agro ecological intensification in the highlands of eastern africa options and trajectories
TRANSCRIPT
Agro-ecological Agro-ecological intensification in the intensification in the highlands of Eastern highlands of Eastern Africa: options and Africa: options and
trajectoriestrajectories
Agro-ecological Agro-ecological intensification in the intensification in the highlands of Eastern highlands of Eastern Africa: options and Africa: options and
trajectoriestrajectories
Kenneth MasukiKenneth MasukiKenneth MasukiKenneth Masuki
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF/AHI), Kampala
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Complex interactions land-users and their environments.
Complex interactions land-users and their environments.
HIGHLANDS OF EASTERN AFRICAHIGHLANDS OF EASTERN AFRICA
Unsustainable use of natural resourcesUnsustainable use of natural resources
LIVELIHOODS OPTIONSLIVELIHOODS OPTIONS Livelihood depends on
agro-ecosystems: intensively cultivated Steep landscapes Mostly eroded
Livelihood depends on agro-ecosystems: intensively cultivated Steep landscapes Mostly eroded
AGRIC INTENSIFICATIONAGRIC INTENSIFICATIONAGRIC INTENSIFICATIONAGRIC INTENSIFICATION
The intensification of agricultural production in Africa is based on: Ecological principles Less use of industrial
agrochemicals System integration
The intensification of agricultural production in Africa is based on: Ecological principles Less use of industrial
agrochemicals System integration
AGRIC INTENSIFICATION AGRIC INTENSIFICATION AFRICAN VERSIONAFRICAN VERSION
AGRIC INTENSIFICATION AGRIC INTENSIFICATION AFRICAN VERSIONAFRICAN VERSION
Smallholder farmers(Mostly poor)
Increasing production(key staple food crops)
Potential
Sustainable Production
Intensification
Integrated Natural Resource
Management.
THE FOCUSTHE FOCUSTHE FOCUSTHE FOCUS
INRM Innovations
Agro-ecological Intensification
Enhanced
Conservation of Agro-biodiversity
Trajectoriesand
Options
QUESTIONSQUESTIONS What INRM options have
smallholder farmers adapted to enhance agro-ecological intensification?
What trajectories did INRM take into agro-ecological intensification in the smallholder farming systems?
What INRM options have smallholder farmers adapted to enhance agro-ecological intensification?
What trajectories did INRM take into agro-ecological intensification in the smallholder farming systems?
METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY Review of 15 years in
AHI BMS in the HEA Participatory action
research Approach Community meetings FGD, ranking Key Informant
interviews Household surveys Field experimentation Process documentation Monitoring
Case study approach
Review of 15 years in AHI BMS in the HEA
Participatory action research Approach Community meetings FGD, ranking Key Informant
interviews Household surveys Field experimentation Process documentation Monitoring
Case study approach
TRAJECTORIESTRAJECTORIES
System integrationCommunity participation Collective action Watershed management Institutional innovation.
System integrationCommunity participation Collective action Watershed management Institutional innovation.
SYSTEM INTEGRATIONSYSTEM INTEGRATIONComponents
Crops Livestock Trees and Soil
Components Crops Livestock Trees and Soil
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Engagement withcommunities local institutions and individuals
Local empowerment Equitable development
strategies
Engagement withcommunities local institutions and individuals
Local empowerment Equitable development
strategies
COLLECTIVE ACTIONCOLLECTIVE ACTION
Mobilizing groups of people to work toward common goals
Mobilizing groups of people to work toward common goals
WATERSHED MANAGEMENTWATERSHED MANAGEMENTParticipatory Integrated Watershed Management
Many NRM problems have landscape level perspectiveSpring rehabilitation required
village-level organizing
Participatory Integrated Watershed Management
Many NRM problems have landscape level perspectiveSpring rehabilitation required
village-level organizing
INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONINSTITUTIONAL INNOVATION Landscape level NRM
problems requires innovation in the institutions Farmer organizations Policy innovation Novel organizational
structures (Innovation Platform)
Landscape level NRM problems requires innovation in the institutions Farmer organizations Policy innovation Novel organizational
structures (Innovation Platform)
INRM OPTIONSINRM OPTIONS
ENTRY POINTENTRY POINTStrategy to
smoothly and effectively engage with communities
Strategy to smoothly and effectively engage with communities
LINKED TECHNOLOGIESLINKED TECHNOLOGIES
SYSTEM DIVERSIFICATIONSYSTEM DIVERSIFICATIONSYSTEM DIVERSIFICATIONSYSTEM DIVERSIFICATION
AGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYAGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYNICHE COMPATIBILITY
CRITERIA LEAST COMPATIBLE SPECIES
MOST COMPATIBLE SPECIES
Farm Boundaries
No adverse effect on adjacent crops
Erosion control Good for shade Source of income
Eucalyptus globulus, Cupressus lusitanica Senecio gigas, Rahmnus prinoides, Podocarpus gracilor
Buddleja polystachyaDombeya torrida, Hagenia abyssinicaMaesa lanceolata Hypericum quartinianum
Springs and waterways discharge
No negative effect on spring
Has a shallow root system
Cupressus lusitanica Eucalyptus globulus, Juniperus procera, Olea africana, Senecio gigas, Vernonia auruculifera
Salix subserata, Hagenia abyssinicaMaesa lanceolata, Olea africanaPodocarpus gracilor
AGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYAGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY
Soil Health
AGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYAGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYShrub/Tree Score Nutrients in
Shrubs (g/kg)SOC SON Bray1 Exch. K pH
(H2O)
N P K g /kg mg/kg
mmol/kg
Vernonia subligera 10 36 0.25 4.7 22 4.5 8 9.4 6.5
Vernonia amyridiantha
9 34 0.23 4.5 21 4.5 10 10.8 5.0
Albizia schimperiana 9 31 0.32 1.3 16 4.3 13 8.4 5.1
Ficus vallis-choudae 8 30 0.23 4.4 57 6.6 9 3.6 6.4
Kalanchoe crinata 2 21 0.23 3.8 27 5.2 9 4.6 5.1
Bothriocline tementosa
2 21 0.27 1.5 20 4.3 7 1.6 4.9
Justicia glabra 2 20 0.27 2.1 27 5.7 10 2.8 6.3
Soils away from the shrubs 16 2.0 6 3.0 5.1
INRM AND AGRO-BIODIVERSITY INRM AND AGRO-BIODIVERSITY
GOVERNANCE ISSUES GOVERNANCE ISSUES BM SITE PROBLEMS GOVERNANCE SOLUTIONS
Ginchi, Ethiopia
Incompatible trees on farm boundaries
Minimum 10m barrier between Eucalyptus and cultivated land;
By-law specifying acceptable locations for Eucalyptus (i.e. degraded areas).
Lushoto, Tanzania
Competition of boundary trees with adjacent cropland
Ban Eucalyptus on farm boundaries; Minimum of 15 meters between
Acrocarpus trees on farm boundaries to minimize competition with crops or total ban on Acrocarpus (solutions varied by village);
Anyone caught planting harmful trees on farm boundaries will pay a fine of 5,000 Tanzania shillings.
GOVERNANCE ISSSUESGOVERNANCE ISSSUES
Negotiation support on resource governance
Policy and by-law process
Negotiation support on resource governance
Policy and by-law process
LESSONS LEARNTLESSONS LEARNT INRM innovations resulted into:
Improved systems component linkages Farmers integrating diverse enterprises Interactions among components Optimize diverse returns in production system
Thus INRM has contributed Agro -ecological intensification Increased genetic diversity in agricultural
landscapes in the study areas.
INRM innovations resulted into: Improved systems component linkages Farmers integrating diverse enterprises Interactions among components Optimize diverse returns in production system
Thus INRM has contributed Agro -ecological intensification Increased genetic diversity in agricultural
landscapes in the study areas.
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
System Integration
Ecological Intensification
CommunityParticipation
InstitutionalInnovation
WatershedManagement
WatershedManagement