based onl]Uizzcc;, .1ttcndam:c ami p a r t h ~ 1 p a l i u n , and as ..agn-men l-.. Pt.'Cr e ~ a l u ~ , '= It cvaltlillinns, and theinslrucltlr's evaluat.i11n uf Lndividuill pt rfmmcmccdt.:tl fmine cao.:h i n d i v i d u o t l ' ~ project gntdc. Since lht;"requirl. d l ' 1 . 1 , . ~ p r o J ~ ' C t ic; .::;pecific.tl lv d e ~ i g n e J tocomplhnl'nt t H . t ~ e ob1 d i v ~ , t h ~ p ro ]t 'l ~ ~ . 1 l u a t i o nby thtJ d o 1 f i o ~ npJ.,resthe lina1 exam

idebar 2R.i.:'Se.:.trcll byCwuklllan and Kreb'l ( 9tl2) ha s identified o1t t c . ~ ~ t 12satisfying/ilnnnying s p ~ . : d : . of h leaching/lc.1ming p r o ( ' ~ : .

I. lpprn\'al /di5oitppnwi1L2. rt .>Ctlgnitinn negle, t,succes '/ fatlure,

;t._ mvncrship/non ovmership,5. c o n f i d ~ c ~ / f e a r ,6. creatnl'lty/dulhtess.

7. c x c ~ l l e u c t / i n c o m p c t c n c cS. serv1ce to n L h e r s / s e l l - c e u t e l ' l . " ' i n ~ ~ .9. securitv/insel:uritv,10. tn. tdo"m/restT,linl,l I . :zest/boredom, and12. olcth:ity /lnaclivit y

lde.u ly, an instruc.tor l i h ~ m ] d providt i l ' mimy pest Jve aspl.'CG ni the ~ e a c h r n g / l e a r n i n g p r u ~ . : e s s as posstble

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

39/56

Snwkt i u n w ~ ' - . : ; tietrHJ/IS Init17" 1s notpnhibilJVe. J lw prnit d11a" r ~ n . and c.1n (llnti.nue tn , ~ .an effec-tin method nl promoting l('arning by 11mng -1ReferencesCrunki ltnn JR .1nd \ H . Krebs. l i.Jf\2. Ttatlrillglh:rrdtltwt' nmmg/, Pro/1/t tll Solzr11g . Danvallt. JL:

lnterslate.E l . H ~ l . K. L l % K TIH1 Craj tlf T.'llt hirsg. A c;uidt Itt

Mnslt>rllt,l( lh" rr,lfessurr; Art San Fri1ncisco o ~ < > t . ' \ Bilss

Fi1.ZHl, JR., and D. L. C:IIb,rt l1uMic RdulicliL nmtCnmmrwfc lliNrs for Naturn/ Fcsur rc,.:; M 1 1 1 t a , 1 ' ; t r ~Dubuque, fA: Kend.1ll/I-hnL

Uwen , Tom PL-n>nnal C o r r e ~ p o n d l ? l l C L \f

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

40/56

Alaskan Food Costs: Do e Real ly Pay More for aNutritionally Balanced Diet ?

H \\ e x p l n ~ i \ ~ is it to p u r c l h i ~ L t md t i ~ T i t i ~ i > p uhnJ l.ulvt uc,lt m-..erim.:umcltnis(Pl.'lerkinct 11., 1982), bt coluscr "sts i n f l u e n ~ t type (.If food-. p u r c h a ~ > d and ldtim,,telyd ietary qu htv..\l.1ny (ltt::.umcP> \\'Pnder just wh,11 cteh dnll.1r

s p ~ n t t i l l k" d s nctually hu)ing. T i t ~ p' n t h r p p dl ;ldnCL' ~ n d a strwUer market thu:.lowC'rn ' lu 11 .. slupj.l('d, a ' wdl ~ ' , less whtllc:,..,h/nl,til

c o m p f . . ~ i (Thl)tn,b, 1 )76).'Jiw l \.,, Department nf Ag i.::t..l .u. (USr.M l h sd ~ . n l o r v d f.

A fnntl\ lt,l d plan stmil.tr lo the- ] , , W C l l ~ t LSD A.pl.tn, the b J : > L ~ c o s r ' itS d\Vdopcd il'r Abc;ka.TIH:'I't' \Vt'r I05 toud itl'm .. incllllleJ Ihi" lnod pl.m \ \ \ lS.h..,tgn('d tn reflect tuuJ.., ,wilililhit no t mlv in utballlent{'r but ctlso in ntrill : ~ r e a .... remoll' f om Lhe. ~ ' } l l f 1 1 llull Vj otht r Jllilj(t WeIi i l t la f ( I Rrll

\ l a ~ k a l l : . /lll.f lriglt1r flrrtY:. ,,:. Jhlrl o} lhilrs 111 1\f

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

41/56

d c m o ~ m p h i c a U v similar. S u p c r m a r k e ~ surVC'Y('d wert'major dMins ln allcii >s, prit'f'S were cuUeded on tilt?m \\tUtthdowt': ';tpncL p runttregM ilc-ssofbrand orPh kage size. Th1." proced\Jre wL1c; llt't:el'ts.lrv bcerc- gredter in Al.1ts were not d\ IC to one or h'l 'o foodg r o u p ~ (fable I . Total cost dtfferencl' ,..,.,1s distTibulet.i.lt:m:> > t ~ U food groupr.. Within food ~ o u p freshpmduC'tS were "h> hlly more e x p ~ : : . n S i \ ' t in Alaska thanwere cannL'd. fmu.on m dr iee,

T h e c u ~ t . - ; reported for he fJmllv ol tnnr in tigurc2 reprcc;cnl only Ihe doll.tr::. spent on fond ill.'ms. Con-:->Umcrs often sptnd more than rcpurted here at lht.'

~ r o c e r y s lorL. T o d a y ~ supcmn.wktls ftequenll\' selleverything from lood lo cL>SL elico;, .:md m.mvconsumL rspurcl1c1se .:1 h1rge numbtr L>f nongroct rV lttm:- :;uch ,1..,pg11

Cm;t$

394.-13110.7'\387.52317.H'rt:lt>Y11:1 ,1130o.36

~ 2 5 . : t . J

Flour/ 1\hl l '(\r,,,J-; i\ltl'rn,lbves

20.5 32.0~ 1 5 3 .7W.5 34.419.4 ~ 6 . 6:>1.8 ;\5.317 ' :N.5:w.o 37.22U.5

.. B a ~ t f' ll USDA " l m , \ - < : t \ ~ r meal plann f\vo tldUJts .1nd two elemental", >i;hOol iiJoW chth.frt'nleans. eggs, etc

' \1tlk/ fruits/ l ...../ Ilevera e : , .Products V t > g ~ t , , b l t > S fc1 l

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

42/56

dwosLmo ee'pensive uls t'l meaL.., t-uch ac; New Ynrktrip o:tc::lls LT tre:.h seafood, rrp-c;h nr r o z ~ t t rather lhilncanueJ fn1it:, .md e ~ e t a b l e s , i J\Zt>n, p repared e n t r ~ s .or l e m ~ from the instor t> deh, bakery. or salad bar. willhave a higherfooJ bill . 1-nnwhen food:,simi l.Jr toth0sen11 Lhl . u n ~ ~ y lbls are ~ L , 1 but m dtfferent s..zedpackages ..u.1lly sm a ller) u1 a more t.'XfX'nsive brundn;"tmC' is selected, m cre.J'ied costs wi ll be. re llected in th1groct'ry bi II . TodJ.y's U.S consumcrst1rc moreand morefrequent y (.hoosing branded produd > for bulh fn.>sh;r nd preserved item)> . This trtnd has occu.rretl a.., yu.1lityh.t.... btmmt> increclsingl', 1m portant in 0 c ~ i seleclton(McNull, 198H).H I'> n11L an ea.'i)' task tn prnvidt lht> nutnt'nl. ..w hkh mt>et tht R e m m m e n d ~ Diddl ) \llowance > Jm atamily uf fou r .tnd n'main wilhill the budgtt tor lheLlSDA lo\\ -cos Janulv ~ J plan nr thl.' ha st> c o ~ t Ala >k.1lood pldn. AwJfl.:'nt' '-" of m tlritional (.Ontcnt of o , , J ~ ISn t ~ c s s a r y . Shoppmg sklls, foC"d preparation skills, tim('to r rep.ue food m s and adequule lood pr epan.JtinnfacilJI..ies : t r c o : ~ l s o Nsc nt ial ma,is, 1982; McKenzie, Q7l).

[ t js mudt f:,lsiN lo meet nu lriliol\411 needs off,1m1 ly members if more monl.'y is il\'ilililble lo spendfoud or there is i l P,Ti';' ter \ 'Bl le l y t l f prududs from \ \ ' h Jd lto choose. Hm-..e.,er, incre.1sing m o n ~ a\ailable nr\'ariety does not r a n t e ~ lh.lt Lht.> nutritiona lqua it; ulthe d iet . tll be improve(;l. Factors illl:h food prt:'IN-

c n c e ~ . ha biN, S0cio cultural bad.h'Tnund, dt>mog1 a and r ~ L i g e mily Cl. nHtld have M n cnhant'l"d

b ~ \ l u s e p r ices w t.:rcobtalneJ un unlyonl:' day when >i l l5or promotion -> m;1y h i 1 v in llut>nct.'d Uw U ~ t nl menui tPms. Therdort,lhesl: 1 L-'rl unly asa n i..ndito.Jlion o t tlw l a t l \ ' ~ o : : w ~ b of carh tamily nHcllpl.m.Breakfa ot: Fnodc; to prep.uc tlw basL'-wst hreak.taslcould he purcha.,eJ ma ll th l.' \vest coasl d Ues for$ 1.60 nrless. San DiPs;st, ost r P . < ~ k f a ~ t

( ~ 1 . 1 7 ) In A l a s ~ d , \.'ost were hihhu in .tll tlmt urban(cntt'rs. Ju neJtl .es1Jent > pJ.u.l3flr.more han lhe we--tCOdSt v ~ g t > c o ~ . t o{ SL36 Am:hur.1ge consumers flpent3')7,, moreanJf.1i1 ~ r ~ i d e n t s found Lltt.., m cbrNk -fa..,l1tem -. co-,t (Ill adJt liOilal ( F i g u r e ~ ) .

Tht m t x : l e T i 1 t ~ l-nsl breakid -.l (1 nbh 2 r.oul beprep.1nJ for a familv {,f tour for un w e r a ~ t : 11f $2. ;q nnthe " t ' ~ t c u a ~ t . C o ~ l . ; 111 Ala :>kn .weraged 2 C J h1gherOmt- agam Fa1rbcmks r6 idPnts; p westt.Oast { f

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

43/56

Portland to a high of $5."1-i in n r i l ~ e The 1 \ e t . : lA.l.lskJn cost- were 17',( higher than the t v c r < ~ g e W . &l~ . . - o a s c u ~ t f > t l i ~ l J 3).'' \'hen lhe reh1tionships b d WL'Cn 1he l"lrt>akta"tmenus were ~ x a m i ned , Ute mcxl rn IL-custbre.1kf Jd to be lowe in o r n e w c ~ t mi'lslcit icssuch 3.l. Renn,in San Diego tht nJs ts \Vert> cso;.entiJ ll v the s.mlL lhosein 1-'airh;,nk.s anJ Juneau ~ i ~ u r e .t). A 1 h . l t o r o . ~ g e consum ers p.1id the highes cost >.

Cost. of f(l ll \i'> to r e p M ~ U H ~ l i b t > r . ~ l n s l dinnera l ~ v a m ~ i widely dl>pending on localim, wilh i1 27%~ p r e a d a mong lht w e s l t . : t . M ~ t L i b ~ : - . ~ u r n ' ) ed Alaskancosts werl; 30% h1gher than U1e \ ' ~ o ' l t ~ - o i l s t - c o s t a m i l yf0txl p lan r c ~ u l t e d in ., 2 4 ' ~ to 31"t. higher mnnthlv~ r o c e r y btlllhan the s.at)1e lnv.-{'"(lSI it ems on Ute \vt'S tcoast. WhPn food groups ((ru.its .1nd vgPls, dauyproduds, me a t und me.1t l t ~ n l t l l i v c : ~ , "weeb, lilt3 andnil.,, brci d and Lelenl prodm to;\ were compnred, cost

,.., ....,

~ ~ . n

1' ...0 :jJ lil. ...

"'''"'IX'.J

j

li....;;;

e

P. .- ..,

".. f

. r--- .I'--

F;gurt' 2. Tott11 IIIOJIIIrlll fr10if r'tlsl Jm ftnniiH of {mu ' s ~ p t n u lh't 1988

I.11,,

iI. (

J jfi (ure 3 . Rr,...akfast- Lo,t. JJU)tkmte mrd lihral fooJ L t .,s. ptrml t l 1988 tor fumill/ ''} fo11r.

I t

9E Ii

I,1IIIIi"'

lew0 McderalIii Liberal""".-

c I&II t ,1II ,1

I ~ .

Olnnp,,

I L II pI6 ~ II ~ ~1/ rl IIij

/ llt.J ,1,""

ra

I"v/

1 g u r ~ 4. Dimtu - Ltm , m : ~ ~ l mlc artd lil"-'ral JMd tt1Siss ~ p l e m l w 1988 (tlr imltl)f llf f i l l iJ

Vol 2:2, No. 1, 1990 43

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

44/56

d1tferences 1 p p e a r ~ d to bl.' distributed .1lmost l t.JlhLllyilllhoup;h therc"\vas.l r ~ n J tow.Hd h.it:;ht rco-.t fnr tre-,he m ~ lr\'lthin a food group iu A.laska.

lltc cosl d i t f e r ~ n ~ . - ... ~ l t w ~ n Lhe IWSl n,a-.t andAla ikil n i l i ~ '"" ' '.1lsoh1gher, ' ' hen cosl tnrmeab ~ < ; ( ' ( lt.lll tht rnodf.'rate- and HbeT.ll cost family lnod plan:-.mnrL lypic.l l of the ealu1g p.ltll"ms ot urban AlaskansW('H' f l m p a r ~ Hnwever o t h ~ r f,1ctors m d t h ~ i n g sp eClfic t i ~ : s artd current consumi: C purchasing trend-- olfl 'likely to m p t ~ these ~ n . K c r ~ l hills.

Food presented ~ r e represent only 1 mw-t . u n ~ view oJ U1c costs of a limited numbf"r of food i h . m ~in spLcific loc.1Liuns. u r v e y s m , a lon1;erperioJ of lLuearc n e e d e ~ . . J to veri{v trends observed ilntong t lw tamilvfond plans cun::.idcrt'CI here. Exp.1nsion of the number ofltlc.ltim" in A.la::.ka would a I o be helph.JI in illu >I.J.\hng

~ t a t e W1de p-.L pal.tern-. ft1r the sa nlt family p l < ~ n . : ; . ,1ndlood ~ r o u p ~ . ....1

R e f e r e n c e ~

Clevel,1nd, L.E. and B.ll. Peterkin 1983.t. USDA 19K1family food plans. FClmtfyEconomics Rt?\'i\.'W 1 J R 3 ( 2 ) .C eveland, I E., 13.8. Pl terkin , A J Blum, .m J S.). &d.c1.141H3b. Rccommendt>ti dietilr\ d l l l ) ~ \ u n c - c c ; 1 - sland.ud-.;fur family food. plans. f. Nutntin11 [rfiiL. 1:::; {I l.KD . w i C.G. 1982. L i n k a g e ~ bdwet>n socioeconomicdJLiraderi ~ p e n d u r e p e t t t : > m ~ , and nutri-tional statu-.uilow n ~ : u m e h o u S < ' h o l d ~ : ALntic.al rpview.:\111,., (. Awic. f.um M 1017.

] . 1 1 . k ~ m C. E. 1987. Trxiay's lood onsumel"b: What arethey looking h1r m a supcrmilrkct. Ll'1't'i1/ F c ~ t x l ~ World 32to):-rn.Kmdcr, F. I j / 1 . Meal NlamltconomK and '>olialslatus nn food d1tnce. Pf'i)l:. Nul . ~ c . :n o7. 1, Null, K L JQ88 C ~ m o ; u n w a l l i t u d c ~ and the qualityll)nLrol function. Fot,d 1e 1111111. 42( IJI4-LPeterkin, H.B. , R L Kerr, lt'fq of lwthch f ~ f - ; 1 1llaslu. , umtt T, 1978.Nc1tionwidt h ~ < ~ < l ( ono:fiJIIJlltorr , .,IJr' 11 19--;'-18. l'rclimi1\dry RProrl N l ) / . Wa h ngtrlH, D.L: 'Xi"'nce und Edu-catmn Admim. 6 \'Vilshmgtotl, D.C.. ')dtnt.t> md b:iu-L'llht)n A d m i t i l l . l r . i ' l t i m USDAU 5 . Deparlment of ;\ r i u lturt'. l l ~ " l t l 4 ~ n c u l t i n . i lCfltl lbPnJ. Agrn:ultur.1l H=mdbClok No. hM Washmg-lon, D.C.: LSOA

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

45/56

Permit Reform n Alaska s Coastal Zonellwnt.l'i f.Gallagher Du ring lhl::' 1971k th \ number of proposals iorde\ . l o p m ~ n t and 11umber p f federol and o;tate~ m t r l ~ r e t t U l f ~ tor dcnlopment inc e a . - : ~ t d dra-

m.ltka.lly in Alaskct Tlw largt numbt'r uf projeLL" andpermi t:; O \ erloadcd 1 g e n c i e ~ E n v i r o n r n ~ n t a ProtechonAAency1982). Pcnrnt., rplicantscomplamt.'Ci aboutdelaysrmd conflicting dltecUvcs tram agende-d

ln 198-t, mcrca

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

46/56

Consistency Review ProcessThl new proress, caUetl Ute "c.on 'btenc-v revie.\process," cot1rJinates the coast.1l distrkt r e v i ~ \Vllh

sQte and fedt-. ral pennil revie,.,s Undt r lhP new proc-t ~ . , \'>'h{'n a pro jLcl rCt)Uiresa pPrmit trommort> th,m oneSt.ile 1 ~ e n c y , the DGC write.s thcconsistenC) d e t ~ r m i . n a

~ i o n . ( Ft'r p r o J t ~ t c ; that i m u v ~ nn y one permit,p ~ n n i t t i n g a g ~ m ; \VTlle ' the e t ~ m . : ~ t i o n J The DCCmL-diates d i ~ L U S 1 : o ~ i o n among stale a ~ e n c i ~ s su th a t thl'

~ t a t e h.1s nnl' postholl tuw&Hd il pr 0jcc l The agent.Vcoonlm.1tes .rpphcant .md agenty in teraction \'> ath fed-eral Jgencies. The mel-\' pmcess does nul d1.1nge tlwcriterii'l e i1 her 11llld.lrd condition o1.1pproval,as Jetermint.>d bv OGC, are given c a t ~ : g l ) r i C 4 ' 1 1.tpproval" and do nut gn through the process.

I hE' t.>CChasgmde.J ahuut iOOpmjecto; throught h e p r o c e ~ s l : a c l 1 yt>.1rsanu 1984-. A bou L100 projectea(hyear hwl' received categorical :tpprov.,J. Of lhOl>e prot-eds lhat enter toe proc('SS, l e ~ lhuu 1U p e r ~ - e arC' wi th -drawn by the applicant Although no data s kept on

r ~ < l l - l O n s for v\ sea t for slatement s helps ~ d u c t . ? conilict.6. 1 he process helps i c ; m receive their federal

pernuts.7. The proces.., h d save us timt: Jnd m o n L ~ .8 The p r o C l ~ t i m P - f r t ~ m l ' is acceptable9. DGC staff knowll'dge

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

47/56

groups g r ~ d lhat lhe process helps cnordtnaliOn ofpt'rmits. l.arge husinessl>s and loLa) governments werepartKularly mong m their agreemen.l. C o m . m ~ n l s madefollowm g thi s o ; t l e m c n were tmiformly positive, suchas '\.,.'ithou t the procel'is, perm.iHing would be a night-mare.''

Statement 2 involved a primary goal of theAMCA , invnlving local comrnunilies rnore effectively mthe decision process. All groups agreed with statl"-ment l 'XCPp t for c; tate feder-,, 1applkanl- w hD were neu-lrdl. Cum.ments frum l:"oastal district "'taff We're veryposttive, huch a :. "before DCC, we were often left out."C omrnr-nls mad12 hy applicants mdicated tl1dt they fellcummunities were olhle to participate, but perhaps toomuch, thus LnCTenlnll'rti. Coordindting agency mu.st c l ~ c i d e withiH 7 d a y ~ whether to 11oiJ a publk hearing It tht: a ~ e n l : y mma provide-15-30dnvs of notrce and provide summary of heaci.n_g 5 < ~ _ y s after.

nblc 1 Trmr>Jr L for Alw ka n m . - . i # e n ~ r r t ' V l c . ' W 1 ' r i l l t ~ : ;Vo l. 22, No. 4, 1990 47

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

48/56

lur permit courd anation, limt', .:tnd m o n ~ y t'\li g r o u p ~ ,excep l -;t.lte agenC)' s taH who \' \' t 're ne u ll ul, a g r ~ e o . . . l thatthe p r o c e ~ saved Lhem time and monev. CnmmenL-.wen l l y posith e, including ;r; pPrce.nl of appli-can b are helped., 25 e r u ~ 1 1 l are hurt, ' offt>n?d by a ...talL

. 1 ~ e staff per.;.vr. An d , ".ve-;;, e-;pecially lime; ' and''yes, e c u u ~ t DGC pmjtcl'i are ~ t . lilig.tted " b}'severalliugebusmessapplil onts . Se\ eraIra l

p c m u t ~ Jre i ~ s u e o . . . l prompll} . ' A rcpresentativf' com-ment was, "lnok nt "h.J t the ttc'ds are doing or not

: t o m g - i l ' - > ~ n w ~ c o m p a J e J tntheDGCproce&. . ' Thet orps of E n g i n t ' t > l ' ~ dn' ,. lhe mnst comml nts . 1 m o n ~ieJt>rtfrnli.nation

~ t . 1 1 eLiasun$r,.- 1;)

D l ~ t n r t(,tl l i l ~ b

receiw k'l.ieral p ermit ~ U l - d l 'rnmpUy" 38W 4.0W :1.67" 1.10 1.6:: . 3.7 l" l.flWI1 "Fl-dcral pcrm 1 ll is..'lU t"ll pwrnpUy .b: 3.25 ? /;1 ..,,50 ~ - 1 % 2./'il 'HI- .2. "Al.l.Sk3 shmt ld keep llw L fAce /pr

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

49/56

(Di' i:.ion of Govl'rnlllentill Coordination I 1 1 : 1 8 )TI1c lAst slatcment, "Alaska should kFep the

p r o u ~ s : . , " jl: HeJa led high :.eures. A 1 g r o u p ~ agreed withlllJ" stalemLnt, s ~ ? v e r a l \Vith ~ c o r e s nt.:ar Lhe ~ t w n ~ l v

d ~ t t ' l mark. Commenb. wert \ e r w h e l m i n ~ l v po-;iti,e,CVln ;,mllng '.Llnll business =lpplinnts who woulJ r-alherhave 111.1 v ~ o : r m i L ~ (i1nd vcn no gon:rnJJlentJ. Al lNOI"'.t ,the prncc''5 \'d fur \ ' ( ' r y sh(lrl ur ~ . : r y large r n j t > < l ~ , and thcllllwrebe.1 better "ht 'hould he ilmlit,d . ~ o r smallu1rommon projtc'\.:1: , lha m \ llve i lllc .::on trovers L e -.tul e' ;10-Jdy proCl.SS m1ght bL ilppropriate. fo , \\.. T}' l

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

50/56

Publications List for 1989Jou1'nal Articles

ALAIIf\LK, I'.B. , and G. J' Jun AY. 1989 Stmctu re .:u1.JComposition of Low Elev,1tion Old-GrowthForests ln Research a h r a l Areas of SoutheMlA J n ~ Nn/ Jmtl A.reao; }urmwl 9( 1}:27-19 .

B iRGltA r, R D , R.D. 1-la"-..;, M. K ""'IN, J. &wt,, and W.c,.., . ~ t - . . o l98Q. Pinching techn ique m f l u l 'ltlteral shoot developmen lm ptnsettia T Amt l.Soc:. Htnl . Sc i. 114 \){)9-91-t.

BRlH:l:, L. B 9 ~ Scrt>en to printeJ d umps in Pa3cal forthe mM-PC 320 l( 20() color graph mode. }. OfP a ~ m l , AJ1Jl .awl MOii uln 27{4):5-12.

Orwcr L. li. t 9ij9. Fftecls u Jie tf' rv ~ l l i c i ,Kid a t\dcaJ mium on short erm mi neral balanCL>l'ilSOll ' in Alask t ~ slurri e., ~ DcvcJopmen t T ar1S.1ctitr11s nJ Amau 1111

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

51/56

K ~ ~ \1 G and R.D. H r J N ~ 1989 Temperature t ' ~ ui : h r y S C t n l h e m u m gni\Vlhc1s dt'letmineJ by preceding and pre\athnglempert1h.1res /. .Airlt'r H,,rf .Srr. 1l4:234-: 4t1.

K ~ H J . S S C ' ~ 'vf.G , RD. HEiNS, J.E. EJ.:WJ:-., R.D. BEJ.:(,fl-\1 ' 'W H . ( i ~ ' J , < m d J . A BIF ;:"lA\lJM 14fi9. lrfildi-ance and temperature etfects on time ol d.t: velopmenl and Ouwcr size in drrvsanlhcmum.>cit r1lia Hortir. 39:"257267.

Ml ORF,j.P .and C L. PI'\., 1989. Classifiriltion nf pcrmiltroo;l soil-.. Soil ~ r u t . t Horr.JJ11 9 ~ - 1 0 4

PA"J(u:RA, M.T., P P. V\'Al.(.I N l\11 , clnd R.J. B1 LA. 108nt's. Plrml amJ Sml 11 li:229-219.

YARJr, J , K. VAN C t L\f, i.lnd R E Sc H 01 l'lh. 1989. Thl'interaction between moisture, 'lutrient-., .mdp,rm' lh uf \\hitc spnJCe in interior AJ.Jskii F .[ ul aud .M1111.

AFES BulletinsKAtnER \.J., and R . D 1989 P o p r ~ n i i o n D IJIWIII

ics /w iufrt.J.iuctwn fur ilfaslum ReiudNI l i >ufn :..Bulle in 81 AbfJ'icultural .1nd Forestry Ex peri m('llt Stahon, Univ('l" 'ilty of Alilsk.:i ~ . l i r b . m k '

PII\G, C.l. 1Q8Q . / w r a c l t r i s ~ i c . ; mrd Ft'l tllrht Stallt Pf S m l ~a1ul M i t ~ e s r m l s in S d l r l t ~ l A r'1IS fl/ U ibt-lli CoalMwt, Hrtlly. Rullehn bh. A g r i r t ~ l t t J m l nnd For-estry Exper.unenl Statjun1 Uni\ersi ly ol A l a ~ k aF I I V ' f Ala-.kilf uirbanks, 20 pp.

Mu :H, R.K. and A F. l l l l \ ~ Pfalll/111.(: n f f l r thll t TIIm 11 Guirldrrws (en M:mnstrs ofAln:-J.n Natlt Cl.mrds . C i ~ c u i l r f19 . / \ ~ c u l t u r a ,lnd F o r e ~ t r yExperiment Stiltion , l nh:crsity of Alaska Fair-bank.

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

52/56

\'\','\(.Nl:R, P.T .I C . t-.1. MAn l.r.l [1 H. DIN IL, c11\J M. Gllll- 1 . l l J ~ l J . Summar 1 t l'rgdlll'lt \ rrwhf Trtllls.

l r T i r l , a u ~ 1\/a.::.ka 1'1 tallt1n Lniy ~ r - ; i l y l't Al-.kcl Fairbanb, Pl'

\\' \C."'IW P.J., C.M . r..rAill r, and T n r < ~ '{OL 19R9.lka intluenn J by n c r e a ~ing e m ~ r a t u r "" In 40th :\rr tic Scimce Cmzft rt , , , r r . ~ ~ . t'tdiiiSS . Septemlxr 14-16. Fairbanks:Um\. nf l t ~ s k a Fo1irb,mks.

( . , \ t JAt W{, T J. I ~ J H Q ~ t ~ i o n c 1 l conrdint1lion of n . a g ~mcnt plans uf .AIJ-;ktl, T Pll}(.n'dl r...-.s, Thirlu-}l'r.;fAnm111/ CcmfrreflCt.' W t . ' ~ t c m Soxinl Sc lt t ic" C.'llfi.r

l - n ~ ~ . _\pril27-30. A l b u q u ~ r t ] U e NM .llut.L P. 1CJSq . lllilitahun ol as pet wund chip and

~ t o n e m u k h ~ , . . , tnr ornanwnl1l plantings in Fair-bdnk-., Al;lSku l11 Pror '1d111g5 8th A111111.1i.Aln k-;,, . , , ( 1 1 1 ~ , 111 I N l t r ~ u y Cmrft rullmber H -16. F a i r b a n k ~ UniY. l)f Alar-' m , Fatrb.mk..-.. pp. 3-1 :;,

MI\I..Av ... , , T W .l 1 ,, a n d W . M u s c . J A H ~ 11-N. Pol11..yRespJn>;('funchons i n a Spati01 ITradinv 1) -.tem.P.1per prc.',i.'nted L1l thl Auslrali.ln A ~ n c u L u r i l lf'C'onomics C

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

53/56

Vfrn-r, D.L, M.K NoRlAND, and D. J HnM . 19g9. Ut1liza-tion of mycorrh.izae in the recli'Jmation of coldclimate m.ininp; wastes. Iu Mining in the ArcticProceedings of Lh t' First Tntcrnahonal S y m p l ~smm on rvlinl11g the Lhe Ald1L Bandnphd hv i.ly,Sulo;umar, and Frank f. Skud ry.t:y k (eds).b;mh, 17- 1 Ju ly 1Cl89. A.A . Balkemaa, R o t t ~ d a..rrh l 177- LH8.

AbstractsFhucr., L.B. 1989. e m u m supplemet1t.ahun uf bedfemales with injection or dlctary sup p lemcmtat:iun. 1n M-oDAlASAS Abstncts. p. 502.C mur.:r., D.E., and R. H LFINI " l 9R9. Pa thogenicit; of

: . o l a t ~ o f Rh iz octnn ia wlan i AG-3 cnllecll"dfmm pol.lln plants and so1l. P h ~ l l t p r l f l w l o s y79: 11 8{) .

G .X.HRAN , V. L. , F.L YuLING and A.C. 0GG. 1Y89. Updateof ,,N deJ1leted : ..s fertillZer by Downy Brumeand no-tdl vvmter \-\ohea t \gromrmTf A l 1 1 i f r f l ~ : t Mad1son, Wl Amen cm1 Soctety ot AgronomyP 2...16.

Dont--JG, S.M. 1989. Comparative phc11 ology ol harley andw lwat grown in Al aska . Agrmramy .AI1slnrcls.Madison, vVI: Amencan Sodetv uf Agronomy.

KAKls...;n N , M.G., ilnd l i.C.II . Ml [Nnl 1CJR9. Evalu;ltiunof lm"' Lempera.Lure llower mil iahon in chrysa Jl -thf'mu m using w v ~ r a miuos-wpy tcrhniques.l nteul.lHLmill Sci('JI:'ty for Hurllntllural S c t ~ 'Symp{l'iium e-m Bedding and Pot P lant CulttJTe.Michigan State Uruversily, E. Lctnsing,l\11.. April29-May4.

K-\HL'Io;oN, MG. and RD. H nNs . 1989. Tc>mperat11rccont rolled 1ea f unfoldmg ra te in hibiscus. Inter-na tional Societv for Hortkuhural c i e n c ~ Symposit1m on Bedding and l' ol l' lanl ( u ll me.MichiganState Universil_y,E. lansing, l\lli. April29-Mav 1.

K \ ~ 1 "':(1N, M.G., and H cr . ?IALIN'r'r'I(L ] 9 ~ 1 Leai W l-fold.mg rale m Begonia x hiemal..is. HoiiS{-if'lli't'2 4 4 ) ~ I

KN1r:m, C. W ., < ~ n d C E UIYJS. )CJ89 Bu.rley yidd andqtJ.llity 'IS afft>cted by planting dateand N ferti i -zat:ion m te. Agrmwmy Abstmcts, MadiSon Wl:American Society of Agronomy.

KOI'Nlt>:C., R.T. , ~ n d V.L. C Ot..HR \N . 1%9 .Mmera liza lton ufni lrogen and carb on during decomposition t1ffour crop d u e s ARrmromu Al1sl mcls . l"vvad.t-sun, WI: American Sorit>tv of ~ o n o n w p 2-1-4p,,...,crffi.\, M.T., Lit Flllll t, R.G . G>\v1 '>K, .1nJ P.t'v1 . \VINil-

"'Hm 19HI-1 An integr.11C'd i\pproach for evaluatiug forage liUalil) ...t.nJ m o J g e m ~ : n t A:flt'Jll-mny A t ~ l r n c t s M adiwn, WJ: AmPnmn Sndetyol Agronomy. p 171 .

Sf'.MtRnw, E.H., V,L CocrJP. \N , und S.D. SNRRov.. . 1989.C h a n ~ e s in organic ancJ inorganic phosphon.1"with c.:ulti\aiion in subarclic ~ o i l s . AgrtJIWI1H/

A 1 ~ t m d : ' i M.1dison, WI: Amcrict:m Sncietv ofAgronom'rVI/ ALWl'HTH , j.L. The deyel{lpn11.mt nnd lpplk

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

54/56

KARL"N..""JN,M.G. ]91N. T pPfLhL \ V ~ k . lkprogn.tmyuursdf l' rlrm Ollwrlrtntai Nr-lr:{ork, 1khig.m St.1tL

U n i v ~ r s i t y , \ ian h , _Mlll"-.,. ' ' i, M G .tn;lJ m ; : ~ problem .Thedav t ' n ~ t h

Ulcrei' sing. Sparltm Omammta Nt t tork, Michi-gan St.Jtt> U t t i v c > ~ i t v March t1.

K\KI ... ..._),, M.L. 1%9. Amujnrproblttm O...dcma is 'illl >edbv unb,llanLed hght cp1ilhly. t;prrrtan Ommnr11tnlJ l.i rtwork, Mtc.higiln ~ t e Lnivers1ty, june 7.Rl'prmted in PPGA (Protr::;stoml l Plant Grown- '

A ~ " ' rral1t111J N,uos. 19SlJ. 20(7)4.K\"L-..>;ON, I\ .G. JtjB9 . T1p Pt thL.: Wl.'ek Re: d light : ' l 1 1 i l l i u ~

dtudc-.unproveplnntgrowth ~ v e l o p m e n t ?er."tat\Ulliv,rsity, ScptemheT 28.

K11R1 .,..,. 1. , M G. 1 1H'l A maJor problem TI1e \Vater qu.1l tv . ~ t t e c t s e1.erybody. ~ r ~ r l a n Omatlln1tal Nt l-1t

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

55/56

Kun", C.A. 1989. Review o f Managing Our NaturalResouru: sby W.G Ca mp ;mdT.B. Dough tery inAgncu/lure1md l-lrmum Value' 5{4): 6 3 - 6 ~K u n ~ , C.A 1989. Re view of Managmg Our atural

Resources by W.G. Camp and T.B. Daugh tery inThe Agrrcult-uralCducafronMagazine April l989:16.

AFES Research Progress ReportsM C H A f . I . ~ O N , G. f., D.E. CARUNG, and C.L. P l NG. 1989.Effects o.f rcsidrutl soil 11itrogeu on yl 'd df ht ad

lt'tlucc. Progress Repor t Nu. 7.Agricultural andForestry Experiment '3ta tion, U nivt'rsity ofAlaska Fairbanks.

MinMELSON, G.j ., and C L. PING . l989. Tire l'.f[cct of rockpi/Csph.ate t7tiif:el Oti tfre estabJrshment of timothyand r o m t > g m > ~ grow11 on va lumic11sh drrived Alaska11 o.;oi/s. Research Progress ~ p o r t :-.J'o. 9. Agri-cul tu ral and Fore >try Experiment Stiltion, Uni-versity of Alaska Fairbank.,.

M ITCHELL, W .W. 1989. TritrCJik o ~ W1tlr Oats IWLiWrol Barley aForage at Pt MucKeiiZit'. ResearchProgress Repurt No. 8. Agricultural an d For-es try Experiment Srntion, Unaver51ty ot AlaskaFairbank.-;.

MiscellaneousCr.;u.L M,l{.F. 1989. TOPS Local Area Network, Amcric.m

Soci.etyof Agricultural Engineto.ring. No.89-3501.L J D A ~ G.P. 1989. Natural Area Sderu.:e. L(tlers from the

PresidentoftheNaluralAreasAs >oda tionNlllc-ml Areas fouma 9 (1 ): pp L

J1mA\, G. P. 1989. Natural Art:OlS and Glob.tl Change.L e t t from the P r ~ i d e n t of the Natural AreasA > >OCb tion Nnfllrill Arens Journal Q (2): pp 1.

}Ln1\Y, C .P. 1989. Th l? Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in PnnceWi l iom Sound. Letters from the PrP.Sidenl oftheNalural Areas Association Nat11 ml A IL'tts Jotmml9 (3): PP 1.

J r o , , G.P. 1989. The Natural Areas Profession in 1989.Letters from the Prcsidenl of the 1\atuml AreasAssociation \ 'atuml Area5 tmmnl9 (4}: pp l .

PJ, C. l. 1989. Gurdr Book j01 A l t t ~ k n Soil-GeogmphyWorkshoJI (ALR 495), June lq-30, 1989. Agricu ltm a l and Forestry Experiment Station , UniYer-sity of Ala.ska Fairbanks. J42 pp.

\o\lfl'ni::N, R. 1Y$9. ' \n E x c h a n ~ e of GifL,: Toward tlwevolu tion ot western : thics. Trans Wt>stem Sec-tion. Ine \Vildlite So..:ietyW tFJlF.N, R 1989. Needed : dith . 1 C T ~ t ilrth, ethical a;,.-bnn . Alaska 1 a n i t i ~ - . Forum, Anchnrage,F1ame of RefeunCI. 1(2).

Reporl, TD. 1':189. Gravel \ egctation Proj>rl 198QProgress Report UP Exploratio n (AlaskLJ) Inc.

r . : ~ g e , AK.

Vol 22, No. 1 1990 55

8/13/2019 Agro v22 No1

56/56

Alaska.. } ...... v ~... sl. .

'

UNIVERSITY OF ALASKAFAIRBANKSAgricultural and o r ~ s t r yExperiment St.atron

q,.

RESEARCH CENTERS @

B. P JlmerRESEARCH FARMS 8. Fatrbnub. Mtanua.k8

....,.0 0 0 c P ~

Agrrcultural and Forestry E 1 1 . p ~ > r m e n 1 StationUNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FA IRBANKSFa rbanks, Alaska 99775 0080Add1e c;orrectlon requHStedReturn postage guaranteed

.tj Scale 1n Mllul~ c t c

..... , . . l:.' c c I R c .. ...........................-............. ..... \

Gulf of Alaska

BloMedlcal UbraryUnlverslty of Alaska Fairbanks116 AHRBFairbank s AK 9977 5

....

Non ProfOrganizatiU.S. PostaPA l 0Permit NoFairbanks, A99701