agro-ecological approaches for sustaining farm based livelihoods
TRANSCRIPT
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR SUSTAINING FARM BASED LIVELIHOODS
G. V. Ramanjaneyulu
Agroecology: Several schools of thoughts
• Non Pesticidal Management
• Sustainable Agriculture
• Organic Farming
• Zero-Budget Natural Farming
• Permaculture
• Biodynamic farming
• Cho Global Natural Farming
Aligning with nature• Crops
• Cropping Patterns– Agro-diversity– Crop cycles
• Production practices– Natural products– Natural cycles– Natural processes
utilize all spaceimprove soil resilienceextend growing season
Enhance Diversity
Cropping sequenceMultistory arrangementIntegrating subsystems
Rainwater conservation measures
Conservation of the entire rain water in the field itself
Components include Trench, Conservation furrows, Farm Pond, compost pit , tank silt application. Rs. 48,000 per acre - MGNREGS
Insitu water harvesting
Crop Choices
• Market demand• Soil and growing conditions
Critical Stages of crop growth
• Paddy: tillering stage, flowering, milking• Maize/jowar: flowering, panicle initiation, milking• Groundnut: flowering, prop root stage, pod
formation• Cotton: flowering, boll formation• Soybean/redgram/greengram/blackgram:
flowering, grain formation• Sunflower: bud formation, flowering, grain
formation
Crop duration Water requirement crops
One season (< 4 months
Low Greengram, blackgram, chickpea, kharif groundnut
Medium Jowar, maize, rabi groundnut,
More than one season (6-8 months)
More Cotton, chillies
Year or longer Very high Sugarcane, banana, Mango, Citrus
Critical Stages of crop growth
• Paddy: tillering stage, flowering, milking• Maize/jowar: flowering, panicle initiation, milking• Groundnut: flowering, prop root stage, pod
formation• Cotton: flowering, boll formation• Soybean/redgram/greengram/blackgram:
flowering, grain formation• Sunflower: bud formation, flowering, grain
formation
Crop Choices
• Market demand• Soil and growing conditions
Crop duration Water requirement crops
One season (< 4 months
Low Greengram, blackgram, chickpea, kharif groundnut
Medium Jowar, maize, rabi groundnut,
More than one season (6-8 months)
More Cotton, chillies
Year or longer Very high Sugarcane, banana
Shallow soil Medium deep soil Deep soil
Black soils- Vertisols and associated soilsBlack soils- Vertisols and associated soils
About 3.0 m ha of rainfed cotton soils are either shallow (< 50 cm or medium deep (50-75 cm). Is Bt cotton the solution for these soils?
Hybrid cotton in a deep soil
Hybrid in a shallow soil. Hybrids don’t perform well unless supplemental irrigation is available
Based on soil depth
• Shallow roots (60 cm): ragi, sama, korra, onion, cauliflower, cabbage, potato
• Medium deep roots (90 cm): groundnut, chillies, wheat, tobacco, castor
• Deep roots (120 cm): maize, sugarcane, jowar, bajra, safflower, soybean, tomato, carrot, cucumber
Vidarbha–Rainfall Pattern and Water Requirement of Cotton Moisture availability is extremely critical during boll formation
phaseShort duration
Year Population/ha Yield (kg/ha)
1980 90, 000 300
1990 120,000 900
2000 150,000 1500
2004 180,000 1800
How China made headway using HDPS with varietiesHow China made headway using HDPS with varieties
High Density Plantation in cotton
Straight varieties1.Short duration 140-160 days, 2.Compact plant type3.6-8 bolls per plant with 4.best quality and big bolls5.High density at 250,000 /ha
Seed cotton yield (kg/ha) – Seed cotton yield (kg/ha) – American American cottoncotton
Spacing cm 60x30 45x20 30x 30 45x 13.5 30x20
Population/ha 55000 111000 111000 166000 166000 Mean
Anjali 502 847 853 966 796 793
CNH120MB 1030 976 1139 1250 1289 1137
PKV 081 1200 1714 1418 1921 1967 1644
NISC 50 1056 890 1103 1016 1052 1023
CCH 724 679 843 681 864 835 781
Mean 893 1054 1039 1203 1187
CICR’s Results – 2010-11CICR’s Results – 2010-11
Spacing cm 60 x 15 45 x 13.5 30 x 20 45 x 10 30 x 15
MeanPopulation/ha 111000 166000 166000 222000 222000
AKA-07 1163 1349 1456 1815 1419 1441
CINA-404 1430 1550 1610 2173 1772 1707
PA-255 1259 1595 1349 1625 1226 1411
PA-08 1090 1318 1455 1509 1479 1370
JK-5 1223 1452 1151 1842 1734 1480
Mean 1233 1453 1404 1793 1526
Seed cotton yield (kg/ha) in Seed cotton yield (kg/ha) in G G arboreumarboreum
CINA-404 out yielded others at all planting densities, JK 5 and AKA 7 were more dwarf and compact.
Spacing Genotypes Interaction
CD at
5% 71.1 73.6 164.6
Non-Bt Genotype under HDPS versus Bt hybrid- (Spacing 45x15 cm for variety and 90x60 cm for Bt hybrid)
Yield (q/ha)
Parbhani KhandwaGenotype 2010-11 2011-12 Genotype 2010-11 2011-12
NH-545 12.85 17.03 Vikram 18.47 14.72NH-452 12.21 15.23 Khandwa 2 19.11 15.22PKV-081 12.38 15.40 JK-4 20.14 16.04
Mallika Bt 13.88 — Jai Bt 13.38 —
Akola NandyalPKV-081 17.31 15.87 Narasimha 18.47 18.94NH-615 16.19 16.19 Sivanandi 18.67 20.42NH-630 19.07 16.46 NDLH-1938 25.10 23.55
Bunny Bt 10.28 — Bunny Bt 22.98 19.85
Technology mission on cotton-network -results
23
System of Rice Intensification
• System of Rice Intensification is a cost effective and resource efficient method of cultivation
• Extended to sugarcane, wheat, ragi etc
1. Hilly terrain, Upland
Model 1 : (Paddy+Fish+ Azolla) + (pond+duck+fish) + (Home stead garden) + (Livestock) + (Vermicompost)
Model 2: (Crop Field – Mixed Crop) + (Livestock) + (Composting) + (Backyard vegetable)
Human
Fruit Trees
Homestead Garden
Pond + Hen shade
Cow, Goat
Compost/Vermicompost
Pig Shade
High slope, small amount of land around homestead
SPICES BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS
Upland with Degraded soil and no irrigation
Fruit Trees +Intercropping planted with Roselle, Pigeon Peas & Blackgram during early stage & Yam at late stage +Infiltration ditched and Semi-circular bunds
Mid-lands (rainfed)
Community woodlots for firewood-fodder- other NTFP productions+Improved pastureland with tree canopy+water recharge and water storage pond
Mild Slopes
Mixed food grain + integrated farms + vegetable cultivation +Nitrogen fixing trees/shrubs as hedgerows or living fences +Diamond beds for fruit trees with vegetablesContour line hedgerows + infiltration bunds.
2. Semiarid, undulated terrain
Tuber crops are important strategic crop for dry areas.
Crop Management in Rain-fed areas• Low water consuming crops• Perennials on conservation furrows including green leaf
manure plants.• 7 tiered crop canopy ( 36*36 model ) near farm pond.
Crop Management in Rain-fed areas
• Perennials on conservation furrows including green leaf manure plants.
• Trees all around trench on farm boundary.• Cropping pattern with red gram in between the
conservation furrows in 2:1 and 5:1 with millets and groundnut respectively.
Courtesy: Dr. GNS Reddy, BAIF
Agronomic practices-Water harvesting, conservation and use
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Changing to multiple cropping systems
• Total land area 12 ha• For every 2 ½ acres of land, pits for
rain water harvesting were dug.• Every year, 10 tonnes of biomass
per acre of land is being incorporated in the soil.
• Total trees in the farm are around 3000, among them 2000 are teak plants others include mango, sapota, neem, tamarind, jamun, papaya, sithaphal etc.
• Trees helps in reducing temperature by 3-4 0
• They also help in attracting birds to kill pests and adding bio mass.
Subash Sharma, /Dorli, Yavatml, Maharashtra
Palmira/ date palm
Berry…
Neem, Babool…
Step Pond
Multi-tire pond
Pigeon pea…
Midland (Pond bank Management)
Planted at a time, but harvested in different time span.Mixed cropping of different root depth, different height…
Jowar, Bajra…
Pigeon pea, Guar …
Sesame, Roselle… Ragi,
korra etcBeans…
3. Humid region
Model 1 : (duck-Fish-Azolla-Paddy) + (Homestead Grden) + (Biodigestor with Biogas plant) + (Livestock) + (pond + duckhouse and scaffold over the pond).
Model 2 : banana + Fruit Trees + Creepers + Tuber + Fodder) + (Biodegestor) + (Vegetable + Medicinal Plant + Azolla in home stead) + (Apiculture + Mushroom)
Nutrition Garden : Leafy Vegetable + Vegetable + Spices + Tuber + Herbal + Beans
Enterprise allocationCrop Selected: (2 acre IFS model):
Cereals:(50 percent area) Rice, wheat,Maize
Vegetables(12.5 percent area)Rabi-Tomato, Pea, cabbage,BrinjalSummer: Brinjal,Cowpea, Okra, CucurbitsKharif:Cucurbits
Fodders (12.0% area)Rabi: Berseem, Oat, MaizeSummer:Cow pea, Sudan grass,maizeKharif:Maize, MP chari/sudan gras
Vegetables on field bunds(4%)Rabi:Tomato, Cauliflower/cabbage, BrinjalSummer: cowpea ,Bitter gourd and OkraKharif: Cucurbits
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