AgriculturalAgricultural Development and Food Development and Food Security in sub-Saharan AfricaSecurity in sub-Saharan Africa

W. KidaneW. Kidane

Policy Assistance Division, Policy Assistance Division, FAOFAO

Brussels, 2-5 May 2006Brussels, 2-5 May 2006

Food Security in sub-Saharan Africa

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Mill

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1990-1992 1995-1997 2000-2002

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Number of Undernourished

Central Africa East Africa* Southern Africa West Africa

Food Security in sub-Saharan Food Security in sub-Saharan AfricaAfrica

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Number of Food Emergency Cases in Africa

THE PROBLEMTHE PROBLEM

186 million Africans are going 186 million Africans are going hungry today and projected to hungry today and projected to worsen over the next two worsen over the next two decadesdecades

Nearly half live on less than $1 Nearly half live on less than $1 a day - lower than three a day - lower than three decades agodecades ago

Poor performance of agriculture Poor performance of agriculture lies at the heart of the problemlies at the heart of the problem

THE PROBLEMTHE PROBLEM

Very disappointing performance in Very disappointing performance in recent decadesrecent decades::

– About 13 percent of the world About 13 percent of the world population - produces only 7 percent population - produces only 7 percent of total maize output, 6 percent of of total maize output, 6 percent of wheat and 3 percent of rice.wheat and 3 percent of rice.

– Increased reliance on food aid and Increased reliance on food aid and commercial imports; Africa receives a commercial imports; Africa receives a third of world’s total food aid cerealsthird of world’s total food aid cereals

Share in World Share in World Agricultural ExportAgricultural Export

Share in World Agricultural Export

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6.00

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16.00

18.00

% S

hare

% share ofSSA agrexport inw orld

% share ofLatin AmericaandCaribbean

% share ofEast & SouthEast Asia

Absence of Conducive policy environment and Absence of Conducive policy environment and

Institutional frameworkInstitutional framework Public sector support in SSA for agricultural Public sector support in SSA for agricultural development inadequatedevelopment inadequate

–weak institutional capacities and political weak institutional capacities and political commitments; commitments; –Macroeconomic environment often unstableMacroeconomic environment often unstable– Legislative framework is either weak or Legislative framework is either weak or missingmissing–Agriculture related institutions generally ill-Agriculture related institutions generally ill-equipped to formulate, and implement, equipped to formulate, and implement, policies/strategies;policies/strategies;–Farmers’ Organizations involvement in policy Farmers’ Organizations involvement in policy not visible; inexistent, limited capacity, not visible; inexistent, limited capacity, politically restricted . politically restricted .

Political Instability and Political Instability and ConflictsConflicts Correlation between political stability Correlation between political stability

and poor economic performance and poor economic performance evident: Eritrea, Liberia, Guinea evident: Eritrea, Liberia, Guinea Bissau, Burundi and Democratic Bissau, Burundi and Democratic Republic of CongoRepublic of Congo worst performers; worst performers;– Budget diversionBudget diversion– Diversion of human capital including Diversion of human capital including

labour, labour, – high investment risk, high investment risk, – Agriculture looses more Agriculture looses more

Irrigation Africa Vs Irrigation Africa Vs Other Regions of the Other Regions of the WorldWorld

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Avg 60s Avg. 70s Avg 80s Avg 90s-MRPeriod

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Latin Amer &Caribbean

Near East InAfrica

South Asia

Percentageof Total ExclSA

Total Inc SA

Soil Fertility Mgmt.Soil Fertility Mgmt. low input and low output technology Avg cereal yield low input and low output technology Avg cereal yield

1.3 and 1.4 tons/hectare 1.3 and 1.4 tons/hectare Fertilizer application lowest and declining Fertilizer application lowest and declining 35 Kg/ha in 35 Kg/ha in

1980s, 26 kg in 1990s1980s, 26 kg in 1990s

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/ha Index Wtd

AverageSSA

Index WtdAverageSEA

Index WtdAverageLA/CAR

Yield ComparisonYield Comparison

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1961-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-MR

Year

Mt/H

a

AsiaDeveloping

CentralAfrica

EasternAfrica

Latin Amer &Caribbean

SouthernAfrica

WesternAfrica

Financing AgricultureFinancing Agriculture

Budgetary allocation is low and Budgetary allocation is low and declining over the years: ca 5% declining over the years: ca 5% 1990/91 to 3.5% in 2001/021990/91 to 3.5% in 2001/02

Decreasing ODA flow Decreasing ODA flow – Total US$ 3.94 bln 1985-94 to US$2.8 Total US$ 3.94 bln 1985-94 to US$2.8

1995 to 2002 (- 29 percent1995 to 2002 (- 29 percent ) )– Per capita $32 in 1990 to US$19 in 1998Per capita $32 in 1990 to US$19 in 1998 – agriculture often loses in budgetary agriculture often loses in budgetary

supportsupport

Lessons from outside Lessons from outside SSASSA Technical and development assistance only effective Technical and development assistance only effective

if:if:– Peace and stabilityPeace and stability– Accountability and transparency (Governance)Accountability and transparency (Governance)– Political commitment supported by political actionPolitical commitment supported by political action– Sense of ‘Sense of ‘I can do it’I can do it’ at institutional and individual at institutional and individual

citizen levelcitizen level Diversification starting with crops and expanding into Diversification starting with crops and expanding into

manufacturing and the service sectorsmanufacturing and the service sectors Adequate public support Adequate public support market development, market development,

research and extension services, credit, etc. and research and extension services, credit, etc. and budgetary allocationbudgetary allocation

Macroeconomic and price stabilityMacroeconomic and price stability

NEPAD – Agr NEPAD – Agr ProgrammeProgramme African Initiative to Revitalize African Initiative to Revitalize

Agriculture and food SecurityAgriculture and food Security Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Comprehensive Africa Agriculture

Development Programme (CAADP) Development Programme (CAADP) prepared by FAO and approved by prepared by FAO and approved by African Heads of State and African Heads of State and Government in Maputo in July 2003Government in Maputo in July 2003

Total Budget of around US$250 BillionTotal Budget of around US$250 Billion Progress so far limitedProgress so far limited

Role of Farmers’ Role of Farmers’ Organizations in NEPAD Organizations in NEPAD and Policy Dialogueand Policy Dialogue Needs for active engagement in policy Needs for active engagement in policy

dialogue to ensure implementation of dialogue to ensure implementation of NEPAD and increase of budget to 10% NEPAD and increase of budget to 10% for agriculture for agriculture

Provisions exist for more support to Provisions exist for more support to smallholder farmers under WTO smallholder farmers under WTO Agreement on AgricultureAgreement on Agriculture

Farmers’ Organization can play an Farmers’ Organization can play an important role in both the above.important role in both the above.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU