agriculture preservatives in stake forest products tests
TRANSCRIPT
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests 2011 Progress ReportBessie M. WoodwardCherilyn A. HatfieldStan T. Lebow
United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture
Forest Service
ForestProductsLaboratory
ResearchNoteFPL–RN–02
October 2011 Corrected December 2011 (addition of page 120)
Woodward, Bessie M.; Hatfield, Cherilyn A.; Lebow, Stan T. 2011. Com-parison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report. Research Note FPL-RN-02. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 120 p.
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Abstract This report covers stake test results primarily from South-ern Pine 2- by 4- by 18-in. sapwood, treated by pressure and nonpressure processes and installed by Forest Products Laboratory employees and cooperators in decay and termite exposure sites at various times since 1938 at Saucier, Mis-sissippi; Madison, Wisconsin; Bogalusa, Louisiana; Lake Charles, Louisiana; Jacksonville, Florida; and the Canal Zone, Panama. Also included in the tests at Saucier, Mis-sissippi, are smaller pine stakes and those of treated and untreated plywood, particleboard, modified woods, laminat-ed paper plastic, pine infected with Trichoderma mold, plus other selected wood species such as oak, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce. Southern Pine untreated control stakes have had an average life of about 1 year in the Canal Zone, 1.8 to 3.6 years in Mississippi, Florida, and Louisiana, and about 6 years in Wisconsin. Superficial treatments by 3-min dipping and brushing with preservatives such as coal-tar creosote and petroleum oils containing copper naphthenate, zinc naphthenate, and pentachlorophenol have added from a few months to 4 years to the life of the untreated stakes. When appropriate preservative retention levels are applied, creosote, pentachlorophenol, and selected waterborne salt preservatives provide excellent protection. This publication also contains information regarding the future inspection status of the test plots.
Keywords: Preservatives, wood preservatives, pressure treated, nonpressure treated, Southern Pine, average life
Caution This publication reports on pesticides research. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed have been registered. All uses of pes-ticides must be registered by appropriate Federal and State agencies before they can be recommended.
Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the dis-posal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.
Crankcase oils may contain chlorinated naphthalenes, which have been reported to contribute to “X-disease” (hyperkera-tosis) in cattle. These oils are therefore not recommended for preservative treatment of wood with which cattle may come in contact.
Acknowledgments This research note is a continuation of progress reports by the same title issued periodically from 1950 to 1962 as Re-port No. 1761 and as FPL–RN–02 since 1963. Several past and current Forest Products Laboratory employees initiated the studies reported herein. These individuals are recognized in notes following the appropriate tables. The authors of this publication express their appreciation to the Economics and Statistics Research, the Research Facilities Engineering, and the Harrison Experimental Forest staffs for their contribu-tions to the success of this publication.
ContentsIntroduction .......................................................................1Preservatives and Modified-Wood Products Tested .........1 Selection and Treatment of Stakes ................................2 Installation and Inspection of Stakes ............................2Results ...............................................................................3 Untreated Stakes ...........................................................3 Pressure-Treated Stakes ................................................3 Nonpressure-Treated Stakes .........................................4 Modified-Wood Stakes .................................................5Status of FPL–RN–02 Research Plots ..............................5Units of Measure ...............................................................7References .........................................................................7Tables ................................................................................8
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests 2011 Progress Report Bessie M. Woodward, Microbiologist Cherilyn A. Hatfield, StatisticianStan T. Lebow, Research Forest Products Technologist
Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin
Introduction For centuries, wood has been one of the most common and easiest to use construction materials. It is used practically everywhere—in housing and agricultural buildings and as posts, utility and telephone poles, railroad ties, wharves, and piling. Wood is also a renewable material. Although we have consumed tremendous volumes of wood for centuries, the United States is growing more wood volume than it is harvesting.
Wood is a biological material and as such it is subject to decay and insect and marine borer attack. These agents are nature’s way of recycling wood in the natural ecosystem. Without nature’s recycling system, wood and other cellu-lose-based materials, such as grass, leaves, and agricultural field residues, would literally bury us. However, when wood is used in a more or less permanent application, it must be protected from biological degradation. Destruction can be prevented by a number of individual methods or a combina-tion of methods.
Results of an international termite exposure test in 1930 (Hunt and Snyder) indicated that exposing 2- by 4- by 18-in. pine sapwood stakes treated with various wood preserva-tives is an effective method to test the protection provided against decay and termite attack. During 1938, the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), in coop-eration with others, began treating test stakes of Southern Pine sapwood with several preservatives for installation at the Harrison Experimental Forest at Saucier, Mississippi. Replicate stakes were treated for installations at Madison, Wisconsin; Bogalusa, Louisiana; Jacksonville, Florida; and the Canal Zone, Panama. Since 1938, additional preserva-tives have been added to these tests, principally at the Sauc-ier, Mississippi, station. Also installed at that station were stakes of treated and untreated modified-wood products, such as plywood, impreg, compreg, staypak, papreg, lami-nated acetylated wood, cyanoethylated wood, wood with thiamine destroyed, chemically modified wood, wood in-fected with Trichoderma mold, embedded fiberboard (west-ern hemlock strands in Portland cement), particleboard, and incised and unincised wood.
In 1967, another stake installation that included 11 standard wood preservatives was made in cooperation with the Wood Products Insect Laboratory, Gulfport, Mississippi, at Lake Charles, Louisiana. The area is infested by the destructive Formosan termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and stakes in-stalled were used for comparison with the stakes at the Har-rison Experimental Forest in Saucier, Mississippi.
Stake tests are useful for screening out ineffective preser-vative materials. Stake test results can be used to further explore the preservative properties of materials that show promise in laboratory toxicity tests. However, limitations of these accelerated field tests must be recognized. Test results should not be considered as a substitute for actual service tests on full-size products such as ties, poles, or posts. Fur-thermore, results obtained in these stake tests are applicable only under the set of conditions existing in the particular test. Factors such as exposure, preservative retention, pre-servative distribution, heartwood volume, and size (surface area in relation to total volume) influence the performance of treated wood. In addition, the stakes in this test are not subjected to loading, or inspected for structural capacity, as would be the case for in-service structural members.
This publication is primarily a progress report on the con-dition of the modified-wood products and stakes treated with various preservatives and oils at the time of the 2000 through 2011 inspections. The stake tests at Panama were completed with a final inspection in January 1956. Those at Jacksonville were terminated in December 1960, and those at Bogalusa in December 1958. Progress reports showing the condition of the test stakes in 1947 and during the years 1949 to 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1995, and 2000 have been published (Hunt and Snyder 1930, Blew 1948). In addition, this publi-cation contains information regarding the future inspection status of the test plots.
Preservatives and Modified-Wood Products Tested Table 1 lists the preservatives and products tested and notes existing preservative specifications in cases where specifi-cations have been issued. Table 1 also refers to Tables 2 to
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76, in which test data are listed for the various materials. Formulations of treating solutions and descriptions of the various test materials are generally given in the tables. Ad-ditional information as to the source and composition of the various materials can, in most cases, be furnished upon request to the FPL.
Selection and Treatment of Stakes For the most part, the stakes were 2- by 4- in. (nominal) by 18-in. Southern Pine, uniformly seasoned, surfaced on four sides, and selected for freedom from heartwood, wane, objectionable knots, and other visible defects. Ten installa-tions included solid-sawn stakes of smaller size for compari-son purposes (Tables 6, 35, 37, 42, 45, 54, 56, 57, 59, 68). Before treatment, a number, either stamped on the ends or marked with lumber crayon, identified the stakes. The stakes of modified wood, with one or two exceptions, were 4 by 18 in. with variable thickness.
All preservative treatments were by pressure impregnation unless indicated. Waterborne preservatives were applied by using the full-cell process, unless noted. Preservative oils were applied by either empty-cell or full-cell methods (tolu-ene dilution), depending upon the retention level required. Complete penetration is desirable and usually noted in the pressure treatment used. For this reason, heartwood material was avoided in the Southern Pine stakes unless noted (Tables 5 and 51). In most cases, preservative retention levels were computed for individual stakes from the differ-ence in weight before and after treatment. Surplus preserva-tive was permitted to drain from the stakes before the final weight measurements were taken. Experience or exploratory treatments indicated the correct treating schedule or the treating solution concentration necessary to produce the de-sired preservative retention. Twenty 2- by 4-in. stakes were treated for each test variable, from which 10 acceptable stakes were selected for installation. By discarding those stakes with retention levels greater or less than desired, the 10 stakes selected by this procedure were usually found to have preservative retention levels within the desired 10% range. The stakes not acceptable for the test provided ma-terial for checking preservative penetrations. For stakes treated in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (Tables 42 and 45), it was impractical to follow this general procedure. These stakes were treated at a commercial plant in the presence of an FPL representative, and retention levels were determined from the analysis of either sections of test stakes or addi-tional matched stakes included for that purpose.
The test stakes were usually identified by a numbered metal tag nailed (riveted in the case of thin modified-wood prod-ucts) to the wide face approximately 2 in. from the top of the stake.
Installation and Inspection of Stakes The stakes at Madison, Wisconsin, and Saucier, Mississippi, were installed in plots by the randomized-block method (Fisher and Yates 1938). The stakes were set in the ground in an upright position with about half their length (9 in.) in the ground. The soil in the plot at the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, is Poarch fine sandy loam, with 5% to 12% slope, a pH of 4.85, and an average annual rain-fall of 62 in. That area was partially cleared of trees, mostly scrub oak and gallberry with a few longleaf and slash pine, before the stakes were installed; the ground cover is now mostly wiregrass. Until late 1956, the Madison, Wisconsin, plot was located in an area of clay loam soil with a pH of 6.5 that was partially shaded by various hardwood trees and sumac, with an average annual rainfall of 31 in. In October 1956, it was necessary to move the stakes to a new test plot near Madison with similar soil, but without the overstory of trees or shrubs. The soil at Bogalusa, Louisiana, was sandy loam, and that at Jacksonville, Florida, was sandy. Both plots were partially shaded. The plot at Lake Charles, Louisiana, was located on an open area partially covered with broom sedge and marsh grass. The top 10 in. of soil was sandy with some streaks of clay; underneath was heavy muck and a high water level.
The 1970, 1974, and 1984 inspections at Lake Charles, Lou-isiana, and the final inspection of stakes installed at the Ca-nal Zone during January 1956 were made by representatives of the Wood Products Insect Laboratory, Gulfport, Mis-sissippi, and the FPL. Representatives from the Chapman Chemical Company and the FPL did the final inspections of the stakes at Jacksonville and Bogalusa in 1960 and 1962, respectively. FPL representatives inspected the Madison and Saucier installations.
During these inspections, the stakes are removed individu-ally, scraped to facilitate inspection, examined, and returned to their original place unless their condition indicates re-moval. Prior to 1985 the stakes were given a numerical and letter rating according to the following decay and termite attack scale:
Decay Termite attack
1 No decay A No attack2 Slightly soft or suspicious B Nibbles or trials3 Partial or limited decay C Limited attack (penetration)4 Severe decay D Heavy attack5 Removed because of decay a E Removed because of termite
attack a
a50% or more of cross section destroyed. In 1985, field data were recorded using a portable computer. It was desirable to convert to a numeric-numeric rating system that would compare with the previous rating system
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and allow for some refinement. All ratings from 1991 to the present were made using the following rating scale:
Grade no.
Description of conditionDecay grades Termite grades
10 Sound. Suspicion of decay permitted.
Sound. 1 to 2 small nibbles permitted
9 Trace decay to 3% of cross section
Slight evidence of feeding to 3% of cross section
8 Decay from 3% to 10% of cross section
Attack from 3% to 10% of cross section
7 Decay from 10% to 30% of cross section
Attack from 10% to 30% of cross section
6 Decay from 30% to 50% of cross section
Attack from 30% to 50% of cross section
4 Decay from 50% to 75% of cross section
Attack from 50% to 75% of cross section
0 Failure Failure
In Tables 2 to 76, stakes listed as “Trace” or “None” had an inspection rating of one of the following: 10-10, 10-9, 9-10, or 9-9. Stakes listed as “Serviceable but showing some decay” had one of the following inspection ratings: 8−10, 7−10, 6−10, 4−10, 8−9, 7−9, 6−9, or 4−9. Those listed as “Degraded but showing some termite attack” were field rated on the basis of 10−3, 10−7, 10−6, 10−4, 9−8, 9−7, 9−6, or 9−4. Stakes listed as “Degraded but showing some decay and termite attack” were given one of the following ratings: 8−8, 8−7, 8−6, 8−4, 7−8, 7−7, 7−6, 7−4, 6−3, 6−7, 6−6, 6−4, 4−8, 4−7, 4−6, or 4−4. Under the previous rating system, stakes showing limited and heavy decay, termite at-tack, or both are grouped together. In stakes that show some deterioration but are not necessarily seriously decayed, un-necessary emphasis is sometimes placed on these ratings. Therefore, in making comparisons between preservatives, only the stakes actually destroyed should be considered.
For stakes classified as “Destroyed by decay fungi and ter-mites,” both forms of deterioration must be rated at least with severe decay or heavy attack (4 or D) in the inspection. In other words, a stake rated in the inspection as 7-0 would be considered destroyed by termites rather than by decay and termites, while one rated as 0-7 would be considered as destroyed by decay. Therefore, the system used in the tables for rating the destroyed stakes emphasizes the major factor or factors responsible for damage, but ignores those that may have been noted but have not seriously contributed to destruction.
Tables 2 to 76 give the condition of the stakes at their most recent inspection. Table 77 is a summary of results obtained at the Mississippi site on 2- by 4-in. pine stakes treated with wood preservatives that are or were in general use.
Results The following summarizes the results of the stake tests thus far.
Untreated StakesThe untreated 2- by 4-in. Southern Pine sapwood stakes had an average life of 1.2 years in the Canal Zone, Panama; 1.8 to 2.4 years at Saucier, Mississippi, Bogalusa, Louisiana, and Jacksonville, Florida; and 4 to 6 years at Madison, Wis-consin. At Lake Charles, Louisiana, 90% of the untreated control stakes were destroyed by Formosan termites, giving an average life of 2.3 years. Untreated 3/4-in. pine sapwood stakes in Mississippi had an average life of 1.4 to 2.1 years.
The untreated Douglas-fir plywood stakes installed at Sauc-ier, Mississippi, had an average life of about 1 to 4 years. Those glued with phenolic and urea-resin glues have lasted somewhat longer than those glued with casein glue, which had an average life of 1 year. The stakes cut from Douglas-fir lumber and of thickness similar to that of the plywood had an average life of slightly more than 2 years. Untreated plywood stakes of yellow birch, sweetgum, and tangile had an average life of less than 2 years.
Untreated plywood stakes of Engelmann spruce heartwood had average lives of 2.6 years and 3.2 years for Mississippi and Wisconsin, respectively. Untreated Douglas-fir heart-wood plywood stakes had average lives of 3.2 years and 5.5 years for Mississippi and Wisconsin, respectively. Southern Pine plywood stakes that contained about equal amounts of heartwood and sapwood had an average life of 2.8 and 5.8 years in Mississippi and Wisconsin, respectively (Table 51).
Pressure-Treated StakesIn the more recent installations and those with the more ef-fective preservatives, only a limited number of stakes have thus far been removed, and the average life of stakes in these tests cannot be determined. Estimates of average life were made for preservatives with significant failures at the time of the termination of several installations (Tables 2 to 5, 8, 12, 18, 38). In the Canal Zone, stakes treated with sev-eral retention levels of chromated zinc arsenate (CZA) were destroyed during the 15-1/3 years of exposure. Stakes with 0.22 lb/ft3 CZA (oxide basis) had an average life of 9.2 years, and those with approximately 0.69 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) had an average life of 15.3 years. Stakes treated with CZA to retention levels of 0.22 to 0.70 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) have had 100% failures in Wisconsin after 51-1/2 years, and in Mississippi 100% failures have been noted with retention levels of 0.33, 0.44, and 0.58 lb/ft3 (Table 4; similar com-parison in Table 20).
Of the waterborne preservatives in tests that contain copper and arsenic (24 to 61 years in Mississippi), the formulations of ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) (Table 14) and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) (Tables 15, 20, 47) are better performers with only 30% failures using retention levels of 0.29 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) or 20% using 0.44 lb/ft3 or greater for CCA, and only 12% using retention of
Research Note FPL–RN–02
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0.51 lb/ft3 or greater for ACA. Again, the overall perfor-mance of the arsenic-containing preservatives (Table 20) is better in Mississippi than in Wisconsin.
Stakes treated with ammoniacal copper borate to retention levels of 0.17, 0.22 and 0.33 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) have had 94%, 94% and 56% failure, respectively, in Mississippi after 34 years of in test. In contrast, the ACA-treated stakes show 100% failure at the 0.17 lb/ft3 retention level and 95% fail-ure at the 0.23 lb/ft3, and only 35% failure at the 0.33 lb/ft3 retention level for the same exposure (Table 52).
Results thus far on installations of pentachlorophenol with similar retention levels and different hydrocarbon solvents (Tables 17, 42, and 45) show better performance with solu-tions containing the heavy solvents such as heavy gas oil, lube oil extract (Table 17), No. 4 aromatic oil (Table 22), and AWPA P9 heavy petroleum solvent (Tables 42 and 45) than with volatile LPG or light oils such as Stoddard sol-vent (mineral spirits) (Tables 17 and 42). Preservatives such as rosin amine-D-pentachlorophenate (Tables 22 and 23), tributyltin oxide (Tables 36 and 41), and copper-8-quinoli-nolate (Tables 38 and 43) also show better performance with the heavy petroleum solvent than the light Stoddard solvent (mineral spirits). The previously mentioned heavy petro-leum solvents have the following properties:
Petroleum oils
API gravity
60°F
Flash point
(PMCC) (°F)
Viscosity SUS
at 100°F
Penta solvency at 75°F
Distribution (°F)
IBP 50% EPHeavy gas oil, No. 101
08.3 345 167.4 20–22 600 700 734
Lube oil extract
05.1 295 196.4 28–30 440 696 736
AWPA P9, heavy
23.8 225 38.4 15 480 538 647
No. 4 aromatic
06.8 230 72.6 10+ 458 592 Cracked (85%)
Pentachlorophenol retention levels of 0.47 lb/ft3 and less are showing deterioration on the 3/4-in. stakes after 17 years in test in Mississippi. The stakes treated to retention levels of 0.34, 0.38, 0.50, 1.30, and 1.84 lb/ft3 of a water-soluble form of copper-8-quinolinolate had average lives of 3.3, 3.8, 4.6, 6.2, 7.3, and 8.6 years, respectively (Table 54).
Coal-tar creosotes installed in Mississippi during 1940 and 1941 (Tables 4 to 6) have shown better performance than those installed in 1948 (Tables 18 and 19) (Baechler and others 1978). In the latter installation, 10 coal-tar creosotes with a retention of approximately 8 lb/ft3 showed 60% to 80% failure after 20 years, and the average life was deter-mined or estimated at 14 to 21 years. Creosotes installed earlier than 1941 showed 60% to 90% failures in 48½ to 49½ years for a similar retention, which could show an av-erage life in excess of 50 years.
Stakes pressure treated with the fire-retarding formulation containing ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate
lasted, on an average, only 2 to 3 years in Mississippi. With these ammonium salts plus borax and boric acid, the stakes installed in 1943 lasted on the average about 4 years. The fire-retarding formulation with borax and boric acid alone has provided protection against decay and termites for an average of about 6 years (Table 13). The addition of zinc chloride and chromium compounds to combinations of boron and ammonium salts in fire retardants improved protection against decay fungi and termites (Table 25). An exterior-type fire retardant containing urea, dicyandiamide, formaldehyde, and phosphoric acid in 2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes treated at retention levels of 2.8 lb/ft3, 6.0 lb/ft3 and 9.5 lb/ft3 had an average life of 4.8, 9.7 and 15.4 years, respectively. Termites caused failures at lower retentions (Table 53).
The results of stake tests in Mississippi showed copper naphthenate provided greater protection than zinc naphthe-nate with similar retention levels (Table 7).
Rosin amine-D-pentachlorophenate in Stoddard solvent performed less satisfactorily than pentachlorophenol with that solvent and similar retention levels. Products from naval stores such as rosin oil, oleo resin, and drop liquor concentrate with petroleum solvents appear to have limited value as preservatives but are improved by the addition of pentachlorophenol. Urea (Table 10) has also shown lim-ited protection. Stakes pressure treated with 5.8 lb/ft3 had an average life of 9.1 years in Mississippi. Other products showing limited preservative value in the retention levels used are acrylonitrile (cyanoethylation), ammonium hy-droxide (thiamine destruction), amyl phenyl acetate, capric acid, copper-8-quinolinolate (in Stoddard solvent), diamyl phenol, DDT, dodecyl amine, nickel stearate, and tributyltin oxide (in Stoddard solvent).
An indication of the influence of size in test stakes is noted in Table 6. With a coal-tar creosote retention of approxi-mately 8 lb/ft3, 1/2-in.-square stakes were destroyed after 21-1/2 years with an average life of 17 years, 1-in.-square stakes after 39-1/2 years with an average life of 23.6 years, 1-1/2-in.-square stakes after 33-1/2 years with an average life of 26.6 years, and 2- by 4-in. stakes showed 70% failure after 54-1/2 years.
Note that aspen particleboard stakes treated with CCA showed less degradation than those stakes treated with pen-tachlorophenol in light solvents. Stakes treated to 0.22, 0.40, and 0.82 lb/ft3 of pentachlorophenol showed failures of 100, 100, and 70% respectively, and only the low retention level (0.26 lb/ft3) of CCA showed 100% failure after 25-1/2 years in test (Table 49). Untreated stakes of aspen particleboard showed an average life of 2.4 years.
Nonpressure-Treated StakesSouthern Pine stakes and Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated by superficial applications, such as brushing and brief dip-ping in coal-tar creosote and solutions of pentachlorophenol,
Distribution (°F)
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copper naphthenate, or zinc naphthenate, have generally lasted 1 to 4 years longer than the untreated control stakes (Tables 7, 8). However, stakes dipped for 15 min in coal-tar creosote had a life of about 8 years in Mississippi (Table 4).
For the plywood stakes in which the veneer was treated by dipping or lengthy soaking in the preservatives before glu-ing, the results have generally been more favorable than for plywood similarly treated after gluing. In the Canal Zone, stakes soaked 18 h in solutions of pentachlorophenol or mixtures of chlorinated phenols lasted 5 to 10 years. In the United States, the stakes soaked 18 h in these solutions lasted 8 to 16 years (Table 5). However, Douglas-fir ply-wood stakes treated by brushing, dipping, and 18-h soaking in chloro-2-phenylphenol solution lasted only a few months longer than the untreated plywood control stakes. Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated by soaking 18 h in pentachloro-phenol solution had a life of 5 years, while those similarly treated with coal-tar creosote have an estimated average life of 24 years (Table 8).
At the Mississippi site, pine stakes treated by soaking in urea solution lasted about 1 to 1-1/2 years longer than the control stakes, and those similarly treated with urea-formaldehyde solution lasted about 2 to 4 years longer than the controls (Table 10). Pine stakes with increased retention levels of copper chromate and copper arsenate applied by double-diffusion have continued to perform well after 55 years in Mississippi. Failures thus far have been found primarily in the copper chromate system with 33% and 67% failed (Table 9).
Modified-Wood Stakes Plywood stakes impregnated with phenolic resin (impreg) and impregnated and compressed (compreg) have been considerably more resistant to decay and termite attack than have untreated plywood of the same species. Plywood stakes with a low resin content have had an average life of approximately 7 years and those with a high resin content have lasted 12 years. In Douglas-fir, plywood stakes with phenolic-resin-impregnated faces and untreated cores, an average life of about 3.5 years has been obtained, and some-what better results have been noted when the edges of the plywood have been protected with a phenolic-resin coating. Southern Pine 2- by 4-in. stakes impregnated with a low resin content had an average life of 12 years, and those with a greater content of phenolic resin have lasted somewhat longer (Table 3).
Laminated paper plastic made with phenolic resin has shown limited resistance to decay and termite attack, with the life of the stakes averaging about 6 to 8 years. Heat-stabilized birch and maple plywood (staypak) stakes have lasted about 4 to 6 years. The staypak with veneer of 1/16-in. thickness has performed better than that with 1/8-in. veneer, presumably because the thinner veneer permits
a better distribution of the phenolic-resin adhesive in the plywood (Table 11).
Acetylated birch (laminated veneer) has had reasonably good resistance to decay and termite attack with an aver-age life of 17.5 years in Mississippi. Deterioration has been caused primarily by decay fungi (Table 14).
Butylene oxide stakes treated to 17% to 22% weight gain had an average life of 4.7 years, and those treated to 37% to 40% weight gain had an average life of 12.2 years. Almost 67% of the butylene oxide stakes treated to 31% weight gain are showing attack and 33% have failed after 17 to 21 years in test. Propylene oxide-modified stakes had an average life of 2.2 to 6.2 years, depending on the chemical loading (Table 50). Stakes, ¾-in., treated with butylene oxide to 33.2% weight gain had an average life of 3.5 years (Table 56).
Status of FPL–RN–02 Research PlotsThe FPL maintains 77 field research plots on the Harrison Experimental Forest in Saucier, Mississippi. The objective of these plots is to evaluate the performance of wood prod-ucts exposed to natural environmental challengers. Many plots are approaching 65 years of age, and as a whole they represent an investment of millions of research dollars. Many older plots cannot be duplicated or replaced because several of the preservatives initially used have been dis-continued or banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Recommendations for the 77 existing stake plots at the Harrison Experimental Forest were made in 1995 by the FPL and are summarized in the following list. For plots that were closed, the stakes remain in the ground at the site, but inspections were discontinued, and the database maintained in archival records. For the plots that remain open, stakes will be evaluated every fifth year.
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Status of FPL-RN-02 research plots Last
inspected Last
inspectedStatusa Table Plot Installed Statusa Table Plot Installed
C 2 2 1939 1966 C 40 58 1960 1978C 3 3 1940 1967 K 41 56 1960 2009C 4 4 1940 2000 C 42 59 1961 2000C 5 5 1941 1996 K 43 62 1963 2008C 6 6 1941 1996 C 44 63 1963 2000C 7 7 1942 1992 C 45 61 1963 1998C 8 8 1942 1963 C 46 66 1967 1997C 9 9 1942 1997 K 47 67 1967 2007C 10 10 1946 1960 K 48 68 1971 2011C 11 11 1942 1950 K 49 70 1973 2008C 12 12 1943 1963 C 50 71 1974 1995C 13 13 1943 1950 K 51 72 1975 2009K 14 14 1944 2004 K 52 73 1975 2009K 15 15 1945 2005 K 53 74 1976 1993C 16 16 1945 1996 K 54 75 1976 1993C 17 20 1948 1998 K 55 78 1978 2008C 18 24 1948 1992 C 56 79 1979 1989C 19 25 1948 1998 K 57 80 1980 2009K 20 28 1949 2010 C 58 81 1980 2000C 21 26 1949 1995 K 59 82 1980 2009C 22 27 1949 1999 C 60 83 1981 2000C 23 34 1952 1997 K 61 84 1981 2011C 24 33 1952 1997 K 62 85 1981 2011C 25 35 1952 1997 C 63 86 1982 1996C 26 32 1952 2002 C 64 87 1982 1996C 27 36 1952 1993 C 65 88 1982 1996C 28 37 1952 2000 C 66 89 1982 1996C 29 38 1953 1992 C 67 90 1982 1999C 30 40 1954 1995 C 68 92 1983 1995C 31 41 1954 1995 C 68 93 1983 1995C 32 42 1954 1995 C 69 94 1984 2000C 33 44 1956 1981 K 70 95 1984 2009K 34 47 1956 2011 C 71 96 1984 1996C 35 48 1957 2000 K 72 97 1985 2009C 36 53 1958 1967 K 73 98 1985 2010C 37 55 1959 1989 K 74 99 1987 2007C 38 54 1958 1968 K 75 100 1988 2008K 39 57 1960 2009 C 76 101 1989 1998
aC indicates maintain archives, plot closed. K indicates keep plot open, study will continue.
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Units of Measure Measurement values in this document are reported in Eng-lish units. The following provides equivalent International System (SI) units of measure:
English unit Conversion factor SI unitinc h (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm)foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3)
16.02 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)
T°F T°C = (T°F – 32)/ 1.8 T°C
References Baechler, R.H.; Gjovik, L.R.; Davidson, H.L. 1978. 1948 cooperative creosote project: review and results of field tests on costs and 2 × 4 stakes. In: Proceedings of the American Wood-Preservers. Association; 1978 April 26−28. 74: 173.180.
Blew, J.O. 1948. Comparison of wood preservatives in stake tests. In: Proceedings of the American Wood-Preservers. Association; April 27−29. 88−119.
Fisher, R.A.; Yates, F. 1938. Statistical tables for agricultural and medical research. London: Oliver and Boyd. 99 p.
Hunt, G.M.; Snyder, T.E. 1930. An international termite ex-posure test. In: Proceedings of the American Wood-Preserv-ers. Association, January 28−30. 318−334. [Annual progress reports published in the above Proceedings each year from 1930 to 1949, 1952, 1956, 1957 (final report).]
Research Note FPL–RN–02
8
Table 1–Index to materials testedTable 1–Index to materials testedPrevious or existing specification orev ous o e st g spec cat o o
Material AWPAa reference Table numberMaterial AWPAa reference Table numberChemicalChemical
Acid copper chromate Fed Spec TT-W-546; AWPA P5 15 16 46 47Acid copper chromate Fed. Spec. TT-W-546; AWPA P5 15, 16, 46, 47l i ilAcrylonitrile – 36c y o e 36
Aldrin – 41Aldrin – 41i l dAmmonical copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-549; AWPA P5 14, 47, 51, 52, 55, 72pp p ; , , , , ,
Ammonical copper borate – 52Ammonical copper borate – 52A i l i 62Ammonical copper zinc arsenate – 62ppAmmonium hydroxide – 36Ammonium hydroxide – 36A i lf h h N S 51C38 13Ammonium sulfate-phosphate Navy Spec. 51C38 13p p y pAmyl phenyl acetate – 14Amyl phenyl acetate – 14
B i i hl id 26Basic zinc chloride – 26Basilit UA – 30Basilit UA – 30B lid lt S 25 24Boliden salt S-25 – 24Borax-boric acid Navy Spec. 51C38 13Borax-boric acid Navy Spec. 51C38 13
Capric acid – 14Capric acid – 14Chl 2 h l h l 5 8Chloro-2-phenylphenol – 5, 8p y p ,Chromated copper arsenate Fed Spec TT-W-550; Type I; 15 47Chromated copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-550; Type I; 15, 47
AWPA P5 AWPA P5 T A AWPA P5; AWPA P5, Type A; , ypChromated copper arsenate Fed Spec TT-W-550; Type II; 20 47Chromated copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-550; Type II; 20, 47
AWPA P5 T B AWPA P5, Type B, ypChromated copper arsenate Fed Spec TT-W-550; Type III; 48 49 41 55 57 72Chromated copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-550; Type III; 48, 49, 41, 55, 57, 72
AWPA P5 T C 73 74 AWPA P5, Type C 73, 74, yp ,Chromated copper fluoride (CFK) – 59Chromated copper fluoride (CFK) – 59Ch t d i t F l i F d S TT W 538 4 24Chromated zinc arsenate Formerly in Fed. Spec. TT-W-538; 4, 24y p ; ,
AWPA P5 AWPA P5Ch t d i hl id F d S TT W 551 AWPA P5 2 16 25 35 47Chromated zinc chloride Fed. Spec. TT-W-551; AWPA P5 2, 16, 25, 35, 47p ; , , , ,Chromated zinc chloride, copperized Formerly in Fed. Spec. TT-W-562; 31Chromated zinc chloride, copperized Formerly in Fed. Spec. TT-W-562; 31
AWPA P5 AWPA P5Chromated zinc chloride (FR) AWPA P10, Type B 25Chromated zinc chloride (FR) AWPA P10, Type B 25C t AWPA P 1941 23 31 9Copper arsenate AWPA Proc. 1941; pp. 23-31 9pp ppCopper carbonate – 74Copper carbonate – 74C h t AWPA P 1941 23 31 9Copper chromate AWPA Proc. 1941; pp. 23-31 9pp ppCopper-chrome boron (CB) U.S. Patent No. 3,007,844 46Copper-chrome boron (CB) U.S. Patent No. 3,007,844 46C h h h 48Copper-chrome-phosphorus – 48pp p pCopper formate – 34Copper formate – 34C hth t AWPA P8 7 12 16 17 29Copper naphthenate AWPA P8 7, 12, 16, 17, 29Copper oxide – 74Copper oxide – 74C 8 i li l t AWPA P8 38 43 54 61Copper-8-quinolinolate AWPA P8 38, 43, 54, 61Creosote, coal-tar Fed. Spec. TT-C-645; AWPA P1 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19Creosote, coal-tar Fed. Spec. TT-C-645; AWPA P1 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19
20 31 35 47 63 6620, 31, 35, 47, 63, 66Creosote, coal-tar (English) – 18, 19Creosote, coal-tar (English) 18, 19Creosote coal tar (lo temperat re) 28Creosote, coal-tar (low temperature) – 28Creosote, coal-tar (Texas lignite) – 32Creosote, coal-tar (Texas lignite) 32Creosote coal tar solution Fed Spec TT C 650; AWPA P2 18 47 70Creosote-coal tar solution Fed. Spec. TT-C-650; AWPA P2 18, 47, 70Creosote-petroleum solution Fed. Spec. TT-W-568 18, 47, 70Creosote-petroleum solution Fed. Spec. TT-W-568 18, 47, 70Creosote low xylene insolubles 75Creosote-low xylene insolubles – 75Creosote toluene – 6Creosote toluene 6
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
9
Table 1–Index to materials tested–cont.Previous or existing specification or
Material AWPAa reference Table numberChemical–continued
Heptadecyltrimethyltetra- hydropyrimidine (HTTP) – 44
KP (copper oxide and chlorophenol) – 35
Lignite-tar extracts – 39
Mercuric chloride – 12Minalith AWPA P10, Type C 25
Nickel-chromium-arsenic salt – 15Nickel-sterate – 14
Oleo resin – 27
Paraffin – 32Pentachlorophenol Fed. Spec. TT-W-570; AWPA P8 5, 8, 12, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27,
29, 31, 32 33, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 54, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71, 76
Petroleum oils (various types) – 17, 18, 21, 23, 45, 69, 76Phenyl mercury oleate – 12Phenol-formaldehyde – 67Pyresote AWPA P10, Type D 25
Rosin amine D copper acetate complex – 27Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate – 22, 23Rosin oil – 27
Sodium pentachlorophenate – 2, 5Sodium tetrachlorophenate – 2Tetrachlorophenol – 65, 69Toluene – 6,Tributyltin oxide – 36, 41, 61
Urea – 10
Zinc-arsenate-chromium salts – 20Zinc chloride – 2, 4, 20, 26Zinc naphthenate – 7, 8
Acetylated wood – 14Butylene oxide U.S. Patent No. 3,985,921 50, 56Cyanoethylated wood – 36Embedded fiberboard – 40Epichlorohydrin – 50Heat-stabilized wood (staypak) – 11Impreg and compreg – 3Laminated paper plastic (papreg) – 11Mold-infected wood – 31Particleboard – 49Plywood – 3, 8, 16, 33, 51Propylene oxide U.S. Patent No. 3,985,921 50Wood with thiamine destroyed – 36
aAmerican Wood Preservers' Association.
Modified woods, particleboard, plywood
Research Note FPL–RN–02
10
Tabl
e2
Con
ditio
nof
Sout
hern
Pine
stak
es(2
by4
inno
min
alby
18in
)tre
ated
with
chlo
rinat
edph
enol
san
dw
ithflu
orch
rom
ear
sena
teph
enol
Type
ATa
ble
2–C
ondi
tion
of S
outh
ern
Pine
sta
kes
(2 b
y 4
in. n
omin
al b
y 18
in.)
trea
ted
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
with
fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol–
Type
A,
zinc
chlo
ride
and
chro
mat
edzi
ncch
lorid
eaf
ter1
5to
28ye
ars
inte
stSt
akes
plac
edin
test
atB
arro
Col
orad
oIs
land
Can
alZo
neSe
ptem
ber1
938;
zinc
chl
orid
e, a
nd c
hrom
ated
zin
c ch
lorid
e af
ter 1
5 to
28
year
s in
test
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
at B
arro
Col
orad
o Is
land
, Can
al Z
one,
Sep
tem
ber 1
938;
B
ogal
usa,
Loui
sian
a,D
ecem
ber1
939;
Jack
sonv
ille,
Flor
ida,
Janu
ary
1939
;Har
rison
Expe
rimen
talF
ores
t,Sa
ucie
r,M
issi
ssip
pi,D
ecem
ber1
938;
Bog
alus
a, L
ouis
iana
, Dec
embe
r 193
9; J
acks
onvi
lle, F
lorid
a, J
anua
ry 1
939;
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, Dec
embe
r 193
8;
dM
diW
ii
Nb
1939
(Pl
2)an
d M
adis
on, W
isco
nsin
, Nov
embe
r 193
9 (P
lot 2
),
,(
)c
Con
ditio
nof
stak
esD
ecem
ber1
966c
(%)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es D
ecem
ber 1
966
(%)
Si
blb
tD
td
bSe
rvic
eabl
e bu
tD
estro
yed
by–
yy
show
ing
som
eD
ecay
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iN
umD
ecay
fung
ib
dd
Abe
ran
dan
dA
vera
ge gR
if
la
(lb/f
3 )i
Ti
iD
Ti
iT
ld
lif R
eten
tion
of sa
ltsa (l
b/ft3 )
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
()
yb
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
Min
imum
Max
imum
Ave
rage
test
bG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
gy
g(y
)
Sodi
umpe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nate
Can
al0
240
280
2610
100
1010
06
9So
dium
pen
tach
loro
phen
ate
Can
al0.
240.
280.
2610
––
––
––
100
1010
06.
9LA
024
028
026
10–
––
–10
–90
1010
09
2LA
0.24
0.28
0.26
1010
9010
100
9.2
FL0.
250.
280.
269
––
––
11–
899
100
14.2
MS
024
028
026
1010
2070
1010
011
9M
S0.
240.
280.
2610
––
––
1020
7010
100
11.9
WI
024
028
026
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
125
WI
0.24
0.28
0.26
1010
010
100
12.5
Cl
045
054
050
1020
8010
100
112
Can
al0.
450.
540.
5010
––
––
–20
8010
100
11.2
LA0
450
530
4910
––
––
30–
7010
100
107
LA0.
450.
530.
4910
––
––
30–
7010
100
10.7
FL0
460
550
5010
88
8020
0dFL
0.46
0.55
0.50
10–
––
––
–8
880
20.0
MS
0.44
0.54
0.49
10–
––
–10
–90
1010
019
.2M
S0.
440.
540.
4910
1090
1010
019
.2W
I0
440
530
4910
100
1010
016
4W
I0.
440.
530.
4910
––
––
100
––
1010
016
.4
Can
al0.
690.
810.
7510
––
––
1020
7010
100
11.7
Can
al0.
690.
810.
7510
1020
7010
100
11.7
LA0
690
850
7510
1090
1010
015
6LA
0.69
0.85
0.75
10–
––
–10
–90
1010
015
.60
680
820
410
4010
06
6020
0dFL
0.68
0.82
0.74
10–
––
4010
–50
660
20.0
d
MS
069
084
077
1040
6010
100
216
MS
0.69
0.84
0.77
10–
––
–40
–60
1010
021
.6W
I0
670
810
7610
––
––
100
––
1010
021
0W
I0.
670.
810.
7610
100
1010
021
.0
Can
al0
921
060
9810
1090
1010
014
3C
anal
0.92
1.06
0.98
10–
––
––
1090
1010
014
.3LA
093
109
099
10–
––
–10
–90
1010
016
2LA
0.93
1.09
0.99
1010
9010
100
16.2
FL0.
921.
080.
9810
––
–60
10–
304
40–
MS
093
109
097
1020
8010
100
250
MS
0.93
1.09
0.97
10–
––
–20
–80
1010
025
.0W
I0
861
010
9010
––
––
100
––
1010
023
4W
I0.
861.
010.
9010
––
––
100
––
1010
023
.4
Sdi
hlh
Cl
024
027
025
1060
4010
100
48
Sodi
um te
trach
loro
phen
ate
Can
al0.
240.
270.
2510
––
––
–60
4010
100
4.8
pLA
023
027
025
1020
8010
100
81
LA0.
230.
270.
2510
––
––
20–
8010
100
8.1
FL0
230
280
259
––
––
22–
789
100
113
FL0.
230.
280.
259
2278
910
011
.3M
S0
230
270
2510
1090
1010
010
7M
S0.
230.
270.
2510
––
––
–10
9010
100
10.7
WI
024
027
025
1010
010
100
114
WI
0.24
0.27
0.25
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
11.4
Cl
04
06
01
1020
8010
100
99
Can
al0.
470.
560.
5110
––
––
–20
8010
100
9.9
LA0
460
550
5010
2080
1010
010
9LA
0.46
0.55
0.50
10–
––
–20
–80
1010
010
.9FL
047
055
052
10–
––
––
–10
010
100
153
FL0.
470.
550.
5210
100
1010
015
.3M
S0.
480.
580.
5210
––
––
––
100
1010
015
.1W
I0
470
550
5210
100
1010
014
5W
I0.
470.
550.
5210
––
––
100
––
1010
014
.5
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
11
Tabl
e2
Con
ditio
nof
Sout
hern
Pine
stak
es(2
by4
inno
min
alby
18in
)tre
ated
with
chlo
rinat
edph
enol
san
dw
ithflu
orch
rom
ear
sena
teph
enol
Type
ATa
ble
2–C
ondi
tion
of S
outh
ern
Pine
sta
kes
(2 b
y 4
in. n
omin
al b
y 18
in.)
trea
ted
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
with
fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol–
Type
A,
zinc
chlo
ride
and
chro
mat
edzi
ncch
lorid
eaf
ter1
5to
28ye
ars
inte
stSt
akes
plac
edin
test
atB
arro
Col
orad
oIs
land
Can
alZo
neSe
ptem
ber1
938;
zin
c ch
lorid
e, a
nd c
hrom
ated
zin
c ch
lorid
e af
ter 1
5 to
28
year
s in
test
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st a
t Bar
ro C
olor
ado
Isla
nd, C
anal
Zon
e, S
epte
mbe
r 193
8;
SB
ogal
usa,
Lou
isia
na, D
ecem
ber 1
939;
Jac
kson
ville
, Flo
rida,
Jan
uary
193
9; H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber 1
938;
g,
,;
,,
y;
p,
,pp
,;
and
Mad
ison
Wis
cons
inN
ovem
ber1
939
(Plo
t2)
cont
and
Mad
ison
, Wis
cons
in, N
ovem
ber 1
939
(Plo
t 2)–
cont
.C
diti
ft
kD
b19
66c
(%)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es D
ecem
ber 1
966c (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
ebu
tD
estro
yed
bySe
rvic
eabl
e bu
tD
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
show
ing
som
eD
ecay
ND
fi
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iy
gbe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
geR
eten
tion
ofsa
ltsa
(lb/ft
3 )in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
talr
emov
edlif
e R
eten
tion
of sa
lts (l
b/ft
)in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
eP
tiL
tiM
ii
Mi
Ate
stb
Gd
Dtt
ktt
kf
itt
ktt
kN
b%
()
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
Min
imum
Max
imum
Ave
rage
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Sodi
um te
trach
loro
phen
ate
Can
al0.
700.
830.
7610
––
––
––
100
1010
013
.1So
du
teta
co
ope
ate
Ca
a0.
700.
830.
760
000
003.
(ti
d)LA
071
083
077
1030
7010
100
119
(co
ntin
ued)
LA0.
710.
830.
7710
––
––
30–
7010
100
11.9
FL0
680
830
769
1189
910
016
8FL
0.68
0.83
0.76
9–
––
––
1189
910
016
.8M
S0.
680.
820.
7510
––
––
––
100
1010
019
.7M
S0.
680.
820.
7510
100
1010
019
.7W
I0
670
810
759
100
910
016
7W
I0.
670.
810.
75 9
––
––
100
––
910
016
.7
Fluo
rchr
ome
arse
nate
Can
al0.
18(0
.11)
0.22
(0.1
4)0.
20(0
.12)
10–
––
––
100
–10
100
2.9
Fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
Can
al0.
18 (0
.11)
0.22
(0.1
4)0.
20 (0
.12)
1010
010
100
2.9
hl
TA
LA0
19(0
12)
022
(014
)0
20(0
12)
1050
5010
100
96
phe
nol –
Typ
e A
LA0.
19 (0
.12)
0.22
(0.1
4)0.
20 (0
.12)
10–
––
–50
–50
1010
09.
6p
yp(
)(
)(
)FL
018
(011
)0
21(0
13)
020
(012
)10
5050
1010
013
9FL
0.18
(0.1
1)0.
21 (0
.13)
0.20
(0.1
2)10
––
––
50–
5010
100
13.9
MS
0.18
(0.1
1)0.
21(0
.13)
0.20
(0.1
2)10
––
––
1050
4010
100
10.2
MS
0.18
(0.1
1)0.
21 (0
.13)
0.20
(0.1
2)10
1050
4010
100
10.2
WI
013
(008
)0
22(0
14)
020
(012
)10
100
1010
013
8W
I0.
13 (0
.08)
0.22
(0.1
4)0.
20 (0
.12)
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
13.8
()
()
()
Can
al0
28(0
17)
033
(020
)0
30(0
19)
10–
––
––
3070
1010
06
4C
anal
0.28
(0.1
7)0.
33 (0
.20)
0.30
(0.1
9)10
3070
1010
06.
4LA
028
(017
)0
32(0
20)
030
(019
)10
2080
1010
013
7LA
0.28
(0.1
7)0.
32 (0
.20)
0.30
(0.1
9)10
––
––
20–
8010
100
13.7
()
()
()
FL0
29(0
18)
032
(020
)0
30(0
19)
1010
010
100
154
FL0.
29 (0
.18)
0.32
(0.2
0)0.
30 (0
.19)
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
15.4
MS
029
(018
)0
32(0
20)
030
(019
)10
––
––
10–
9010
100
180
MS
0.29
(0.1
8)0.
32 (0
.20)
0.30
(0.1
9)10
1090
1010
018
.0W
I0.
27 (0
.17)
0.30
(0.1
9)0.
28 (0
.17)
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
16.5
()
()
()
Cl
053
(033
)0
66(0
41)
060
(037
)10
4060
1010
014
2C
anal
0.53
(0.3
3)0.
66 (0
.41)
0.60
(0.3
7)10
––
––
40–
6010
100
14.2
LA0
56(0
35)
064
(040
)0
60(0
37)
10–
––
–50
–50
1010
015
6LA
0.56
(0.3
5)0.
64 (0
.40)
0.60
(0.3
7)10
5050
1010
015
.6FL
0.57
(0.3
5)0.
65 (0
.40)
0.61
(0.3
8)10
––
––
100
––
1010
017
.3(
)(
)(
)M
S0
57(0
35)
065
(040
)0
61(0
38)
1060
4010
100
241
MS
0.57
(0.3
5)0.
65 (0
.40)
0.61
(0.3
8)10
––
––
60–
4010
100
24.1
WI
059
(036
)0
68(0
42)
065
(040
)10
––
––
100
––
1010
016
0W
I0.
59 (0
.36)
0.68
(0.4
2)0.
65 (0
.40)
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
16.0
Sdi
thl
ht
Cl
052
055
054
1030
7010
100
87
Sodi
um p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
eC
anal
0.52
0.55
0.54
10–
––
––
3070
1010
08.
7d
dihl
ide
LA0
460
530
4910
100
1010
013
3 a
nd so
dium
chl
orid
eeLA
0.46
0.53
0.49
10–
––
––
–10
010
100
13.3
FL0
480
540
5010
5010
405
50FL
0.48
0.54
0.50
10–
––
5010
–40
550
–M
S0
460
530
4910
––
––
––
100
1010
016
3M
S0.
460.
530.
4910
100
1010
016
.3W
I0
460
530
5010
100
1010
016
8W
I0.
460.
530.
5010
––
––
100
––
1010
016
.8
Zinc
chlo
ride
Can
al0
44(0
26)
053
(032
)0
47(0
28)
10–
––
––
3070
1010
03
9Zi
nc c
hlor
ide
Can
al0.
44 (0
.26)
0.53
(0.3
2)0.
47 (0
.28)
1030
7010
100
3.9
LA0
45(0
27)
055
(033
)0
50(0
30)
1030
7010
100
82
LA0.
45 (0
.27)
0.55
(0.3
3)0.
50 (0
.30)
10–
––
–30
–70
1010
08.
2(
)(
)(
)FL
045
(027
)0
53(0
32)
049
(029
)10
2080
1010
012
9FL
0.45
(0.2
7)0.
53 (0
.32)
0.49
(0.2
9)10
––
––
20–
8010
100
12.9
MS
045
(027
)0
54(0
32)
050
(030
)10
––
––
40–
6010
100
154
MS
0.45
(0.2
7)0.
54 (0
.32)
0.50
(0.3
0)10
4060
1010
015
.4W
I0
45(0
27)
053
(032
)0
49(0
29)
1010
010
100
183
WI
0.45
(0.2
7)0.
53 (0
.32)
0.49
(0.2
9)10
––
––
100
––
1010
018
.3(
)(
)(
)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
12
Tabl
e2
Con
ditio
nof
Sout
hern
Pine
stak
es(2
by4
inno
min
alby
18in
)tre
ated
with
chlo
rinat
edph
enol
san
dw
ithflu
orch
rom
ear
sena
teph
enol
Type
ATa
ble
2–C
ondi
tion
of S
outh
ern
Pine
sta
kes
(2 b
y 4
in. n
omin
al b
y 18
in.)
trea
ted
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
with
fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol–
Type
A,
zinc
chlo
ride
and
chro
mat
edzi
ncch
lorid
eaf
ter1
5to
28ye
ars
inte
stSt
akes
plac
edin
test
atB
arro
Col
orad
oIs
land
Can
alZo
neSe
ptem
ber1
938;
zinc
chl
orid
e, a
nd c
hrom
ated
zin
c ch
lorid
e af
ter 1
5 to
28
year
s in
test
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st a
t Bar
ro C
olor
ado
Isla
nd, C
anal
Zon
e, S
epte
mbe
r 193
8;
SB
ogal
usa,
Lou
isia
na, D
ecem
ber 1
939;
Jac
kson
ville
, Flo
rida,
Jan
uary
193
9; H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber 1
938;
and
g
,,
;,
,y
;p
,,
pp,
;M
adis
onW
isco
nsin
Nov
embe
r193
9(P
lot2
)co
ntM
adis
on, W
isco
nsin
, Nov
embe
r 193
9 (P
lot 2
)–co
nt.
Cdi
tif
tk
Db
1966
c(%
)C
ondi
tion
of st
akes
Dec
embe
r 196
6c (%)
()
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
dby
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
– Dec
aysh
owin
gso
me–
Dec
ayN
Df
ish
owin
g so
me
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iy
gbe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gein
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
itelif
eTo
talr
emov
edR
eten
tion
ofsa
ltsa
(lb/ft
3 )in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
itelif
eTo
tal r
emov
ed R
eten
tion
of sa
lts (l
b/ft
)P
tiL
tiM
ii
Mi
Ate
stb
Gd
Dtt
ktt
kf
itt
ktt
kN
b%
()
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
Min
imum
Max
imum
Ave
rage
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Zinc
chl
orid
eC
anal
0.70
(0.4
2)0.
82 (0
.49)
0.76
(0.4
5)10
––
––
––
100
1010
03.
9c
co
deC
aa
0.70
(0.
)0.
8(0
.9)
0.76
(0.
5)0
000
003.
9(
tid)
LA0
70(0
42)
078
(047
)0
74(0
44)
1040
6010
100
121
(co
ntin
ued)
LA0.
70 (0
.42)
0.78
(0.4
7)0.
74 (0
.44)
10–
––
–40
–60
1010
012
.1FL
071
(042
)0
82(0
49)
076
(045
)10
4060
1010
013
5FL
0.71
(0.4
2)0.
82 (0
.49)
0.76
(0.4
5)10
––
––
40–
6010
100
13.5
MS
0.70
(0.4
2)0.
79(0
.47)
0.74
(0.4
4)10
––
––
2010
7010
100
16.7
MS
0.70
(0.4
2)0.
79 (0
.47)
0.74
(0.4
4)10
2010
7010
100
16.7
WI
065
(039
)0
87(0
52)
075
(045
)9
100
910
018
9W
I0.
65 (0
.39)
0.87
(0.5
2)0.
75 (0
.45)
9–
––
–10
0–
–9
100
18.9
Can
al0.
94(0
.56)
1.08
(0.6
4)1.
00(0
.60)
10–
––
––
4060
1010
04.
0C
anal
0.94
(0.5
6)1.
08 (0
.64)
1.00
(0.6
0)10
4060
1010
04.
0LA
094
(056
)1
08(0
64)
101
(060
)10
7030
1010
011
6LA
0.94
(0.5
6)1.
08 (0
.64)
1.01
(0.6
0)10
––
––
70–
3010
100
11.6
()
()
()
FL0
95(0
57)
108
(064
)1
02(0
61)
1020
8010
100
152
FL0.
95 (0
.57)
1.08
(0.6
4)1.
02 (0
.61)
10–
––
–20
–80
1010
015
.2M
S0.
94(0
.56)
1.07
(0.6
4)1.
01(0
.60)
10–
––
–10
–90
1010
017
.3M
S0.
94 (0
.56)
1.07
(0.6
4)1.
01 (0
.60)
1010
9010
100
17.3
WI
093
(056
)1
13(0
68)
102
(061
)10
100
1010
019
0W
I0.
93 (0
.56)
1.13
(0.6
8)1.
02 (0
.61)
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
19.0
()
()
()
Can
al1
40(0
84)
162
(097
)1
49(0
89)
10–
––
––
1090
1010
07
3C
anal
1.40
(0.8
4)1.
62 (0
.97)
1.49
(0.8
9)10
1090
1010
07.
3LA
144
(086
)1
63(0
97)
152
(091
)10
4060
1010
011
1LA
1.44
(0.8
6)1.
63 (0
.97)
1.52
(0.9
1)10
––
––
40–
6010
100
11.1
()
()
()
FL1
41(0
84)
162
(097
)1
50(0
89)
1020
8010
100
157
FL1.
41 (0
.84)
1.62
(0.9
7)1.
50 (0
.89)
10–
––
–20
–80
1010
015
.7M
S1
43(0
85)
163
(097
)1
52(0
91)
10–
––
–50
–50
1010
017
9M
S1.
43 (0
.85)
1.63
(0.9
7)1.
52 (0
.91)
1050
5010
100
17.9
WI
136
(081
)1
74(1
04)
159
(094
)10
100
1010
018
7W
I1.
36 (0
.81)
1.74
(1.0
4)1.
59 (0
.94)
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
18.7
()
()
()
Chr
omat
edzi
ncch
lorid
eC
anal
045
(028
)0
55(0
34)
049
(030
)10
––
––
––
100
1010
04
9C
hrom
ated
zin
c ch
lorid
eC
anal
0.45
(0.2
8)0.
55 (0
.34)
0.49
(0.3
0)10
100
1010
04.
9LA
0.46
(0.2
8)0.
55(0
.34)
0.49
(0.3
0)10
––
––
4010
5010
100
8.6
LA0.
46 (0
.28)
0.55
(0.3
4)0.
49 (0
.30)
1040
1050
1010
08.
6FL
045
(028
)0
53(0
33)
048
(030
)8
2575
810
014
3FL
0.45
(0.2
8)0.
53 (0
.33)
0.48
(0.3
0) 8
––
––
25–
758
100
14.3
MS
045
(028
)0
55(0
34)
049
(030
)10
3010
6010
100
142
MS
0.45
(0.2
8)0.
55 (0
.34)
0.49
(0.3
0)10
––
––
3010
6010
100
14.2
WI
043
(026
)0
53(0
33)
046
(029
)10
––
––
100
––
1010
016
2W
I0.
43 (0
.26)
0.53
(0.3
3)0.
46 (0
.29)
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
16.2
Cl
070
(043
)0
81(0
50)
076
(047
)10
100
1010
07
2C
anal
0.70
(0.4
3)0.
81 (0
.50)
0.76
(0.4
7)10
––
––
––
100
1010
07.
2LA
070
(043
)0
80(0
49)
076
(047
)10
4060
1010
010
6LA
0.70
(0.4
3)0.
80 (0
.49)
0.76
(0.4
7)10
––
––
40–
6010
100
10.6
FL0.
73(0
.45)
0.81
(0.5
0)0.
77(0
.47)
9–
––
–11
–89
910
015
.9FL
0.73
(0.4
5)0.
81 (0
.50)
0.77
(0.4
7) 9
1189
910
015
.9M
S0
72(0
44)
081
(050
)0
76(0
47)
1040
6010
100
202
MS
0.72
(0.4
4)0.
81 (0
.50)
0.76
(0.4
7)10
––
––
40–
6010
100
20.2
WI
070
(043
)0
86(0
53)
080
(049
)10
100
1010
014
7W
I0.
70 (0
.43)
0.86
(0.5
3)0.
80 (0
.49)
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
14.7
Cl
095
(048
)1
11(0
68)
102
(063
)10
1090
1010
06
6C
anal
0.95
(0.4
8)1.
11 (0
.68)
1.02
(0.6
3)10
––
––
10–
9010
100
6.6
()
()
()
LA0
93(0
57)
107
(066
)1
00(0
62)
1040
6010
100
119
LA0.
93 (0
.57)
1.07
(0.6
6)1.
00 (0
.62)
10–
––
–40
–60
1010
011
.9FL
096
(059
)1
09(0
67)
103
(063
)10
1020
709
9017
0dFL
0.96
(0.5
9)1.
09 (0
.67)
1.03
(0.6
3)10
––
–10
20–
709
9017
.0M
S0
96(0
59)
109
(067
)1
03(0
63)
10–
––
–50
–50
1010
020
1M
S0.
96 (0
.59)
1.09
(0.6
7)1.
03 (0
.63)
1050
5010
100
20.1
WI
089
(055
)1
13(0
70)
102
(063
)10
100
1010
018
3W
I0.
89 (0
.55)
1.13
(0.7
0)1.
02 (0
.63)
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
18.3
()
()
()
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
13
Tabl
e2–
Con
ditio
nof
Sout
hern
Pine
stak
es(2
by4
inno
min
alby
18in
)tre
ated
with
chlo
rinat
edph
enol
san
dw
ithflu
orch
rom
ear
sena
teph
enol
–Ta
ble
2C
ondi
tion
of S
outh
ern
Pine
sta
kes
(2 b
y 4
in. n
omin
al b
y 18
in.)
trea
ted
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
with
fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol
TA
ihl
idd
ht
di
hlid
ft15
t28
it
tSt
kl
di
tt
tBC
ld
Il
dC
lZS
tb
Type
A, z
inc
chlo
ride,
and
chr
omat
ed z
inc
chlo
ride
afte
r 15
to 2
8 ye
ars
in te
st.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
at B
arro
Col
orad
o Is
land
, Can
al Z
one,
Sep
tem
ber
yp,
,y
p,
,p
1938
;Bog
alus
aLA
Dec
embe
r193
9;Ja
ckso
nvill
eFl
orid
aJa
nuar
y19
39;H
arris
onEx
perim
enta
lFor
est
Sauc
ier
Mis
siss
ippi
Dec
embe
r193
8;an
d19
38; B
ogal
usa,
LA
, Dec
embe
r 193
9; J
acks
onvi
lle, F
lorid
a, J
anua
ry 1
939;
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, Dec
embe
r 193
8; a
nd
Mad
ison
Wis
cons
inN
ovem
ber1
939
(Plo
t2)–
cont
Mad
ison
, Wis
cons
in, N
ovem
ber 1
939
(Plo
t 2)
cont
.c
Con
ditio
nof
stak
esD
ecem
ber1
966c
(%)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es D
ecem
ber 1
966
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
dby
– DSe
rvic
eabl
e bu
tD
estro
yed
byh
iD
ecay
show
ing
som
e–y
ND
fi
gN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
yg
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
3in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
itelif
eTo
talr
emov
edR
eten
tion
ofsa
ltsa
(lb/ft
3 )in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
itelif
eTo
tal r
emov
edR
eten
tion
of sa
lts (l
b/ft
)Pr
eser
vativ
eLo
catio
nM
inim
umM
axim
umA
vera
gete
stb
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)Pr
eser
vativ
eLo
catio
nM
inim
umM
axim
umA
vera
gete
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Unt
reat
edco
ntro
lsC
anal
––
–10
––
––
–10
0–
1010
00
7U
ntre
ated
con
trols
Can
al10
100
1010
00.
7LA
––
–10
––
––
2020
6010
100
2.9
LA10
2020
6010
100
2.9
FL10
1090
1010
02
8FL
––
–10
––
––
–10
9010
100
2.8
MS
1070
3010
100
29
MS
––
–10
––
––
–70
3010
100
2.9
WI
––
–10
––
––
100
––
1010
05
7W
I–
––
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
5.7
aa Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es a
re b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
pp
b Ten
stak
esw
ere
orig
inal
lyin
stal
led
atea
chte
stst
atio
n;th
isnu
mbe
rhas
sinc
ebe
enre
duce
dei
ther
beca
use
offa
ilure
tolo
cate
the
stak
esat
the
time
ofTe
n st
akes
wer
e or
igin
ally
inst
alle
d at
eac
h te
st st
atio
n; th
is n
umbe
r has
sinc
e be
en re
duce
d ei
ther
bec
ause
of f
ailu
re to
loca
te th
e st
akes
at t
he ti
me
of i
nspe
ctio
n or
bec
ause
of d
amag
e by
fire
.p
gy
c Fili
titC
lZJ
1956
tLi
iD
b19
58tF
lid
Db
1960
tWi
iO
tb
1964
c Fina
l ins
pect
ion
at C
anal
Zon
e, Ja
nuar
y 19
56; a
t Lou
isia
na, D
ecem
ber 1
958;
at F
lorid
a, D
ecem
ber 1
960;
at W
isco
nsin
, Oct
ober
196
4;an
dat
Mis
siss
ippi
Dec
embe
r196
6 a
nd a
t Mis
siss
ippi
, Dec
embe
r 196
6.d d Es
timat
e ba
sed
on p
erce
ntag
e of
stak
es re
mai
ning
afte
r fin
al in
spec
tion.
pg
gp
e Rt
til
bd
dit
hlh
tl
Sdi
hlid
ddd
lt20
%f
iht
fdi
thl
ht
il
tie R
eten
tion
valu
es b
ased
on
sodi
um p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
e on
ly.
Sodi
um c
hlor
ide
adde
d w
as e
qual
to 2
0% o
f wei
ght o
f sod
ium
pen
tach
loro
phen
ate
in so
lutio
n.Th
isst
udy
was
initi
ated
byR
MW
irka
This
stud
y w
as in
itiat
ed b
y R
. M. W
irka.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
14
Tabl
e 3–
Con
ditio
n of
ply
woo
d st
akes
and
resi
n-im
preg
nate
d st
akes
set
Jan
uary
194
0 on
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, afte
r abo
ut 2
7 ye
ars
in te
st (P
lot 3
)C
ondi
tion
of st
akes
Janu
ary
1967
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayA
ppro
xim
ate
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iav
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
geSt
ake
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
eG
roup
num
ber
Trea
tmen
t (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Plyw
ooda
11-
1-40
toEa
ch p
ly im
preg
nate
d w
ith a
50%
aqu
eous
solu
ti10
8–
––
–38
–62
810
012
.41-
10-4
0 o
f phe
nolic
resi
n, sl
owly
drie
d, a
nd c
ured
for 1
day
at 2
20°F
. Bon
ded
with
phe
nolic
-res
in fi
lm
22-
1-40
toSa
me
as g
roup
1 e
xcep
t tha
t a 2
5% so
lutio
n w
as5
10–
––
–60
–40
10c
100
6.9
2-10
-40
use
d
33-
1-40
toFa
ce p
lies i
mpr
egna
ted
as in
gro
up 1
and
bon
ded
10b
10–
––
––
100
–10
c10
03.
33-
10-4
0 to
an
untre
ated
cor
e w
ith p
heno
lic-r
esin
film
44-
1-40
toFa
ce p
lies i
mpr
egna
ted
as in
gro
up 2
and
bon
ded
5b10
––
––
–10
0–
10c
100
3.5
4-10
-40
to a
n un
treat
ed c
ore
with
phe
nolic
-res
in fi
lm
55-
1-40
toSa
me
as g
roup
2 e
xcep
t tha
t edg
es o
f spe
cim
ens
10b
10–
––
–20
80–
10c
100
4.9
5-10
-40
wer
e gi
ven
a pr
otec
tive
treat
men
t by
dipp
ing
in a
phe
nolic
resi
n co
ntai
ning
15%
alc
ohol
66-
1-40
toSa
me
as g
roup
4 e
xcep
t tha
t edg
es w
ere
prot
ecte
5b9
––
––
2244
339c
100
9.4
6-10
-40
as i
n gr
oup
5
77-
1-40
toU
ntre
ated
plie
s bon
ded
with
phe
nolic
-res
in–
10–
––
––
7030
1010
01.
97-
1-40
film
88-
1-40
toU
ntre
ated
plie
s bon
ded
with
hot
-pre
ss u
rea
–10
––
––
–70
3010
100
1.9
8-10
-40
resi
n
99-
1-40
toU
ntre
ated
plie
s bon
ded
with
cas
ein
glue
–8
––
––
–88
128d
100
1.0
9-10
-40
(FPL
form
ula
4B)
1010
-1-4
0 to
Unt
reat
ed p
lies (
yello
w b
irch)
bon
ded
with
–10
––
––
1030
6010
100
1.9
10-1
0-40
phe
nolic
-res
in fl
im
1111
-1-4
0 to
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–s
olid
woo
d–
10–
––
––
8020
1010
02.
411
-10-
40 (1
/4 b
y 4
by 1
8 in
.)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
15
Tabl
e 3–
Con
ditio
n of
ply
woo
d st
akes
and
resi
n-im
preg
nate
d st
akes
set
Jan
uary
194
0 on
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, afte
r abo
ut 2
7 ye
ars
in
test
(Plo
t 3)–
cont
.C
ondi
tion
of st
akes
Janu
ary
1967
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayA
ppro
xim
ate
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iav
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
geSt
ake
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
eG
roup
num
ber
Trea
tmen
t (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Stak
es (I
mpr
eg)e
1212
-1-4
0 to
Impr
egna
ted
sam
e as
gro
up 1
1010
–10
–10
50–
308
8019
.5f
12-1
0-40
1313
-1-4
0 to
Impr
egna
ted
sam
e as
gro
up 2
510
––
––
50–
5010
100
11.7
13-1
0-40
1414
-1-4
0 to
Con
trols
–unt
reat
ed–
10–
––
––
8020
1010
02.
514
-10-
40
Com
pres
sed
Plyw
ood
(Com
preg
)g
1515
-1-4
0 to
Dou
glas
-fir–
all p
lies i
mpr
egna
ted
as in
gro
up 1
,10
310
0–
––
––
––
––
15-3
-40
drie
d an
d as
sem
bled
with
out t
he u
se o
f glu
e on
a h
ot p
ress
at 3
30°F
and
1,0
00-lb
. pre
ssur
e p
er sq
uare
inch
15-4
-40
toY
ello
w-p
opla
r–al
l plie
s im
preg
nate
d an
d10
3–
––
–1
–2
310
019
.615
-6-4
0 c
ompr
esse
d th
e sa
me
as fo
r Dou
glas
-fir
a Spec
imen
s in
grou
ps 1
to 9
wer
e th
ree-
ply
Dou
glas
-fir;
in g
roup
10,
yel
low
birc
h. S
peci
men
s wer
e 1/
4 by
4 b
y 18
in. a
nd m
ade
of 1
/16-
in. f
aces
and
a 1
/8-in
. cor
e. S
peci
men
s in
grou
p 11
wer
e so
lid D
ougl
as-f
ir, 1
/4 b
y 4
by 1
8 in
.b In
crea
se b
ased
on
treat
ed fa
ces.
c Det
erio
ratio
n pr
inci
pally
in c
ores
.d So
me
sepa
ratio
n of
plie
s had
als
o oc
curr
ed.
e Spec
imen
s are
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne sa
pwoo
d, 2
by
4 no
min
al b
y 18
in.
f Bas
ed o
n es
timat
ed li
fe o
f 2 re
mai
ning
stak
es.
g Dou
glas
-fir
and
yello
w-p
opla
r spe
cim
ens m
ade
of 1
5-1/
15-in
. plie
s, co
mpr
esse
d to
a th
ickn
ess o
f 3/8
in. S
peci
men
s wer
e 3/
8 by
4 b
y 14
in.
NO
TE–S
take
s rem
aini
ng a
fter t
he 1
952
insp
ectio
n w
ere
take
n up
and
rese
t in
the
sam
e ge
nera
l are
a.Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
R. M
. Wirk
a.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
16
Table 4–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chromated zinc arsenate (Boliden salts), zinc chloride,and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 60 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, September 1940; Harrison ExperimentalForest, Saucier, Mississippi, June 1940; and Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1940 (Plot 4)
Condition of stakes January 2000a (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Average retention Num- Decay fungi (lb/ft3) ber and and Average
Dry in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Location Oil saltb test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Zinc chloride WI – 0.50 (0.30) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.8MS – 0.50 (0.30) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 14.2Canal – 0.49 (0.29) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 3.0
WI – 1.03 (0.61) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 19.8MS – 1.02 (0.61) 10 – – – – 60 10 30 10 100 14.4Canal – 1.01 (0.60) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 3.6
WI – 1.51 (0.90) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 22.3MS – 1.51 (0.90) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 18.1Canal – 1.49 (0.89) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 4.5
Chromated zinc WI – 0.33 (0.22) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 19.6 arsenate MS – 0.33 (0.22) 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 33.0 (Boliden salts)c Canal – 0.33 (0.22) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 9.2
WI – 0.44 (0.29) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 26.1MS – 0.44 (0.29) 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 39.3Canal – 0.44 (0.29) 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 11.6
WI – 0.60 (0.40) 9 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 24.9MS – 0.58 (0.38) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 51.7Canal – 0.58 (0.38) 10 – – – – 60 40 – 10 100 14.6
WI – 0.78 (0.52) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 34.6MS – 0.78 (0.52) 10 – – – 70 10 – 20 3 30 –Canal – 0.78 (0.52) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 15.1
WI – 1.06 (0.70) 9 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 36.2MS – 1.06 (0.70) 10 – – – 10 – – – – – –Canal – 1.05 (0.69) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 15.3
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
17
Table 4–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chromated zinc arsenate (Boliden salts), zinc chloride,and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 60 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, September 1940; Harrison ExperimentalForest, Saucier, Mississippi, June 1940; and Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1940 (Plot 4)–cont.
Condition of stakes January 2000a (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiber and and Average
Dry in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Location Oil saltb test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Coal-tar creosote WI 4.3 – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 37.9MS 4.2 – 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 17.8Canal 4.3 – 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 13.4
WI 8.0 – 7 – 71 – – 29 – – 2 29 –MS 8.0 – 10 – – – 10 40 – 50 9 90 –
Canal 8.0 – 10 – 60 – 10 30 – – 3 30 19d
WI 11.8 – 9 33 67 – – – – – – – –MS 11.8 – 10 – 10 – 40 20 – 30 5 50 –Canal 11.8 – 10 – 60 – – 40 – – 4 40 18d
WI 16.3 – 9 33 56 – – 11 – – 1 11 –MS 16.5 – 10 – 10 – 80 10 – – 1 10 –Canal 16.5 – 10 – 90 – 10 – – – – – –
WI 1.8e – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.4MS 1.8e – 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 7.7Canal 1.8e – 10 – – – – – 80 20 10 100 4.8
WI 0.71f – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 8.4MS 0.76f – 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 4.2Canal 0.76f – 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 2.5
Untreated controls WI – – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.2MS – – 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 2.2Canal – – 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 1.1
aFinal inspection at Canal Zone, January 1956.bRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.cRetention based upon total anhydrous salts: ZnSO4 + H3AsO4 + Na2HAsO4 + Na2Cr2O7.dEstimate based upon percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.e15-min dip at room temperature.fBrush treatment, two coats.This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka.
(lb/ft3)Average retention
Research Note FPL–RN–02
18
Table 5–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, Louisiana, March 1941; Jacksonville, Florida, March 1941; and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1941 (Plot 5)
Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–
Retention of showing some– Decay preservativea Num- Decay fungi
(lb/ft3) ber and and AverageLoca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack (Number) (%) (year)
Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.23 0.27 0.25 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 6.4LA 0.23 0.26 0.25 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 10.0FL 0.23 0.36 0.25 9 – – – – – – 100 10 100 14.5MS 0.23 0.36 0.25 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 16.9
Canal 0.31 0.34 0.33 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 10.9LA 0.31 0.34 0.33 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 10.4FL 0.32 0.34 0.33 8 – – – – – 12 88 8 100 16.4MS 0.31 0.34 0.33 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 19.5
Canal 0.47 0.55 0.51 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 12.9LA 0.48 0.54 0.51 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 15.5FL 0.47 0.54 0.50 10 – – – 50 – – 50 5 50 21.0d
MS 0.47 0.55 0.51 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 21.3
Canal 0.73 0.81 0.77 10 – – – – 50 20 30 10 100 14.3LA 0.72 0.82 0.77 8 – – – 50 – – 50 4 50 22.0d
FL 0.72 0.83 0.77 10 – – – 80 – – 20 2 20 27.0d
MS 0.72 0.83 0.77 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 26.2
Canal 0.92 1.09 0.99 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 14.2LA 0.92 1.09 0.99 7 – – – 57 – – 43 3 43 22.0d
FL 0.91 1.10 0.99 9 – – – 100 – – – 0 0 –MS 0.93 1.08 0.99 10 – – – 20 30 – 50 8 80 –
Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.41 0.47 0.44 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 11.1 and sodium chromate; LA 0.41 0.47 0.44 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 15.6 chemical ratio FL 0.40 0.47 0.44 9 – – – 44 – – 56 5 56 20.3d
3.24:1 MS 0.40 0.47 0.44 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 23.0
Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.54 0.62 0.58 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.8 and borax LA 0.54 0.62 0.58 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 11.3 1:0.76 chemical ratio FL 0.53 0.62 0.57 8 – – – – – – 100 10 100 17.9
MS 0.54 0.61 0.58 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 21.0
1:2 chemical ratio Canal 0.71 0.80 0.75 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.2LA 0.71 0.81 0.75 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 9.9FL 0.72 0.82 0.76 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.9MS 0.71 0.80 0.75 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 18.8
(Page 1 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
19
Table 5–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, Louisiana, March 1941; Jacksonville,Florida, March 1941; and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1941 (Plot 5)
Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–
Retention of showing some– Decay preservativea Num- Decay fungi
(lb/ft3) ber and and AverageLoca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
1:1.52 chemical ratio Canal 0.78 0.88 0.83 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 13.0LA 0.77 0.88 0.82 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 10.0FL 0.79 0.86 0.82 9 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16.7MS 0.79 0.87 0.83 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 18.9
1:3 chemical ratio Canal 0.91 1.06 0.98 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 11.5LA 0.90 1.07 0.98 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 8.9FL 0.92 1.05 0.98 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 13.2MS 0.92 1.06 0.98 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 16.1
1:2.27 chemical ratio Canal 1.00 1.19 1.09 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.7LA 1.01 1.16 1.09 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 9.9FL 1.01 1.18 1.09 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 18.6MS 1.01 1.18 1.09 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 18.6
1:1.50 chemical ratio Canal 1.17 1.32 1.25 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 12.8LA 1.17 1.32 1.25 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 14.6
FL 1.17 1.32 1.25 10 – – – 20 10 – 70 8 80 16.5d
MS 1.17 1.33 1.25 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 20.9
5% pentachlorophenol Canal 4.0 5.4 4.7 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 13.0
in fuel oile LA 4.0 5.4 4.8 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16.6
FL 4.0 5.6 4.8 10 – – – 40 – – 60 6 60 20.0d
MS 4.2 5.4 4.7 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 21.0
Canal 8.6 10.5 9.6 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 14.4
LA 8.4 10.9 9.6 7 – – – 57 – – 43 3 43 23.0d
FL 8.8 10.5 9.6 9 – – – 67 – – 33 3 33 24.0d
MS 8.6 10.5 9.6 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 27.2
Canal 14.0 16.5 15.3 10 – – – 40 10 – 50 6 60 15.0d
LA 14.2 16.3 15.3 7 – – – 100 – – – – – –FL 14.2 16.3 15.3 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –MS 14.0 16.3 15.3 10 – – – 50 10 – 40 5 50 –
Canal 18.6 21.5 20.1 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –LA 18.2 21.7 20.1 7 – – – 100 – – – – – –FL 18.2 21.7 20.1 9 – 22 – 78 – – – – – –MS 18.2 21.9 20.0 9 – – – 89 – – 11 1 11 –
Research Note FPL–RN–02
20
Table 5–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, Louisiana, March 1941; Jacksonville, FL, March 1941;and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1941 (Plot 5)
Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–
Retention of showing some– Decay preservativea Num- Decay fungi
(lb/ft3) ber and and AverageLoca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
3% pentachlorophenol + Canal 4.2 5.8 4.9 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 12.6 2% chloro-2-phenylphenol LA 4.4 5.8 4.9 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 14.2 in fuel oile FL 4.4 5.8 4.9 9 – – – 22 – – 78 7 78 20.0d
MS 4.2 5.8 4.9 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 19.2
Canal 9.1 10.9 10.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 13.7LA 9.1 10.9 10.0 6 – – – 67 – – 33 2 33 24.7d
FL 8.9 11.0 10.0 8 – – – 75 – – 25 2 25 25.3d
MS 8.9 11.0 10.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 24.4
Canal 14.2 16.3 15.4 10 – – – 10 10 – 80 9 90 12.0d
LA 13.8 16.3 15.3 6 – – – 100 – – – – – –FL 13.8 16.3 15.3 9 – – – 100 – – – – – –MS 14.4 16.1 15.3 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 31.9
Coal-tar creosote, grade 1 Canal 3.5 6.7 4.7 10 – – – 10 90 – – 9 90 12.0d
LA 3.3 6.7 4.6 6 – – – 33 – – 67 4 67 22.0d
FL 3.3 6.5 4.7 9 – – – 33 33 – 33 6 67 19.0d
MS 3.5 6.5 4.6 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 21.3
Canal 8.4 11.6 10.0 10 – 60 – 20 10 – 10 2 20 20.0d
LA 8.6 11.2 10.0 4 – – – 75 – – 25 1 25 26.6d
FL 8.6 11.4 10.0 10 – – – 90 10 – – 1 10 –MS 8.4 11.4 10.0 10 – – – 10 60 – 30 9 90 –
Canal 13.5 15.4 14.4 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –LA 13.5 15.9 14.5 6 50 17 17 17 – – – – – –FL 13.5 15.9 14.4 9 22 56 – 22 – – – – – –MS 13.3 16.1 14.5 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –
Fuel oile Canal 8.2 11.9 9.9 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 5.9LA 8.4 11.7 9.8 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 8.4FL 8.2 11.7 9.8 8 – – – – 12 – 88 8 100 9.7MS 8.2 11.7 9.8 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 6.3
Canal 18.2 21.0 19.4 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 7.8LA 18.2 21.4 19.4 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 11.9FL 18.2 21.4 19.4 9 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.4MS 18.0 21.9 19.4 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 9.1
(Page 3 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
21
Table 5–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, Louisiana, March 1941; Jacksonville, Florida, March 1941;and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1941 (Plot 5)
Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–
Retention of showing some– Decay preservativea Num- Decay fungi
(lb/ft3) ber and and AverageLoca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack (Number) (%) (year)
5% pentachlorophenol in Canal 0.5 1.4 0.8 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 2.7 fuel oile and naphtha LA 0.5 1.2 0.8 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 4.2 3-min dip FL 0.5 1.2 0.8 8 – – – – 12 – 88 8 100 5
MS 0.5 1.2 0.8 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 3.2
18-h soak Canal 2.1 2.6 2.4 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 9.1LA 2.1 2.8 2.4 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 8.4FL 2.1 3.0 2.4 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 11.9MS 1.9 3.0 2.4 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.9
5% pentachlorophenol in Canal 0.7 1.2 0.9 10 – – – – – 100 – 10 100 3.3 soybean oil, naphtha and LA 0.5 1.2 0.9 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 3.9 fuel oil e,f FL 0.5 1.6 0.9 7 – – – – – 14 86 7 100 5.4 3-min dip MS 0.7 1.2 0.9 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 4.9
18-h soak Canal 2.3 3.7 2.8 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 10.4LA 2.1 3.9 2.8 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 7.6FL 2.3 3.2 2.7 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.2MS 2.3 3.5 2.8 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16.3
18-h soakg Canal 1.1 3.0 2.3 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 7LA 1.8 2.6 2.3 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 6.3FL 1.8 2.8 2.3 8 – – – – 12 – 88 8 100 9.8MS 1.1 2.8 2.2 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 11.9
3% pentachlorophenol + 2% Canal 0.9 1.6 1.2 10 – – – – – 100 – 10 100 2.3 chloro-2-phenylphenol in LA 0.9 1.6 1.2 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 4.1 naphtha and fuel oil FL 0.7 1.6 1.2 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 5 3-min dip MS 0.5 1.8 1.2 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 5.3
18-h soak Canal 2.5 4.0 3.1 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 9LA 2.5 4.0 3.1 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 7.2FL 2.3 3.9 3.1 8 – – – – 12 – 88 8 100 10.8MS 2.6 4.4 3.1 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 13.8
Research Note FPL–RN–02
22
Table 5–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, Louisiana, March 1941; Jacksonville, FL, March 1941;and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1941 (Plot 5)
Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–
Retention of showing some– Decay preservativea Num- Decay fungi
(lb/ft3) ber and and AverageLoca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
3% pentachlorophenol + 2% Canal 0.5 0.9 0.8 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 1.6 chloro-2-phenylphenol in LA 0.5 0.9 0.7 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 3.9 solvent of 80% mineral spirits FL 0.5 0.9 0.8 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 2.8 and 20% moisture repellant MS 0.5 0.9 0.8 10 – – – – 20 30 50 10 100 3.6 3-min dip
18-h soak Canal 2.1 5.8 3.4 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 4.8LA 2.3 4.6 3.4 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 9.2FL 2.3 4.9 3.4 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 9.6MS 2.3 5.1 3.4 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 12.7
Untreated controls Canal – – – 10 – – – – – 100 – 10 100 1.2LA – – – 10 – – – – 50 20 30 10 100 2.4FL – – – 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 1.8MS – – – 10 – – – – 30 40 30 10 100 2.4
aBased upon weight of dry chemical for sodium pentachlorophenate alone or mixed with other chemicals and on weight of solution for other treatments. Values for stakes originally installed.bTen stakes were originally installed in test. This number has since been reduced either because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of the inspection or because of damage by fire.cFinal inspection at Canal Zone, January 1956; at Jacksonville, FL, November 1960; and at Bogalusa, LA, December 1962.dEstimate based upon percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.ePurchased and reported earlier as No. 2 fuel oil but has since been found to have a distillation range lower than that for typical No. 2 fuel oils.fSolvent contained 1 part soybean oil and 9 parts each of fuel and naphtha by volume.gSpecimens contained some heartwood.This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka.
(Page 5 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
23
Tabl
e 6–
Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s of
diff
eren
t siz
es tr
eate
d w
ith c
oal-t
ar c
reos
ote,
tolu
ene,
and
cre
osot
e-to
luen
e m
ixtu
res
afte
r54
-1/2
yea
rs in
test
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, M
ay 1
951
(Plo
t 6)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ja
nuar
y 19
96 (
%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Ave
rage
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
Stak
e si
zere
tent
ion
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(in.)
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e1/
2 by
1/2
by
18
7.8
8–
––
–88
–12
810
017
.1
1 by
1 b
y 18
8
.010
––
––
40–
6010
100
23.6
1-1/
2 by
1-1
/2 b
y 18
7
.910
––
––
50–
5010
100
26.6
2 by
4 n
omin
al b
y 18
3
.310
––
––
10–
9010
100
24.9
7
.810
––
–30
20–
50 7
70
– 1
3.2
10–
––
8010
–10
2 2
0–
Tolu
ene
2 by
4 n
omin
al b
y 18
29.
510
––
––
–90
1010
100
2.2
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e 1
1.25
% b
y w
eigh
t in
tolu
ene
2 by
4 n
omin
al b
y 18
3
.4a
10–
––
–30
–70
1010
019
.1
25.
2% b
y w
eigh
t in
tolu
ene
2 by
4 n
omin
al b
y 18
8
.1a
10–
––
3040
–30
7 7
0–
39.
0% b
y w
eigh
t in
tolu
ene
2 by
4 n
omin
al b
y 18
12
.6a
1010
––
90–
––
––
–a C
reos
ote
only
.Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
R. M
. Wirk
a.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
24
Table 7–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper naphthenate and zinc naphthenate after about 50 years in test.Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, October 1941, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1942 (Plot 7)
Condition of stakes October 1992a (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
retentionb in Termite Termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Treatment Location (lb/ft3) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Zinc naphthenate Brush, one coat MS 0.6 (0.012) 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 2.9 solution 17% WI 0.5 (0.010) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.4 (2% zinc metal)
Dip, 3 min MS 1.0 (0.020) 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 2.2WI 0.9 (0.018) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 7.7
1% (0.12% zinc metal) Pressure MS 9.9 (0.012) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 11.2WI 9.7 (0.011) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 19.1
2.5% (0.29% zinc metal) Pressure MS 10.3 (0.030) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 15.0WI 9.8 (0.029) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 21.9
5.0% (0.59% zinc metal) Pressure MS 10.2 (0.060) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 13.5WI 10.3 (0.061) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 22.6
7.5% (0.88% zinc metal) Pressure MS 10.4 (0.092) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 19.7WI 10.0 (0.088) 9d – – – – 100 – – 9 100 30.8
Copper naphthenate Brush, one coat MS 0.5 (0.010) 10 – – – – 20 50 30 10 100 3.7 solution 17.5% WI 0.5 (0.010) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 8.6 (2% copper metal)
Dip, 3 min MS 0.7 (0.014) 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 5.2WI 0.8 (0.015) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 9.8
1% (0.11% copper metal) Pressure MS 10.3 (0.012) 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 15.9WI 10.3 (0.012) 8 – – – – 100 – – 8 100 25.5
2.5% (0.29% copper metal) Pressure MS 10.2 (0.029) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 21.8WI 9.6 (0.027) 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 34.5
5.0% (0.57 copper metal) Pressure MS 10.6 (0.061) 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 27.1WI 10.6 (0.061) 6 17 – – – 83 – – 5 83 28.7e
7.5% (0.86% copper metal) Pressure MS 9.6 (0.082) 10 20 – – – 60 – 20 8 80 29.6e
WI 9.8 (0.084) 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 35.4
Untreated controls – MS – 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 1.8– WI – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 4.9
aLast inspection in Mississippi was 1985.bNumber in parentheses is the retention based on zinc or copper metal.cTen stakes were originally installed. This number has been reduced for causes other than decay or insect attack.dAverage retention based on nine stakes.eEstimate based upon percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
25
Table 8–Condition of treated five-ply exterior Douglas-fir plywood stakes (approximately 1/2 by 4 by 18 in.) at final inspection after approximately22 years of exposure. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1942 (Plot 8)
Condition of stakes December 1963 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Treatment (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Coal-tar creosote Brush, one coat Oil 1.4 30 – – – – 27 27 27 30 100 6.1Dip, 3 min Oil 1.9 30 – – – – 17 20 63 30 100 9.4Soak, 18 h Oil 5.6 30 – 7 – 47 27 – 20 14 47 24.0b
Pressure Oil 5.9 30 – – – 70 20 – 10 9 30 27.0b
Pressure Oil 12.2 29 28 38 7 28 – – – – – –
Pentachlorophenol solutionc
5% Brush, one coat Solution 0.9 30 – – – – 10 60 30d 30 100 2.8Dip, 3 min Solution 1.3 30 – – – – 13 60 27 30 100 3.3Soak, 18 h Solution 3.2 30 – – – – 3 33 63 30 100 5.0
1.11% Pressure Solution 26.3 30 – – – – 20 – 80e 30 100 11.12.25% Pressure Solution 26.3 30 – – – 23 10 7 60 23 77 19.0b
Zinc naphthenate solutionf
4.8% (0.55% zinc) Brush, one coat Solution 0.7 30 – – – – 10 30 60 30 100 2.1Dip, 3 min Solution 1.1 30 – – – – 7 54 40 30 100 2.0Soak, 18 h Solution 3.0 30 – – – – 13 43 43 30 100 2.9
1.11% (0.13% zinc) Pressure Solution 25.5 30 – – – – 13 20 67 30 100 5.32.25% (0.25% zinc) Pressure Solution 25.6 30 – – – – 13 7 80 30 100 8.9
Chloro-2-phenylphenol solutionf
5% Brush, one coat Solution 0.9 30 – – – – 10 50 40 30 100 2.2Dip, 3 min Solution 1.2 30 – – – – 17 47 37 30 100 2.4Soak, 18 h Solution 2.9 30 – – – – 13 60 27 30 100 2.6
Untreated controls – – 30 – – – – 20 40 40e 30 100 1.8aOf the 30 panels tested for each treatment, three sets contained 10 specimens; each set was selected from material contributed by a different manufacturer.bEstimate based on condition of stakes at final inspection.cSolvent contined 1 part pine oil and 12 parts Stoddard-type solvent by volume.dTwo stakes showed some delamination.eOne stake showed some delamination.fStoddard-type solvent used.NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1950 inspection were taken up and reset in the same general area.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew and R. M. Wirka.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
26
Table 9–Condition of Southern Pine states (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper arsenate and copper chromate by the double-diffusion processafter about 55 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1942 (Plot 9)
Condition of stakes January 1997 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Calculated retention of chemicala (lb/ft3) Num- Decay fungiCopper Chromium Arsenic ber and and Average
as as as in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifeTreatment CuSO4 Na2 CrO4 Na2HasO4 Total testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
6-day soak in 10.6% coppersulfate solution plus
6-day soak in 9.8% sodiumarsenate solution 0.66 (0.33) – 0.59 (0.36) 1.25 (0.69) 10 70 20 10 – – – – – – –
12-day soak in9.8% sodiumarsenate solution 0.66 (0.33) 2.58 (1.59) 0.75 (0.46) 1.41 (0.79) 10 60 30 10 – – – – – – –
12-day soak in11.8% sodiumchromate solution 0.66 (0.33) – – 3.24 (1.92) 10 80 – – – 10 – 10 2 20 –
3-day soak in 10.6% coppersulfate solution plus
6-day soak in 9.8% sodiumarsenate solution 0.88 (0.44) – 0.55 (0.34) 1.43 (0.78) 10 30 70 – – – – – – – –
6-day soak in 11.8% sodiumchromate solution 0.88 (0.44) 1.57 (0.97) – 2.45 (1.41) 9 67 – – – 22 11 – 3 33 –
3-day soak in 5.3% coppersulfate solution plus
6-day soak in4.9% sodiumarsenate solution 0.31 (0.15) – 0.17 (0.10) 0.48 (0.25) 9 – 67 – – 22 – 11 3 33 –
6-day soak in5.9% sodiumchromate solution 0.31 (0.15) 0.50 (0.31) – 0.81 (0.46) 9 33 – – – 33 – 33 6 67 –
Untreated controls – – – – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 1.9aRetention values in parentheses are oxides (CuO - CrO3 - As2O5).bTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.This study was initiated by R. H. Baechler.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
27
Table 10–Condition of urea-treated Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) after about 14 to 19 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1942 and December 1946, and at Madison, Wisconsin, April 1942 (Plot 10)
Condition of stakes late in 1960 (%)Average Serviceable but Destroyed by–
Total retention showing some– Decayretention of Num- Decay fungiof urea urea ber and and Average
or solidsa or solidsa in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifeTreatment Location (lb) (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Installed 1942
2-day soakb MS 4.7 3.4 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 3.4WI 4.7 3.4 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 8.1
4-day soakb MS 6.9 5.0 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 3.3WI 6.9 5.0 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 8.0
6-day soakb MS 10.2 7.4 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 2.9WI 10.2 7.4 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.0
B1c (thermosetting) MS 9.9 7.1 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 4.5
2-day soak WI 9.9 7.1 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.5
B1c (thermosetting) MS 11.2 8.1 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 5.1
4-day soak WI 11.2 8.1 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 13.2
B1c (thermosetting) MS 11.7 8.4 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 5.6
6-day soak WI 11.7 8.4 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 15.2
Untreated controls MS – – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 1.8WI – – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 4.8
Installed 1946
Urea resin, pressured MS – 5.8 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 9.1aCalculated total retention of urea or solids for 22 stakes.bTreating solution made up to 1.15 parts of urea to 1.00 part of water by weight.cSolution made up of 380 parts urea, 344 parts of 37% formaldehyde solution, 231 parts water, 6 parts sodium hydroxide, and 39 parts borax by weight.dTreated with buffered urea-formalin mix (2 to 1 formaldehyde-urea ratio) at a resin solids content of 30%.This study was initiated by Harvey H. Smith and J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
28
Table 11–Condition of high-strength laminated paper plastic (papreg) stakes (1/8 by 4 by 14 in.) andheat stabilized plywood (staypak) stakes (4 by 18 in.) of several thicknesses after 7 to 8 years in test.Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi (Plot 11)
December 1950 stakes destroyed by–Decay
Num- fungi andber termite Average
Stake in Decay fungi Termite attack attack lifenumber Composition test Number % Number % Number % (year)
Laminated Paper Plastic (Papreg)–Installed December 2, 1942
1 to 10 37.0% phenolic resina + 2% hardener, 4.7% volatile matter 10 7 70 – – 3 30 7.4
11 to 20 31.0% phenolic resina + 2% hardener, 10 2 20 1 10 7 70 5.6 4.4% volatile matter
21 to 30 41.0% phenolic resina + 2% hardener, 10 7 70 – – 3 30 8.0 4.6% volatile matter
31 to 40 37.0% phenolic resina + 2% hardener, 10 7 70 – – 3 30 7.2 4.7% volatile matter with surface sheets using 42.6% phenolic resin,a
4.6% volatile matterb
41 to 50 37.0% phenolic resina + 0.5% oleic 10 4 40 1 10 5 50 7.7 acid, 4.7% volatile matter
Heat-Stabilized Plywood (Staypak)–Installed June 4, 1943
19-1 and 20 plies 1/16-in. birch bonded with 2 – – 1 50 1 50 4.5 19-2 phenolic resin and compressed to
thickness of 1/2 in.; specific gravity 1.37
Heat-Stabilized Plywood (Staypak)–Installed December 6, 1943
s-1 to 32 plies 1/16-in. birch bonded with 5 – – – – 5c 100 5.6 s-5 phenolic resin and compressed to
thickness of 1 in.; specific gravity 1.33
21-1 to 10 plies 1/8-in. maple bonded with 5 – – – – 5 100 4.3 21-5 phenolic resin and compressed to
thickness of 5/8 in.; specific gravity 1.36aAlcohol-soluble.bSingle surface sheet on each side, coated side out.cHeavy swelling at edges due to moisture absorption.This study was initiated by A. H. Rauch and J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
29
Table 12–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with phenyl mercury oleate, pentachlorophenol, copperTable 12–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with phenyl mercury oleate, pentachlorophenol, copper naphthenate and mercuric chloride at final inspection after 20 years in test Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forestnaphthenate, and mercuric chloride at final inspection after 20 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, p , p y p p ,Saucier, Mississippi, December 1943 (Plot 12)Saucier, Mississippi, December 1943 (Plot 12)
Condition of stakes December 1963 (%)Condition of stakes December 1963 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed byServiceable but Destroyed by–y y
Average showing some– DecayAverage showing some– Decayt ti N D f iretention Num- Decay fungiy g
of ber and and Averageof ber and and Averagel ti i T it t it D T it t it T t l d lifsolution in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifey
Preservative Treatment (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Preservative Treatment (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)y g (y )
Ph l l (Phenyl mercury oleate (percentagePhenyl mercury oleate (percentagein naptha solvent) in naptha solvent)
0 4 3 i di 1 4 10 20 80 10 100 30.4 3-min dip 1.4 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 3.70.4 3 min dip 1.4 10 20 80 10 100 3.70 4 18 h soak 3 2 10 10 30 60 10 100 4 90.4 18-h soak 3.2 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 4.90.4 Pressure 5.9 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 6.70.4 Pressure 5.9 10 10 90 10 100 6.70 4 Pressure 12 1 10 30 70 10 100 8 80.4 Pressure 12.1 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 8.8
0 2 18 h soak 3 1 10 10 30 60 10 100 4 40.2 18-h soak 3.1 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 4.40.2 Pressure 6.0 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 5.60.2 Pressure 6.0 10 30 70 10 100 5.60 2 Pressure 11 8 10 30 70 10 100 6 20.2 Pressure 11.8 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 6.2
0 1 18 h soak 3 6 10 40 60 10 100 4 40.1 18-h soak 3.6 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 4.40.1 Pressure 5.9 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 4.60.1 Pressure 5.9 10 30 70 10 100 4.60 1 Pressure 11 6 10 40 60 10 100 5 10.1 Pressure 11.6 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 5.1
a0.4a 3-min dip 1.2 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 3.90.4 3 min dip 1.2 10 60 40 10 100 3.9
0 1a 18-h soak 6 0 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 5 50.1 18-h soak 6.0 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 5.50 1a Pressure 6 1 10 – – – – 10 40 50 10 100 6 20.1 Pressure 6.1 10 – – – – 10 40 50 10 100 6.20.1a Pressure 12.0 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 8.40.1 Pressure 12.0 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 8.4
Pentachlorophenol (5 0% Pressure 12 1 10 40 20 40 6 60 20 0bPentachlorophenol (5.0% Pressure 12.1 10 – – – 40 20 – 40 6 60 20.0bp (in pine-oil naphtha (1:12) solvent in pine-oil naphtha (1:12) solvent
Copper naphthenate (0 5% copper Pressure 13 1 10 70 20 10 3 30 25 0bCopper naphthenate (0.5% copper Pressure 13.1 10 – – – 70 20 – 10 3 30 25.0b
metal in naphtha solvent) (0 066)c metal in naphtha solvent) (0.066)
Mercuric chloride (1 0% in water) 3-min dip 0 014 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 4 8Mercuric chloride (1.0% in water) 3-min dip 0.014 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 4.8d l dry salt dry salt
18-h soak 0 072 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 7 518-h soak 0.072 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 7.5d l dry salt dry salt
d l 10 60 40 10 100 2 0Untreated controls – – 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 2.0Untreated controls 10 60 40 10 100 2.0aS l i i d 16% lid llaSolution contained 16% solids as a water repellent.pbE ti t b d t f t k i i ft fi l i tibEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.p g g pcRetention values in parentheses are based on copper metalcRetention values in parentheses are based on copper metal.NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1952 inspection were taken up and reset in the same general area.NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1952 inspection were taken up and reset in the same general area.This study was initiated by J Oscar BlewThis study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
30
Table 13–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with fire-retardantchemicals after 7 years in test. Stakes placed in test December 1943 on the HarrisonExperimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, and inspected December 1950 (Plot 13)
December 1950 stakes destroyed by–
DecayRetention Num- fungi and
of dry ber termite Averagesalt in Termite attack attack life
Treating chemicals (lb/ft3) test Number % Number % (year)
Ammonium sulfate, 78 parts; ammonium phosphate, 19 parts; sodium 3.01 10 5 50 5 50 2.4 dichromate, 3 parts (by weight) 6.17 10 6 60 4 40 3.4
Ammonium phosphate, 10 parts; ammonium sulfate, 60 parts; borax, 10 parts; 2.98 10 4 40 6 60 3.9 boric acid, 20 parts (by weight) 6.19 10 2 20 8 80 4.3
Borax, 60 parts; boric acid, 3.01 10 3 30 7 70 6.0 40 parts (by weight) 6.29 10 6 60 4 40 6.5
Untreated controls – 10 2 20 8 80 2.2This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
31
Table 14–Condition of Southern Pine sapwood stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various chemicals and of laminated acetylated yellow birch sapwood stakes (0.4 by 3-1/2 by 15-3/4 in.) after 60 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1944 (Plot 14)
Serviceable but Destroyed by–Average Decay
retention of Num- Decay fungipreservative ber and and Averageor dry salt in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservativea (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Pine stakes
Ammoniacal copper arsenate (Fed. Spec. TT-W-549) (percentage in solution)
0.612 (0.59)c 0.25 (0.24) 9 – – – – 78 – 22 9 100 38.71.29 (1.24) 0.53 (0.51) 9 44 44 – – 12 – – 1 12 –2.57 (2.48) 1.01 (0.97) 10 100 – – – – – – – – –3.21 (3.10) 1.29 (1.25) 9 100 – – – – – – – – –
Amyl phenyl acetate (percentage in Stoddard solvent)
0.37 0.10 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 6.70.93 0.03 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 8.51.85 0.50 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 10.0
Capric acid (percentage in Stoddard solvent)
0.37 0.10 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 5.00.90 0.25 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 5.31.76 0.50 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 5.5
Diamyl pheno (percentage in Stoddard solvent)
0.37 0.10 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 5.80.90 0.25 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 8.41.76 0.51 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 11.4
DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) (percentage in Stoddard solvent)
1.25 0.35 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 7.12.70 0.74 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 9.0
Dodecyl amine (percentage in Stoddard solvent)
0.37 0.10 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 5.40.93 0.25 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 5.71.85 0.50 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 6.8
Nickel stearate (percentage in coal-tar naphtha)
0.33 0.10 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 5.60.93 0.27 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 4.91.85 0.52 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 5.5
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 2.1
Yellow birch (laminated)d
Acetylated – 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 17.5
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 2.7
aAll stakes except laminated yellow birch were pressure treated.bTen stakes originally installed; eliminations were for mechanical damage or causes other than decay or insect attack.cAmmoniacal copper arsenate solution and retention figures in parentheses are oxides (CuO and As2O5).dPrepared from six-ply, parallel-laminated, acetylated 1/16-in. veneer glued with hot-press phenolic resin. Average acetyl content 19.2% based upon ovendry weight of wood. Untreated controls prepared from untreated veneer.NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1952 inspection were reset in the same general area.This study was initiated by A. H. Rauch and J. Oscar Blew.
Condition of stakes February 2004 (%)
showing some–
Research Note FPL–RN–02
32
Tabl
e 15
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith a
cid
copp
er c
hrom
ate,
chr
omat
ed c
oppe
rar
sena
te ty
pe I,
and
nic
kel-a
rsen
ic-c
hrom
ium
sal
ts a
fter 6
0 ye
ars
in te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t,Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber 1
945
(Plo
t 15)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es M
arch
200
5 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iPr
eser
vativ
eA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gere
tent
iona
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Aci
d co
pper
chr
omat
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r) (
Fed.
Spe
c. T
T-W
-546
)0.
25 (0
.13)
10–
––
–10
3060
1010
011
.60.
51 (0
.26)
10–
––
2060
–20
880
–C
hrom
ated
cop
per a
rsen
ate
type
I0.
75 (0
.37)
1010
1010
1060
––
660
– (
Fed.
Sep
c. T
T-W
-550
)0.
26 (0
.15)
10–
––
–20
1070
1010
028
.70.
50 (0
.29)
10–
20–
5030
––
330
–
Nic
kel-a
rsen
ic-c
hrom
ium
salts
b0.
78 (0
.44)
1060
–10
1020
––
220
–
0.26
(0.1
6)10
––
––
1030
6010
100
17.4
0.50
(0.3
2)10
––
––
2010
7010
100
41.2
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls0.
77 (0
.50)
10–
––
4060
––
660
–
–10
––
––
1030
6010
100
3.2
a Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
b Nic
kel s
ulfa
te (N
iSO
4 6H
2O),
5.5
parts
; sod
ium
ars
enat
e (N
aHA
sO4
12H
2O),
4.0
parts
; ars
enic
aci
d (H
3AsO
4),
1.5
par
ts; a
nd so
dium
dic
hrom
ate
(Na 2
Cr 2
O7
2H2O
), 3.
0 pa
rts).
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
33
Table 16–Condition of Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated with several wood preservatives, either before or after gluing of the veneer, after 51 years in test. Stakesplaced in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1945 (Plot 16)
Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–
Plywooda showing some– DecayNum- Veneer Num- Decay fungi
ber thick- Average ber and and Averageof ness retentionb,c in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Treatment plies (in.) (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Plywood from Veneer Treated Before Gluing
Coal-tar creosote Pressure 13 1/16 40.9 10 80 – – 20 – – – – – –Pressure 7 1/8 30.9 9 56 11 11 22 – – – – – –Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 12.6 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 10.224-hour cold soak 13 1/16 12.9 10 30 40 10 20 – – – – – –24-hour cold soak 7 1/8 8.4 9 – 11 – 89 – – – – – –10-second dipping 13 1/16 5.1 9g – 56 11 22 – – – – – –10-second dipping 7 1/8 4.6 9 – 22 – 67 – – – – – –
Copper naphthenate, Pressure 13 1/16 15.5 (0.31) 9 67 22 – 11 – – – – – – 2% copper metal Pressure 7 1/8 10.2 (0.20) 10 30 30 – 40 – – – – – – in coal-tar naphtha Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 6.7 (0.13) 9 11 11 – 67 11 – – 1 11 –
24-hour cold soak 13 1/16 10.1 (0.20) 10 – 40 – 60 – – – – – –24-hour cold soak 7 1/8 6.2 (0.12) 10 – – – 70 20 – 10 3 30 –10-second dipping 13 1/16 4.2 (0.084) 10 – 20 – 80 – – – – – –10-second dipping 7 1/8 2.8 (0.056) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 32.5
Pentachlorophenol, Pressure 13 1/16 21.4 9 – 22 11 67 – – – – – – 5% in No. 2 Pressure 7 1/8 18.2 10 – – – 50 30 – 20 5 50 – fuel oil Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 10.3 10 – – – 30 10 – 60 7 70 –
24-hour cold soak 13 1/16 7.4 9 – – – 33 44 – 22 6 67 –24-hour cold soak 7 1/8 4.8 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 23.110-second dipping 13 1/16 4.9 10 – – – 10 30 – 60 9 90 –10-second dipping 7 1/8 1.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 15.8
Chromated Pressure 13 1/16 1.02e (0.62) 6 – – – 50 17 – 33 3 50 – zinc chloride Pressure 7 1/8 1.06e (0.65) 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 25.8
Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 0.98 (0.60) 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 10.324-hour steeping 13 1/16f 1.07 (0.65) 8 – – – 88 – – 12 1 12 –24-hour steeping 13 1/16 1.84 (1.12) 8g – – 13 50 25 – 12 3 27 –24-hour steeping 7 1/8f 0.59 (0.36) 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 17.024-hour steeping 7 1/8 1.30 (0.79) 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 23.610-second dipping 13 1/16f 0.61 (0.37) 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 22.710-second dipping 13 1/16 0.66 (0.40) 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 22.110-second dipping 7 1/8 0.35 (0.21) 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 10.8
Acid copper Pressure 13 1/16 0.76 (0.38) 9g – – 22 67 11 – – 1 11 – chromate Pressure 7 1/8 0.79 (0.39) 9 11 – – 67 22 – – 2 22 –
Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 1.07 (0.53) 10 – – – 60 30 – 10 4 40 –24-hour steeping 13 1/16f 0.88 (0.44) 9 44 11 33 11 – – – – – –24-hour steeping 13 1/16 1.89 (0.94) 10 40 – 40 20 – – – – – –24-hour steeping 7 1/8 0.54 (0.27) 9 22 11 22 33 11 – – 1 11 –24-hour steeping 7 1/8 1.32 (0.65) 10 20 10 20 50 – – – – – –10-second dipping 13 1/16 0.87 (0.43) 10 – – – 70 30 – – 3 30 –10-second dipping 13 1/16 0.61 (0.30) 9 – 11 – 44 44 – – 4 44 –10-second dipping 7 1/8 0.27 (0.13) 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 18.410-second dipping 7 1/8 0.38 (0.19) 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 22.2
(Page 1 of 2)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
34
Table 16–Condition of Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated with several wood preservatives, either before or after gluing of the veneer, after 51 years in test. Stakesplaced in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1945 (Plot 16)
Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–
Plywooda showing some– DecayNum- Veneer Num- Decay fungi
ber thick- Average ber and and Averageof ness retentionb,c in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Treatment plies (in.) (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Plywood Treated After Gluing
Coal-tar creosote Pressure 5 1/8 19.6 10 70 10 10 10 – – – – – –Hot bath, 1-h, and cold bath, 1-h 5 1/8 2.0 10 20 – – 80 – – – – – –24-h cold soak 5 1/8 5.3 10 – – – – 20 30 50 10 100 11.310-s dipping 5 1/8 1.0e 8g – – – – – 50 50 8 100 5.4
Copper naphthenate, Pressure 5 1/8 2.9 (0.058) 10 – – – – 50 10 40 10 100 18.9 (2% copper metal) Hot bath, 1-h, and cold in coal-tar naphtha bath, 1-h 5 1/8 1.2 (0.024) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 12.8
24-h cold soak 5 1/8 1.1 (0.022) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 13.810-s dipping 5 1/8 0.4 (0.008) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 10.5
Pentachlorophenol, Pressure 5 1/8 12.5 10 – – – 20 30 – 50 8 80 – 5% in No. 2 fuel Hot bath, 1-h, and cold oil bath, 1-h 5 1/8 2.1 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 8.3
24-h cold soak 5 1/8 2.0 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 8.310-s dipping 5 1/8 0.7 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 7.8
Chromated zinc Pressure 5 1/8 0.62e (0.038) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 17.9 chloride 24-h steeping 5 1/8 0.35 (0.21) 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 8.2
10-s dipping 5 1/8 0.03 (0.02) 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 4.0
Acid copper Pressure 5 1/8 0.46 (0.23) 10 10 – – 10 50 – 30 8 80 – chromate 24-h steeping 5 1/8 0.28 (0.14) 10 – – – – 10 40 50 10 100 5.3
10-s dipping 5 1/8 0.06 (0.03) 10 – – – – 10 60 30 10 100 8.2
None Untreated 13 1/16 – 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 3.7Untreated 7 1/8 – 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 3.6
aPlywood glued with hot-press phenolic-resin adhesive.bOils or dry salt absorbed by 21-by 38-in. plywood panel. Stakes were cut from plywood panels after treatment, and all exposed edges of stakes weresoaked in the preservative before stakes were installed.cRetention values in parentheses based on preservative oxides or copper metal.dVeneer heated in dryer and then submerged for 1 h in unheated preservative.eApproximate values.fVeneer treated prior to drying.gSpecimens delaminated and were eliminated from test.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
35
Table 17–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various petroleum oils, pentachlorophenol solution, copper naphthenatesolutions, coal-tar creosote, and mixtures of these preservatives after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,Saucier, Mississippi, and at Bogalusa, Louisiana, April 1948 (Plot 20)
Condition of stakes January 1998b (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Oil or preservative Location (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Unfortified petroleum oil Commercial aromatic solvent MS 4.1 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 2.3 (Mid-United States) LA 4.1 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 2.9
Stoddard solvent (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 2.1LA 4.0 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 2.8
No. 2 fuel oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.1 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 4.4LA 4.0 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 4.1
Heavy thermal side cut MS 4.2 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 3.4 (Mid-United States) LA 4.2 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 4.6
No. 200 diesel oil (West Coast) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 4.8LA 4.0 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 4.6
Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 7.6LA 4.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 7.6MS 8.0 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 14.6LA 8.0 10 – 10 – 50 20 – 20 4 40 –MS 12.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 17.1LA 11.9 10 – 25 – 63 12 – – 1 12 –
No. 300 fuel oil (West Coast) MS 4.2 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 7.1LA 4.2 10 – – – 20 80 – – 8 80 6.5c
No. 400 fuel oil (West Coast) MS 4.2 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 5.8LA 4.2 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 5.5
Light gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.1 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 6.7LA 4.1 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 6.0
Denver No. 3 blend (50-50 topped crude MS 4.0 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 6.4 residual and recycled overhead gas oil) LA 4.0 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 5.9
Heavy gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.9LA 4.0 10 – – – 60 40 – – 4 40 –MS 7.9 10 – – – 10 90 – – 9 90 –LA 7.9 9 – 33 – 67 – – – – – –MS 12.1 10 – – 20 80 – – 8 80 –LA 12.1 5 60 40 – – – – – – – –
Lube oil extract (Texas) MS 4.1 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.0LA 4.2 8 – – – 63 25 12 3 37 –
(Page 1 of 3)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
36
Table 17–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various petroleum oils, pentachlorophenol solution, coppernaphthenate solutions, coal-tar creosote, and mixtures of these preservatives after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on theHarrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, and at Bogalusa, Louisiana, April 1948 (Plot 20)–cont.
Condition of stakes January 1998b (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Oil or preservative Location (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Fortified petroleum oils and mixtures Commercial aromatic solvent (Mid- MS 4.2 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 10.9 United States with 5% pentachlorophenol) LA 4.2 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 8.6
Stoddard solvent (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 13.7 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 8.8
No 2 fuel oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 14.9 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 3.8 10 – – – 20 – – 80 8 80 12.5c
Heavy thermal side cut (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 14.0 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 10.6
No. 200 diesel oil (West Coast) MS 4.1 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 17.0 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 10 – – – 50 – – 50 5 50 –
Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) MS 4.2 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16.3 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 8 – – – 88 12 – – 1 12 –
MS 8.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 20.7LA 7.9 8 – 12 – 88 – – – – – –MS 12.0 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 30.2LA 12.0 9 – 56 – 44 – – – – – –
No. 300 fuel oil (West Coast) with MS 4.0 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 14.6 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 8 – 12 – 50 12 – 25 3 37 –
No. 400 fuel oil (West Coast) with MS 4.2 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 13.9 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.2 9 – – – 22 22 – 56 7 78 12.5c
Light gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 15.6 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.2 10 – – – 50 – – 50 5 50 –
Denver No. 3 blend (50-50 topped crude residual MS 4.0 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 19.5 and recycled overhead gas oil) with 5% pentachl LA 4.0 7 – – – 86 14 – – 1 14 –
Heavy gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.1 9 – – – 11 44 – 44 8 89 – with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 8 – 12 – 88 – – – – – –
MS 7.9 10 – – 10 10 60 – 20 8 80 –LA 7.9 6 – 33 – 67 – – – – – –MS 12.0 10 – – – 80 20 – – 2 20 –LA 12.0 5 60 – – 40 – – – – – –
(Page 2 of 3)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
37
Table 17–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various petroleum oils, pentachlorophenol solution, copper naphthenatesolutions, coal-tar creosote, and mixtures of these preservatives after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,Saucier, Mississippi, and at Bogalusa, Louisiana, April 1948 (Plot 20)–cont.
Condition of stakes January 1998b (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Oil or preservative Location (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Fortified petroleum oils and mixtures Lube oil extract (Texas) MS 4.2 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 28.5 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.2 8 – – – 100 – – – – – –
Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with copper MS 4.2 10 – – – – 70 10 20 10 100 14.3 naphthenate (0.5% copper metal) LA 4.2 10 – 10 – 60 10 – 20 3 30 –
Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with copper MS 4.4 8 – – – – 75 – 25 8 100 17.4 naphthenate (0.75% copper metal) LA 4.2 8 12 12 – 62 12 – – 1 12 –
Coal-tar creosote MS 4.1 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 14.2LA 4.1 10 – – – 50 40 – 10 5 50 –
Coal-tar creosote, 50%, and catalytic gas-base oil (West MS 4.1 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 16.2 Coast) with 5% pentachlorophenol, 50% by volume LA 4.1 8 – – – 62 – – 38 3 38 –
Coal-tar creosote, 50%, and catalytic gas-base oil MS 4.2 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 18.9 (West Coast) with copper naphthenate (0.5% copper LA 4.3 10 – – – 90 10 – – 1 10 – metal), 50% by volume
Coal-tar creosote, 25%, and catalytic gas-base oil MS 4.1 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 14.6 (West Coast) with copper naphthenate (0.75% copper LA 4.2 8 – – – 50 38 – 12 4 50 – metal) , 75% by volume
Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with MS 4.2 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 24.9 5% pentachlorophenol, 50%, and LA 4.2 9 – – – 100 – – – – – – catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with copper naphthenate (0.5% copper metal), 50% by volume
Untreated controls MS – 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 2.2LA – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 2.8
aTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.bFinal inspection at Bogalusa, November 1962.cEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
38
Table 18–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various coal-tar creosotes and creosote solutionsafter about 44 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, October 1948, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1948 (Plot 24)
Condition of stakes October 1992a (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Coal-tar creosoteLow residue, straight run MS 8.0 10 – – – 30 60 – 10 7 70 17.8b
WI 8.0 10 – 40 – – 60 – – 6 60 –
Medium residue, straight run MS 8.0 10 – 10 – 10 80 – – 8 80 18.8b
WI 8.0 10 – 70 – – 30 – – 3 30 –
High residue, straight run MS 7.8 10 – 20 – 20 60 – – 6 60 20.3b
WI 7.8 10 – 10 – – – – – – – –
Medium residue Low in tar acids MS 8.1 10 – 10 – 20 70 – – 7 70 19.4b
WI 8.1 10 – 100 – – – – – – – –
Low in naphthalene MS 8.2 10 – 10 – 50 40 – – 4 40 21.3b
WI 8.2 10 – 90 – – 10 – – 1 10 –
Low in tar acids and MS 8.0 10 – – – 30 60 – 10 7 70 18.9b
naphthalene WI 8.0 10 – 100 – – – – – – – –
Low residue, low in tar MS 8.0 10 – 10 – 20 50 – 20 7 70 19.2b
acids and naphthalene WI 8.0 10 – 40 – – 60 – – 6 60 –
High residue, low in tar MS 8.2 10 – 10 – 10 70 – 10 8 80 20.0b
acids and naphthalene WI 8.1 9 33 67 – – – – – – – –
English vertical retort MS 8.0 10 – – – 30 60 – 10 7 70 18.9b
WI 8.0 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –
English coke oven MS 7.9 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 13.6WI 7.9 10 – 30 – – 70 – – 7 70 –
English coke oven, 50%, and MS 8.1 10 – – – 10 40 – 50 9 90 16.9b
English vertical retort, 50% by WI 8.1 10 10 70 – – 20 – – 2 20 – volume
(Page 1 of 2)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
39
Table 18–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various coal-tar creosotes and creosote solutionsafter about 44 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wiisconsin, October 1948, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1948 (Plot 24)–cont.
Condition of stakes October 1992a (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Medium residue, low in tar acids MS 8.1 10 – 20 – 10 70 – – 7 70 20.4b
and naphthalene, 70%, and WI 8.1 10 – 70 – – 30 – – 3 30 – coal tar, 30% by volume
Medium residue, low in tar acids MS 8.1 10 – 10 – 20 70 – – 7 70 19.6b
and naphthalene, 70%, and WI 8.1 10 – 70 – – 30 – – 3 30 – petroleum oil (Wyoming residual), 30% by volume
Petroleum oil (Wyoming residual) MS 8.1 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 3.4WI 8.1 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 14.8
Untreated controls MS – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 1.9WI – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 5.6
aFinal inspection in Mississippi, November 1968.bEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
40
Table 19–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with English coke oven and verticle retort coal-tar creosotes after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,Saucier, Mississippi, December 1948 (Plot 25)
Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Coal-tar creosote 5.3 10 – – – 10 70 – 20 9 90 – English vertical retort
10.1 10 – – – 20 70 – 10 8 80 –
15.0 10 – 10 – 90 – – – – – –
English coke oven 4.7 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 16.3
10.1 10 – – – 30 60 10 – 7 70 –
14.8 10 – – – 20 60 – 20 8 80 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 1.9
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
41
Table 20–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with zinc-arsenic chromium and chromated copperarsenate salts after about 43 and 61 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, November 1949 and on the HarrisonExperimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1949 (Plot 28)
Condition of stakes March 2010 (MS) and October 1992 (WI) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
retentionb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Location (lb/ft3) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Zinc-arsenic-chromium salt (S-32)a WI (0.96) 10 90 – – – 10 – – 1 10 –MS (0.96) 10 – 80 – 10 10 – – 1 10 –
WI (0.74) 10 40 – – – 60 – – 6 60 –MS (0.72) 9 – 89 – – 11 – – 1 11 –
WI (0.50) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 21.8MS (0.50) 10 – 70 – 20 10 – – 1 10 –
WI (0.35) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 18.5MS (0.35) 10 10 20 – 10 50 – 10 6 60 –
WI (0.22) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 18.6MS (0.22) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 41.8
Chromated copper arsenate, WI (1.03) 10 90 10 – – – – – – – – type II (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) MS (1.04) 9 89 11 – – – – – – – –
WI (0.78) 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS (0.79) 9 67 33 – – – – – – – –
WI (0.52) 9 – 100 – – – – – – – –MS (0.52) 9 33 67 – – – – – – – –
WI (0.37) 10 – 100 – – – – – – – –MS (0.37) 10 – 70 – 20 10 – – 1 10 –
WI (0.26) 10 – 80 – – 20 – – 2 20 –MS (0.26) 10 – 60 – 40 – – – – – –
Zinc chloride WI 1.04 (0.61) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.8MS 1.04 (0.62) 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 17.0
Coal-tar creosote WI 8.36 10 – 90 – – 10 – – 1 10 –MS 8.30 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 47.1
Untreated controls WI – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 7.0MS – 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 2.8
aZnO, 97 parts; CrO3, 170 parts; and As2O5, 213 parts.bRetention figures in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.cTen stakes originally installed; eliminations were for mechanical damage or causes other than decay or insect attack.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
42
Table 21–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with two fortified aromatic petroleum oils after about 47 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1949 (Plot 26)
Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Standard wood 3.7 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 7.3 preservativea
8.2 10 – – – 10 20 10 60 9 90 –
11.7 10 – – – 30 40 – 30 7 70 –
Wood preservative No. 51746-Rb 4.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 11.6
8.0 10 – – – 10 20 – 70 9 90 –
12.1 10 – – – 30 10 – 60 7 70 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 2.2aReported to be a mixture of heavy petroleum cresylic acids, an aromatic solvent, and copper naphthenate equivalent to 0.3% copper metal.bReported to be a mixture of petroleum cresylic acids, aromatic oils, and 1.0% pentachlorophenol.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
43
Table 22–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with oil solutions of rosin amine D pentachlorophenateand pentachlorophenol after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi,December 1949 (Plot 27)
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.0 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 3.8 in Stoddard solvent 7.9 10 – – – – – 100 10 100 5.1
11.9 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 9.5
Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.2 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 4.5 and paraffin wax, 2%, in Stoddard solvent 8.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 7.8
Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.0 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 8.0 paraffin wax, 2%, and pentalyn H, 10%, in 8.0 10 – – – – 30 30 40 10 100 8.7 Stoddard solvent
Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.0 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 12.8 in No. 4 aromatic oil 7.6 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 16.1
12.3 10 – 20 – 10 70 – – 7 70 –
Pentachlorophenol, 5%, and pine oil, 4.1 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 9.5 5%, in Stoddard solvent 8.0 9 – – – – – – 100 9 100 15.5
Pentachlorophenol, 5%, and pine oil, 5%; 4.1 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 12.8 paraffin wax, 2%; and pentalyn H, 10%, 7.8 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 15.7 in Stoddard solvent
Pentachlorophenol, 5%, in No. 4 4.2 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 21.0 aromatic oil 8.2 10 – 10 – 20 30 – 40 7 70 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 2.3
This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
44
Tabl
e 23
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith ro
sin
amin
e D
pen
tach
loro
phen
ate
and
pent
achl
orop
heno
lin
pet
role
um o
il (W
yom
ing
resi
dual
) afte
r abo
ut 4
5 ye
ars
in te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
i,M
arch
195
2 (P
lot 3
4)C
ondi
tion
of st
akes
Janu
ary
1997
(%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gere
tent
ion
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Ros
in a
min
e D
pen
tach
loro
phen
ate
4.0
10–
––
–70
–30
1010
022
.4 5
% in
pet
role
um o
il 8
.010
––
––
60–
4010
100
25.7
(W
yom
ing
resi
dual
)12
.710
––
–20
50–
308
80–
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l 5%
in 4
.010
––
––
50–
5010
100
18.6
pet
role
um o
il 8
.010
––
–40
30–
306
60–
(W
yom
ing
resi
dual
)11
.710
–20
–80
––
––
––
Pet
role
um o
il 7
.710
––
––
70–
3010
100
14.6
(W
yom
ing
resi
dual
)12
.210
––
––
100
––
1010
017
.4
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
––
2080
1010
02.
1Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
J. O
scar
Ble
w.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
45
Tabl
e 24
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith tw
o B
olid
en s
alt f
orm
ulat
ions
afte
r abo
ut 4
5 ye
ars
inte
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, M
arch
195
2 (P
lot 3
3)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayA
vera
geN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
rete
ntio
n,be
ran
dan
dA
vera
gean
hydr
ous s
alts
ain
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Bol
iden
salts
AW
PA P
5-55
Chr
omat
ed z
inc
arse
nate
(H3A
SO4,
0.22
(0
.11)
10–
––
––
1090
1010
022
.1 2
0 pa
rts; N
a 2H
AsO
4, 21
par
ts;
0.38
(0
.20)
10–
––
60–
–40
440
– N
a 2C
r 2O
7 ◊ H
2O, 1
6 pa
rts; a
nd0.
77
(0.4
0)10
––
–10
0–
––
––
– Z
nSO
4, 43
par
ts)b
1.01
(0
.53)
10c
––
–10
0–
––
––
–
Bol
iden
salts
S-2
5 (C
rO3,
32 p
arts
;
(0.3
0)10
––
–10
0–
––
––
– C
uO, 5
par
ts; Z
nO, 1
4 pa
rts; a
nd
(0.5
0)10
––
–10
0–
––
––
– A
s 2O
5, 49
par
ts)
(0
.75)
1020
10–
70–
––
––
–
(1.
01)
944
12–
44–
––
––
–
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
––
2080
1010
01.
9a R
eten
tion
valu
es in
par
enth
eses
are
bas
ed o
n pr
eser
vativ
e ox
ides
.b R
eten
tions
are
show
n on
an
anhy
drou
s bas
is, a
nd fi
gure
s sho
uld
be in
crea
sed
appr
oxim
atel
y 26
% to
obt
ain
valu
es a
s c
ompu
ted
in A
WPA
Sta
ndar
d P5
-55.
c This
stak
e gr
oup
plac
ed in
test
in A
ugus
t 195
2.Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
J. O
scar
Ble
w.
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ja
nuar
y 19
97 (%
)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
46
Tabl
e 25
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith fo
ur fi
re-r
etar
dant
form
ulat
ions
(AW
PA P
10-5
1) a
fter
abou
t 45
year
s in
test
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, Mar
ch 1
952a
(Plo
t 35)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Ave
rage
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
rete
ntio
nbin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Chr
omat
ed z
inc
chlo
ride
1.50
(0.
92)
10–
––
–30
–70
1010
023
.4 (
ZnC
l 2, 8
0.4
parts
;2.
91 (
1.78
)10
––
––
6010
3010
100
32.7
Na 2
Cr 2
O7
. 2H
2O, 1
9.6
parts
)6.
00 (
3.67
)10
60–
3010
––
––
––
Chr
omat
ed z
inc
chlo
ride
(FR
)1.
5310
––
––
3020
5010
100
16.5
(C
hrom
ated
zin
c ch
lorid
e, 8
0 pa
rts;
3.00
10–
––
1030
1050
990
– H
3BO
3,10
parts
; and
(NH
4)2S
O4,
10 p
arts
)6.
0810
20–
1020
2010
205
50–
Min
alith
1.50
10–
––
––
1090
1010
03.
7 (
(NH
4)2H
PO4,
10 p
arts
; (N
H4)
2SO
4,3.
0010
––
––
–10
9010
100
4.9
60
parts
; Na 2
B4O
7, 10
par
ts;
6.13
10–
––
––
3070
1010
05.
1 a
nd H
3BO
, 20
parts
)
Pyre
sote
1.50
10–
––
––
1090
1010
011
.2 (
ZnC
l 2, 3
5 pa
rts; (
NH
4)SO
4,3.
0110
––
––
–20
8010
100
13.1
Na 2
Cr 2
O7
2H
2O, 5
par
ts)
6.26
10–
––
–20
2060
1010
018
.3
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
––
2080
1010
02.
6a In
coo
pera
tion
with
Bur
eau
of S
hips
, Dep
artm
ent o
f the
Nav
y.b R
eten
tion
valu
es in
par
enth
eses
bas
ed o
n pr
eser
vativ
e ox
ides
.Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
J. O
scar
Ble
w.
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ja
nuar
y 19
97a (%
)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
47
Table 26–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with basic zinc chloride and zinc chlorideafter about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, March 1952 (Plot 32)
Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
retention of in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Basic zinc chloridea
1.00 10 – 20 – 70 10 – – 1 10 –
2.11 10 – 40 10 50 – – – – – –
4.13 10 – 70 20 10 – – – – – –
Zinc chloride 1.02 (0.61)b 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 24.2
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 2.3
aPershall process. Compound intended as fire retardant with retentions of 3-1/2 to 4 lb/ft3. Retentions of basic zinc chloride are expressed as weight of zinc oxide.bRetention value in parentheses based on preservative oxide ZnO.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
48
Table 27–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with naval-stores products after about 42 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, March 1952 (Plot 36)
Condition of stakes November 1993 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservativea (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Rosin oil and No. 2 fuel oil (2:7) 4.1 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 6.9 8.0 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 5.812.3 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 9.3
Rosin oil and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 5.7 8.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 5.812.1 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 8.6
Rosin oil and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 11.4 with 2.98% pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 14.8
12.1 10 – – – 20 20 – 60 8 80 –
No. 2 fuel oil 4.1 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 6.1
No. 2 fuel oil with 2.92% 4.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 11.1 pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 12.8
12.3 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 25.9
No. 2 fuel oil with 4.94% 4.1 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 12.4 pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 13.2
12.0 9b – – – 33 33 – 33 6 67 –
Rosin oil and Stoddard solvent (1:7) 8.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 12.5 with 3.21% pentachlorophenol
Oleo resin and No. 2 fuel oil (2:7) 4.0 9b – – – – – – 100 9 100 6.1 8.1 10 – – – – 40 10 50 10 100 6.812.2 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 10.7
Oleo resin and Stoddard solvent (1:7) 8.2 10 – – – – 40 10 50 10 100 10.4 with 3.11% pentachlorophenol
Drop liquor concentrate and Stoddard 7.9 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 8.7 solvent (1:7) with 2.99% pentachlorophenol
Oleo resin and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.1 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 10.0 with 2.94% pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 13.5
12.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 16.3
(Page 1 of 2)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
49
Table 27–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with naval-stores products after about 42 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, March 1952 (Plot 36)–cont.
Condition of stakes November 1993 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservativea (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Drop liquor concentrate and No. 2 fuel oil (2:7) 4.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 6.8 8.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 7.912.0 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 10.2
Drop liquor concentrate and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.0 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.2 with 3.03% pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 16.2
12.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 20.2
No. 2 fuel oil with 5% rosin amine D copper 4.1 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 8.1 acetate complex 8.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 9.6
12.1 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 15.9
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 2.8aRatios and percentages on a weight basis.bOne stake missing; eliminated from test.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
50
Tabl
e 28
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith c
oal-t
ar c
reos
otes
from
tars
pro
duce
d by
low
-te
mpe
ratu
re c
arbo
niza
tion
(Dis
co p
roce
ss) a
fter 4
8 ye
ars
of in
test
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber 1
952
(Plo
t 37)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ju
ne 2
000
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Ave
rage
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
aG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Low
-tem
pera
ture
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, 5
.0 8
––
–12
63–
257
88–
typ
e 1
(tar a
cids
pre
sent
)10
.2 9
–11
–22
33–
336
67–
15.4
9–
44–
56–
––
––
–
Low
-tem
pera
ture
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, 5
.0 9
––
––
44–
569
100
27.2
typ
e 2
(hig
h pe
rcen
tage
of t
ar a
cids
9.8
10–
20–
2050
–10
660
– r
emov
ed)
15.2
10–
30–
6010
––
110
–
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
––
4060
1010
02.
3a Te
n st
akes
wer
e or
igin
ally
inst
alle
d at
eac
h te
st st
atio
n; th
is n
umbe
r has
sinc
e be
en re
duce
d be
caus
e of
failu
re to
loca
te th
e st
akes
at t
he ti
me
of in
spec
tion.
This
stud
y w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
51
Table 29–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with preservative oils and conditioned by vapor cleaning and steaming to remove residual solvents after about 28-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier,Mississippi, April 1953a (Plot 38)—cont.
Average preservative
retention (lb/ft3)By
From weightsb analysisc Condition of stakes October 1992 (%)Penta- Penta- Serviceable but Destroyed by–chloro- chloro- showing some– Decay
Num- phenol phenol Decay fungiConditioning ber or or and and Average
after in Solu- copper copper Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative treatmente test tion metal metal Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Pentachlorophenol, None 10 4.2 0.105 0.082 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 11.6 2.5% in light Steaming 10 4.2 0.105 0.091 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 12.4 aromatic solventd
Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 4.1 0.102 0.069 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 11.3 2.5% in light cleaning aromatic solventPentachlorophenol, Steaming 10 4.4 0.200 0.139 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 10.8 4.5% in light aromatic solventd
Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 4.5 0.225 0.136 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 14.2 5% in light cleaning aromatic solventPentachlorophenol, None 10 4.6 0.230 0.186 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 14.1 5% in light Steaming 10 4.8 0.240 0.222 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 12.9 aromatic solventd
Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 6.0 0.300 0.173 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.3 5% in light cleaning aromatic solventPentachlorophenol, Steaming 10 4.4 0.400 0.319 – – – 20 10 – 70 8 80 18.0f
9.1% in light aromatic solventd
Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 6.0 0.600 0.397 – – – 30 – – 70 7 70 18.5f
10% in light cleaning aromatic solventPentachlorophenol, None 10 6.2 0.310 0.121 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16.5 5% in No. 2 Steaming 10 6.6 0.330 0.146 – – – 10 20 – 70 9 90 15.0f
fuel oil Vapor 10 7.2 0.360 0.111 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 13.1cleaning
(Page 1 of 2)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
52
Table 29–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with preservative oils and conditioned by vapor cleaning and steaming to remove residual solvents after about 28-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, April 1953a (Plot 38)—cont.
Average preservativeretention (lb/ft
3)By
From weightsb analysisc Condition of stakes October 1992 (%)Penta- Penta- Serviceable but Destroyed by–chloro- chloro- showing some– Decay
Num- phenol phenol Decay fungiConditioning ber or or and and Average
after in Solu- copper copper Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative treatmente test tion metal metal Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Copper naphthenate, None 10 4.6 0.023 0.020 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 11.0 0.5% copper in Steaming 10 4.5 0.022 0.020 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 12.0 light aromatic solvent Vapor 10 4.6 0.023 0.018 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 11.8
cleaning
Copper naphthenate, Steaming 10 4.4 0.026 0.023 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 14.3 0.59% copper in light aromatic solvent
Copper naphthenate, Vapor 10 4.2 0.029 0.021 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 13.7 0.7% copper in cleaning light aromatic solvent
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – – – – 60 40 10 100 2.4aIn cooperation with the Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.bWeights determined before and after treatment, prior to conditioning.cAnalysis performed 2 months after treatment.dSolution contined 5% ester gum (by weight) as a bloom preventative.eOne-hour steaming with maximum temperature 259oF and 1-h vacuum, following which steaming and vacuum periods were repeated.eOne-hour heating in vapor of aromatic solvent with maximum temperature of 280oF and 1-h vacuum, following which vapor heating and vacuum periods were repeated.fEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
53
Tabl
e 30
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith B
asili
t UA
a af
ter a
bout
41
year
s in
test
. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber 1
954
(Plo
t 40)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ja
nuar
y 19
95 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gere
tent
ionb
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Bas
ilit U
A0.
25 (0
.19)
10–
––
––
5050
1010
021
.6
Bas
ilit U
A0.
53 (0
.39)
10–
––
70
30–
– 3
30
–
Bas
ilit U
A0.
75 (0
.56)
9–
––
100
––
––
––
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
––
2080
1010
0 1
.8a C
onta
ins s
odiu
m fl
uorid
e, so
dium
dic
hrom
ate,
and
sodi
um a
rsen
ate.
b Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
This
stud
y w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
54
Table 31–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) of uninfected and Trichoderma mold-infected wood, reated with coal-tar creosote, pentachlorophenol solution, and copper chromated zinc chloride, after about 41 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1954 (Plot 41)
Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Without Mold Infection
Coal-tar creosote (high 3.9 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 25.2 residue, straight run) 7.8 9 – – – 22 78 – – 7 78 –
12.2 10 – 10 – 70 20 – – 2 20 –
Coal-tar creosote (low 4.0 10 – – – 10 20 – 70 9 90 – residue, low in tar acids 8.0 10 – – – 40 30 – 30 6 60 – and naphthalenes) 12.4 8 – – – 100 – – – – – –
Pentachlorophenol 4.2 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 16.7 (4.7% in No. 2 fuel oil) 8.1 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 21.6
12.1 9 – – – 89 – – 11 1 11 –
Copperized chromated 0.34 (0.20) 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 16.6 zinc chloride 0.73 (0.45) 10 – – – 10 60 – 30 9 90 –
1.15 (0.71) 9 – – – 44 44 – 11 5 56 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 2.1
Infected with Trichoderma Mold
Coal-tar creosote (high 4.0 10 – – – 10 40 – 50 9 90 – residue, straight run) 8.0 10 – – – 40 60 – – 6 60 –
12.0 9 – – – 78 22 – – 2 22 –
Coal-tar creosote (low 4.1 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 16.6 residue, low in tar acids 8.0 10 – – – 20 40 – 40 8 80 – and naphthalenes) 12.0 10 – – – 90 – – 10 1 10 –
Pentachlorophenol 4.2 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 17.6 (4.7% in No. 2 fuel oil) 7.8 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 19.2
11.9 10 – – – 50 10 – 40 5 50 –
Copperized chromated 0.34 (0.20) 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 20.2 zinc chloride 0.74 (0.45) 9 – – – 56 22 – 22 4 44 –
1.17 (0.71) 10 – – – 60 30 – 10 4 40 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 2.5aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.bTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.This study was initiated by Edward Panek.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
55
Table 32–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with Texas lignite coal-tar creosote and withparaffin alone and fortified with pentachlorophenol after 41 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison ExperimentalForest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1954 (Plot 42)
Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Texas lignite coal- 5.0 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 17.2 tar creosote 9.8 10 – – – 10 – – 90 9 90 –
15.2 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –
25% paraffin in aromatic volatile solvent (by weight) 25.9 10 – – – – 1 1 8 10 100 18.4
5% pentachlorophenol plus 28.5% paraffin in aromatic volatile solvent (by weight) 26.3 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 2.3This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
56
Table 33–Condition of Douglas-fir, sweetgum, and tangile plywood stakes treated with pentachlorophenol and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A after about 26 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, January 1956 (Plot 44)a
Condition of stakes December 1981 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
retentiond in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePlywood Preservativeb Treatmentc (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Plywood Treated Before Gluing
Douglas-fir Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 10.0 9 – – – – 22 – 77 9 100 14.0Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 6.3 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 8.2Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.52 (0.32) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 12.3
Sweetgum Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 15.1 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 7.4Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.62 (0.39) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 8.5
Tangile Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 9.4 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 6.8Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.59 (0.37) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 10.4
Plywood Treated After Gluing
Douglas-fir Pentachlorophenol Pressure 9.6 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 15.4Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 0.9 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 5.3Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 1.4e 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 7.1Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.61 (0.38) 9 – – – – 22 22 56 9 100 18.3
Sweetgum Pentachlorophenol Pressure 10.6 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 6.3Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.55 (0.34) 10 – – – – 50f 10 40 10 100 7.6
Tangile Pentachlorophenol Pressure 10.4 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 13.4Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.60 (0.37) 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 14.9 .
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
57
Table 33–Condition of Douglas-fir, sweetgum, and tangile plywood stakes treated with pentachlorophenol and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A after about 26 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, January 1956 (Plot 44)a
Condition of stakes December 1981 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
retentiond in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePlywood Preservativeb Treatmentc (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Plywood Treated Before Gluing
Douglas-fir Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 10.0 9 – – – – 22 – 77 9 100 14.0Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 6.3 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 8.2Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.52 (0.32) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 12.3
Sweetgum Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 15.1 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 7.4Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.62 (0.39) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 8.5
Tangile Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 9.4 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 6.8Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.59 (0.37) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 10.4
Plywood Treated After Gluing
Douglas-fir Pentachlorophenol Pressure 9.6 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 15.4Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 0.9 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 5.3Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 1.4e 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 7.1Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.61 (0.38) 9 – – – – 22 22 56 9 100 18.3
Sweetgum Pentachlorophenol Pressure 10.6 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 6.3Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.55 (0.34) 10 – – – – 50f 10 40 10 100 7.6
Tangile Pentachlorophenol Pressure 10.4 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 13.4Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.60 (0.37) 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 14.9 .
Table 33–Condition of Douglas-fir, sweeetgum, and tangile plywood stakes treated with pentachlorophenol and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A after about 26 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, January 1956 (Plot 44)–cont.
Condition of stakes December 1981 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Plywood Preservative Treatment (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Untreated controls
Douglas-fir – – – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 3.6
Sweetgum – – – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 1.4
Tangile – – – 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 1.9aIn cooperation with the Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.bFor pentachlorophenol, 5% solution conforming to MIL-W-18142 (SHIPS) specification, 27 August 1954.cHot and cold treatment consisted of heating in a veneer dryer and immersion in unheated preservative solution until desired retention was obtained.dRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.eStakes were cut from the panels and then treated.fOne stake decayed by soft-rot fungus.NOTE: The stakes were five-ply veneer, 5/8 by 4 by 18 in., cut from panels 24 by 48 in. For other treated items, the stakes were cut after treatment and the edges exposed in sawing were brush coated with the preservative.This study was initiated by Edward Panek.
(Page 2 of 2)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
58
Tabl
e 34
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith c
oppe
r for
mat
e, a
fter a
bout
55
year
s in
test
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, Dec
embe
r 195
6 (P
lot 4
7)C
ondi
tion
of st
akes
Mar
ch 2
011
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayA
vera
geN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
rete
ntio
nbe
ran
dan
dA
vera
ge(c
oppe
r)in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
aG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Cop
per f
orm
ate
0.03
10–
––
–30
–70
1010
07.
40.
0610
––
––
90–
1010
100
25.9
0.09
10–
––
–90
–10
1010
038
.20.
129
–44
––
56–
–5
56–
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
––
–10
010
100
3.4
a Ten
stak
es w
ere
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led
at e
ach
test
stat
ion;
this
num
ber h
as si
nce
been
redu
ced
beca
use
of
failu
re to
loca
te th
e st
akes
at t
he ti
me
of in
spec
tion.
This
stud
y w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
59
Table 35–Condition of Southern Pine stakes treated with KPa preservative after 34 and 43 years in test. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1957 and Madison, Wisconsin, May 1958 (Plot 48)
Condition of stakes October 1992 (WI) and December 2000 (MS) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
retentionb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Location (lb/ft3) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.
KP preservative MS 0.09 9 – – – – 56 11 33 9 100 9.9MS 0.18 7 – – – – 86 – 14 7 100 16.4MS 0.28 8 – 29 – – 57 – 14 5 71 –MS 0.37 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 25.6
Chromated zinc chloride MS 1.20 (0.73) 9 – – – – 11 67 22 9 100 13.7
Coal-tar creosote MS 11.70 8 – – – 25 50 25 6 75 –
Untreated controls MS – 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 2.1
Stakes 2 by 4 by 18 in.
KP preservative MS 0.09 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 13.5WI 0.09 8 – – – – 100 – – 8 100 19.8MS 0.19 9 – 11 – 44 44 – – 4 44 –WI 0.18 10 – 30 – – 70 – – 7 70 –MS 0.27 10 10 10 10 50 20 – – 2 20 –WI 0.27 8 – 63 – – 37 – – 3 37 –MS 0.37 9 11 22 22 22 22 – – 2 22 –WI 0.35 7 – 100 – – – – – – – –
Chromated zinc chloride MS 1.16 (0.71) 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 22.9WI 1.21 (0.74) 8 – 25 – – 75 – – – – –
Coal-tar creosote MS 10.20 9 – 22 – 78 – – – – – –WI 10.20 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls MS – 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 2.5WI – 10 – – – – 100 – – – – 3.6
aCopper oxide and chlorophenols.bRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.cWhen the number of stakes is less than 10, specimens were found broken and eliminated from test.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
60
Tabl
e 36
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith tr
ibut
yltin
oxi
de, c
yano
ethy
late
d st
akes
and
sta
kes
trea
ted
for d
estr
uctio
n of
thia
min
e, a
fter a
ppro
xim
atel
y 9-
1/2
year
s in
test
in M
issi
ssip
pi a
nd 8
yea
rs in
Mad
ison
, WI.
Sta
kes
plac
edin
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, Dec
embe
r 195
8 an
d in
Wis
cons
in, M
ay 1
959
(Plo
t 53)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ja
nuar
y 19
67 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gere
tent
ion
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Trib
utyl
tin o
xide
aM
S0.
015
10–
––
––
1090
1010
06.
4M
S0.
030
10–
––
–10
–90
1010
07.
2M
S0.
045
10–
––
–10
–90
1010
07.
4
Stod
dard
solv
ent (
cont
rols
)M
S7.
110
––
––
–20
8010
100
4.0
Acr
ylon
itrile
bM
S1.
2310
––
––
–10
9010
100
3.9
WI
1.22
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
6.3
MS
2.46
10–
––
––
1090
1010
05.
3W
I2.
4810
––
––
100
––
1010
07.
8
Am
mon
ium
hyd
roxi
dec
MS
–10
––
––
–10
9010
100
3.5
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsM
S–
10–
––
––
–
100
1010
03.
6W
I–
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
4.0
a In S
todd
ard
solv
ent.
b Use
d w
ith a
mm
oniu
m h
ydro
xide
for c
yano
ethy
latio
n.c Fo
llow
ed b
y st
eam
ing
for t
hiam
ine
dest
ruct
ion.
This
stud
y w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
61
Table 37–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal and 3/4 by 3/4 in. by 18 in.) treated with fluor chrome arsenatephenol type A (AWPA-P5 and modification) after about 30 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1959 (Plot 55)
Condition of stakes December 1989 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 2 by 4 Nominal by 18 in.
Fluor chrome arsenate 0.35 (0.22) 8 – – – – 63 – 37 9 100 18.3 phenol (Federal Spec. 0.50 (0.31) 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 18.5 TT-W-535) (Type A) 0.75 (0.47) 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 25.1
Fluor chrome arsenate 0.35 (0.22) 9 – – – – 33 11 56 9 100 16.7 phenol (Type A) 0.50 (0.31) 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 17.5 (Modified)c 0.76 (0.47) 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 21.4
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 40 20 40 10 100 2.1
Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.
Fluor chrome arsenate 0.36 (0.22) 9 – – – – 33 33 33 9 100 7.4 phenol (Federal Spec. 0.51 (0.32) 9 – – – – 56 33 11 9 100 11.9 TT-W-535) (Type A) 0.77 (0.48) 8 – – – – 50 13 37 8 100 16.5
Fluor chrome arsenate 0.37 (0.23) 10 – – – – 20 30 50 10 100 8.3 phenol (Type A) 0.52 (0.32) 10 – – – – 20 40 40 10 100 11.6 (Modified)c 0.80 (0.38) 9 – – – – 56 11 33 9 100 15.3
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 1.4aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.bWhen the number of stakes is less than 10, stakes were damaged mechanically and eliminated from test.cSodium pentachlorophenate substituted for dinitrophenol.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
62
Tabl
e 38
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith c
oppe
r-8-
quin
olin
olat
e af
ter a
ppro
xim
atel
y 9
year
s in
test
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber 1
959
(Plo
t 54)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es N
ovem
ber 1
968
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayA
vera
ge re
tent
ion
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iC
oppe
r-8-
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
Solu
tion
quin
olin
olat
ein
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
(lb/
ft3 )te
sta
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Cop
per-
8-qu
inol
inol
ate
0.1
% in
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t
9.9
0.01
010
––
––
10–
9010
100
5.3
0.1
% in
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t 9
.90.
020
10–
––
–20
1070
1010
04.
2
0.1
% in
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t10
.00.
060
10–
––
1040
–50
990
5.6a
0.1
% in
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t10
.20.
123
10–
––
1060
–30
990
7.8a
0.6
% p
araf
fin, 2
%; a
nd P
enta
lyn-
H,
1
0% in
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t10
.10.
061
10–
10–
2070
––
770
8.8a
0.6
%; D
ield
rin, 0
.5%
in S
todd
ard
solv
ent
10.1
0.06
010
––
–10
70–
209
906.
6a
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
–10
––
––
–20
8010
100
2.2
a Estim
ate
base
d on
per
cent
age
of st
akes
rem
aini
ng a
fter f
inal
insp
ectio
n.Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
J. O
scar
Ble
w.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
63
Table 39–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with blends of extracts from Texas lignite tar after about 49 yin test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1960 (Plot 57)
Condition of stakes November 2009 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Lignite-tar extracts (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Hexane-soluble residue, 25%; and hexane 5.1 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 16.2 distillate, 75% (by weight) 10.0 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 35.5
14.1 10 – 10 – 10 80 – – 8 80 –
High-boiling methanol solubles, 25%; hexane 5.0 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 18.8 distillate, 75% (by weight) 9.3 9 – 33 – – 22 – 45 6 67 –
15.2 10 – 80 – 20 – – – – – –
High-boiling methanol solubles, 10%; hexane- 5.1 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 18.8 soluble residue, 20%; and hexane distillate, 10.1 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 35.8 70% (by weight) 14.7 8 – 50 – 13 37 – – 3 37 –
High-boiling methanol solubles, 20%; and hexane- 5.2 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 20.2 soluble residue, 10%; and hexane distillate, 10.0 8 – 13 – 13 37 – 37 6 75 – 70% (by weight) 15.2 10 30 20 – 20 30 – – 3 30 –
High-boiling methanol solubles, 15%; and hexane 5.0 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 22.0 distillate, 85% (by weight) 10.2 7 – 13 – 29 29 – 29 4 58 –
14.9 9 – 89 – 11 – – – – – –
High-boiling methanol solubles, 24,5%; hexane 5.1 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 24.2 distillate, 74.5%; and petroleum sulfonate 9.9 10 – 10 – 20 50 – 20 7 70 – (Morpel X-914), 1% (by weight) 15.0 10 – 70 – 10 20 – – 2 20 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 2.6aTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
64
Tabl
e 40
–Con
ditio
n of
1- b
y 4-
by
18-in
. sta
kes
of e
mbe
dded
fibe
rboa
rda
and
untr
eate
d D
ougl
as-fi
r hea
rtw
ood
afte
r 18
year
s in
test
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, Dec
embe
r 196
0 (P
lot 5
8)C
ondi
tion
of st
akes
Dec
embe
r 197
8 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Num
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Mat
eria
lte
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Embe
dded
fib
erbo
arda
6b
––
––
100c
––
610
011
.3
Dou
glas
-fir
he
artw
ood
10–
––
– 7
010
2010
100
3.0
a Wes
tern
hem
lock
stra
nds i
n po
rtlan
d ce
men
t.b St
akes
mis
sing
and
elim
inat
ed fr
om te
st.
c Failu
res a
ttrib
uted
mai
nly
to th
e ef
fect
of m
oist
ure.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
65
Table 41–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with tributyltin oxide and pentachlorophenol solutions with heavy andlight petroleum solvents, with and without the addition of Dieldrin and Aldrin, after about 49 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1960 (Plot 56)
Condition of stakes November 2009 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Solutions with Stoddard Solvent
Tributyltin oxide, 0.3%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 4.9Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 6.9Tributyltin oxide, 0.3%; and Aldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 4.6Tributyltin oxide
0.3% 8.2 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 4.50.6% 7.9 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 7.0
Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; Dieldrin, 0.3%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.9Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; Aldrin, 0.3%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 5.3Dieldrin, 0.6%; 8.0 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 4.0Pentachlorophenol, 5%; pine oil, 5%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 9 – – – – 44 – 56 9 100 32.3Pentachlorophenol, 5%; pine oil, 5%; Dieldrin 0.3%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 33.7Water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 4.3Pentachlorophenol, 5%; pine oil, 5%; Dieldrin 0.3% stabilizer wax, 2%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 9 – 33 – – 67 – – 6 67 –
Solutions with Heavy Petroleum Solvent (AWPA P9)
Tributyltin oxide, 0.3%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 22.2Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 23.0Tributyltin oxide
0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 20.80.6% 8.0 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 24.0
Pentachlorophenol, 5% 8.0 10 – 10 – 10 40 – 40 8 80 –Pentachlorophenol, 5%; and stabilizer wax, 2% 7.7 10 – – – 40 10 – 50 6 60 –Petroleum solvent contols 8.0 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 23.3
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 3.1aTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.This study was initiated by Edward Panek.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
66
Table 42–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 in. by 17 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol inliquefied petroleum gas and in heavy and light petroleum solvents after about 38-1/2 years in test. Stakes installed at Valley View TestPlot, Madison, Wisconsin, and on Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, July 1961 (Plot 59)
Average retention(lb/in3) Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)
By Serviceable but Destroyed by–analy- showing some– Decay
By weight sis, Num- Decay fungiPenta- Penta- ber and and Average
Solu- chloro- chloro- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Location tion phenol phenol test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 2 by 4 nominal by 18 in.
Pentachlorophenol in MS – – 0.14b 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 18.9 liquefied petroleum gasa MS – – 0.19b 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 15.9
MS – – 0.34b 10 – – – 90 – – 10 1 10 –MS – – 0.58b 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –
Solutions with AWPA P9 (heavy petroleum solvent)
Pentachlorophenol 3.5% (by weight) MS 3.0 0.11 0.14 10 – – – 10 – – 90 9 90 –
MS 4.5 0.19 0.22 10 – – – 40 – – 60 6 60 –
4.2% (by weight) MS 6.8 0.29 0.32 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –MS 16.0 0.67 0.69 10 2 1 – 70 – – – – – –
Solutions with Stoddard solvent
Pentachlorophenol, 4.0%; MS 3.6 0.14 0.14 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 13.7 paraffin, 2%; and MS 4.6 0.18 0.18 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 15.9 Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight)
Pentachlorophenol, 5%; MS 7.6 0.38 0.39 10 – – – 20 – – 80 8 80 – paraffin, 2%; and MS 13.5 0.67 0.70 10 – – – 100 – – – – – – Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight)
Untreated controls MS – – – 10 – – – – 30 30 40 10 100 2.1
(Page 1 of 2)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
67
Table 42–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 in. by 17 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol inliquefied petroleum gas and in heavy and light petroleum solvents after about 38-1/2 years in test. Stakes installed at Valley View TestPlot, Madison, Wisconsin, and on Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, July 1961 (Plot 59)–cont.
Average retention(lb/in3) Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)
By Serviceable but Destroyed by–analy- showing some– Decay
By weight sis, Num- Decay fungiPenta- Penta- ber and and Average
Solu- chloro- chloro- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Location tion phenol phenol test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 17 in.
Pentachlorophenol in MS – – 0.15c 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 5.5 liquefied petroleum gasa WI – – 0.15c 15 – – – – 100 – – 15 100 10.0
MS – – 0.19c 8d – – – – 50 – 50 8 100 4.6WI – – 0.19c 14d – – – – 100 – – 14 100 12.4MS – – 0.31c 9d – – – – 22 11 67 9 100 11.9WI – – 0.31c 13d – – – – 100 – – 13 100 13.7MS – – 0.48c 8d – – – – 38 12 50 8 100 14.9WI – – 0.48c 7d – – – – 100 – – 7 100 17.5
Solutions with AWPA P9 MS 3.2 0.14 – 9d – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 14.5 (heavy petroleum solvent) WI 3.3 0.14 – 5d – – – – 100 – – 5 100 16.4 Pentachlorophenol MS 3.8 0.16 – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 14.5 4.2% (by weight) WI 3.9 0.16 – 7d – – – – 100 – – 7 100 15.8
MS 5.7 0.24 – 4d – – – – 25 – 75 4 100 18.4WI 5.5 0.23 – 5d – – – – 100 – – 5 100 17.8MS 16.7 0.70 – 4d – – – – – 100 4 100 30.4WI 17.2 0.73 – 4d – – – – 100 – – 4 100 22.4
Solutions in Stoddard solvent
Pentachlorophenol, 4.0%; MS 3.5 0.14 – 9d – – – – 44 11 44 9 100 5.6 paraffin, 2%; and WI 3.0 0.12 – 11d – – – – 100 – – 11 100 10.8 Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight) MS 3.9 0.16 – 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 4.9
WI 4.0 0.16 – 13d – – – – 100 – – 13 100 10.8
Pentachlorophenol, 5.0%; MS 6.4 0.32 – 9d – – – – 22 – 78 9 100 14.4 paraffin, 2.0%; and WI 6.6 0.33 – 14 – – – – 100 – – 14 100 14.4 Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight) MS 14.4 0.72 – 4d – – – – 50 – 50 4 100 24.9
WI 14.6 0.73 – 5d – – – – 100 – – 100 21.0
Untreated controls MS – – – 10 – – – – 40 30 30 10 100 1.5WI – – – 15 – – – – 100 – – 15 100 4.0
aIt has been reported that the formulation of treating solution in liquefied petroleum gas has been changed since the stakes were treated.bFrom the analysis of composite sample of cross-section wafers taken at midpoint from ten 2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes and matched to the 10 stakes treated for installation.Because retentions were not determined for individual test stakes, extra stakes were not treated to provide a selection, according to retentions, for the test installation.cBased on analysis by Bell Telephone Laboratories of 2-in. sections cut adjacent to the test stakes.dStakes injured mechanically and eliminated from test. (Page 2 of 2)This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
68
Tabl
e 43
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith c
oppe
r-8-
quin
olin
olat
e an
d pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol i
n he
avy
petr
oleu
m s
olve
nt a
fter 4
5 ye
ars
in te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber 1
963
(Plo
t 62)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es M
arch
200
8 (%
)A
vera
ge re
tent
ion
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–C
oppe
r-8-
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
quin
olin
olat
eN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
or p
enta
-be
ran
dan
dA
vera
geSo
lutio
nch
loro
phen
olin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
(lb/
ft3 )te
sta
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Solu
tions
with
hea
vy p
etro
leum
solv
ent
(A
WPA
P9)
:Cop
per-
8-qu
inol
inol
ate
0.15
%9.
350.
014
10–
––
–30
1060
1010
026
.9
0.3%
10.1
40.
030
10–
––
–20
–80
1010
027
.3
0.6%
9.89
0.05
910
––
––
60–
4010
100
31.3
1.2%
10.3
10.
124
9–
44–
44–
–12
112
–
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l 4.9
8%10
.64
0.54
09
–44
–56
––
––
––
Petro
leum
solv
ent c
ontro
ls8.
49–
10–
––
–30
1060
1010
020
.9
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
–10
––
––
20–
8010
100
2.9
a Ten
stak
es o
rigin
ally
inst
alle
d; e
limin
ated
stak
es re
mov
ed fo
r cau
ses o
ther
than
dec
ay o
r ins
ect a
ttack
.Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
L. R
. Gjo
vik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
69
Tabl
e 44
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith h
epta
decy
ltrim
ethy
l-tet
rahy
drop
yrim
idin
e (H
TP)
in N
o. 2
fuel
oil
afte
r abo
ut 3
7 ye
ars
in te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber
1963
(Plo
t 63)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Ave
rage
rete
ntio
nbe
ran
dan
dA
vera
ge (l
b/ft3 )
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Solu
tion
HTP
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
HTP
, 2.5
%, N
o. 2
fuel
oil
6.0
0.15
010
––
––
––
100
1010
012
.5
HTP
, 5%
, No.
2 fu
el o
il 8
.10.
406
10–
––
30–
–70
770
–
HTP
, 5%
, No.
2 fu
el o
il10
.00.
498
10–
––
6020
–20
440
–
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
–10
––
––
––
100
1010
02.
3Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
H. L
. Dav
idso
n.
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ju
ne 2
000
(%)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
70
Table 45–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 by 16 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in liquefied petroleum gas and in heavy and light petroleum solvents after about 35 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1963 (Plot 61)
Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–
Average retention showing some– Decay(lb/in3) Num- Decay fungi
Penta- ber and and AverageSolu- chloro- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative tion phenol testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 2 by 4 in.
Pentachlorophenol in – 0.34a 10 – – – 10 40 – 50 9 90 – liquefied petroleum gasb – 0.49a 10 – – – 90 10 – – 1 10 –
– 0.65a 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –– 0.39a,d 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –
Pentachlorophenol, 5% in heavy petroleum oil 10.6 0.53a 10 10 10 80 – – – – – – –
Heavy petroleum oil 8.0 – 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 19.7
Untreated controls – – 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 2.5
Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 in.
Pentachlorophenol in – 0.34a 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 8.6 liquefied petroleum gasb – 0.40a 8 – – – – 75 – 25 8 100 7.2
– 0.59a 6 – – – – 67 – 33 6 100 9.1– 0.70a 8 – – – – 50 – 50 8 100 16.5
Pentachlorophenol, 5% in heavy petroleum oil 10.8 0.54e 4 – – – – 50 – 50 4 100 20.7
Heavy petroleum oil 8.3 – 8 – – – – 75 25 – 8 100 6.6
Untreated controls – – 10 – – – – 40 10 50 10 100 1.4aBy x-ray analysis of samples from pieces from which stakes were cut.bWith cosolvent of isopropyl ether.cWhen the number of stakes is less than 10, stakes were damaged mechanically and eliminated from test.dTreated in commercial charge with poles and crossarms.eComputed.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
71
Tabl
e 46
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith c
oppe
r-ch
rom
e-bo
ron
and
acid
cop
per c
hrom
ate
pres
erva
tives
afte
r 30
year
s in
test
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l Fo
rest
, Sau
cier
, Mis
siss
ippi
, Jan
uary
196
7 (P
lot 6
6)C
ondi
tion
of st
akes
Janu
ary
1997
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gere
tent
iona
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stb
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Cop
per-
chro
me-
boro
n0.
25 (
0.13
)10
––
––
60–
4010
100
3.9
(a
prod
uct o
f0.
30 (
0.16
)10
––
––
60–
4010
100
4.9
Dr.
Wol
man
, Gm
bH,
0.60
(0.
31)
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
5.5
Sin
zhei
m, G
erm
any,
1.11
(0.
58)
10–
––
1090
––
990
– c
over
ed b
y U
.S. p
aten
t1.
24 (
0.65
) 9
1122
–11
44–
115
56–
No.
3,0
07,8
44)
1.64
(0.
86)
1020
20–
2040
––
440
–
Aci
d co
pper
chr
omat
e0.
30 (
0.14
)10
––
––
100
––
1010
06.
1 (
AW
PA P
5-68
)0.
60 (
0.29
)10
––
––
100
––
1010
04.
6
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–10
90–
1010
02.
6a R
eten
tion
valu
es in
par
enth
eses
are
bas
ed o
n pr
eser
vativ
e ox
ides
.b Te
n st
akes
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led;
elim
inat
ed st
akes
rem
oved
for c
ause
s oth
er th
an d
ecay
or i
nsec
t atta
ck.
This
stud
y w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Des
troye
d by
–
Research Note FPL–RN–02
72
Table 47–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with 11 standard wood preservatives after about 40 years in test. Stakes placed in test in November 1967 at Lake Charles, Louisiana, in an area infested by Formosan termites and on the HarrisonExperimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi (Plot 67)
Condition of stakes February 2007 (MS) and January 1984 (LA) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
AWPA retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Standard Location (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Creosote, coal-tar P1-65 LA 4.9 10 10 – – 50 40 – – 4 40 –10.2 10 60 20 – 20 – – – – – –15.0 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
MS 5.1 10 – – – 20 70 – 10 8 80 –9.7 10 – 80 – – 20 – – 2 20 –
15.4 10 – 30 – 70 – – – – – –
Creosote-coal-tar P2-68 LA 4.7 10 – – – 60 40 – – 4 40 – solution (70-30) 9.9 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –
14.9 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 3.9 10 – 10 – – 60 – 30 9 90 –
10.7 10 50 50 – – – – – – – –16.2 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –
Creosote-petroleum P3-67 LA 5.8 10 10 10 – 40 30 – 10 4 40 – solution (50-50) 12.1 10 70 10 – 20 – – – – – –
18.3 10 100 – – – – – – – – – .\MS 6.0 10 – 30 – – 50 – 20 7 70 –
12.1 10 50 50 – – – – – – – –18.5 8 62 38 – – – – – – – –
Pentachlorophenol, P8-64 and LA 5.8 10 40 – – 60 – – – – – – 5% in heavy petroleum P9-67 9.9 10 70 10 – 20 – – – – – –
15.1 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –MS 7.0 10 – 10 – 50 30 – 10 4 40 –
9.5 9 – 67 – – 11 – 22 3 33 – 14.6 9 – 78 – 11 – – 11 1 11 –
Acid copper chromate P5-68 LA 0.50 (0.25) 10 – – – – 30 60 10 10 100 8.51.00 (0.50) 9 – 11 – 78 – – 11 1 11 –1.49 (0.74) 9 20 10 – 60 – – – – – –
MS 0.51 (0.25) 10 – 10 – 10 70 – 10 8 80 –1.01 (0.50) 10 50 – – – 50 – – 5 50 –1.54 (0.76) 9 67 – – 11 22 – – 2 22 –
Ammoniacal copper arsenate P5-68 LA 0.25 (0.24) 10 – – – 10 70 – 20 9 90 –0.46 (0.44) 10 – – – 80 20 – – 2 20 –0.67 (0.63) 10 10 10 70 10 – – 1 10 –
MS 0.26 (0.25) 9 – 33 – – 56 – 11 6 67 –0.48 (0.45) 10 10 70 – – 20 – – 2 20 –0.70 (0.66) 10 20 70 – – 10 – – 1 10 –
(Page 1 of 2)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
73
Table 47–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with 11 standard wood preservatives after about 40 years in test. Stakes placed in test in November 1967 at Lake Charles, Louisiana, in an area infested by Formosan termites and on the HarrisonExperimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi (Plot 67)–cont.
Condition of stakes February 2007 (MS) and January 1984 (LA) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
AWPA retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Standard Location (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Chromated copper arsenate P5-68 LA 0.40 (0.23) 10 – – – 70 10 10 10 3 30 – type A 0.76 (0.44) 10 50 10 – 40 – – – – – –
1.11 (0.64) 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 0.39 (0.22) 9 11 33 – – 45 – 11 5 56 –
0.76 (0.44) 10 90 – – – 10 – – 1 10 –1.14 (0.66) 8 100 – – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper arsenate P5-68 LA 0.25 (0.23) 10 – – – 80 10 – 10 2 20 – type B 0.44 (0.40) 10 20 30 – 50 – – – – – –
0.65 (0.59) 10 80 10 – 10 – – – – – –MS 0.25 (0.23) 10 10 50 – 10 30 – – 3 30 –
0.42 (0.38) 10 30 50 – – 10 10 – 2 20 –0.61 (0.55) 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Chromated zinc chloride P5-68 LA 0.76 (0.46) 10 – – – – – 80 20 10 100 6.01.02 (0.62) 10 – – – – 10 60 30 10 100 7.21.50 (0.92) 9 – – – – 11 67 22 9 100 8.3
MS 0.76 (0.46) 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 13.81.02 (0.62) 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 14.91.57 (0.96) 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 17.8
Fluor chrome arsenate phenol P5-68 LA 0.35 (0.22) 10 – – – 10 50 20 20 9 90 – type A 0.50 (0.31) 10 – – – 20 10 10 60 8 80 –
1.11 (0.69) 10 – – – 30 70 – – 7 70 –MS 0.36 (0.22) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 19.3
0.51 (0.31) 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 22.51.16 (0.72) 10 – 10 – 20 60 – 10 7 70 –
Fluor chrome arsenate phenol P5-68 LA 0.35 (0.21) 10 – – – 10 20 10 60 9 90 – type B 0.50 (0.30) 10 – – – 20 60 – 20 8 80 –
1.12 (0.68) 10 10 10 – 50 30 – – 3 30 –MS 0.35 (0.21) 9 – – – – 44 11 44 9 100 19.2
0.51 (0.30) 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 27.31.19 (0.72) 8 – – – 13 87 – – 7 87 –
Untreated controls LA – 10 – – – – 10 90 – 10 100 2.3MS – 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 2.3
aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.bTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
74
Tabl
e 48
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith c
oppe
r chr
ome
phos
phor
us a
nd c
hrom
ated
cop
per
arse
nate
type
III p
rese
rvat
ives
afte
r abo
ut 4
0 an
d 20
yea
rs in
test
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, Dec
embe
r 197
1, a
nd M
adis
on, W
isco
nsin
, May
197
2 (P
lot 6
8)C
ondi
tion
of st
akes
Mar
ch 2
011
(MS)
and
Oct
ober
199
2 (W
I) (
%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Ave
rage
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
eLo
catio
n (l
b/ft3 )
test
cG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Cop
per c
hrom
e ph
osph
orus
MS
0.26
a10
––
–10
80–
109
90–
WI
0.27
a 9
–33
––
67–
–6
67–
MS
0.46
a10
2030
––
50–
–5
50–
MS
0.75
a10
4040
––
20–
–2
20–
WI
0.74
a10
7030
––
––
––
––
MS
1.50
a10
5010
.0–
2020
––
220
–
Chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enat
e ty
pe II
IM
S0.
20b
9–
67.0
–22
11–
–1
11–
(F
ed. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
50)
WI
0.20
b10
2080
––
––
––
––
MS
0.40
b10
4060
––
––
––
––
WI
0.40
b10
100
––
––
––
––
–
MS
0.60
b10
9010
––
––
––
––
WI
0.60
b10
9010
––
––
––
––
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsM
S–
10–
––
–10
–90
1010
02.
9W
I–
9–
––
–10
0–
–9
100
7.4
a Ret
entio
n ba
sed
on O
smos
e C
ompa
ny's
anal
ysis
of p
rese
rvat
ive
oxid
es.
b Ret
entio
n ba
sed
on p
rese
rvat
ive
oxid
es.
c Ten
stak
es o
rigin
ally
inst
alle
d; e
limin
ated
stak
es re
mov
ed fo
r cau
ses o
ther
than
dec
ay o
r ins
ect a
ttack
.Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
L. R
. Gjo
vik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
75
Tabl
e 49
–Con
ditio
n of
asp
en p
artic
lebo
arda s
take
s (3
/4 b
y 4
by 1
8 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith c
hrom
ated
cop
per a
rsen
ate
type
III,
fluor
chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol t
ype
A, a
nd p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
in e
than
ol o
r min
eral
spi
rits
afte
r abo
ut 3
5-1/
2 ye
ars
in te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
ston
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, May
197
3 (P
lot 7
0) Con
ditio
n of
stak
es M
arch
200
8 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
Ave
rage
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
rete
ntio
nN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
base
d on
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
pres
erva
tive
oxid
esin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
cG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Flak
es T
reat
ed B
efor
e Fa
bric
atio
n in
to P
artic
lebo
ardb
Chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enta
te ty
pe II
I0.
25 9
––
––
100
––
910
025
.7 (
Fed.
Spe
c. T
T-W
-550
)0.
4010
––
––
100
––
1010
027
.80.
806
1750
––
33–
–2
33–
Fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol t
ype
A0.
2510
––
––
90–
1010
100
6.0
(Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
35)
0.50
10–
––
–90
–10
1010
08.
8
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l (Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
70)
0.25
10–
––
–40
–60
1010
05.
5 i
n et
hano
l 0.
4010
––
––
50–
5010
100
7.5
0.80
10–
––
–60
–40
1010
013
.4
Pres
sure
-Tre
ated
Par
ticle
boar
d
Chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enta
te ty
pe II
I0.
26 8
––
––
100
––
810
019
.7 (
Fed.
Spe
c. T
T-W
-550
)0.
41 9
––
––
100
––
910
029
.70.
848
1263
––
25–
–2
25–
Fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol t
ype
A0.
2610
––
––
70–
3010
100
7.5
(Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
35)
0.54
9–
––
–10
0–
–9
100
11.3
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l (Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
70)
0.22
10–
––
–70
–30
1010
05.
55%
in m
iner
al sp
irits
and
4%
pin
e oi
l0.
4010
––
––
80–
2010
100
8.5
0.82
10–
––
–80
–20
1010
021
.6
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–10
1080
1010
02.
4a D
ensi
ty 4
0 lb
/ft3 .
b Flak
es sp
raye
d w
ith p
rede
term
ined
am
ount
of p
rese
rvat
ive
solu
tion
whi
le b
eing
tum
bled
in sc
reen
.c Te
n st
akes
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led;
elim
inat
ed st
akes
rem
oved
for c
ause
s oth
er th
an d
ecay
or i
nsec
t atta
ck.
This
stud
y w
as in
itiat
ed b
y L.
R. G
jovi
k.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
76
Tabl
e 50
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith p
ropy
lene
oxi
de, b
utyl
ene
oxid
e,an
d ep
ichl
oroh
ydrin
/pro
pyle
ne o
xide
com
bina
tions
afte
r 17
and
21 y
ears
in te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on
Expe
rimen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, O
ctob
er 3
1, 1
974,
and
Sep
tem
ber 1
978
(Plo
t 71)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es A
ugus
t 199
5 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
Ave
rage
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
load
ing–
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iW
eigh
tbe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gead
d-on
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Non
toxi
c pr
eser
vativ
es(%
)te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Prop
ylen
e ox
ide
15-2
72
––
––
––
100
210
02.
229
-33
3–
––
–33
–67
310
06.
2
But
ylen
e ox
ide
17-2
22
––
––
––
100
210
04.
737
-40
3–
––
–10
0–
–3
100
12.2
31a
15–
7–
5333
––
533
–
Epic
hlor
ohyd
rin, 1
par
t;10
1–
––
––
–10
01
100
9.2
pro
pyle
ne o
xide
, 2 p
arts
261
––
––
––
100
110
05.
2
Con
trols
–16
––
––
56–
4416
100
3.0
a Fifte
en b
utyl
ene-
oxid
e-tre
ated
stak
es in
stal
led
in M
issi
ssip
pi, S
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Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
77
Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on the HarrisonExperimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)
Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pinea,b 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. unincised
Chromated copper MS 0.23 10 40 50 – – 10 – – 1 10 – arsenate WI 0.14 10 70 30 – – – – – – – – type III MS 0.28 10 40 40 – – 20 – – 2 20 –
WI 0.19 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.47 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 0.29 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
None MS – 10 – – – 10 20 10 60 9 90 –WI – 10 – 50 – – 50 – – 5 50 –
Southern Pinea,b 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised
Chromated copper MS 0.27 10 50 50 – – – – – – – – arsenate WI 0.19 10 90 10 – – – – – – – – type III MS 0.47 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
WI 3.30 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.62 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 0.37 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Southern Pinea 3/4- by 3-1/2 by 18-in. plywood
Chromated copper MS 0.39 10 10 20 – – 70 – – 7 70 – arsenate WI 0.38 10 60 40 – – – – – – – – type IIIc MS 0.80 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
WI 0.78 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.22 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.17 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
None MS – 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 2.8WI – 9d – – – – 100 – – 10 100 5.8
Chromated copper MS 0.36f 9d – 11 – – 89 – – 8 89 – arsenate WI 0.36f 9d 22 78 – – – – – – – – type IIIe MS 0.75f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
WI 0.75f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.16f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.16f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper MS 0.36f 9d 11 78 – – 11 – – 1 11 – arsenate WI 0.36f 9d 67 33 – – – – – – – – type IIIg MS 0.75f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –
WI 0.75f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.16f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.16f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
(Page 1 of 6)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
78
Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)–cont.
Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pinea,b 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. Unincised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.11 10 – 10 – – 20 10 60 9 90 – arsenate WI 0.07 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –
MS 0.30 10 – 70 – – 20 10 – 3 30 –WI 0.16 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.42 10 70 20 – – 10 – – 1 10 –WI 0.26 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Southern Pinea,b 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.14 10 – 10 – 10 70 – 10 8 80 – arsenate WI 0.07 10 20 70 – – 10 – – 1 10 –
MS 0.30 9d 45 33 – – 22 – – 2 22 –WI 0.15 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –MS 0.65 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –WI 0.39 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Southern Pinea 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.39 9d – – – – 100 – – 9 100 26.3 arsenatec WI 0.38 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –
MS 0.81 9d 11 67 – – 22 – – 2 22 –WI 0.79 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 1.19 10 20 70 – – 10 – – 1 10 –WI 1.15 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.38f 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 24.2 arsenatec WI 0.38f 9d – 89 – – 11 – – 1 11 –
MS 0.77f 10 10 50 – – 40 – – 4 40 –WI 0.77f 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –MS 1.08f 10 – 70 – – 30 – – 3 30 –WI 1.08f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.38f 10 10 – – 10 80 – 10 9 90 – arsenatec WI 0.38f 9d 11 89 – – – – – – – –
MS 0.77f 10 10 50 – – 40 – – 4 40 –WI 0.77f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.08f 9d – 89 – – 11 – – 1 11 –WI 1.08f 9d 90 10 – – – – – – – –
(Page 2 of 6)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
79
Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on theHarrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)–cont.
Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Douglas-fir 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. unincised
Chromated copper MS 0.66 8d 100 – – – – – – – – – arsenate WI 0.55 10 100 – – – – – – – – – type III MS 1.24 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
WI 0.82 9d 89 11 – – – – – – – –MS 1.62 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.11 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
None MS – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 3.7WI – 10 – 20 – – 80 – – 8 80 –
Chromated copper MS 0.66 10 100 – – – – – – – – – arsenate WI 0.56 10 90 10 – – – – – – – – type III MS 1.28 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
WI 0.96 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.88 9d 89 – – – 11 – – 1 11 –WI 1.28 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Douglas-fir 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood
Chromated copper MS 0.62 10 100 – – – – – – – – – arsenate WI 0.62 10 90 10 – – – – – – – – type IIIc MS 1.25 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
WI 1.22 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 1.88 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.83 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
None MS – 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 3.2WI – 8d – – – – 100 – – 8 100 5.5
Chromated copper MS 0.60f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – – arsenate WI 0.60f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – – type IIIe MS 1.21f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
WI 1.21f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.82f 9d 89 – – – 11 – – 1 11 –WI 1.82f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper MS 0.60f 10 100 – – – – – – – – – arsenate WI 0.60 10 100 – – – – – – – – – type IIIg MS 1.21f 9d 89 – – – 11 – – 1 11 –
WI 1.21f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.82f 10 90 – – – 10 – – 1 10 –WI 1.82f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
(Page 3 of 6)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
80
Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)–cont.
Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Douglas-fir 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. unincised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 9d 100 – – – – – – – – – arsenate WI 0.61 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –
MS 1.42 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –WI 1.29 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 2.14 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –WI 1.95 9d 78 22 – – – – – – – –
Douglas-fir 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 10 50 40 – – 10 – – 1 10 – arsenate WI 0.62 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –
MS 1.41 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.26 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 2.17 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 2.00 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Douglas-fir 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.63 10 20 40 – – 40 – – 4 40 – arsenatec WI 0.62 10 40 60 – – – – – – – –
MS 1.30 7d 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.27 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.97 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.93 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.64f 10 10 80 – – 10 – – 1 10 – arsenatee WI 0.64f 9d 33 67 – – – – – – – –
MS 1.30f 9d 78 11 – – 11 – – 1 11 –WI 1.30f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.97f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.97f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.64f 10 10 60 – – 30 – – 3 30 – arsenateg WI 0.64f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –
MS 1.30f 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –WI 1.30f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.97f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.97f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
81
Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on theHarrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)–continued
Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Engelmann spruce 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. unincised
Chromated copper MS 0.31 10 70 – – 10 10 – 20 3 30 – arsenate WI 0.21 8d 88 12 – – – – – – – – type III MS 0.50 10 60 – – – 10 10 20 4 40 –
WI 0.40 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.65 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 0.48 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
None MS – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 3.3WI – 10 – – – – 10 – – 1 10 7.5
Engelmann spruce 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised
Chromated copper MS 0.41 10 100 – – – – – – – – – arsenate WI 0.28 9d 78 22 – – – – – – – – type III MS 0.66 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –
WI 0.56 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.02 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 0.86 10 90 – – – 10 – – 1 10 –
Engelmann spruce 3/4- by 3-1/2-in. by 18-in. plywood
Chromated copper MS 0.71 9d 100 – – – – – – – – – arsenate WI 0.70 9d 89 11 – – – – – – – – type IIIc MS 1.38 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
WI 1.34 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 2.03 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.82 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
None MS – 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 2.6WI – 8d – – – – 100 – – 8 100 3.1
Chromated copper MS 0.67f 9d 89 – – – 11 – – 1 11 – arsenate WI 0.67f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – – type IIIe MS 1.25f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
WI 1.26f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.76f 9d 89 – – – 11 – – 1 11 –WI 1.76f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper MS 0.67f 9d 78 22 – – – – – – – – arsenate WI 0.67f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – – type IIIg MS 1.25f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
WI 1.25f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.76f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.76f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
(Page 5 of 6)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
82
Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)–cont.
Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Engelmann spruce 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. unincised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.26 8d – 75 – – 25 – – 2 25 – arsenate WI 0.20 10 30 70 – – – – – – – –
MS 0.63 10 50 30 – – 20 – – 2 20 –WI 0.50 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 1.03 9d 78 22 – – – – – – – –WI 0.75 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –
Engelmann spruce 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.42 9d 11 78 – – 11 – – 1 11 – arsenate WI 0.30 10 60 40 – – – – – – – –
MS 0.97 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 0.81 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –MS 1.41 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 1.16 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Engelmann spruce 3/4- by 3-1/2-in. by 18-in. plywood
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 10 20 50 – – 30 – – 3 30 – arsenatec WI 0.68 10 60 40 – – – – – – – –
MS 1.42 9d 67 22 – – 11 – – 1 11 –WI 1.35 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 2.14 9d 56 33 – – 11 – – 1 11 –WI 2.08 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.65f 9d 22 67 – – 11 – – 1 11 – arsenatee WI 0.65f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –
MS 1.29f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –WI 1.29f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 2.02f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –WI 2.02f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.65f 10 10 70 – – 20 – – 2 20 – arsenateg WI 0.65f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
MS 1.29f 10 60 40 – – – – – – – –WI 1.29f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 2.02f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –WI 2.02f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –
aSome Southern Pine contained a small amount of sapwood, and the Southern Pine plywood was mixed heartwood and sap.bResin content of the Southern Pine ranged from 0.87% to 27.4%.cTreated as 3/4- by 3-1/2 by 18-in. stakes.dTen stakes originally installed; eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack.eStakes cut from treated 2- by 4-ft panel.fRetention by weight of panels from which stakes were cut.gStakes cut from treated 2- by 4-ft panel; all cut surfaces given a liberal brush coat of a 4.5% solution of the preservative in which the panels were treated.This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
(Page 6 of 6)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
83
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Research Note FPL–RN–02
84
Table 53–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with fire-retardant chemicals after about17-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1976 (Plot 74)
Condition of stakes December 1993 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
UDFP fire 2.8 9 – – – – – 100 – 9 100 4.8 retardanta 6.0 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 9.7
9.5 10 – – – – 30 40 30 10 100 15.4
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 2.5aReported to contain urea, dicyandiamide, formaldehyde, and phosphoric acid.This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
85
Table 54–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 in. ) treated with pentachlorophenol in light cycle oil and copper-8-quinolinolate after 17 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1976 (Plot 75)
Condition of stakes December 1993 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 2 by 4 by 18 in.
Pentachlorophenol 0.48 10 – 10 – 90 – – – – – –
Copper-8-quinolinolatea 1.12 10 – – – 60 10 – 30 4 40 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 2.5
Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.
Pentachlorophenol 0.21 8 – – – – 25 – 75 8 100 13.20.31 10 – – – 30 40 10 20 7 70 –0.38 10 – – – 30 30 – 10 4 40 –0.47 10 – – – 70 20 – 10 3 30 –0.67 10 – 10 – 90 – – – – – –
Copper-8-quinolinolatea 0.34 9 – – – – 11 44 44 9 100 3.30.38 10 – – – – 30 30 40 10 100 3.80.50 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 4.60.94 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 6.21.16 7 – – – – 43 – 5 7 100 8.01.30 9 – – – – 44 11 44 9 100 7.31.84 8 – – – – 25 – 75 8 100 8.6
Untreated controls – 8 – – – – 38 12 50 8 100 2.3aWater-soluble form containing 1.07% copper metal (PQ-8).bTen stakes originally installed; eliminations were for mechanical damage or causes other than decay or insect attack.This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
86
Table 55–Condition of Southern Pine and Douglas-fir Comply stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chromated copper arsenate and ammoniacal copper arsenate after about 30 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,Saucier, Mississippi, November 1978 (Plot 78)
Condition of stakes March 2008 (%)Average Serviceable but Destroyed by–retention showing some– Decaybased on Num- Decay fungi
preservative ber and and Averageoxides in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pine
Chromated copper arsenate type III 0.25 10 – 20 – – 80 – – 8 80 –0.40 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –0.77 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 2.5
Douglas-fir
Chromated copper arsenate type III 0.26 9 – 56 – – 44 – – 4 44 –0.60 10 20 80 – – – – – – – –
Ammoniacal copper arsenate 0.25 10 – 20 – – 80 – – 8 80 –0.39 10 – 90 – – 10 – – 1 10 –0.62 9 11 78 – – 11 – – 1 11 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 3.5aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
87
Table 56–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (3/4 by 3/4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with butylene oxide after 10 years intest. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1979 (Plot 79)
Condition of stakes December 1989 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–
Average showing some– Decayloading– Num- Decay fungiWeight ber and and Averageadd-on in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (%) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Butylene oxide 33.2 20 – – – – 100 – – 20 100 3.5
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 1.9Data presented in this table are part of a larger study under the guidance of R. M. Rowell.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
88
Table 57–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.) treated with chromated copper arsenate type C using conventional full-cell (FC) process and Mississippi State University (MSU process–empty cell)after about 29 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MississippiS, April 1980 (Plot 80)
Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Chromated copper arsenate type C 2- by 4- by 18-in. Stakes
Full cell 0.14 10 – 90 – 10 – – – – – –0.27 10 30 60 – – – 10 – 1 10 –0.40 9 56 44 – – – – – – – –0.62 10 100 – – – – – – – – –0.79 9 100 – – – – – – – – –
3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. Stakes
0.14 9 – – – 11 34 44 11 8 89 –0.27 10 – 10 – – 70 10 10 9 90 –0.40 9 38 62 – – – – – – – –0.61 10 40 60 – – – – – – – –0.80 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –
2- by 4- by 18-in. Stakes
Empty cell 0.15b 10 – 60 – 10 30 – – 3 30 –0.26 9 – 100 – – – – – – – –0.33 10 20 80 – – – – – – – –0.59 10 100 – – – – – – – – –0.78 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. Stakes
0.14c 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 18.70.27 10 – – – – 40 30 30 10 100 17.70.40 9 – 11 – 11 44 22 11 7 78 –0.61 10 – 50 – – 40 – 10 5 50 –0.80 9 22 67 – – – – 11 1 11 –
2- by 4- by 18-in. Stakes
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 2.3
3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. Stakes
– 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 1.9aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.bThe retentions are based on chemical analysis after treatment.cThe retentions are estimates based on the full-cell treatments.This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Condition of stakes November 2009 (%)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
89
Table 58–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in P9 oil diluted withmineral spirits and water-dispersible pentachlorophenol after 20 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, June 1980 (Plot 81)
Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Water-dispersible 0.10 10 – – – 10 – – 90 9 90 – pentachlorophenol 0.18 9a – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 11.9
0.35 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –0.37 10 – – – 70 – – 30 3 30 –0.74b 10 – 10 – 90 – – – – – –
Penta P9 in mineral 0.09 10 – – – 10 – 10 80 9 90 – spirits 0.18 10 – – – 80 – – 20 2 20 –
0.33 10 – 20 – 80 – – – – – –0.78 10 20 40 10 30 – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 2.1aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.bConcentrate diluted in tap water. At all other retentions of water-dispersible pentachlorophenol, concentrate was diluted in a 50/50 dionized tap-water solution.This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
90
Table 59–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 2.5 by 5.0 cm by 50 cm) treated with chromated copper fluoride (CFK) after approximately 29 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier,Mississippi, June 1980 (Plot 82)
Condition of stakes November 2009 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 2- by 4- by 18-in.
Chromated copper 0.28 10 10 – – – 20 – 70 9 90 – fluoride (CFK) 0.58 9 11 44 – 22 11 – 11 2 22 –
1.22 10 100 – – – – – – – – –1.57 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 1.9
Stakes 2.5- by 5.0- by 50-cm.
Chromated copper 0.30 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 19.4 fluoride (CFK) 0.62 10 – 30 10 10 30 – 10 4 40 –
1.26 9 89 11 – – – – – – –1.69 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 1.6
aRetention based on preservative oxides.bTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
91
Tabl
e 60
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith w
ater
-dis
pers
ible
pen
tach
loro
phen
ol a
fter 1
9 ye
ars
in te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal
Fore
st, S
auci
er, M
issi
ssip
pi, M
ay 1
981
(Plo
t 83)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ju
ne 2
000
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Ave
rage
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Wat
er-d
ispe
rsib
le p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
0.10
10–
––
–40
1050
1010
011
.90.
1810
––
–20
10–
708
80–
0.43
10–
––
100
––
––
––
0.84
1010
10–
80–
––
––
–1.
7510
7030
––
––
––
––
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–30
2050
1010
02.
4
Research Note FPL–RN–02
92
Table 61–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with eight water-based formulations of wood preservatives and with Cu-8-quinolinolate and pentachlorophenol in toluene after about 30 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1981 (Plot 84)
Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Active Num- Decay fungiAverage ingre- ber and and Averageretention dient in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Didecyl dimethyl ammonium 0.19 0.10 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 4.8chloride, 50.0% 0.41 0.21 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 9.8
0.60 0.30 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 14.90.78 0.39 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 22.2
Coco dimethyl benzyl ammonium 0.45 0.06 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 4.3 chlorides, 9.8% + 3.8% 0.81 0.11 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 8.8copper as the metal 1.19 0.16 8 – – – – 87 – 13 8 100 14.1
1.62 0.22 9 – 11 – – 78 – 11 8 89 –
Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 0.40 0.11 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 7.5 20%, + 6.3% copper as the metal 0.81 0.21 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 19.7
1.21 0.32 8 – 13 – – 87 – – 7 87 –1.60 0.42 8 – 75 – – 25 – – 2 25 –
Dimethyl cocoamine 2-ethyl hexoate, 0.30 0.08 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 3.220%; copper 2-ethyl hexoate, 21.0% 0.61 0.16 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.3(3.8% metallic copper) 0.90 0.24 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 10.1
1.20 0.32 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 15.2
Copper 2-ethyl hexoate, 35.0% 0.40 0.17 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 5.5(6.3 metallic copper) 0.80 0.33 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.0
1.20 0.50 10 – 10 – – 80 – 10 9 90 –1.61 0.66 10 – 20 – – 70 – 10 8 80 –
Pentachlorophenol, 21.9%, and 0.82 0.20 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 18.62.4% other chlorophenols 1.66 0.40 6 – 50 – – 33 – 17 3 50 –
3.23 0.78 10 – 90 – 10 – – – – – –4.12 1.00 9 – 100 – – – – – – – –
Pentachlorophenol, 27.6%, and 0.65 0.20 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 16.03.1% other chlorophenols 1.30 0.40 7 – 43 – – 43 – 14 4 57 –
2.60 0.80 9 – 89 – 11 – – – – – –3.27 1.00 8 – 100 – – – – – – – –
Tri-n-butyl tin oxide, 9.5%, dimethyl 0.40 0.20 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 4.8benzyl ammonium chloride, 20%, 0.81 0.40 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 10.1and dimethyl ethyl benzyl ammonium 1.21 0.60 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 20.3chloride, 20% 1.63 0.81 9 – 33 – – 67 – – 6 67 –
Diluted in toluene
Copper-8-quinolinolate, 0.675% 1.50 0.01 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 5.9(0.12% metallic copper) 2.96 0.02 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 12.1
8.75 0.06 9 – 56 – – 33 – 11 4 44 –17.50 0.12 7 14 86 – – – – – – – –
Pentachlorophenol, 6.3%, and 2.86 0.20 10 – – – 10 20 – 70 9 90 –other chlorophenols, 0.7%, 5.73 0.40 9 – 78 – – 22 – – 2 22 –in No. 2 diesel fuel 11.44 0.80 10 20 70 – 10 – – – – – –
14.29 1.00 9 33 67 – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls – – 20 – – – – 25 – 75 20 100 2.4 aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.Data presented in this table are part of a study under investigation by R. C. DeGroot.
Condition of stakes March 2011 (%)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
93
Table 62–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) after 30 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1981 (Plot 85)
Condition of stakes March 2011 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 16.0 zinc arsenate 0.25 10 – 100 – – – – – – – –
0.40 10 20 80 – – – – – – – –0.60 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –1.22 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 2.0This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
94
Tabl
e 63
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith w
ater
-bas
ed e
mul
sion
s of
pen
tach
loro
phen
ol a
nd
creo
sote
afte
r 14-
1/2
year
s in
test
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, M
ay 1
982
(Plo
t 86)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ja
nuar
y 19
96 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
i
Ave
rage
rete
ntio
n (lb
/ft3 )
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
Pent
a-in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
eSo
lutio
nch
loro
phen
olC
reos
ote
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Emul
sifie
d pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol-
cre
osot
e
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l 17.
90%
0.50
0.10
0.10
10–
––
–30
–70
1010
06.
0
Oth
er c
hlor
ophe
nols
2.1
0%1.
020.
200.
2010
––
–50
10–
405
50–
P-1
creo
sote
20.
0%2.
000.
400.
4010
––
–10
0–
––
––
–2.
980.
600.
6010
––
–10
0–
––
––
–4.
000.
800.
8010
1010
–80
––
––
––
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l 21.
76%
0.40
0.10
0.04
10–
––
––
–10
010
100
6.9
Oth
er c
hlor
ophe
nols
2.5
6%0.
840.
210.
0810
––
–80
20–
–2
20–
P-1
creo
sote
20.
0%1.
650.
410.
1610
––
–10
0–
––
––
–2.
490.
620.
2510
––
–10
0–
––
––
–3.
290.
820.
3310
–10
–90
––
––
––
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
––
10–
––
–20
1070
1010
02.
0D
ata
pres
ente
d in
this
tabl
e ar
e pa
rt of
a st
udy
unde
r inv
estig
atio
n by
R. C
. Deg
root
.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
95
Tabl
e 64
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
em
ulsi
on a
nd
pent
achl
orop
heno
l in
P9 ty
pe A
oil
dilu
ted
with
min
eral
spi
rits
afte
r 14-
1/2
year
s in
test
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Expe
rimen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, M
ay 1
982
(Plo
t 87) C
ondi
tion
of st
akes
Janu
ary
1996
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Ave
rage
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
e
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/ft
3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Emul
sifie
d pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol
0.10
10–
––
––
1090
1010
07.
70.
2010
––
–80
––
202
20–
0.40
10–
––
100
––
––
––
0.60
10–
––
100
––
––
––
0.80
10–
––
100
––
––
––
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l in
0.10
10–
––
7010
–20
330
–
P9 o
il an
d m
iner
al0.
2010
––
–10
0–
––
––
–
spiri
ts
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–50
–50
1010
01.
6
Dat
a pr
esen
ted
in th
is ta
ble
are
part
of a
stud
y un
der i
nves
tigat
ion
by R
. C. D
egro
ot.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
96
Tabl
e 65
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
, tet
rach
loro
phen
ol, a
ndte
trac
hlor
ophe
nol p
lus
copp
er o
xide
in w
ater
and
am
mon
ia a
fter 1
4-1/
2 ye
ars
in te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
onEx
perim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, May
198
2 (P
lot 8
8) Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ja
nuar
y 19
96 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gere
tent
ion
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/ft
3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l in
0.13
10–
––
––
2080
1010
04.
2 w
ater
and
am
mon
ia0.
2610
––
––
6010
3010
100
7.6
0.40
10–
––
–50
–50
1010
09.
70.
6210
––
–90
10–
–1
10–
1.03
10–
––
100
––
––
––
1.49
10–
20–
80–
––
––
–
Tetra
chlo
roph
enol
and
0.12
10–
––
–40
–60
1010
05.
7 c
oppe
r oxi
de in
wat
er a
nd0.
2510
––
––
90–
1010
100
9.6
am
mon
ia0.
4110
–10
–50
20–
–2
20–
0.62
1040
2030
10–
––
––
–0.
9810
80–
–20
––
––
––
Tetra
chlo
roph
enol
0.25
10–
––
–20
–80
1010
06.
90.
4010
––
–10
20–
709
90–
0.60
10–
––
3010
–60
770
–1.
0210
––
–10
0–
––
––
–1.
5210
––
–10
0–
––
––
–
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–50
1040
1010
02.
3Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
L. R
. Gjo
vik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
97
Tabl
e 66
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith 2
% s
ulfu
r in
creo
sote
afte
r 14-
1/2
year
s in
te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, M
ay 1
982
(Plo
t 89)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ja
nuar
y 19
96 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gere
tent
ion
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/ft
3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e w
ith2.
0110
––
––
40–
6010
100
9.5
5%
sulfu
r in
tolu
ene
3.19
8–
––
100
––
––
––
4.43
10–
––
100
––
––
––
6.28
9–
–33
67–
––
––
–9.
2010
4010
–50
––
––
––
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–10
1080
1010
02.
8Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
L. R
. Gjo
vik.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
98
Tabl
e 67
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith p
heno
l-for
mal
dehy
de re
sin
afte
r abo
ut
17 y
ears
in te
st.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, Dec
embe
r 198
2 (P
lot 9
0)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Ave
rage
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
aG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Phen
ol-f
orm
alde
hyde
1.00
10–
––
–10
–90
1010
03.
2 r
esin
1.90
10–
––
–50
–50
1010
03.
23.
0110
––
––
10–
9010
100
5.0
6.15
10–
––
1040
1040
990
–10
.22
9–
––
2256
–22
778
–
Phen
ol-f
orm
alde
hyde
resi
n0.
0810
––
––
40–
6010
100
2.5
and
pen
tach
loro
phen
ol0.
1410
––
––
5010
4010
100
3.7
0.30
10–
––
–20
–80
1010
04.
80.
4910
––
––
1010
8010
100
7.4
0.79
10–
––
1020
–60
880
–
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–10
2070
1010
03.
4a Te
n st
akes
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led;
elim
inat
ed st
akes
rem
oved
for c
ause
s oth
er th
an d
ecay
or i
nsec
t atta
ck.
This
stud
y w
as in
itiat
ed b
y L.
R. G
jovi
k.
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ja
nuar
y 19
99 (%
)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
99
Table 68–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentalchlorophenol emulsion, pentachlorophenol-creosote emulsion, ammonium pentachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in P9 oil after12 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1983 (Plots 92 and 93)
Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
2- by 4- by 18-in. Stakes
Pentachlorophenol 0.14 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 7.0 emulsion 0.20 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –
0.28 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –0.40 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –0.56 10 10 – – 90 – – – – – –0.81 10 10 10 – 80 – – – – – –
Pentachlorophenol-creosote 0.14 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 6.5 emulsion diluted with 0.20 10 – – – 10 10 – 80 9 90 – 3% ammonia 0.28 10 – – – 70 – – 30 3 30 –
0.40 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –0.55 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –0.85 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –
Ammonium 0.16 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 6.6 pentachlorophenol 0.20 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 6.1
0.27 10 – – – 10 30 – 60 9 90 –0.38 10 – – – 90 – – 10 1 10 –0.55 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –0.77 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –
Pentachlorophenol in P9 0.14 10 – – – 100 – – – – – – oil and toluene 0.20 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –
0.28 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –0.40 10 30 10 10 50 – – – – – –0.56 10 60 10 10 20 – – – – – –0.80 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –
Toluene only 30.70 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 2.7
Mineral spirits only 26.00 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 3.3
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 1.7(Page 1 of 2)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
100
Table 68–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentalchlorophenol emulsion, pentachlorophenol-creosote emulsion, ammonium pentachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in P9 oil after12 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1983 (Plots 92 and 93)–cont.
Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. Stakes
Pentachlorophenol 0.14 25 – – – – 24 – 76 25 100 3.4 emulsion 0.21 25 – – – 4 52 – 44 24 96 –
0.28 25 – – – – 40 4 56 25 100 6.60.40 25 – – – 28 16 4 52 18 72 –0.56 24 – – – 72 8 – 16 6 25 –0.81 25 – – – 92 8 – – 2 8 –
Pentachlorophenol-creosote 0.14 25 – – – – 24 – 76 25 100 2.7 emulsion diluted with 0.21 25 – – – – 36 – 64 25 100 3.5 3% ammonia 0.30 25 – – – – 40 4 56 25 100 5.1
0.46 25 – – – 4 32 – 64 24 96 –0.58 24 – – – 47 33 – 21 13 54 –0.87 23 – – – 96 – 4 – 1 4 –
Ammonium 0.16 24 – – – – 4 8 88 24 100 2.7 pentachlorophenol 0.22 24 – – – – 21 4 75 24 100 3.5
0.28 25 – – – – 48 4 48 25 100 4.30.42 25 – – – 4 32 8 56 24 96 –0.63 25 – – – 40 28 – 32 15 60 –0.89 23 – – 4 83 4 – 9 3 13 –
Pentachlorophenol in P9 0.16 24 – – – 8 32 – 60 22 92 – oil and toluene 0.20 25 – – – 36 20 8 36 16 64 –
0.27 25 – – – 84 4 – 12 4 16 –0.40 24 – – 4 88 8 – – 2 8 –0.56 25 20 4 8 60 8 – – 2 8 –0.80 25 40 20 40 – – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 25 – – – – 32 8 60 25 100 1.1Data presented in this table are part of a study under investigation by R. C. DeGroot.
(Page 2 of 2)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
101
Tabl
e 69
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
in P
9 oi
l and
tolu
ene,
tetr
achl
orop
heno
l in
P9 o
il an
d to
luen
e, a
nd P
9 oi
l and
tolu
ene
afte
r abo
ut 1
6 ye
ars
in te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, M
ay 1
984
(Plo
t 94)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ju
ne 2
000
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Ave
rage
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l in
P9 o
il0.
1010
–20
–10
30–
407
70–
and
tolu
ene
0.24
10–
30–
60–
––
––
–0.
4010
4060
––
––
––
––
0.60
1010
0–
––
––
––
––
1.24
1010
0–
––
––
––
––
Tetra
chlo
roph
enol
and
P9
oil
0.10
10–
––
1030
–60
990
– a
nd to
luen
e0.
2510
–40
–50
10–
–1
10–
0.40
10–
40–
60–
––
––
–0.
6010
7030
––
––
––
––
1.25
1010
0–
––
––
––
––
P9 o
il an
d to
luen
e1.
3410
––
––
20–
8010
100
8.4
3.50
10–
20–
3030
–20
550
–5.
8310
–20
–50
30–
–3
30–
8.70
1050
3010
10–
––
––
–
18.
0310
100
––
––
––
––
–
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–10
4050
1010
01.
6Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
L. R
. Gjo
vik.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
102
Tabl
e 70
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith c
reos
ote
coal
-tar,
coal
-tar c
reos
ote
and
2% s
ulfu
r, co
al-ta
r cre
osot
e an
d ph
enta
chlo
roph
enol
with
inhi
bito
r, af
ter a
bout
25
year
s in
test
. Sta
kes
plac
ed i
n te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber 1
984
(Plo
t 95)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es N
ovem
ber 2
009
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
–sh
owin
g so
me–
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Ave
rage
ber
and
and
Ave
rage
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
e
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
sta
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Cre
osot
e co
al-ta
r1.
6910
–10
––
50–
409
90–
3.31
8–
––
–10
0–
–8
100
17.0
4.93
9–
33–
–67
––
667
–6.
5910
–40
––
60–
–6
60–
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e2.
2310
––
––
80–
2010
100
12.7
plu
s 2%
sulfu
r3.
4810
––
––
70–
3010
100
13.6
4.93
9–
––
–10
0–
–9
100
15.0
6.58
10–
––
–90
–10
1010
016
.8
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e2.
119
––
––
44–
569
100
13.1
and
pen
tach
loro
phen
ol3.
579
–11
––
89–
–8
89–
with
inhi
bito
r4.
7010
–20
––
80–
–8
80–
6.83
10–
20–
–80
––
880
–
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–10
–90
1010
01.
9a Te
n st
akes
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led;
this
num
ber h
as si
nce
been
redu
ced
beca
use
of fa
ilure
to lo
cate
the
stak
es a
t the
tim
e of
insp
ectio
n.Th
is st
udy
was
initi
ated
by
L. R
. Gjo
vik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
103
Tabl
e 71
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (3
/4 b
y 3/
4 by
18
in.)
trea
ted
with
pen
ta a
min
e in
wat
er a
nd p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
in P
9 oi
l and
tolu
ene
afte
r app
roxi
mat
ely
12 y
ears
in te
st. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, S
auci
er, M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber 1
984
(Plo
t 96)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es Ja
nuar
y 19
96 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gere
tent
ion
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/ft
3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Pent
a am
ine
0.14
10–
––
–40
–60
1010
02.
3 i
n w
ater
0.21
10–
––
––
–10
010
100
3.4
0.28
10–
––
–20
–80
1010
04.
20.
3910
––
–10
50–
409
90–
0.57
9–
––
–33
–67
910
05.
40.
8010
––
––
5010
4010
100
7.0
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l0.
1410
––
––
50–
5010
100
7.4
in
P9 o
il an
d to
luen
e0.
2110
––
–30
1010
507
70–
0.28
10–
––
7010
–20
330
–0.
4410
––
–90
10–
–1
10–
0.55
10–
1050
40–
––
––
–0.
8010
3010
–50
10–
–1
10–
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–50
2030
1010
01.
1D
ata
pres
ente
d in
this
tabl
e ar
e pa
rt of
a st
udy
unde
r inv
estig
atio
n by
R. C
. DeG
root
.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
104
Table 72–Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.)incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 24 years in test. Stakesplaced in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1985 and near Portland, Maine, August 1985 (Plot 97)
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and November 2009 (MS) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
White Pine–Unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.32 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 0.26 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 17.1ME 0.38 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 0.42 9 – 56 – – 44 – – 4 44 –ME 0.71 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.72 10 90 – – – 10 – – 1 10 –
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.30 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.31 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –ME 0.46 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.44 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.66 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.65 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
White Pine–Incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.32 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 0.26 10 – 50 – – 50 – – 5 50 –ME 0.44 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.42 9 11 67 – – 22 – – 2 22 –ME 0.80 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.73 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.32 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.33 9 78 22 – – – – – – – –ME 0.47 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.52 8 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.72 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.74 9 100 – – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls ME – 10 10 50 – – 40 – – 4 40 –MS – 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 2.4
Red Pine–Unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.29 10 60 40 – – – – – – – –MS 0.29 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 17.5ME 0.38 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.30 9 – 33 – – 44 11 11 6 67 –ME 0.67 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.44 9 89 11 – – – – – – – –
(Page 1 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
105
Table 72–Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.)incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 24 years in test. Stakesplaced in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1985 and near Portland, Maine, August 1985 (Plot 97)–cont.
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and November 2009 (MS) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Red Pine–Unincised–con.
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.18 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 0.23 10 10 50 – – 40 – – 4 40 –ME 0.33 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.32 9 56 22 – – 22 – – 2 22 –ME 0.70 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.46 9 89 11 – – – – – – – –
Red Pine–Incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.26 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –MS 0.31 10 10 20 – – 70 – – 7 70 –ME 0.45 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.40 9 33 56 – – 11 – – 1 11 –ME 0.53 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.64 9 78 22 – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.23 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.25 10 40 60 – – – – – – – –ME 0.45 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.40 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.78 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.55 9 100 – – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls ME – 10 – 80 – – 20 – – 2 20 –MS – 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 3.7
Eastern Spruce–Unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.13 10 30 70 – – – – – – – –MS 0.16 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 12.3ME 0.21 10 20 80 – – – – – – – –MS 0.25 10 – – – – 40 20 40 10 100 13.0ME 0.26 10 50 50 – – – – – – – –MS 0.39 10 – 50 – – 50 – – 5 50 –
(Page 2 of 5)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
106
Table 72–Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine, and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.)incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 24 years in test. Stakesplaced in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1985 and near Portland, Maine, August 1985 (Plot 97)–cont.
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and November 2009 (MS) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Eastern Spruce–Unincised–con.
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.10 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –MS 0.14 10 – 20 – – 50 10 20 8 80 –ME 0.13 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 0.20 10 20 20 – 10 30 20 – 5 50 –ME 0.53 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.71 9 100 – – – – – – – – –
Eastern Spruce–Incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.20 10 20 80 – – – – – – – –MS 0.24 10 – 10 – – 80 – – 8 80 –ME 0.28 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –MS 0.28 10 – 30 – – 70 – – 7 70 –ME 0.39 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –MS 0.48 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.20 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.25 9 56 44 – – – – – – – –ME 0.28 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.35 9 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.54 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.78 8 100 – – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls ME – 10 – 40 – – 60 – – 6 60 –MS – 10 – – – – 40 30 30 10 100 2.2
Balsam Fir–Unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.20 10 50 50 – – – – – – – –MS 0.26 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 16.9ME 0.25 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –MS 0.32 9 – 33 – – 67 – – 6 67 –ME 0.42 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.59 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.19 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.40 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.59 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
(Page 3 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
107
Table 72–Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.)incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 24 years in test. Stakesplaced in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1985 and near Portland, Maine, August 1985 (Plot 97)–cont.
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and November 2009 (MS) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Balsam Fir–Incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.31 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –MS 0.29 9 – 67 – – 33 – – 3 33 –ME 0.35 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.40 10 60 20 – – 20 – – 2 20 –ME 0.47 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.73 9 100 – – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.29 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.53 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.73 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls ME – 10 – 60 – – 40 – – 4 40 –MS – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 3.8
Eastern Hemlock–Unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.22 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 0.20 10 – 40 – – 50 10 – 6 60 –ME 0.38 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –MS 0.32 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 20.7ME 0.36 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.37 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.20 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.30 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.41 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Eastern Hemlock–Incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.28 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 0.34 8 – 38 – – 62 – – 5 62 –ME 0.41 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.38 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –ME 0.56 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.68 9 100 – – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.25 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.38 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.57 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls ME – 10 10 40 – – 50 – – 5 50 –MS – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 3.7
(Page 4 of 5)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
108
Table 72–Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.)incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 24 years in test. Stakesplaced in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1985 and near Portland, Maine, August 1985 (Plot 97)–cont.
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and November 2009 (MS) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Eastern Larch–Unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.15 10 50 50 – – – – – – – –MS 0.18 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 18.1ME 0.23 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.20 9 – 11 – – 44 11 33 8 89 –ME 0.24 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.41 9 78 22 – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.10 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.18 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.33 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Eastern Larch–Incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.16 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 0.25 9 – 11 – – 78 – 11 8 89 –ME 0.25 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –MS 0.32 9 11 67 – – 22 – – 2 22 –ME 0.32 10 100 – – – – – – – – –MS 0.60 9 100 – – – – – – – – –
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.14 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.28 10 100 – – – – – – – – –ME 0.49 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls ME – 10 10 70 – – 20 – – 2 20 –MS – 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 3.9
aTen stakes originally installed; eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack.This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
109
Table 73–Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 24-1/2 years in test. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, November 1985 (Plot 98)
Condition of stakes January 2010 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)b
Southern Pine–Southern Pine–Southern PineCut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel
Ammoniacal copper 0.09 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 5.3 arsenate 0.20 6 – – – – 83 – 17 6 100 12.1*
0.40 3 – 33 – – 67 – – 2 67 –0.58 8 – 25 – – 75 – – 6 75 –1.18 9 56 22 – – 22 – – 2 22 –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated
0.09 9 – – – – 90 – – 9 100 14.1*0.20 2 – – – – 100 – – 2 100 24.2*0.41 7 14 – – – 86 – – 6 86 –0.58 6 – 33 – – 67 – – 4 67 –1.24 9 78 22 – – – – – – – –
Treated as Stakes
0.33 7 – 71 – – 29 – – 2 29 –0.52 8 25 50 – – 25 – – 2 25 –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel
Chromated copper 0.09 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 5.0 arsenate III 0.19 2 – 50 – – 50 – – 1 50 –
0.40 5 – 20 – – 80 – – 4 80 –0.59 7 86 – – – 14 – – 1 14 –1.18 9 100 – – – – – – – – –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated
0.10 7 – – – – 43 – 57 7 100 13.8*0.19 6 – – – – 83 – 17 6 100 19.3*0.40 5 20 40 – – 40 – – 2 40 –0.59 8 75 25 – – – – – – – –1.18 8 87 – – – 13 – – 1 13 –
Treated as Stakes
0.41 5 20 20 – – 60 – – 3 60 –0.59 8 87 – – – 13 – – 1 13 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 1.7(Page 1 of 5)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
110
Table 73–Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 24-1/2 years in test. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, November 1985 (Plot 98)–cont.
Condition of stakes January 2010 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)b
Southern Pine–Southern Pine–SweetgumCut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel
Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 4.4 arsenate 0.20 7 – – – – 100 – – 7 100 8.1*
0.40 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 24.2*0.61 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 24.2*1.25 10 10 70 – – 20 – – 2 20 –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated
0.10 9 – – – – 89 – 10 9 100 9.2*0.20 5 – – – – 100 – – 5 100 18.1*0.41 4 – 25 – – 75 – – 3 75 –0.61 5 – 40 – – 60 – – 3 60 –1.25 9 33 56 – – 11 – – 1 11 –
Treated as Stakes
0.42 6 – – – – 100 – – 6 100 24.2*0.62 9 – 44 – – 56 – – 5 56 –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel
Chromated copper 0.10 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 6.1 arsenate III 0.20 5 – – – – 60 – 40 5 100 16.2*
0.41 4 25 – – – 75 – – 3 75 –0.61 6 – 83 – – 17 – – 1 17 –1.22 9 100 – – – – – – – – –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated
0.10 9 – – – – 56 – 44 9 100 9.4*0.20 2 – – – – 50 – 50 2 100 16.1*0.40 6 – 17 – – 83 – – 5 83 –0.61 4 – 50 – – 50 – – 2 50 –1.22 9 78 22 – – – – – – – –
Treated as Stakes
0.41 4 – 25 – – 75 – – 3 75 –0.58 7 29 57 – – 14 – – 1 14 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 1.4(Page 2 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
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Table 73–Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 24-1/2 years in test. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, November 1985 (Plot 98)–cont.
Condition of stakes January 2010 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Total removed Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)b
Southern Pine–Sweetgum–Southern PineCut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel
Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 5.0 arsenate 0.19 8 – – – – 87 – 13 8 100 12.5*
0.40 5 – – – – 100 – – 5 100 20.4*0.61 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 24.2*1.24 8 13 75 – – 13 – – 1 13 –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated
0.10 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 7.90.19 6 – – – – 100 – – 6 100 17.0*0.40 7 – – – – 100 – – 7 100 22.6*0.62 9 11 11 – – 78 – – 7 78 –1.24 9 33 44 – – 22 – – 2 22 –
Treated as Stakes
0.39 5 – 20 – – 80 – – 4 80 –0.61 7 – – – – 100 – – 7 100 24.2*
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel
Chromated copper 0.10 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 6.2 arsenate III 0.19 6 – – – – 83 – 17 6 100 20.5*
0.40 7 14 29 – – 57 – – 4 57 –0.63 5 40 40 – – 20 – – 1 20 –1.22 6 100 – – – – – – – – –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated
0.10 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 5.80.19 6 – – – – 100 – – 6 100 17.8*0.40 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 24.2*0.62 6 50 17 – – 33 – – 2 33 –1.20 6 100 – – – – – – – – –
Treated as Stakes
0.41 5 40 40 – – 20 – – 1 20 –0.59 9 56 44 – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 1.2(Page 3 of 5)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
112
Table 73–Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 24-1/2 years in test. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, November 1985 (Plot 98)–cont.
Condition of stakes January 2010 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)b
Southern Pine–Southern Pine-Yellow PoplarCut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel
Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 5.4 arsenate 0.20 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 21.4*
0.40 4 – 25 – – 75 – – 3 75 –0.62 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 24.2*1.27 9 33 44 – – 22 – – 2 22 –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated
0.10 9 – – – – 89 – 11 9 100 10.1*0.20 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 17.4*0.40 2 – – – – 100 – – 2 100 24.2*0.62 7 – – – – 100 – – 7 100 24.2*1.27 7 43 43 – – 14 – – 1 14 –
Treated as Stakes
0.40 7 – – – – 100 – – 7 100 24.2*0.64 6 17 17 – – 66 – – 4 66 –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel
Chromated copper 0.10 8 – – – – 38 – 62 8 100 8.6 arsenate III 0.20 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 18.8*
0.40 4 – 25 – – 75 – – 3 75 –0.62 8 62 38 – – – – – – – –1.23 7 100 – – – – – – – – –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated
0.10 9 – – – – 56 – 44 9 100 8.10.20 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 21.4*0.40 5 – – – – 100 – – 5 100 24.2*0.62 6 – 50 – – 50 – – 3 50 –1.23 7 86 14 – – – – – – – –
Treated as Stakes
0.43 7 – 29 – – 71 – – 5 71 –0.63 6 17 66 – – – 17 – 1 17 –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 1.1(Page 4 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
113
Table 73–Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 24-1/2 years in test. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, November 1985 (Plot 98)–cont.
Condition of stakes January 2010 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)b
Southern Pine–Yellow Poplar–Southern PineCut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel
Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 4.2 arsenate 0.20 7 – – – – 86 – 14 7 100 17.2*
0.41 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 24.2*0.62 5 – – – – 100 – – 5 100 24.2*1.25 8 25 62 – – 13 – – 1 13 –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated
0.10 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 8.00.20 7 – – – – 86 – 14 7 100 15.7*0.41 8 – – – – 100 – – 8 100 24.2*0.62 8 – 38 – – 62 – – 5 62 –1.24 9 44 44 – – 11 – – 1 11 –
Treated as Stakes
0.38 7 14 58 – – 14 – 14 2 28 –0.59 9 – 56 – – 44 – – 4 44 –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel
Chromated copper 0.10 9 – – – – 22 – 78 9 100 6.2 arsenate III 0.20 6 – – – – 100 – – 6 100 18.7*
0.41 5 – 20 – – 80 – – 4 80 –0.62 5 40 60 – – – – – – – –1.20 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated
0.10 9 – – – – 56 – 44 9 100 8.10.20 6 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 19.7*0.41 8 25 38 – – 38 – – 3 38 –0.62 8 38 12 – – 50 – – 4 50 –1.21 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Treated as Stakes
0.45 5 40 – – – 100 – – 5 100 24.2*0.63 7 86 14 – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 1.4aTen stakes were originally installed. Eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack, or failure to locate the stakes at time of inspection.bAverage life denoted by a '*' had multiple stakes which could not be located after a hurricane. Average life is based only on those stakes that were rated until failure.Data presented in this table are part of a study under investigation by R. C. DeGroot and L. R. Gjovik.
(Page 5 of 5)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
114
Table 74–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper carbonate and copper oxide in com with pelargonic acid and octanoic acid after about 20 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, April 1987 (Plot 99)
Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Copper carbonate/ 0.10 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 14.5pelargonic acid 0.25 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 13.7
0.40 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 16.10.60 10 10 10 – – 70 – 10 8 80 –1.00 9 11 – – – 89 – – 8 89 –
Copper carbonate/ 0.10 9 – – – – 89 – 11 9 100 16.7octanoic acid 0.25 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.5
0.41 9 11 – – – 89 – – 8 89 –0.59 9 11 – – – 89 – – 8 89 –1.00 10 30 – – – 70 – – 7 70 –
Copper oxide/ 0.10 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.0pelargonic acid 0.25 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.0
0.40 10 10 – – – 80 – 10 9 90 –0.60 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.51.00 10 – 10 – – 90 – – 9 90 –
Copper oxide/ 0.10 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 15.1octanoic acid 0.25 10 10 – – – 70 – 20 9 90 –
0.41 10 10 20 – – 70 – – 7 70 –0.59 8 25 – – – 75 – – 6 75 –1.01 9 33 – – – 67 – – 6 67 –
Chromated copper 0.10 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 16.7arsenate 0.25 9 56 22 – – 22 – – 2 22 –
0.40 10 100 – – – – – – – – –0.60 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – 30 10 60 10 100 2.3aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.
Condition of stakes February 2007 (%)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
115
Tabl
e 75
–Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tr
eate
d w
ith to
luen
e-di
lute
d A
WPA
P1-
13 c
reos
ote
with
xyle
ne in
solu
bles
less
than
0.1
% (c
lean
cre
osot
e) p
lus
addi
tives
of c
hlor
pyrif
os a
nd c
hlor
otha
loni
l afte
r abo
ut 2
0 ye
ars
in te
st.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
Mis
siss
ippi
, Apr
il 19
88 (P
lot 1
00)
Con
ditio
n of
stak
es M
arch
200
8 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by–
show
ing
som
e–D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iA
vera
gebe
ran
dan
dA
vera
gere
tent
ion
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
sta
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
AW
PA P
1-13
cre
osot
e1.
00 9
––
––
67–
339
100
8.7
with
xyl
ene
inso
lubl
es1.
9610
––
––
80–
2010
100
11.7
les
s tha
n 0.
1%4.
0310
–10
––
90–
–9
90–
6.20
10–
40–
–60
––
660
–8.
539
–89
––
11–
–1
11–
+0.5
% c
hlor
pyrif
os1.
0110
––
––
80–
2010
100
9.1
1.98
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
12.7
3.92
10–
20–
–80
––
880
–5.
9710
–50
––
50–
–5
50–
8.30
10–
50–
–50
––
550
–
+0.7
8% c
hlor
pyrif
os1.
0010
––
––
90–
1010
100
8.4
2.04
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
12.6
3.97
10–
––
–10
0–
–10
100
14.9
6.00
10–
20–
–80
––
880
–8.
1810
1080
––
10–
–1
10–
+2%
chl
orot
halo
nil
1.04
10–
––
–60
1030
1010
09.
72.
0210
––
––
100
––
1010
012
.74.
009
–33
––
67–
–6
67–
6.00
1010
60–
–30
––
330
–8.
2010
4060
––
––
––
––
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls–
10–
––
–10
8010
1010
01.
7a Te
n st
akes
wer
e or
igin
ally
inst
alle
d; th
is n
umbe
r has
sinc
e be
en re
duce
d be
caus
e of
failu
re to
loca
te th
e st
akes
at t
he ti
me
of in
spec
tion.
Research Note FPL–RN–02
116
Table 76–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol (manufactured 24 years apart) after 9 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, April 1989 (Plot 101)
Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by–showing some– Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Pentachlorophenol 0.1 10 40 40 10 10 – – – – – – (1965 manufacture 0.2 10 50 50 – – – – – – – – date) in 20% P9 oil 0.4 10 60 40 – – – – – – – – and toluene 0.6 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –
Pentachlorophenol 0.1 10 100 – – – – – – – – – (1989 manufacture 0.2 10 90 – 10 – – – – – – – date) in 20% P9 oil 0.4 10 100 – – – – – – – – – and toluene 0.6 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –
20% P9 oil and toluene 0.6 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 2.0This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
117
Table 77--Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippiwith wood preservatives in general use.
DataAverage from Averageretentiona table life
Preservative (lb/ft3) number (year) Remarks
Acid copper chromate 0.25 (0.13) 15 11.6 -- (Fed. Spec. TT-W-546) 0.30 (0.14) 46 6.1 --
0.51 (0.25) 47 -- 80% failed after 40 years0.51 (0.26) 15 -- 80% failed after 60 years0.60 (0.29) 46 4.6 --0.75 (0.37) 15 -- 60% failed after 60 years1.01 (0.50) 47 -- 50% failed after 40 years1.54 (0.76) 47 -- 22% failed after 40 years
Ammoniacal copper borate (0.17) 52 -- 94% failed after 34 years(0.22) 52 -- 94% failed after 34 years(0.33) 52 -- 56% failed after 34 years(0.45) 52 -- 12% failed after 34 years(0.66) 52 -- 44% failed after 34 years(1.33) 52 -- 18% failed after 34 years
Ammoniacal copper arsenate 0.17 52 8.11 -- (Fed. Spec. TT-W-549) 0.23 52 -- 95% failed after 34 years
0.25 (0.24) 14 38.7 --0.26 (0.25) 47 -- 67% failed after 40 years0.48 (0.45) 47 -- 20% failed after 40 years0.53 (0.51) 14 -- 12% failed after 60 years1.01 (0.97) 14 -- No failures after 60 years1.29 (1.25) 14 -- No failures after 60 years
Ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (0.10) 62 16.0 --(0.25) 62 -- No failures after 30 years(0.40) 62 -- No failures after 30 years(0.60) 62 -- No failures after 30 years(1.22) 62 -- No failures after 30 years
Chromated copper arsenate 0.26 (0.15) 15 28.7 -- Type I (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.39 (0.22) 47 -- 56% failed after 40 years
0.50 (0.29) 15 -- 30% failed after 60 years0.76 (0.44) 47 -- 10% failed after 40 years0.78 (0.44) 15 -- 20% failed after 60 years
Type II (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.25 (0.23) 47 -- 30% failed after 40 years(0.26) 20 -- No failures after 61 years(0.37) 20 -- 10% failed after 61 years(0.52) 20 -- No failures after 61 years(0.79) 20 -- No failures after 61 years(1.04) 20 -- No failures after 61 years
Type III (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) (0.14) 57 -- No failures after 29 years(0.20) 48 -- 11% failed after 40 years(0.25) 55 -- 80% failed after 30 years(0.27) 57 -- 10% failed after 29 years(0.40) 48 -- No failures after 40 years(0.40) 55 -- No failures after 30 years(0.40) 57 -- No failures after 29 years(0.60) 48 -- No failures after 40 years(0.62) 57 -- No failures after 29 years(0.77) 55 -- No failures after 30 years(0.79) 57 -- No failures after 29 years
Research Note FPL–RN–02
118
Table 77–Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi with wood preservatives in general use–cont.
DataAverage from Averageretentiona table life
Preservative (lb/ft3) number (year) Remarks
Chromated zinc arsenate (former Fed. Spec. TT-W-538) 0.22 (0.11) 24 22.1 –
0.33 (0.22) 4 33.0 –0.44 (0.29) 4 39.3 –0.38 (0.20) 24 – 40% failed after 45 years0.77 (0.40) 24 – No failures after 45 years1.01 (0.53) 24 – No failures after 45 years0.58 (0.38) 4 51.7 –0.78 (0.52) 4 – 30% failed after 60 years1.06 (0.70) 4 – No failures after 60 years
Chromated zinc chloride 0.49 (0.30) 2 14.2 – (Fed. Spec. TT-W-551) 0.76 (0.47) 2 20.2 –
0.76 (0.46) 47 13.8 –1.03 (0.63) 2 20.1 –1.02 (0.62) 47 14.9 –1.50 (0.92) 25 23.4 –1.57 (0.96) 47 17.8 –2.91 (1.78) 25 32.7 –6.00 (3.67) 25 – No failures after 45 years
Copper-8-quinolinolate 0.010 38 5.3 – Stoddard solvent 0.020 38 4.2 –
0.060 38 5.6 –0.123 38 7.8 –
Copper-8-quinolinolate 0.014 43 26.9 – AWPA P9 heavy petroleum 0.030 43 27.3 –
0.059 43 31.3 –0.124 43 – 12% failed after 45 years
Copper naphthenate 0.11% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.3 (0.012) 7 15.9 – 0.29% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.2 (0.029) 7 21.8 – 0.57% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.6 (0.061) 7 27.1 – 0.86% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 9.6 (0.082) 7 29.6 –
Creosote, coal-tar 3.3 6 24.9 – 4.1 17 14.2 – 4.2 4 17.8 – 4.6 5 21.3 – 7.8 6 – 70% failed after 54-1/2 years 8.0 4 – 90% failed after 60 years 8.3 20 47.1 – 10.0 5 – 90% failed after 55 years 11.8 4 – 50% failed after 60 years 13.2 6 – 20% failed after 54-1/2 years 14.5 5 – No failures after 55 years 16.5 4 – 10% failed after 60 years
(Page 2 of 4)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report
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Table 77–Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi with wood preservatives in general use–cont.
DataAverage from Averageretentiona table life
Preservative (lb/ft3) number (year) Remarks
Creosote, coal-tar–continued
Low residue, straight run 8.0 18 17.8 –
Medium residue, straight run 8.0 18 18.8 –
High residue, straight run 7.8 18 20.3 –
Medium residue Low in tar acids 8.1 18 19.4 – Low in naphthalene 8.2 18 21.3 – Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.0 18 18.9 –
Low residue Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.0 18 19.2 –
High residue Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.2 18 20.0 –
English vertical retort 5.3 19 – 90% failed after 50 years8.0 18 18.9 –
10.1 19 – 80% failed after 50 years15.0 19 – No failures after 50 years
English coke oven 4.7 19 16.3 –7.9 18 13.6 –
10.1 19 – 70% failed after 50 years14.8 19 – 80% failed after 50 years
Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A (Fed. Spec. TT-W-535) 0.20 (0.12) 2 10.2 –
0.30 (0.19) 2 18.0 –0.35 (0.22) 37 18.3 –0.50 (0.31) 37 18.5 –0.61 (0.38) 2 24.1 –
Pentachlorophenol (various solvents)b
Liquified petroleum gas 0.14 42 18.9 –0.19 42 15.9 –0.34 42 – 10% failed after 38-1/2 years0.34 45 – 90% failed after 35 years0.49 45 – 10% failed after 35 years0.58 42 – No failures after 38-1/2 years0.65 45 – No failures after 35 years
Stoddard solvent (mineral spirits) 0.14 42 13.7 –0.18 42 15.9 –0.38 42 – 80% failed after 38-1/2 years0.67 42 – No failures after 38-1/2 years4.00 17 13.7 –4.10 22 9.5 –8.00 22 15.5 –
(Page 3 of 4)
Research Note FPL–RN–02
120
Table 77–Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi with wood preservativesin general use.
DataAverage from Averageretentiona table life
Preservative (lb/ft3) number (year) Remarks
Heavy gas oil (Mid-United States) 4.1 17 -- 89% failed after 50 years7.9 17 -- 80% failed after 50 years
12.0 17 -- 20% failed after 50 years
No. 4 aromatic oil (West Coast) 4.2 22 21.0 --8.2 22 -- 70% failed after 50 years
AWPA P9 (heavy petroleum) 0.11 42 -- 90% failed after 38-1/2 years0.19 42 -- 60% failed after 38-1/2 years0.29 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years0.53 45 -- No failures after 35 years0.67 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years
Tributyltin oxide 0.015 36 6.4 -- Stoddard solvent 0.030 36 7.2 --
0.045 36 7.4 --7.900 41 7.0 --8.200 41 4.5 --
AWPA P9 (heavy petroleum) 3% 8.0 41 20.8 --6% 8.0 41 24.0 --
Petroleum solvent controls 4.0 17 7.6 --4.1 17 4.4 --4.0 17 12.9 --7.7 23 14.6 --7.9 17 -- 90% failed after 50 years8.0 45 19.7 --8.0 41 23.3 --8.0 17 14.6 --8.1 18 3.4 --8.5 43 20.9 --9.8 5 6.3 --12.0 17 17.1 --12.1 17 -- 80% failed after 50 years19.4 5 9.1 --
Untreated stakes -- Misc. 1.8 to --3.6
aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides or copper metal.bSee Tables 5 and 17 for pentachlorophenol in other solvents.