aggregates and archaeology in derbyshire and the … · derbyshire and the peak district and is...
TRANSCRIPT
AGGREGATES AND ARCHAEOLOGY
IN DERBYSHIRE AND THE PEAK DISTRICT
This document has been prepared as part of the Derbyshire and the Peak District Aggregates and Archaeology Resource
Assessment undertaken by Archaeological Research Services Ltd, Derbyshire County Council and the Peak District National
Park Authority funded by the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund, distributed by English Heritage. This document is
intended to provide a clear reference guide to the application of the aggregates management framework and the
landform element approach with regard to the aggregates and minerals landscapes of Derbyshire and the Peak District.
This guide was authored by James Brightman and Clive Waddington of Archaeological Research Services Ltd (ARS Ltd), and
published by ARS Ltd on behalf of English Heritage, Derbyshire County Council and the Peak District National Park
Authority.
This document should be referenced as follows: Brightman, J. and Waddington, C. 2010.
. Bakewell, Archaeological Research Services Ltd.
Aggregates and Archaeology in
Derbyshire and the Peak District
Front Cover: Aerial photograph shows extensive cropmark remains on the Trent Valley sand and gravel terraces showing the Neolithic Potlock cursus.
NMR SK 3128/25 CAP 7908/UCAP6367 30-JUN-1975 © ULM. Map depicts all landform elements mapped within Derbyshire and the Peak District.
Inside Front:
Rear Cover: Extensive post-medieval lead mining remains at Bonsall on the Carboniferous Limestone testifying to the long history of mineral extraction in
the county. NMR SK 2657/23 NMR 17841/16 16-JUN-2003 © English Heritage. NMR
Tunstead and Topley Pike limestone quarries either side of Wye Dale on the Carboniferous Limestone of the Peak District plateau. NMR SK
1072/60 NMR 20256/2 22-JUN-2005 © English Heritage. NMR.
1
2
CONTENTS
The Landform Approach . . . . 4The Wider Region . . . . . 5Regulatory Framework . . . . 6Applying the Landform Element Approach . 81a - Carboniferous Limestone . . . 101c - Magnesian Limestone . . . . 111d - Lava, Basaltic . . . . . 121e - Sherwood Sandstone . . . . 131f - Millstone Grit . . . . . 141g - Shales and Siltstones . . . . 151i - Coal Measures . . . . . 161k - Mercia Mudstones . . . . 172a - Till . . . . . . 182d - Sand and Gravel Terraces . . . 193a - Alluvium . . . . . . 203b - Palaeochannels . . . . 213d - Upland Peat . . . . . 21Sustainability . . . . . . 25References . . . . . . 26
Fig. 1 The medieval remains of Peveril Castle on a Carboniferous Limestone outcrop
above Castleton in the Hope Valley. NMR SK1482/39 20450-18 09-NOV-2005 © English Heritage. NMR.
3
Fig. 2 Map of Derbyshire and the Peak District overlain showing constituent landform elements.
The Landform Approach
1. The project underlying this guidance document
has synthesised the archaeological resource for all
known landforms (discrete geomorphological units with
specific archaeological and palaeoenvironmental
associations) within Derbyshire and the Peak District
and has assembled a comprehensive overview of
archaeological associations for all landforms. The
principal reason for this being that whilst extraction will
focus on one or more particular landforms, the impact
of such development can extend across many
landforms, for example palaeochannels inset within
sand and gravel terraces, or shallow till cover above hard
rock, such as Carboniferous Limestone. There are,
however, a number of key landforms which are most
likely to be impacted upon by modern extractive
industries, and these largely mirror the landforms
targeted by the aerial photograph transcription
component of this project: Carboniferous Limestone
(1a), Magnesian Limestone (1c), Sherwood Sandstone
(1e) and sand and gravel terraces (2d). To this list can be
added the Millstone Grit (1f), especially in relation to
the substantial quarrying around Stanton Moor.
2. The table below illustrates the density of
archaeological and historical sites across Derbyshire and
the Peak District by landform. The archaeological
resource has been defined using existing databases of
sites (Historic Environment Records and the National
Monuments Record) along with 862 new sites identified
through an aerial photograph transcription element.
Whilst the densities given in Table 1 below may be a
somewhat crude statistical measure, and there are a
number of crucial caveats which must be considered
when using this data, it nevertheless provides a quick
reference as to the relative archaeological potential of
each landform unit. There are a number of key points to
note about this table. Firstly, the high density of sites on
landform 1d is artificially inflated by the number of large
sites, such as lead mining remains, which overlap both
the Carboniferous Limestone and bands of igneous rock.
3. Secondly, and critically, this table only relates to
currently known sites, and so as more sites are found,
the densities will increase. With the Millstone Grit, for
example, it is almost certain that the density in the table
below is much lower than the real potential for the
landform to host archaeological remains. Moorland peat
and heather cover over much of this landform means
that substantial numbers of archaeological features are
masked, and lack of agriculture or other intrusive work
means that sites can remain well-preserved yet
undiscovered. The high density of sites on the
Carboniferous Limestone is both a product of a genuine
preference for past settlement and activity on this
landform, and also a consequence of this landform
being a focus for archaeological fieldwork since
antiquarian times. This landform also abounds in the
remains of historic lead mining which contributes
significantly to the number of recorded sites, and it is
also the main area for cave formations, a distinctive
landscape niche that has attracted human activity since
Palaeolithic times.
Landform Element Area (ha)% of Total
Area
Sites per
100ha
1a
1c
1d
1e
1f
1g
1i
1k
2a
2b
2d
3a
3b
3c
Carboniferous Limestone
Magnesian Limestone
Lava, basaltic etc
Sherwood Sandstone
Millstone Grit
Shales and Siltstone
Coal Measures
Mercia Mudstones
Till
Undifferentiated drift deposits
Sand and Gravel Terraces
Alluvium
Palaeochannels
Upland Peat
Derbyshire and the Peak District 328944.6
44941.52
8232.56
1990.73
9302.88
64372.94
19242.02
59464.24
26215.27
24056.88
14301.23
11940.71
18021.87
1203.96
25657.79
13.66
2.50
0.61
2.83
19.57
5.85
18.08
7.97
7.31
4.35
3.63
5.48
0.37
7.80
100
11.68
7.06
16.73
7.89
3.17
7.07
4.11
4.08
4.70
4.66
7.15
5.85
0.10
0.93
6.54
Table 1 Density of archaeological and historical sites across Derbyshire and the Peak District by landform unit.
4
The Wider Region
4. This study focuses on the historic environment
within Derbyshire and the Peak District, but the
landforms and heritage assets they host do not exist
within a vacuum. Within the main project report it is
discussed where key sites in other parts of Britain
illustrate the potential of certain landforms, and this is
perhaps most apposite when commenting on the
archaeological associations of landforms in neighbouring
counties and regions where the topographic settings can
often be similar. A key example of this would be the
sand and gravel terraces within the Trent Valley which
span several counties across the East and West
Midlands. It can be reasonably anticipated that
archaeological associations are similar across county
boundaries and this should be considered an important
source of information when assessing the impact of
development within Derbyshire and the Peak District.
Attention should be drawn to the on-going aggregates
resource assessments in Nottinghamshire and
Leicestershire as these will provide important
comparanda, as well as potentially highlighting gaps in
the archaeological record for Derbyshire and the Peak
District.
Fig. 3 Extract of GIS mapping with the landform elements defined as shaded blocks over Ordnance Survey base
mapping. Here the distribution shows Roman-period sites in relation to the underlying Sherwood Sandstone, Mercia
Mudstone and various drift deposits. Ordnance Survey data Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Licence no.
100045420.
©
5
Regulatory Framework
Government's Statement on the Historic Environment
for England 2010
PPS5
5. This document and guidance sits below the
regulatory framework governing archaeology and the
historic environment within the planning system and
supports the national minerals and archaeology practice
guide (MHEF 2008). The regulatory framework has
undergone some change in recent years, and what
follows is a brief discussion of this framework and where
this report sits in relation to it.
6. The 'Government's Statement on the Historic
Environment for England 2010' (DCMS 2010), whilst not
policy, sets out the aspirational vision and aims for the
Historic Environment in England as well as defining
terms such as 'historic environment' and exploring its
inherent values. The document also incorporates a
series of commitments to meet the stated overarching
aims and there are a number of ways in which this
project and document feed into these commitments.
“Ensure that relevant policy, guidance, and
standards across Government emphasize our
responsibility to manage England's heritage for present
and future generations” (DCMS 2010, 21) – The
overarching aim of this project is to provide guidance
and a sound evidence base for the management of
heritage assets and the historic environment, specifically
in relation to aggregate extraction.
“Ensure that all heritage assets are afforded an
appropriate and effective level of protection, while
allowing, where appropriate, for well managed and
intelligent change” (DCMS 2010, 21). The protection
noted in this commitment is principally represented by
Planning Policy Statement 5 which is discussed below.
This document sits within the framework provided by
PPS 5, while also providing guidance on evaluation and
mitigation techniques, specific to Derbyshire and the
Peak District, which will provide the 'appropriate and
effective level of protection' noted above.
“Encourage structures, skills and systems at a
local level which: promote an early understanding of
heritage in the context of development; ensure that
local decision makers have access to the expertise they
need” (DCMS 2010, 22). The principal aim of this project
is to assemble an evidence base and provide a
management framework and guidance, based on that
evidence base, to allow decisions made at a local level
to be as well-informed as possible.
“Promote opportunities to place people and
communities at the centre of the designation and
management of their local historic environment and to
make use of heritage as a focus for learning and
community identity at all levels” (DCMS 2010, 22). “Seek
to promote the role of historic environment within the
Government's response to climate change and as part of
its sustainable development agenda” (DCMS 2010, 23).
Both of these commitments feed into the theme of
sustainability which is a key aspect of the modern
planning process, the significance of which is discussed
below.
7. 'Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the
Historic Environment' (CLG 2010) is the policy statement
which provides the overarching framework for
conservation of the historic environment within the
planning system and enshrines the historic environment
as a material consideration within the planning process.
This policy document draws together all historic
considerations under a single unified policy and sets out
the areas of responsibility for all stakeholders within the
planning process.
8. There are a number of policy statements within
PPS 5 to which this study directly contributes
HE2.1 – This document forms a major synthesis
of the historic environment and heritage assets within
Derbyshire and the Peak District and is intended to form
part of the evidence base which is “proportionate and
sufficient to inform adequately the plan-making
process” (CLG 2010, 4).
HE2.2 – This sub-policy states that “Local
authorities should either maintain or have access to a
historic environment record” (CLG 2010). HER
enhancement and aerial photograph transcription was
undertaken as part of this project to augment the
existing knowledge base for Derbyshire and the Peak
District.
HE2.3 – This sub-policy essentially outlines the
aims of this project and is worth quoting in full as it
illustrates how this document relates to the planning
process: “Local-planning authorities should use the
evidence to assess the type, numbers, distribution,
significance and condition of heritage assets and the
contribution that they may make to their environment
now and in the future. It should also be used to help
predict the likelihood that currently unidentified
heritage assets, particularly sites of historic and
archaeological interest, will be discovered in the future”
(CLG 2010, 4).
HE3 – This policy states that “Regional spatial
strategies and local development frameworks should set
out a positive, proactive strategy for the conservation
and enjoyment of the historic environment in their
area” (CLG 2010). It is intended that the synthesis of
data and approach outlined in this document can be
used to feed into Regional Spatial Strategies (RSS), Local
Development Frameworks (LDF) and Mineral
Development Frameworks (MDF) as discussed below.
HE6 – This policy sets out the key requirements
of a developer in relation to projects which may impact
on the historic environment. Just as the information and
framework within this study serves as an evidence base
for curators, so it is also intended to provide guidance
and a framework for applications from the aggregates
industry and feed into those areas of an Environmental
Statement which deal with the historic environment.
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6
7
Guidance to PPS5
Mineral Extraction and Archaeology: A Practice Guide
9. Nested within the framework provided by PPS
5, there are a number of other documents, the first of
which is the 'Historic Environment Planning Practice
Guide' (CLG/DCMS/EH 2010) which accompanies PPS 5.
This document provides guidance on the practical
implementation of PPS 5 and is consequently a much
more in-depth document than the policy statement
itself. This practice guide “supports the implementation
of national policy, but does not constitute a statement
of Government policy” (CLG/DCMS/EH 2010, 6). This
document has been presented by English Heritage as a
'live' document and is therefore intended to be subject
to future changes as techniques and practice develop.
10. A national guidance document for England
specific to mineral extraction and archaeology has
recently been produced by a cross-sectoral group, the
Minerals and Historic Environment Forum, that has been
widely consulted upon and endorsed by the Association
of Local Government Archaeological Officers: England
(ALGAO: England), the British Aggregates Association
(BAA), Confederation of British Industry (CBI): Minerals
Group, English Heritage, the Institute for Archaeologists
(IfA), the Mining Association of the UK (MAUK), the
Planning Officers Society (POS), the Mineral Products
Association (MPA, formerly the Quarry Products
Association), and the Federation of Archaeological
Managers and Employers (FAME, formerly the Standing
Conference of Archaeological Unit Managers). This
document is referred to in the Historic Environment
Planning Practice Guide (CLG/DCMS/EH 2010) for how
to deal specifically with aggregate extraction. 'Mineral
Extraction and Archaeology: A Practice Guide' (MHEF
2008) provides guidance for planning authorities,
mineral planners, mineral operators, archaeologists,
consultants and developers on dealing with
archaeological remains within the minerals planning
system. The evidence base and guidance resulting from
the study reported here should be considered as nested
within, and complementary too, this national guidance
but with specific relevance for Derbyshire and the Peak
District.
Fig. 4 The creation of reservoirs and the imprint of
post-medieval and industrial period archaeology are a
key association with some of the upland landform
elements, such as at the Derwent Dams pictured here
Applying the Landform Element Approach
11. Previous research (see Passmore et al 2002;
Passmore and Waddington 2009) has shown that there
is a direct link between certain types of landforms and
certain types of archaeological and palaeoecological
remains (e.g. sand and gravel terraces were particularly
favoured areas for Neolithic-Bronze Age monuments
and Anglo-Saxon settlements). As landforms of different
age and origin have been able to be dated this means
that certain types of landforms only have the potential
to host archaeological and palaeoecological remains of
certain age and type. In some instances they may overlie
earlier sediment units that may contain earlier remains.
This is important as it means that the planning response
to proposed developments on different types of
landform can take this into account. It also allows areas
of higher and lower sensitivity to be identified.
12. The GIS detailing the landform elements that
has been used as the basis for this analysis is held by the
two local planning authorities covering the study area
(DCC and PDNPA) and should be consulted at the
earliest opportunity in order to identify the landforms
within a proposed development area. Tables 2-14 below
summarise the archaeological associations for each
landform unit. The tables contain three columns with
one detailing geomorphological associations, another
the potential archaeological associations and the last
archaeological evaluation and mitigation advice. Further,
more detailed, information relating to each landform
can be found in the main project report, and it is from
here that the tables below have been summarised.
13. Table 15 illustrates the most applicable
archaeological techniques by landform followed by
information on specific applicability of certain
techniques in relation to Derbyshire and the Peak
District. It must be stated that every site has unique
factors governing the specific archaeological
associations and that the tables below should be
considered a general guide to the potential of a site.
Understanding the potential of any given site requires
both informed interpretation as well as the exercise of
professional judgement linked directly to the evidence
base provided by this study and existing site reports and
publications. All developments require open and
continuous dialogue between stakeholders from as early
as possible in the planning process to ensure that the
most applicable and cost-effective evaluation and
mitigation works are undertaken.
14. The evidence base provided by this work is
intended to help inform all stages of minerals planning.
This includes the Local and Minerals Development
Frameworks, and also site-specific planning strategies
and responses from the screening and scoping stages,
through pre-determination evaluation, archaeological
responses and post-permission mitigation measures, as
well as sustainability measures through the life of a
development and beyond. This work follows that of
'Minerals Extraction and Archaeology: A Practice Guide'
(MHEF 2008) in stressing two key themes of minerals
planning: a coherent and consistent approach that
engages stakeholders through all stages of the process,
and a question-led targeted approach to archaeological
work with clearly defined research goals keying into
local, regional and national research agendas.
15. The question-led targeted approach to
archaeological work is of key importance as it is this that
should prevent archaeological work being undertaken as
a blanket measure or as part of a 'one size fits all'
approach to evaluation, but rather provides a clear focus
ensuring that the correct archaeological techniques are
applied so as to evaluate the potential of an area and
not to sample it. The question-led and targeted
approach dovetails with the need for a phased
programme of work where the earlier stages inform,
and lead into, later stages.
Fig. 5 Romano-British field system and post-medieval lime-
kilns at Cowlow on the Carboniferous Limestone. NMR SK
1072/55 1583/36 15-SEP-1979 © Crown copyright. NMR.
Fig. 6 The Neolithic chambered cairn at Five Wells,
Taddington, which overlooks Tunstead limestone quarry.
8
Fig. 7 Distribution of known Neolithic and Bronze Age sites and findspots across Derbyshire and the Peak District.
Although these sites occur across several different landforms, the highest densities occur on the Carboniferous Limestone and
Millstone Grit, demonstrating that distinctive archaeological associations exist with certain landforms.
9
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reu
nd
er-
rep
rese
nta
tive
of
the
am
ou
nt
of
bu
rie
da
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
rem
ain
s.
So
ils
on
lim
est
on
ep
are
nt
ma
teri
al
ten
dto
ha
vea
na
lka
lin
eb
ias
wh
ich
no
rma
lly
pro
vid
es
go
od
con
dit
ion
sfo
rth
e
pre
serv
ati
on
of
org
an
icm
ate
ria
lssu
cha
sh
um
an
an
da
nim
al
rem
ain
s,sn
ail
sa
nd
pla
nt
rem
ain
s,a
sw
ell
as
bu
rnt
org
an
icm
ate
ria
l.T
his
pic
ture
can
be
very
loca
lise
dh
ow
eve
ra
sth
ep
erm
ea
ble
na
ture
of
the
rock
als
oa
llo
ws
for
a
gra
du
al
lea
chin
go
fth
eso
ilw
hic
hm
ea
ns
som
eu
pla
nd
sett
ing
sca
nb
eco
me
incr
ea
sin
gly
aci
dic
.It
als
om
ea
ns
tha
t
wa
terl
og
ge
dd
ep
osi
tsca
nb
era
rea
nd
the
refo
red
iffi
cult
toid
en
tify
sed
ime
nts
,fr
om
wh
ich
pa
lae
oe
nv
iro
nm
en
tal
reco
rds
ba
sed
on
po
lle
ns
an
db
ot a
nic
al
ma
cro
foss
ils
can
be
ob
tain
ed
tore
con
stru
ctp
ast
en
vir
on
me
nts
.S
om
eb
uri
al
site
sa
pp
ea
rto
ha
ved
eli
be
rate
lyta
rge
ted
loca
lp
ock
ets
of
cla
y,su
cha
sG
ibH
ill
an
dLi
f fs
Low
.
Mix
ed
ag
ee
art
hw
ork
s,u
pst
an
din
gre
ma
ins
an
dca
vesi
tes
wh
ich
rep
rese
nt
hu
ma
na
ctiv
ity
ran
gin
gfr
om
the
Pa
lae
oli
thic
(ca
vesi
tes)
thro
ug
hto
the
pre
sen
td
ay.
So
me
up
sta
nd
ing
mo
nu
me
nts
are
very
rare
exa
mp
les
such
as
the
ba
nk
ba
rro
wo
fLo
ng
Low
.
Art
efa
cta
sse
mb
lag
es
an
din
div
idu
al
fin
dsp
ots
fro
mfi
eld
wa
lkin
g,
test
pit
s,ca
vesi
tes
an
dch
an
cefi
nd
sm
ake
up
a
larg
evo
lum
eo
fth
ek
no
wn
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
sou
rce
for
the
Me
soli
thic
an
dN
eo
lith
icp
eri
od
s
Ext
en
sive
tra
dit
ion
of
bu
ria
lm
on
um
en
ts(N
eo
lith
ic-E
arl
yB
ron
zeA
ge
,o
cca
sio
na
lE
arl
yM
ed
ieva
l)–
Ne
oli
thic
-Bro
nze
Ag
eis
the
do
min
an
tp
eri
od
rep
rese
nte
din
the
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
sou
rce
on
this
lan
dfo
rm.
Bu
ria
lm
on
um
en
tste
nd
to
occ
ur
on
,o
rju
s to
ff,
the
cre
sto
fa
hil
lo
ro
nsc
arp
ed
ge
sw
he
reth
ey
are
ea
sily
vis
ible
.T
he
'Gre
at
Ba
rro
ws'
are
po
siti
on
ed
on
hig
hcr
est
sa
nd
are
inte
rvis
ible
.'B
ea
ker
pe
rio
d' a
ctiv
ity
ap
pe
ars
toh
ave
focu
sed
on
the
Lim
est
on
e
ge
olo
gie
sw
ith
the
ma
jori
tyo
fsi
tes
kn
ow
no
nth
eC
arb
on
ife
rou
sLi
me
sto
ne
.
Bro
nze
Ag
eco
pp
er
min
ing
ev
ide
nce
can
stil
lb
efo
un
din
the
c ave
sa
nd
min
es,
as
ev
ide
nce
da
tE
cto
n.
Two
hil
lfo
rts,
pre
sum
ab
lyIr
on
Ag
e,
alo
ng
wit
ha
lar g
en
um
be
ro
fsm
all
er
en
clo
sur e
sw
hic
hm
ay
da
teto
the
Iro
nA
ge
or
the
Ro
ma
no
-Bri
tish
pe
rio
da
r ek
no
wn
on
this
lan
df o
rm.
AR
om
an
cen
tre
exi
ste
da
tB
uxt
on
an
dso
me
sit e
sin
the
Ca
rsin
gto
na
rea
are
lin
ked
by
an
etw
ork
of
roa
ds
wit
hsi
t es
inth
esu
rro
un
din
ga
rea
.P
ote
nti
al
for
rem
ain
so
fR
om
an
pe
rio
dm
inin
gt o
exi
stin
mo
r e-r
ece
nt
min
ew
ork
ing
s,a
s
som
eis
alr
ea
dy
kn
ow
n,
an
dit
isth
ou
gh
tth
at
the
min
er a
lw
ea
lth
wa
sa
key
rea
son
for
the
Ro
ma
nco
ntr
ol
of
the
are
a.
Ro
ma
no
-Bri
tish
sit e
sa
rea
lso
we
lla
tte
ste
d.
Th
ese
can
be
ide
nti
fie
da
sa
rte
fact
sca
tte
rs,
or
inso
me
c ase
sa
s
ea
rth
wo
rks
an
du
pst
an
din
gre
ma
ins.
Th
ey
can
be
loc a
ted
on
hil
lto
psi
tes
clo
set o
pre
vio
us
Iro
nA
ge
cen
tre
s,o
ra
sa
n
exp
an
de
dfo
rmo
fv
icu
sn
ea
rR
om
an
site
s
Th
ere
ise
vid
en
cefo
re
arl
ym
ed
ieva
la
ctiv
ity ,
pre
do
min
an
tly
rep
rese
nte
db
ya
larg
eb
od
yo
fsc
ulp
ture
no
wh
ou
sed
at
vari
ou
sch
ur c
he
s,b
ut
som
eo
fw
hic
hw
as
ori
gin
all
ysi
t ed
on
mo
or
t op
sb
yro
ad
wa
ys;
the
pla
cen
am
ee
vid
en
ce
ind
ica
tes
ma
ny
mo
de
rnv
illa
ge
sh
ad
ea
rly
me
die
val
ori
gin
s;a
nu
mb
er
of
bu
ria
lm
on
um
en
tsa
rek
no
wn
,so
me
ar e
Bro
nze
Ag
eca
irn
sre
-use
din
this
pe
rio
da
nd
oth
er s
ap
pe
ar
tob
eco
nst
ruct
ed
du
rin
gth
ee
arl
yA
ng
lo-S
axo
np
ag
an
pe
rio
d.
Th
eb
arr
ow
so
fe
arl
ym
ed
ieva
ld
ate
ten
dto
be
of
ea
rth
en
c on
stru
ctio
na
nd
ar e
rela
tive
lysm
all
an
dlo
w.
Me
die
val
pe
rio
dr e
pre
sen
ted
by
fie
ldsy
ste
ms,
incl
ud
ing
rid
ge
an
dfu
rro
w,
an
dd
ese
rte
da
nd
shru
nke
nv
illa
ge
s.La
rge
am
ou
nts
of
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
eis
en
clo
sed
lan
d.
Fie
ldm
orp
ho
log
yc a
nb
ea
key
inte
rpre
tati
on
al
too
lfo
r
cha
rtin
gla
nd
use
fro
mp
re-C
on
qu
est
thro
ug
hto
en
clo
sur e
pe
rio
d.
Lea
dm
inin
ga
nd
qu
arr
yin
gre
ma
ins
-m
ult
i-p
eri
od
ind
us t
ria
la
ctiv
ity
isw
ide
spr e
ad
bu
tp
red
om
ina
ntl
yp
ost
-
me
die
val.
Pe
rha
ps
use
of
c ave
sin
ea
rlie
rh
isto
ric
pe
rio
ds
ma
yre
pre
sen
tin
du
stri
al
act
ivit
y .E
xplo
ita
tio
no
fn
atu
ral
reso
urc
es
no
rma
lly
very
vis
ible
bo
tho
na
eri
al
ph
ot o
gra
ph
sa
nd
als
ofr
om
gro
un
do
bse
rva
tio
n.
Th
er e
isa
lso
do
cum
en
tary
an
da
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
ev
ide
nce
tha
tle
ad
min
ing
wa
sw
ide
spre
ad
thro
ug
hth
eR
om
an
an
dm
ed
ieva
l
pe
rio
ds,
tho
ug
hth
em
ajo
rity
of
kn
ow
nsi
tes
tod
ay
rela
teto
the
po
s t-m
ed
ieva
lp
eri
od
.
Qu
arr
yin
gw
as
for
an
um
be
ro
fd
iffe
ren
tp
urp
ose
sa
nd
ind
us t
rie
s,b
ut
ag
r ea
td
ea
lw
as
focu
sed
on
lim
e-m
ak
ing
wh
ich
ha
sa
very
dis
tin
ctiv
ea
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
foo
tpri
nt
on
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
ea
sv
isib
lefr
om
ae
ria
l
ph
oto
gra
ph
s.
Sa
nd
ext
ract
ion
occ
urr
ed
fro
mth
e'p
ock
et
de
po
sits
' in
the
sou
the
rnC
arb
on
ife
rou
sLi
me
sto
ne
wh
ere
the
be
dro
ck
ha
sb
eco
me
do
lom
itis
ed
inp
lace
s.
Th
eim
pa
cto
fth
er a
ilw
ay
on
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
e,
pri
ma
rily
thr o
ug
hth
ee
arl
yC
r om
ford
an
dH
igh
Pe
ak
Ra
ilw
ay,
lin
ked
the
ind
ust
ria
lce
ntr
es
of
Sh
eff
ield
an
dM
an
che
ste
rw
ith
the
he
art
of
the
Pe
ak
Dis
tric
ta
nd
its
min
era
l
we
alt
h.
Tab
le2
-1
a-
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
e
10
� � � �
Po
ten
tia
lb
uri
al
an
d(o
r)re
wo
rkin
go
fm
ult
ipe
rio
d
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
ld
ep
osi
tsin
cave
an
dro
ck-s
he
lte
r
sett
ing
sb
yQ
ua
tern
ary
ph
ysic
al
pro
cess
es
(e.g
.
flu
via
l,a
eo
lia
n,
slo
pe
an
dro
ckfa
ilu
rep
roce
sse
s),
che
mic
al
pro
cess
es
(e.g
.ca
lcif
ica
tio
n)
an
d
hu
ma
n/a
nim
al
act
ivit
y
Po
ten
tia
lre
wo
rkin
ga
nd
(or)
bu
ria
lo
fP
ala
eo
lith
ic
ma
teri
als
inp
late
au
,h
illt
op
an
dh
ills
lop
ese
ttin
gs
by
Qu
ate
rna
ryp
eri
gla
cia
l,h
ills
lop
ea
nd
ma
ss-
mo
vem
en
tp
roce
sse
s
Po
ten
tia
lb
uri
al
of
mu
ltip
eri
od
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
l
de
po
sits
by
Qu
ate
rna
ryro
ckfa
lla
nd
talu
s
de
po
sits
Hil
lto
p,
hil
lslo
pe
an
dp
late
au
sett
ing
sg
en
era
lly
sta
ble
du
rin
gth
eH
olo
cen
e,
bu
tp
ote
nti
al
for
loca
lise
dco
llu
via
tio
na
nd
ma
ss-m
ove
me
nt
act
ivit
y
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � �
An
yd
eve
lop
me
nt
imp
act
ing
up
on
po
ten
tia
lca
ve
site
sre
qu
ire
sa
very
spe
cifi
ca
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
ap
pro
ach
,e
spe
cia
lly
giv
en
the
po
ten
tia
lto
ho
st
rem
ain
sfr
om
an
yp
eri
od
incl
ud
ing
the
Pa
lae
oli
thic
.
Rid
ge
an
dfu
rro
wre
ma
ins
can
ma
ska
nd
pre
serv
e
ea
rlie
rre
ma
ins
be
ne
ath
the
rid
ge
sa
nd
this
sho
uld
be
take
nin
toa
cco
un
ta
sp
art
of
an
y
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lin
vest
iga
tio
nw
he
resu
chfe
atu
res
are
imp
act
ed
up
on
.
Th
ere
ha
sb
ee
ng
rea
ter
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
an
din
du
stri
al
imp
act
on
this
lan
dfo
rmth
an
on
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
ew
hic
hm
ea
ns
tha
tth
ere
ma
yb
em
ore
un
kn
ow
na
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
rem
ain
s
rem
ove
db
yla
ter
ind
ust
ria
la
ctiv
ity
or
sea
led
be
ne
ath
rid
ge
an
dfu
rro
wo
rp
lou
gh
ed
are
as,
bu
t
tha
tn
ow
on
lye
xist
ina
tru
nca
ted
form
.
Giv
en
tha
tth
ep
rese
rva
tio
no
fo
r ga
nic
rem
ain
sis
like
lyto
be
qu
ite
go
od
on
this
typ
eo
fla
nd
f orm
,
sch
em
es
of
wo
rksh
ou
ldin
clu
de
pr o
vis
ion
for
pa
lae
oe
nvir
on
me
nta
la
na
lysi
so
fb
oth
un
bu
rnt
an
db
urn
to
rga
nic
rem
ain
s.
�
� � � � � � � � � �
Cro
pm
ark
form
ati
on
isp
ote
nti
all
yg
oo
do
nth
eM
ag
ne
sia
nLi
me
sto
ne
,a
sth
elo
we
ra
ltit
ud
ele
nd
sit
self
mo
reto
ara
ble
ag
ricu
ltu
re,
as
op
po
sed
toth
em
ore
pa
sto
ral
ag
ricu
ltu
reco
mm
on
on
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
ew
hic
hte
nd
sto
inh
ibit
cro
pm
ark
form
ati
on
.C
rop
ma
rks
rea
dil
yid
en
tifi
ed
fro
ma
eri
al
ph
oto
gra
ph
tra
nsc
rip
tio
nra
ng
efr
om
pro
ba
ble
late
rp
reh
isto
ric/
Ro
ma
no
-Bri
tish
en
clo
sure
sth
rou
gh
to
pro
ba
ble
po
st-m
ed
ieva
lin
du
stri
al
rem
ain
s.K
no
wn
cro
pm
ark
form
ati
on
on
the
Ma
gn
esi
an
Lim
est
on
eo
f
ne
igh
bo
uri
ng
So
uth
York
shir
ea
nd
be
yon
din
toW
est
York
shir
eis
exc
ell
en
tw
ith
mu
lti-
pe
rio
da
nd
ext
en
sive
cro
pm
ark
lan
dsc
ap
es
evid
en
t.
So
ils
on
ali
me
sto
ne
pa
ren
tm
ate
ria
lte
nd
toh
ave
an
alk
ali
ne
bia
sp
rovid
ing
go
od
con
dit
ion
sfo
ro
rga
nic
pre
serv
ati
on
.
Mix
ed
ag
ee
art
hw
ork
s,u
pst
an
din
gre
ma
ins
an
dca
vesi
tes
wh
ich
rep
rese
nt
hu
ma
na
ctiv
ity
ran
gin
gfr
om
the
Pa
lae
oli
thic
(ca
vesi
tes)
thro
ug
hto
the
pre
sen
td
ay.
Th
eu
pst
an
din
gre
ma
ins
are
no
ta
se
xte
nsi
vea
so
n
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
e,
wh
ich
pro
ba
bly
refl
ect
sth
ed
iffe
rin
gin
ten
sity
of
sub
seq
ue
nt
lan
du
seo
nth
e
two
lan
dfo
rms.
Th
eca
vesi
tes
of
the
Ma
gn
esi
an
Lim
est
on
eh
ost
inte
rna
tio
na
lly
imp
ort
an
tca
vea
rt,
an
dta
lus
de
po
sits
wit
hin
the
cave
sh
ave
the
po
ten
tia
lto
pre
serv
ed
ep
osi
tsu
nd
istu
rbe
d.
Th
efo
rma
tio
no
f's
tal'
wit
hin
cave
s
can
sea
lP
ala
eo
lith
icre
ma
ins
en
suri
ng
itis
we
llp
rote
cte
db
ut
at
the
sam
eti
me
ma
kin
git
ha
rdto
acc
ess
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lly
wit
ho
ut
reco
urs
eto
hig
hly
de
stru
ctiv
ea
ctiv
ity.
Th
ea
lka
lili
me
sto
ne
me
an
sth
at
the
reis
als
oth
ep
ote
nti
al
for
org
an
icm
ate
ria
lto
be
pre
serv
ed
.W
hil
eth
ec a
vesi
tes
ho
stP
ala
eo
lith
icr e
ma
ins,
the
rea
refe
wk
no
wn
op
en
sit e
sfr
om
this
pe
rio
d.
Wh
er e
plo
ug
hin
gh
as
take
np
lace
on
surf
ace
sli
ttle
mo
dif
ied
by
Ho
loce
ne
ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
la
ctiv
ity,
fie
ldw
alk
ing
ma
yb
ea
ble
toid
en
tify
sto
ne
too
l
ass
em
bla
ge
sa
nd
use
the
ird
istr
ibu
tio
nt o
loca
tesi
tes.
Art
efa
cta
sse
mb
lag
es
an
din
div
idu
al
fin
dsp
ots
r eco
vere
dfr
om
the
plo
ug
hso
ilm
ak e
up
ala
rge
volu
me
of
the
kn
ow
na
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
reso
urc
e,
rep
rese
nti
ng
the
ma
jori
tyo
fk
no
wn
'sit
es'
ina
lmo
sta
llp
eri
od
s,w
hic
h
isp
oss
ibly
ap
r od
uct
of
the
lar g
ea
mo
un
to
fa
rab
lecu
ltiv
ati
on
an
dth
er e
fore
exp
osu
reo
fa
rte
fact
sin
the
plo
ug
hso
il.
Th
eW
hit
we
llLo
ng
Ca
irn
c ou
ldre
pre
sen
ta
sim
ila
rtr
ad
itio
nto
the
'Gre
at
Ba
rro
ws'
of
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
ea
nd
too
the
rk
no
wn
Ne
oli
thic
bu
ria
lm
on
um
en
tso
nth
eM
ag
ne
sia
nLi
me
sto
ne
of
So
uth
an
d
We
stYo
rksh
ire
an
dC
ou
nty
Du
rha
m.
Th
eLo
ng
Ca
irn
wa
sp
osi
tio
ne
db
elo
wth
esu
mm
ito
fa
rid
ge
lin
eto
the
no
rth
of
Cr e
swe
llC
rag
sa
nd
this
mir
r ors
the
top
og
rap
hic
po
siti
on
of
ma
ny
of
the
oth
er
lon
gc a
irn
sin
the
afo
rem
en
tio
ne
da
rea
s.
Wo
od
ed
are
as
ha
veth
ep
ote
nti
al
toh
ost
up
sta
nd
ing
rem
ain
sa
sth
ey
ha
ven
ot
be
en
leve
lle
db
yla
ter
ag
ricu
ltu
re.
On
the
Ma
gn
esi
an
Lim
est
on
ein
De
rbys
hir
eth
isis
kn
ow
nfr
om
the
r em
ain
sin
Sca
rcli
ffe
Pa
rk
wh
ich
incl
ud
ep
ot e
nti
al
Bro
nze
Ag
eb
arr
ow
sa
nd
Ro
ma
nin
du
s tri
al
fea
ture
s.S
urv
ey
of
wo
od
ed
ar e
as
wit
hin
larg
ely
cult
iva
ted
lan
dsc
ap
es
ha
sth
ep
ote
nti
al
tod
em
on
stra
teth
ele
vel
of
surv
iva
lo
fu
pst
an
din
gr e
ma
ins
an
dg
ive
an
ind
ica
tio
no
fth
ety
pe
an
dd
en
sity
of
sub
-su
rfa
ced
ep
osi
ts.
Th
elo
wla
nd
lan
dsc
ap
eo
fth
eM
ag
ne
sia
nLi
me
sto
ne
pe
rha
ps
wa
sm
ore
acc
ess
ible
du
rin
gth
eR
om
an
pe
rio
da
nd
the
r efo
rem
ore
con
du
cive
tose
ttle
me
nt
tha
nth
eu
pla
nd
s.T
he
pr o
mo
nto
ryfo
rta
tM
ark
lan
d
Gri
ps
issi
ted
on
an
atu
rall
yd
efe
nd
ab
lep
r om
on
tory
be
twe
en
two
go
rge
so
r'g
rip
s'.
Act
ivit
ysp
an
ne
dfr
om
the
Iro
nA
ge
thro
ug
hto
the
Ro
ma
np
eri
od
.H
illf
ort
ssu
cha
sth
ism
ay
exi
sto
nn
atu
rall
yd
efe
nd
ab
lesp
ur s
of
lan
do
ra
bo
vesc
arp
ed
ge
sd
efi
ne
db
yth
en
atu
ral
lim
est
on
eg
ull
ies,
tho
ug
hsu
bse
qu
en
ta
gri
cult
ur e
ma
y
ha
vere
du
ced
an
yo
rig
ina
lr a
mp
art
s.
Wh
ile
the
ass
oci
ati
on
sa
reb
roa
dly
sim
ila
rt o
lan
dfo
rm1
a,
the
t op
og
rap
hic
sett
ing
isd
iffe
ren
t,a
nd
the
r e
are
oth
er
dif
fere
nce
s(e
.g.t
he
tra
dit
ion
of
c air
n/b
arr
ow
bu
ria
lis
no
ta
se
vid
en
t),
tho
ug
hth
ism
ay
rep
rese
nt
the
gre
ate
rle
vel
of
de
s tru
ctio
no
nth
eM
ag
ne
sia
nLi
me
sto
ne
thro
ug
hm
ore
inte
nsi
vea
gri
cult
ura
lre
gim
es.
Th
ere
isa
ma
jor
po
st-m
ed
ieva
lin
du
stri
ali
sed
lan
dsc
ap
eo
nth
eM
ag
ne
sia
nLi
me
sto
ne
du
eto
the
pro
xim
ity
of
the
min
era
lw
ea
lth
ass
oci
ate
dw
ith
the
Co
al
Me
asu
res.
Th
ela
rge
-sca
lein
du
stri
al
imp
act
so
nth
e
lan
dsc
ap
ea
rere
lati
vely
focu
sed
ar o
un
din
div
idu
al
site
s.
Tab
le3
-1
c-
Ma
gn
esi
an
Lim
es t
on
e
11
� � � �
Po
ten
tia
lb
uri
al
an
d(o
r)re
wo
rkin
go
fm
ult
ipe
rio
d
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
ld
ep
osi
tsin
cave
an
dro
ck-s
he
lte
r
sett
ing
sb
yQ
ua
tern
ary
ph
ysic
al
pro
cess
es
(e.g
.
flu
via
l,a
eo
lia
n,
slo
pe
an
dro
ckfa
ilu
rep
roce
sse
s),
che
mic
al
pro
cess
es
(e.g
.ca
lcif
ica
tio
n)
an
d
hu
ma
n/a
nim
al
act
ivit
y
Po
ten
tia
lre
wo
rkin
ga
nd
(or)
bu
ria
lo
fP
ala
eo
lith
ic
ma
teri
als
inp
late
au
,h
illt
op
an
dh
ills
lop
ese
ttin
gs
by
Qu
ate
rna
ryp
eri
gla
cia
l,h
ills
lop
ea
nd
ma
ss-
mo
vem
en
tp
roce
sse
s
Po
ten
tia
lb
uri
al
of
mu
ltip
eri
od
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
l
de
po
sits
by
Qu
ate
rna
ryro
ckfa
lla
nd
talu
s
de
po
sits
Hil
lto
pa
nd
hil
lslo
pe
sett
ing
sg
en
era
lly
sta
ble
du
rin
gth
eH
olo
cen
e,
bu
tp
ot e
nti
al
for
loca
lise
d
coll
uvia
tio
na
nd
ma
ss-m
ove
me
nt
act
ivit
y
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� �
An
yd
eve
lop
me
nt
imp
act
ing
up
on
po
ten
tia
lca
ve
site
sre
qu
ire
sa
very
spe
cifi
ca
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
ap
pro
ach
,e
spe
cia
lly
giv
en
the
irp
ote
nti
al
toh
ost
rem
ain
sfr
om
an
yp
eri
od
incl
ud
ing
the
Pa
lae
oli
thic
.
Wh
ilst
on
lye
xist
ing
ge
ne
rall
ya
ssm
all
ba
nd
s,th
e
pre
sen
ceo
fth
isla
nd
form
sho
uld
be
no
ted
as
be
ing
of
imp
ort
an
ced
ue
toth
ep
ote
nti
al
for
old
spri
ng
lin
es
an
dth
ere
fore
ap
ote
nti
al
att
ract
ion
for
pa
stse
ttle
me
nt.
� � � �
Ve
rysm
all
tota
la
rea
rep
rese
nte
db
yth
isla
nd
form
.E
xist
sa
sb
an
ds
wit
hin
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
e
an
dth
ere
fore
ma
yh
ave
sim
ila
ra
sso
cia
tio
ns,
ho
we
ver
its
sig
nif
ica
nce
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lly
isth
at
itp
rovid
es
a
jun
ctio
nw
ith
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
eth
at
ma
yh
ave
be
en
att
ract
ive
for
ea
rly
hu
ma
ng
rou
ps.
Oft
en
fou
nd
as
ou
tcro
po
nth
est
ee
psc
arp
ed
ge
sa
sa
tM
atl
ock
Ba
th.
Wh
ere
the
ba
salt
icla
vad
oe
se
xist
,
the
dif
fere
nce
sin
pe
rme
ab
ilit
yb
etw
ee
nth
ela
vaa
nd
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
em
ea
nth
ere
isth
e
po
ten
tia
lfo
rca
vefo
rma
tio
n(e
.g.
Ho
b's
Ho
use
,M
on
sal
Da
lew
hic
hp
r od
uce
dB
ron
zeA
ge
an
dR
om
an
o-
Bri
tish
evid
en
cea
nd
hu
ma
nre
ma
ins.
Lava
be
ds
can
som
eti
me
sfo
rmsp
rin
gli
ne
sd
ue
toth
ed
iffe
ren
cein
pe
rme
ab
ilit
yw
ith
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
e.
Po
ten
tia
lth
at
sett
lem
en
tsi
tes
ma
ycl
ust
er
ne
ar
toth
ese
.T
he
lava
be
ds
ma
yb
ea
go
od
ind
ica
tor
of
ori
gin
al
spri
ng
lin
es,
as
itis
un
cert
ain
tow
ha
tle
vel
the
spri
ng
lin
es
ha
ved
rop
pe
dfo
llo
win
g
me
die
val
an
dp
ost
-me
die
val
lea
dm
inin
ga
ctiv
ity
etc
.
Wh
ere
the
lava
ha
so
utc
rop
pe
dit
ha
sb
ee
nth
efo
cus
of
qu
arr
yin
g,
kn
ow
na
s't
oa
dst
on
e',
as
at
Bla
ckR
ock
Co
rne
r,A
shfo
rd.
Tab
le4
-1
d-
Lav
a,
ba
salt
ica
nd
oth
er
ign
eo
us
12
� � � �
Po
ten
tia
lb
uri
al
an
d(o
r)re
wo
rkin
go
fm
ult
ipe
rio
d
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
ld
ep
osi
tsin
cave
an
dro
ck-s
he
lte
r
sett
ing
sb
yQ
ua
tern
ary
ph
ysic
al
pro
cess
es
(e.g
.
flu
via
l,a
eo
lia
n,
slo
pe
an
dro
ckfa
ilu
rep
roce
sse
s),
che
mic
al
pro
cess
es
(e.g
.ca
lcif
ica
tio
n)
an
d
hu
ma
n/a
nim
al
act
ivit
y
Po
ten
tia
lre
wo
rkin
ga
nd
(or)
bu
ria
lo
fP
ala
eo
lith
ic
ma
teri
als
inp
late
au
,h
illt
op
an
dh
ills
lop
ese
ttin
gs
by
Qu
ate
rna
ryp
eri
gla
cia
l,h
ills
lop
ea
nd
ma
ss-
mo
vem
en
tp
roce
sse
s
Po
ten
tia
lb
uri
al
of
mu
ltip
eri
od
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
l
de
po
sits
by
Qu
ate
rna
ryro
ckfa
lla
nd
talu
s
de
po
sits
Hil
lto
pa
nd
hil
lslo
pe
sett
ing
sg
en
era
lly
sta
ble
du
rin
gth
eH
olo
cen
e,
bu
tp
ote
nti
al
for
loca
lise
d
coll
uvia
tio
na
nd
ma
ss-m
ove
me
nt
act
ivit
y
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � �
Ae
ria
lp
ho
tog
rap
hs
ha
veth
ep
ote
nti
al
toid
en
tify
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
ma
ins
on
the
lan
dfo
rm,
as
kn
ow
nfr
om
pre
vio
us
wo
rk,
bu
tth
ecu
rre
nt
ae
ria
l
ph
oto
gra
ph
tra
nsc
rip
tio
nfo
rth
isa
rea
em
ph
asi
zes
the
ext
en
to
fq
ua
rry
ing
act
ivit
yth
at
ha
sta
ken
pla
ceo
nth
isla
nd
form
.
Wh
ere
san
dst
on
eb
luff
sfo
rmth
eh
igh
gro
un
d
ab
ove
rive
rva
lle
ys,
ap
pli
cati
on
of
fie
ldw
alk
ing
an
dto
po
gra
ph
icsu
rve
ym
ay
reve
al
ea
rly
an
dla
te
pre
his
tori
cre
ma
ins
resp
ect
ive
ly.
Eva
lua
tio
nte
chn
iqu
es
rela
tin
gto
larg
eli
ne
ar
fea
ture
ssu
cha
sR
om
an
Ro
ad
sm
igh
tin
clu
de
the
foll
ow
ing
:fi
eld
wa
lkin
gif
the
con
dit
ion
sa
re
suit
ab
le,
ge
op
hys
ica
lsu
rve
yto
test
for
the
pre
sen
ceo
fst
ruct
ure
sa
sso
cia
ted
wit
hth
ero
ad
lin
ea
nd
als
oth
eco
urs
eo
fth
ero
ad
lin
eit
self
,
targ
ete
de
valu
ati
on
tre
nch
es
tote
stfi
eld
wa
lkin
g
an
dg
eo
ph
ysic
al
resu
lts,
an
dt a
rge
ted
exc
ava
tio
n
ba
sed
up
on
the
r esu
lts
of
the
pr o
spe
ctio
n
tech
niq
ue
se
mp
loye
d.
� � � � � � �
No
Pa
lae
oli
thic
an
dM
eso
lith
icsi
tes
yet
kn
ow
na
nd
Ne
oli
thic
pe
rio
do
nly
rep
rese
nte
db
ytw
ofi
nd
spo
ts.
It
ap
pe
ars
tha
tth
elo
w-l
yin
gsa
nd
sto
ne
sw
ere
no
ta
na
ttra
ctiv
elo
cale
for
act
ivit
yd
uri
ng
the
sep
eri
od
s.
Re
gio
na
lly
the
reis
som
ee
arl
yp
reh
isto
ric
act
ivit
yk
no
wn
(No
tts)
,th
ou
gh
the
reis
ast
ron
gfi
eld
wo
rkb
ias
in
the
kn
ow
nlo
cati
on
s.
Sm
all
am
ou
nt
of
Bro
nze
Ag
ea
ctiv
ity
kn
ow
n,
ge
ne
rall
yfr
om
the
mo
reu
pla
nd
pa
rts
of
the
lan
dfo
rma
nd
ge
ne
rall
yb
uri
al
act
ivit
yve
rysi
mil
ar
info
rma
nd
sett
ing
toth
eB
ron
zeA
ge
fun
era
rym
on
um
en
tso
fth
e
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
e.
Po
ten
tia
lth
at
the
san
dst
on
e'b
luff
s'a
lon
gth
esi
de
so
fm
ajo
rri
ver
vall
eys
ma
yh
ost
Iro
nA
ge
act
ivit
yin
a
sim
ila
rw
ay
toth
elo
wla
nd
hil
lfo
rto
f'B
oro
ug
hH
ill '
on
the
Me
rcia
Mu
dst
on
es.
Oth
er
Iro
nA
ge
rem
ain
s
rela
teto
the
'en
clo
sed
lan
dsc
ap
e' k
no
wn
fro
mth
esa
nd
sa
nd
gr a
vels
of
the
Tre
nt
Va
lle
y,in
pa
rtic
ula
rth
e
kn
ow
np
ita
lig
nm
en
ts.
Th
ism
irro
rsa
pa
tte
rnfr
om
No
ttin
gh
am
shir
ew
he
resi
tes
are
kn
ow
na
rou
nd
the
frin
ge
so
fth
esa
nd
sto
ne
'pla
tea
u' a
nd
ove
rlo
ok
ing
wa
terc
ou
rse
s.
Ve
ryli
ttle
Ro
ma
na
ctiv
ity
kn
ow
nin
com
pa
riso
nw
ith
the
oth
er
lan
dfo
rms.
Th
eR
om
an
roa
dn
etw
ork
cro
sse
sth
ela
nd
form
,b
ut
no
de
fin
ite
site
sa
rek
no
wn
.T
he
kn
ow
nR
om
an
sma
llfi
nd
scl
ust
er
alo
ng
the
san
dst
on
e'r
idg
e' w
hic
hfo
rms
the
sou
the
rnsi
de
of
the
Tre
nt
Va
lle
yin
the
are
ae
ast
of
Re
pto
na
nd
Wil
lin
gto
n.
Th
isis
inst
ark
con
tra
stto
No
ttin
gh
am
shir
e,
wh
ere
the
reis
am
ove
me
nt
of
ag
ricu
ltu
rein
toth
e
hig
he
rg
rou
nd
sa
wa
yfr
om
the
Tre
nt,
wit
ha
nin
ten
sifi
cati
on
of
ag
ricu
ltu
re,
mo
stn
ota
bly
illu
stra
ted
by
the
ext
en
sive
bri
ckw
ork
fie
lds y
ste
ms.
Po
ten
tia
lly
ma
r gin
al
lan
dis
br o
ug
ht
into
usa
ge
,b
ut
this
do
es
no
ta
pp
ea
r
tob
eth
ec a
sefr
om
the
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
le
vid
en
cein
De
rbys
hir
e.
Ea
rly
me
die
val
act
ivit
yis
r ep
rese
nte
db
ya
few
key
site
s.T
he
An
glo
Sa
xon
cen
tre
at
Re
pto
n,
the
late
r
Vik
ing
en
clo
sur e
an
dm
ass
gra
veo
nth
esa
me
site
,a
nd
the
bu
ria
lc o
mp
lex
of
the
Gr e
at
Arm
ya
tIn
gle
by,
all
sit
on
the
sam
esa
nd
sto
ne
rid
ge
wh
ich
de
fin
es
the
ed
ge
of
the
sup
erf
icia
lv a
lle
yb
ott
om
de
po
sits
,
po
siti
on
ed
t oco
ntr
ol
the
riv e
r.
Th
em
ed
ieva
lp
eri
od
isd
efi
ne
db
ya
larg
en
um
be
ro
ffi
eld
s yst
em
sa
nd
afe
wk
no
wn
de
sert
ed
me
die
val
vil
lag
es.
Qu
arr
yin
gis
als
ok
no
wn
,a
nd
wa
sp
rob
ab
lym
or e
wid
esp
rea
d,
bu
ta
larg
ea
mo
un
to
fp
ost
-
me
die
val
an
dm
od
ern
qu
arr
yin
gh
as
imp
act
ed
up
on
larg
esw
ath
es
of
the
lan
dsc
ap
e.
As
wit
hm
an
yo
fth
e
low
lan
dla
nd
sca
pe
s,th
ere
are
asu
bst
an
tia
ln
um
be
ro
fd
ee
rp
ark
sa
nd
pa
rks
an
dg
ard
en
sa
sso
cia
ted
wit
h
larg
eh
ou
ses.
Alt
ho
ug
hth
ese
ar e
as
ha
veb
ee
n'la
nd
sca
pe
d' t
he
ya
lso
ha
veth
ep
ot e
nti
al
top
rese
rve
ea
rlie
r
fea
ture
sin
are
as
div
orc
ed
fro
mp
ost
-me
die
val
an
dm
od
ern
ind
us t
rya
nd
de
velo
pm
en
t.
Th
ep
ost
-me
die
val
an
dm
od
ern
ar c
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
cord
isd
om
ina
ted
by
the
qu
arr
yin
go
fsa
nd
sto
ne
.
Tab
le5
-1
e-
Sh
er w
oo
dS
an
dst
on
ea
nd
oth
er
low
-ly
ing
san
dst
on
e
13
�P
ote
nti
al
rew
ork
ing
an
d(o
r)b
uri
al
of
Pa
lae
oli
thic
ma
teri
als
in
pla
tea
u,
hil
lto
pa
nd
hil
lslo
pe
sett
ing
sb
y
Qu
ate
rna
ryp
eri
gla
cia
l,
hil
lslo
pe
an
dm
ass
-
mo
vem
en
tp
roce
sse
s
Hil
lto
pa
nd
hil
lslo
pe
sett
ing
sg
en
era
lly
sta
ble
du
rin
gth
eH
olo
cen
e,
bu
t
po
ten
tia
lfo
rlo
cali
sed
coll
uvia
tio
na
nd
ma
ss-
mo
vem
en
ta
ctiv
ity
Po
ten
tia
lb
uri
al
of
mu
ltip
eri
od
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
ld
ep
osi
ts
be
ne
ath
loca
lise
d
(pre
sen
tly
un
ma
pp
ed
)
Ho
loce
ne
pe
at
de
po
sits
� �
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � � � � �
Lan
dsc
ap
ese
ttin
gsh
ou
ldfo
rma
key
pa
rto
f
pre
lim
ina
rya
na
lysi
so
fth
esi
te,
as
the
pre
serv
ati
on
of
fea
ture
sw
ith
ina
lan
dsc
ap
eis
be
tte
ro
nth
eh
igh
mo
ors
tha
no
na
ny
oth
er
lan
dfo
rms.
Pre
vale
nce
of
up
sta
nd
ing
rem
ain
sm
ea
ns
tha
t
ea
rth
wo
rksu
rve
yis
ake
yto
ol
for
reco
rdin
g
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
ma
ins
on
this
lan
dfo
rm.
Th
ism
ay
eit
he
rfo
rmth
ep
rin
cip
al
reco
rdw
he
reth
eim
pa
ctis
de
em
ed
tob
en
ot
gre
at
ag
ain
stth
esi
gn
ific
an
ceo
f
the
mo
nu
me
nt,
or
can
pro
vid
eb
ase
lin
ed
ata
for
a
con
tin
uin
ga
nd
pro
gre
ssiv
ep
rog
ram
me
of
wo
rks.
Wh
ere
veg
eta
tio
nis
low
an
dli
gh
tco
nd
itio
ns
are
favo
ura
ble
,u
pst
an
din
gre
ma
ins
can
be
cle
arl
y
vis
ible
thro
ug
ha
eri
al
ph
oto
gra
ph
y,th
ou
gh
lack
of
ara
ble
ag
ricu
ltu
rem
ea
ns
tha
tcr
op
ma
rkfo
rma
tio
n
isp
oo
rto
no
n-e
xist
en
t.
Ina
dva
nce
of
de
velo
pm
en
tin
are
as
wit
hp
ote
nti
al
for
Me
soli
thic
rem
ain
s,th
ein
itia
lsu
rve
yo
fa
site
sho
uld
see
kto
take
into
acc
ou
nt
the
are
as
of
kn
ow
n
pre
his
tori
cli
thic
sa
sw
ell
as,
wh
ere
po
ssib
le,
pro
vid
ing
for
furt
he
rs y
ste
ma
tic
loca
tio
na
nd
coll
ect
ion
of
ma
teri
al.
Th
est
rati
gra
ph
icre
lati
on
ship
be
twe
en
lith
icfi
nd
sa
nd
the
sed
ime
nt
or
soil
laye
rs
inw
hic
hth
ey
occ
ur
sho
uld
be
c are
full
yre
cord
ed
so
tha
tsu
chsi
tes
can
be
con
sid
ere
din
rela
tio
nto
po
ten
tia
ld
ati
ng
sam
ple
sfr
om
the
surr
ou
nd
ing
pe
at/
soil
ma
trix
an
da
lso
soth
at
such
occ
up
ati
on
can
be
lin
ked
top
ala
eo
en
vir
on
me
nta
lsa
mp
les
tha
t
ma
ysh
ed
lig
ht
on
the
en
vir
on
me
nt
con
tem
po
rary
wit
h,
pre
ced
ing
or
succ
ee
din
gth
eh
um
an
occ
up
ati
on
of
the
sesi
t es.
Th
eu
seo
fsu
r ve
yg
rad
e
GP
Sto
loca
tesi
tes
an
dfi
nd
sis
ess
en
tia
l.
An
yd
eve
lop
me
nt
on
the
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
to
fth
eE
ast
Mo
ors
ma
yw
ell
imp
act
up
on
kn
ow
no
ru
nk
no
wn
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
ma
ins
of
Ne
oli
thic
-Br o
nze
Ag
e
da
te,
an
din
this
c ase
,a
pre
lim
ina
rysu
rve
ysh
ou
ld
be
foll
ow
ed
wit
ht a
rge
ted
inve
stig
ati
on
wh
ere
asi
te
wo
uld
oth
erw
ise
be
imp
act
ed
up
on
ad
vers
ely
.
Eva
lua
tio
nst
rate
gie
sth
at
cou
ldb
eu
sefu
lly
em
plo
yed
on
the
gri
tsto
ne
sin
clu
de
scl
ose
-sp
ace
d
ge
op
hys
ica
lsu
rve
y,e
valu
ati
on
tre
nch
ing
,te
stp
its
an
dp
ote
nti
all
yg
rou
nd
pe
ne
tra
tin
gra
da
r
de
pe
nd
ing
on
the
typ
ea
nd
sca
leo
fa
pro
po
sed
de
velo
pm
en
t.
Th
ep
rese
rva
tio
no
fu
pst
an
din
gre
ma
ins
in
pa
rtic
ula
rle
nd
sit
self
t ow
ide
spre
ad
ap
pli
cati
on
of
top
og
rap
hic
sur v
ey
as
ara
pid
wa
yo
fa
cqu
irin
ga
larg
ea
mo
un
to
fd
ata
thro
ug
hn
on
-in
vasi
vem
ea
ns.
As
act
ivit
ylo
cale
sca
nb
eid
en
tifi
ed
du
eto
the
surv
iva
lo
fu
pst
an
din
gre
ma
ins,
this
all
ow
sfo
rth
e
targ
ete
du
seo
fte
stp
its
an
de
valu
ati
on
tre
nch
es
aro
un
dsu
chlo
cale
s.
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
So
ils
ten
dto
be
aci
dic
wh
ich
lea
ds
top
oo
rp
rese
rva
tio
no
fu
nb
urn
to
rga
nic
ma
teri
als
.
Larg
ely
un
imp
rove
du
pla
nd
-le
ad
sto
go
od
pre
serv
ati
on
of
up
sta
nd
ing
sto
ne
-bu
ilt
rem
ain
s.T
he
low
de
nsi
tyo
fsi
tes
ind
ica
ted
inth
eH
ER
an
dN
MR
isa
pro
du
cto
fth
ela
cko
fd
eve
lop
me
nt
an
din
vest
iga
tio
na
nd
als
oth
em
ask
ing
eff
ect
of
bo
thb
lan
ket
pe
at
an
dh
ea
the
r.
Th
eq
ua
lity
of
pre
serv
ati
on
of
rem
ain
sre
sult
ing
fro
mth
ela
cko
fin
ten
sela
nd
use
all
ow
sfo
ra
lan
dsc
ap
e-s
cale
ap
pro
ach
toa
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
wo
rkw
hic
his
no
tp
oss
ible
on
oth
er,
mo
reh
ea
vil
y-d
eve
lop
ed
lan
dfo
rms.
Un
imp
rove
dm
oo
rla
nd
do
es
no
tin
dic
ate
ala
cko
fin
du
stry
,a
sin
the
pa
stth
eM
ills
ton
eG
rit
wa
sh
ea
vil
yq
ua
rrie
d,
pa
rtic
ula
rly
for
the
pro
du
ctio
no
fm
ill
sto
ne
s,a
nd
wa
sa
lso
sub
ject
toco
al
min
ing
,a
sw
ell
as
ho
stin
go
resm
elt
ing
site
sa
mo
ng
sto
the
rs.
Larg
ea
mo
un
to
fM
eso
lith
icsi
tes
are
kn
ow
nfr
om
the
gri
tsto
ne
up
lan
ds,
bo
thin
the
form
of
flin
tsc
att
ers
an
dsi
ng
lefi
nd
s(c
om
mo
nly
wit
hin
pe
at
–se
eb
elo
w),
an
da
lso
as
exc
ava
ted
site
s.A
ctiv
ity
ap
pe
ars
tofo
cus
tow
ard
the
exp
ose
de
dg
es
an
dn
ea
rsp
rin
gs.
So
me
site
sin
ad
join
ing
are
as
ha
vep
rod
uce
de
vid
en
cefo
rM
eso
lith
icst
ruct
ura
lre
ma
ins.
Va
stm
ajo
rity
of
Ne
oli
thic
act
ivit
yis
rep
rese
nte
db
yfi
nd
spo
tsa
nd
lith
icsc
att
ers
wit
ha
no
tab
lep
rep
on
de
ran
ceo
fst
on
ea
xeh
ea
ds
sug
ge
stiv
eo
fw
oo
dla
nd
cle
ara
nce
.
Th
eM
ills
ton
eG
rit
form
sth
eso
uth
ern
ext
en
to
fth
ek
no
wn
focu
so
fla
ter
pre
his
tori
cro
cka
rt,
pre
do
min
an
tly
inth
est
yle
of
cup
-an
d-r
ing
ma
rks.
Th
eh
ea
vy
qu
arr
yin
go
fso
ma
ny
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
tsu
rfa
ces
ha
sm
ea
nt
tha
tth
evo
lum
eo
fro
cka
rtis
no
wu
nd
ou
bte
dly
un
de
r
rep
rese
nte
da
nd
this
isco
mp
ou
nd
ed
by
the
fact
tha
tth
eM
ills
ton
eG
rit,
ha
vin
ga
no
pe
na
nd
c oa
rse
stru
ctu
re,
issu
bje
ctto
con
sid
era
ble
we
ath
eri
ng
fro
mw
ind
an
dfr
ee
ze-t
ha
wa
ctio
nw
hic
hh
as
als
od
eg
rad
ed
surf
ace
sto
the
ext
en
tth
at
pre
his
tori
cro
cka
rtis
eit
he
re
rod
ed
aw
ay
or
ba
rely
vis
ible
.
Aco
nsi
de
rab
lea
mo
un
to
fB
ron
zeA
ge
act
ivit
yis
kn
ow
ng
ivin
gth
ea
pp
ea
ran
ceo
fa
ne
xplo
sio
nin
act
ivit
yd
uri
ng
the
Late
rN
eo
lith
ic-E
arl
y
Bro
nze
Ag
ep
eri
od
.T
he
rem
ain
sp
red
om
ina
teo
nth
eE
ast
Mo
ors
an
dco
nsi
sto
fe
xte
nsi
vefa
rmst
ea
dse
ttle
me
nt
rem
ain
sw
ith
ass
oci
ate
d
fie
ldsy
ste
ms,
an
da
lso
ove
r2
00
kn
ow
n'b
arr
ow
' or
cair
nsi
tes.
Th
etw
oty
pe
so
fsi
tea
reb
roa
dly
inte
rmin
gle
da
nd
ap
pe
ar
tore
pre
sen
t
com
ple
tese
ttle
me
nt
lan
dsc
ap
es.
Wit
hth
ee
xte
nsi
veB
ron
zeA
ge
rem
ain
s,a
sw
ell
as
tho
seo
fo
the
rp
eri
od
s,th
er e
isa
pa
tte
rno
fse
ttle
me
nt
wh
ich
f ocu
ses
on
the
'sh
elv
es'
ab
ove
the
gri
tsto
ne
ed
ge
s,v
isib
lein
po
siti
on
ing
of
mo
nu
me
nts
such
as
Ga
rdo
m's
Ed
ge
an
da
lso
inth
ed
istr
ibu
tio
no
fa
rte
fact
sca
tte
rs,
am
on
go
the
rs.
Th
ere
are
an
um
be
ro
fh
illf
ort
so
nth
eg
rits
ton
ew
hic
hm
ost
like
lyd
ate
toth
eLa
teB
ron
zeA
ge
–Ir
on
Ag
e,
tho
ug
hfu
rth
er
inve
stig
ati
on
is
ne
ed
ed
.C
arl
Wa
rkis
un
da
ted
bu
tp
ot e
nti
all
yd
ate
sto
this
pe
rio
d.
Th
er e
isa
cle
ar
pre
fere
nce
for
pro
mo
nto
rya
nd
sca
rpe
dg
ee
ncl
osu
res,
oft
en
ove
rlo
ok
ing
wa
ter
cou
rse
s,fi
ttin
gin
wit
hth
eo
vera
llp
att
ern
of
the
Pe
ak
Dis
tric
th
illf
ort
s.
Ro
ma
na
ctiv
ity
isr e
pre
sen
ted
pre
do
min
an
tly
by
the
infr
ast
ruct
ure
of
the
Ro
ma
no
ccu
pa
tio
na
nd
als
osm
all
er,
pro
ba
bly
'na
tive
',fa
rmin
g
sett
lem
en
tsa
nd
als
osm
all
fort
lets
,w
ith
no
ne
of
the
lar g
er
sett
lem
en
tsk
no
wn
fro
mth
eC
arb
on
ife
rou
sLi
me
sto
ne
,th
esh
ale
v all
eys
or
the
low
lan
da
r ea
so
fso
uth
De
rbys
hir
e.
Me
die
val
rem
ain
sin
clu
de
f arm
ing
sett
lem
en
ts–
ind
ica
tin
gth
ep
r ese
nce
of
po
st-B
ron
zeA
ge
ag
ricu
ltu
r eo
nth
em
oo
r s,
tho
ug
hth
er e
is
de
fin
ite
lya
con
tra
ctio
na
fte
rth
ein
ten
sese
ttle
me
nt
an
da
gri
cult
ur e
of
the
Br o
nze
Ag
ew
hic
hm
irro
rsth
ee
vid
en
cefr
om
an
alo
go
us
are
as
of
Bri
tain
,su
cha
sD
art
mo
or
or
the
Ch
ev
iot
Hil
ls.
Me
die
val
sett
lem
en
t,a
sd
ete
rmin
ed
by
loca
tio
no
fk
no
wn
me
die
val
stru
ctu
res
such
as
chu
r ch
es,
cast
les
etc
,te
nd
sto
wa
rds
the
low
er-
lyin
ga
rea
so
fth
eg
rits
ton
ea
sw
ou
ldb
ee
xpe
cte
d.
Wh
ils t
the
rea
rest
ill
rem
ain
sfr
om
the
hig
he
rm
oo
rs,
the
me
die
val
usa
ge
of
the
up
lan
ds
ap
pe
ars
sim
ila
rto
tha
td
uri
ng
the
Ro
ma
np
eri
od
,w
he
r eu
nim
pro
ved
pa
stu
rela
nd
ma
yp
red
om
ina
te.
Th
ere
ma
ins
of
me
die
val
de
er
pa
rks
are
an
imp
ort
an
tla
nd
sca
pe
ass
oci
ati
on
,a
sin
oth
er
lan
df o
rms,
bu
te
spe
cia
lly
on
the
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
t
wh
ere
the
pre
serv
ati
on
of
up
sta
nd
ing
rem
ain
sis
ge
ne
rall
yve
ryg
oo
d.
Th
ey
are
imp
ort
an
tb
oth
inth
eir
ow
nri
gh
ta
sh
isto
rica
l
mo
nu
me
nts
,b
ut
als
oin
the
pr e
serv
ati
on
the
yo
ffe
rto
ea
rlie
rr e
ma
ins.
Ind
ust
ryo
nth
eg
rits
ton
em
oo
rsis
rea
son
ab
lye
xte
nsi
vein
bo
thth
em
ed
ieva
la
nd
po
st-m
ed
ieva
lp
eri
od
s,w
ith
the
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
tin
de
ma
nd
for
bo
thth
em
ills
ton
es
wh
ich
ga
veth
ero
ckit
sn
am
e,
an
da
lso
as
bu
ild
ing
s to
ne
.P
roce
ssin
go
fr a
wm
ate
ria
lsa
lso
ma
kes
up
a
sig
nif
ica
nt
pa
rto
fth
e'in
du
stri
al'
rem
ain
so
fth
eg
rits
ton
em
oo
rsin
clu
din
gle
ad
an
dli
me
pr o
cess
ing
.
Ha
rne
ssin
gp
ow
er
fro
mth
efa
stfl
ow
ing
stre
am
sth
at
dra
ino
ffth
eg
rits
ton
em
oo
rsh
as
cre
ate
dg
rea
tch
an
ge
inth
ela
nd
sca
pe
,w
ith
no
t
on
lyth
ec o
nst
ruct
ion
of
mil
lsa
nd
ass
oci
ate
dst
ruct
ure
sin
the
low
er
rea
che
s,b
ut
mo
s tn
ota
bly
the
r ese
rvo
irs
an
dd
am
sw
hic
ha
r e
ab
un
da
nt
acr
oss
the
up
lan
ds
an
dv a
lle
ys.
Lin
ked
toth
ese
ar e
the
ext
en
sive
can
al
rem
ain
so
nth
ew
est
ern
gri
tsto
ne
sw
hic
hli
nk
t oth
e
ind
ust
ria
lce
ntr
es
of
the
No
rth
We
st.
Po
st-m
ed
ieva
lre
ma
ins
are
ext
en
sive
incl
ud
ing
the
ind
us t
rie
sn
ote
da
bo
ve.
Larg
en
um
be
r so
fsh
oo
tin
gb
ut t
s,a
cce
ssro
ad
s,p
ack
ho
r se
tra
cks,
wa
ysto
ne
ma
rke
rs,
cla
pp
er
bri
dg
es,
turn
pik
es
an
dto
llb
uil
din
gs
are
kn
ow
n
Th
eim
pa
cto
fth
era
ilw
ay
on
the
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
tis
pri
nci
pa
lly
fro
mth
etw
otu
nn
els
(To
tle
ya
nd
Wo
od
he
ad
)w
hic
hli
nke
dth
ein
du
stri
al
cen
tre
so
fS
he
ffie
lda
nd
Ma
nch
est
er
wit
hth
eh
ea
rto
fth
eP
ea
kD
istr
ict
an
dit
sm
ine
ral
we
alt
h.
Mo
de
rnm
ilit
ary
rem
ain
sa
cro
ssth
ee
ast
ern
mo
ors
rela
tin
gp
rin
cip
all
yt o
WW
Ia
nd
WW
IIin
clu
de
pra
ctic
etr
en
che
s,g
un
em
pla
cem
en
ts,
de
coy
site
s.A
sw
ell
as
the
se,
the
rea
rea
nu
mb
er
of
kn
ow
np
lan
ecr
ash
site
ssu
cha
sth
ose
on
Kin
de
rS
cou
ta
nd
Ble
ak
low
.
Tab
le6
-1
f-
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
t
14
�P
ote
nti
al
rew
ork
ing
an
d(o
r)b
uri
al
of
Pa
lae
oli
thic
ma
teri
als
inh
ills
lop
ese
ttin
gs
by
Qu
ate
rna
ry
pe
rig
laci
al,
hil
lslo
pe
an
dm
ass
-mo
vem
en
t
pro
cess
es
Hil
lslo
pe
sett
ing
sg
en
era
lly
sta
ble
du
rin
gth
e
Ho
loce
ne
,b
ut
po
ten
tia
lfo
rlo
cali
sed
coll
uvia
tio
n
an
dm
ass
-mo
vem
en
ta
ctiv
ity
�
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � �
As
are
lati
vely
we
ll-d
eve
lop
ed
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
lan
dsc
ap
e,
the
sha
les
pre
sen
tg
oo
do
pp
ort
un
itie
s
for
the
use
of
fie
ldw
alk
ing
as
an
eva
lua
tio
n
tech
niq
ue
.A
lmo
st1
0%
of
all
the
kn
ow
nsi
tes
on
the
lan
dfo
rma
resi
ng
lefi
nd
so
ra
rte
fact
sca
tte
rs
wh
ich
sug
ge
sts
tha
tth
isw
ou
ldb
ea
fru
itfu
l
tech
niq
ue
for
pro
spe
ctin
gfo
ra
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
site
s,a
sw
ell
as
com
pil
ing
are
cord
of
art
efa
cts
wit
hin
the
plo
ug
hzo
ne
wh
ich
ma
yo
the
rwis
eg
o
un
reco
rde
d.
Eva
lua
tio
na
nd
mit
iga
tio
nre
lati
ng
tola
rge
lin
ea
r
fea
ture
ssu
cha
sR
om
an
Ro
ad
sm
igh
tin
clu
de
the
foll
ow
ing
:fi
eld
wa
lkin
gif
the
con
dit
ion
sa
re
suit
ab
le,
ge
op
hys
ica
lsu
rve
yto
test
for
the
pre
sen
ceo
fst
ruct
ure
sa
sso
cia
ted
wit
hth
er o
ad
lin
ea
nd
als
oth
ec o
urs
eo
fth
er o
ad
lin
eit
self
,
lim
ite
de
valu
ati
on
tre
nch
es
t ote
stfi
eld
wa
lkin
g
an
dg
eo
ph
ysic
al
resu
lts,
an
dt a
rge
ted
exc
ava
tio
n
ba
sed
up
on
the
r esu
lts
of
the
eva
lua
tio
n
tech
niq
ue
se
mp
loye
d.
Rid
ge
an
dfu
rro
wca
nm
ask
an
dp
rese
rve
ea
rlie
r
rem
ain
sb
en
ea
thth
eri
dg
es
an
dth
issh
ou
ldb
e
take
nin
toa
cco
un
ta
sp
art
of
an
ya
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
inve
stig
ati
on
wh
ere
such
fea
ture
sa
reim
pa
cte
d
up
on
.
� � � � � � � � � � � �
Th
eva
lle
yssi
tb
etw
ee
nth
etw
op
red
om
ina
nt
up
lan
dla
nd
form
so
fg
rits
ton
ea
nd
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
e.
Th
ism
ay
be
an
att
ract
ive
sett
lem
en
tlo
cale
as
itis
she
lte
red
bu
tw
ith
incl
ose
dis
tan
ceo
fa
nu
mb
er
of
lan
dfo
rms
all
ow
ing
for
aw
ide
vari
ety
of
exp
loit
ab
lere
sou
rce
s.T
he
pre
do
min
an
tly
vall
ey
loca
les
of
the
sha
lela
nd
form
me
an
sth
at
the
sew
ill
ha
vefo
rme
dn
atu
ral
rou
tew
ays
thro
ug
hth
ela
nd
sca
pe
thro
ug
ho
ut
hu
ma
nh
isto
ry.
Th
eva
lle
ysw
ere
po
ten
tia
lly
he
avil
yw
oo
de
dfo
ra
lon
gti
me
,a
nd
cle
ara
nce
ma
yh
ave
ha
pp
en
ed
late
rin
the
vall
ey
bo
tto
ms
tha
nin
the
up
lan
de
nvir
on
me
nts
,su
gg
est
ing
tha
tth
ism
ay
ha
veb
ee
na
less
-he
avil
y
sett
led
lan
dsc
ap
ein
ea
rlie
rp
eri
od
s.
Du
eto
vall
ey
bo
tto
mlo
cale
sth
ela
nd
form
ho
sts
ag
rea
td
ea
lo
fin
du
stri
al
rem
ain
sin
clu
din
gw
ate
r-
po
we
red
mil
ls,
ste
am
-po
we
red
mil
lsa
nd
ass
oci
ate
dsi
tes
such
as
we
irs
an
dg
oit
s.
Ve
ryfe
wP
ala
eo
lith
ico
rM
eso
lith
icfi
nd
sa
rek
no
wn
fro
mth
ela
nd
form
sug
ge
stin
gth
at
the
up
lan
da
rea
s
we
rem
ore
att
ract
ive
for
sett
lem
en
ta
ctiv
ity
at
lea
std
uri
ng
the
hu
nte
r-ga
the
rer
pe
rio
ds.
Su
bst
an
tia
lly
mo
reN
eo
lith
ica
ctiv
ity
isk
no
wn
tha
nfo
re
arl
ier
pre
his
tory
.T
he
reis
ap
ote
nti
al
lon
gca
irn
ne
ar
Lism
ore
Fie
lds,
wh
ich
lie
sa
dja
cen
tto
the
sha
lela
nd
f orm
.A
very
hig
hra
tio
of
po
lish
ed
s to
ne
axe
he
ad
sis
kn
ow
nfr
om
this
lan
df o
rm,
an
dth
eir
loc a
tio
ns
sug
ge
sta
pre
fere
nce
for
act
ivit
yn
ea
rt o
wa
ter
cou
rse
s.A
'mid
de
n' p
itfo
un
da
tB
igLa
ne
,H
og
na
s to
n,
isp
oss
ibly
ind
ica
tive
of
Ea
rly
Ne
oli
thic
sett
lem
en
t
act
ivit
y.
Co
nti
nu
ati
on
of
the
'ba
rro
w' t
rad
itio
no
fth
eC
arb
on
ife
rou
sLi
me
sto
ne
wit
hm
an
yb
uri
al
mo
nu
me
nts
kn
ow
nfr
om
sim
ila
rt o
po
gra
ph
icse
ttin
gs.
Als
op
oss
ible
bu
ria
lm
on
um
en
tsk
no
wn
fro
mlo
wla
nd
vall
ey
bo
tto
mse
ttin
gs,
sim
ila
rt o
the
rin
gd
itch
es
kn
ow
nfr
om
the
low
lan
da
rea
so
fso
uth
De
rbys
hir
e.
Ala
rge
am
ou
nt
of
Bro
nze
Ag
em
eta
lwo
rkis
kn
ow
na
sin
div
idu
al
fin
dsp
ots
an
dth
ese
ar e
loca
ted
ne
ar
tow
ate
r
sou
rce
sg
en
era
lly.
Ma
mTo
rre
pre
sen
tsth
eo
nly
ma
jor
Iro
nA
ge
site
wit
ha
ge
olo
gic
al
lin
kto
the
sha
les.
Inte
nsi
fica
tio
no
fla
nd
-use
of
the
sha
lev a
lle
ysd
uri
ng
the
Ro
ma
np
eri
od
,w
ith
sub
sta
nti
al
act
ivit
yf o
cuse
d
on
the
fort
an
dvic
us
at
Bro
ug
h,
an
da
lso
alo
ng
the
lin
es
of
the
Ro
ma
nro
ad
sle
ad
ing
on
t oth
ep
late
au
to
Bu
xto
na
nd
alo
ng
the
lin
es
of
the
ma
jor
v all
eys
.S
ign
ific
an
tco
nce
ntr
ati
on
of
fin
ds
ar o
un
dth
ek
no
wn
Ro
ma
nin
du
stri
al
site
sa
tLu
mb
Br o
ok
ne
ar
Ha
zelw
oo
d.
Wit
ha
lack
of
na
tura
lre
sou
rce
sim
me
dia
tely
ava
ila
ble
on
oth
er
ge
olo
gie
s,it
isp
oss
ible
tha
tth
eR
om
an
act
ivit
yo
nth
ev a
lle
ysh
ale
sre
late
sto
acc
ess
to
fre
shw
ate
r,p
roce
ssin
go
fr a
wm
ate
ria
ls,
con
tro
lo
fm
ove
me
nt
an
da
lso
toth
ea
gri
cult
ur a
lu
nd
erp
inn
ing
s
of
the
Ro
ma
no
ccu
pa
tio
nin
this
r eg
ion
.
Th
ee
arl
ym
ed
ieva
lp
eri
od
isp
oo
rly
r ep
rese
nte
dw
ith
the
Gr e
yD
itch
ea
rth
wo
rkb
ein
gth
em
ajo
r
mo
nu
me
nt
kn
ow
n.
Th
eva
lle
ysw
ere
acl
ea
rfo
cus
for
sett
lem
en
ta
nd
ag
ricu
ltu
r ed
uri
ng
the
me
die
val
pe
rio
da
sil
lus t
rate
db
y
the
rati
oo
fk
no
wn
fie
ldsy
ste
ms
etc
.P
rese
rva
tio
no
fri
dg
ea
nd
furr
ow
isp
art
icu
larl
yg
oo
do
nth
eh
ea
vy
soil
so
fth
esh
ale
s,so
this
ma
ya
cco
un
tfo
rso
me
sma
llb
ias
inth
ed
ata
.A
larg
en
um
be
ro
fd
ese
rte
d
me
die
val
vil
lag
es
isk
no
wn
,a
nd
the
set e
nd
tob
esi
ted
ne
ar
t oe
xist
ing
sett
lem
en
ts,
tho
ug
hso
me
ar e
kn
ow
nto
ha
veb
ee
nfl
oo
de
dd
uri
ng
the
cre
ati
on
of
rese
rvo
irs.
Me
die
val
de
er
pa
rks
an
dh
un
tin
ge
sta
tes
rep
rese
nt
are
aso
na
ble
po
rtio
no
fk
no
wn
me
die
val
lan
d-u
se
acr
oss
the
lan
dfo
rm.
Th
ese
en
clo
sed
ar e
as,
as
we
lla
sb
ein
go
fh
isto
ric
inte
rest
inth
eir
ow
nri
gh
t,h
ave
the
po
ten
tia
lto
pre
serv
ea
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
rem
ain
sa
wa
yfr
om
po
st-m
ed
ieva
la
nd
mo
de
rnin
du
s try
an
d
de
velo
pm
en
t.
Su
bst
an
tia
la
mo
un
tso
fp
ost
-me
die
val
an
dm
od
ern
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
ma
ins
rela
teto
the
rail
wa
y,ro
ad
an
d
can
al
syst
em
sw
hic
hfo
rme
da
nin
teg
ral
pa
rto
fth
ee
con
om
yin
this
are
a.
As
we
lla
sth
ea
ctu
al
rou
tew
ays
the
mse
lve
s,th
ere
isa
hu
ge
volu
me
of
ass
oci
ate
din
du
stri
al
site
s.
Tab
le7
-1
g-
Sh
ale
sa
nd
Sil
tsto
ne
s
15
�P
ote
nti
al
rew
ork
ing
an
d(o
r)b
uri
al
of
Pa
lae
oli
thic
ma
teri
als
inh
ills
lop
ese
ttin
gs
by
Qu
ate
rna
ry
pe
rig
laci
al,
hil
lslo
pe
an
dm
ass
-mo
vem
en
t
pro
cess
es
Hil
lslo
pe
sett
ing
sg
en
era
lly
sta
ble
du
rin
gth
e
Ho
loce
ne
,b
ut
po
ten
tia
lfo
rlo
cali
sed
coll
uvia
tio
n
an
dm
ass
-mo
vem
en
ta
ctiv
ity
�
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � � �
Th
ea
pp
lica
tio
no
ffi
eld
wa
lkin
ga
tU
nst
on
eh
as
illu
stra
ted
tha
tth
isis
afr
uit
ful
tech
niq
ue
for
this
lan
dfo
rm,
wh
ere
con
dit
ion
sa
reco
nd
uci
ve.
Wh
ere
ara
ble
lan
dre
ma
ins
on
the
Co
al
Me
asu
res,
an
dh
as
no
tb
ee
nim
pa
cte
du
po
nb
y
late
rin
du
stry
or
de
velo
pm
en
t,th
ere
ap
pe
ars
to
be
bo
thg
oo
dfo
rma
tio
no
fcr
op
ma
rks,
an
da
lso
rea
son
ab
lesu
rviv
al
of
art
efa
cts
wit
hin
the
plo
ug
hso
il.
As
we
lla
sth
ein
du
stri
ali
sed
lan
dsc
ap
e,
the
rea
re
als
osi
gn
ific
an
tre
ma
ins
of
me
die
val
an
dp
ost
-
me
die
val
ag
ricu
ltu
rea
cro
ssth
ela
nd
form
.R
idg
e
an
dfu
rro
wca
nm
ask
an
dp
r ese
rve
ea
rlie
r
rem
ain
sb
en
ea
thth
eri
dg
es
an
dth
issh
ou
ldb
e
take
nin
toa
cco
un
ta
sp
art
of
an
ya
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
inve
stig
ati
on
wh
ere
such
fea
ture
sa
rep
ote
nti
all
y
imp
act
ed
up
on
.
Ae
ria
lp
ho
tog
rap
hs
ha
veth
ep
ote
nti
al
toid
en
tify
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
ma
ins
on
the
lan
dfo
rm,
as
illu
stra
ted
by
the
ma
pp
ed
cro
pm
ark
sto
the
we
st
of
Bo
lso
ver
wh
ich
ma
yb
ela
tep
reh
isto
ric
ind
ate
.
� � � � � � �
Th
eC
oa
lM
ea
sure
sa
reg
eo
log
ica
lly
very
sim
ila
rto
the
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
t,co
mp
risi
ng
inte
rbe
dd
ed
sed
ime
nta
ry,
con
glo
me
rate
rock
sa
nd
coa
lb
ed
s.T
he
ore
tica
lly
the
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
la
sso
cia
tio
ns
sho
uld
be
very
sim
ila
rto
tho
seo
fth
eM
ills
ton
eG
rit,
an
dth
isis
de
mo
nst
rab
lyth
eca
seo
nth
ein
terf
ace
be
twe
en
the
two
lan
dfo
rms
inth
eu
pla
nd
s,w
he
reth
ere
are
,a
sa
ne
xam
ple
,a
larg
ea
mo
un
to
fB
ron
zeA
ge
rem
ain
s.
Kn
ow
nM
eso
lith
icsi
tes
on
the
Co
al
Me
asu
res
are
few
bu
til
lust
rate
acl
ea
rfi
eld
wo
rkb
ias.
Th
ela
rge
st
con
cen
tra
tio
no
fk
no
wn
site
sis
aro
un
dU
nst
on
e,
as
ad
ire
ctre
sult
of
the
fie
ldw
ork
un
de
rta
ken
by
the
No
rth
De
rbys
hir
eA
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
Tru
st.
Wh
ile
the
rea
refe
wM
eso
lith
icsi
tes
kn
ow
no
vera
llfr
om
the
lan
dfo
rm,
wh
ere
fie
ldw
alk
ing
ha
sb
ee
ne
mp
loye
d,
ea
rly
pre
his
tori
csi
tes
ha
veb
ee
nid
en
tifi
ed
,a
nd
the
act
ua
ln
um
be
ro
fsi
tes
isp
rob
ab
lyfa
rh
igh
er
tha
ncu
rre
ntl
ysu
spe
cte
d.
Th
eM
eso
lith
icsi
tes
sho
wa
cle
ar
top
og
rap
hic
pre
fere
nce
for
vall
ey
sid
es
an
dra
ise
dp
oin
tsa
bo
vew
ate
rco
urs
es,
wh
ich
ech
oe
ssi
tes
inth
e
Tre
nt
Va
lle
y,a
nd
als
oin
the
up
lan
ds
such
as
at
De
ep
car
on
the
Mil
lsto
ne
Gri
t.
Kn
ow
nN
eo
lith
ica
nd
Bro
nze
Ag
esi
tes
are
pre
do
min
an
tly
fou
nd
on
the
inte
rfa
cew
ith
the
gri
tsto
ne
on
the
Ea
ste
rnM
oo
rsa
nd
the
ass
oci
ati
on
sa
rea
lmo
stid
en
tica
lto
tho
seo
fla
nd
form
1f.
Ext
en
sive
fie
ldsy
ste
ms
an
dse
ttle
me
nts
occ
ur
alo
ng
wit
hfu
ne
rary
'ba
rro
ws'
/ca
irn
s.
Inth
elo
we
rly
ing
are
as
of
the
Co
al
Me
asu
res,
Bro
nze
Ag
eo
ccu
pa
tio
nh
as
be
en
de
mo
nst
rate
dth
rou
gh
the
exc
ava
tio
no
fB
ron
zeA
ge
act
ivit
yd
efi
ne
db
ya
bo
un
da
r yd
itch
at
Tib
she
lf.
Th
eR
om
an
-pe
rio
da
ctiv
ity
isce
ntr
ed
on
the
rem
ain
sa
tC
he
ste
rfie
ldw
hic
hw
as
ash
ort
-liv
ed
fort
late
r
occ
up
ied
as
an
ind
us t
ria
lce
ntr
e.
Th
ere
are
als
ocr
op
ma
rke
ncl
osu
resi
tes
kn
ow
n,
wh
ich
ma
yb
eIr
on
Ag
eo
r
Ro
ma
no
-Bri
tish
ino
rig
in,
bu
til
lust
rate
the
po
ten
tia
lo
fth
eC
oa
lM
ea
sure
s,w
he
reu
nd
istu
rbe
d,
toh
ost
go
od
vis
ible
cro
pm
ark
s.
Fro
mth
em
ed
ieva
lp
eri
od
on
wa
rds,
the
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
sou
rce
of
the
Co
al
Me
asu
r es
isd
om
ina
ted
by
the
ind
ust
ria
lre
ma
ins
ass
oci
ate
dw
ith
rid
ge
an
dfu
rro
w,
wh
ich
wil
lm
ask
,b
ut
als
op
r ote
ct,
un
de
rly
ing
r em
ain
s
Th
esc
ale
of
po
st-m
ed
ieva
la
nd
mo
de
rnin
du
s tri
al
act
ivit
yh
as
un
do
ub
ted
lyh
ad
ad
etr
ime
nta
le
ffe
cto
nth
e
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
ma
ins
of
ea
rlie
rp
eri
od
s,b
ut
the
lim
ite
dfi
eld
wo
rku
nd
ert
ake
no
nth
isla
nd
f orm
ha
s
illu
stra
ted
tha
tth
ere
are
surv
ivin
gre
ma
ins.
Ra
pid
lan
dsc
ap
e-s
cale
pro
spe
ctio
nt e
chn
iqu
es
such
as
fie
ldw
alk
ing
an
da
eri
al
ph
ot o
gra
ph
yh
ave
be
en
pro
ven
tob
ee
ffe
ctiv
eo
nth
isla
nd
f orm
.
Tab
le8
-1
i-
Co
al
Me
asu
r es
16
�P
ote
nti
al
rew
ork
ing
an
d(o
r)b
uri
al
of
Pa
lae
oli
thic
ma
teri
als
inh
ills
lop
ese
ttin
gs
by
Qu
ate
rna
ry
pe
rig
laci
al,
hil
lslo
pe
an
dm
ass
-mo
vem
en
t
pro
cess
es
Hil
lslo
pe
sett
ing
sg
en
era
lly
sta
ble
du
rin
gth
e
Ho
loce
ne
,b
ut
po
ten
tia
lfo
rlo
cali
sed
coll
uvia
tio
n
an
dm
ass
-mo
vem
en
ta
ctiv
ity
�
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � �
Wh
ere
the
lan
dfo
rmfo
rms
the
hig
hg
rou
nd
an
d
blu
ffs
ab
ove
rive
rva
lle
ys,
ap
pli
cati
on
of
fie
ldw
alk
ing
an
dto
po
gra
ph
icsu
rve
ym
ay
reve
al
ea
rly
an
dla
tep
reh
isto
ric
rem
ain
sre
spe
ctiv
ely
.
Targ
ete
de
valu
ati
on
tre
nch
ing
ma
yy
ield
use
ful
resu
lts
insu
chlo
cati
on
s.
Ve
raci
tyo
ffi
eld
wa
lkin
gw
he
reco
nd
itio
ns
are
suit
ab
le,
illu
stra
ted
by
the
am
ou
nt
of
kn
ow
n
Sto
ne
Ag
eto
ols
an
da
lso
po
t te
ry,
pa
rtic
ula
rly
Ro
ma
n.
Rid
ge
an
dfu
rro
wca
nm
ask
an
dp
r ese
rve
ea
rlie
r
rem
ain
sb
en
ea
thth
eri
dg
es
an
dth
issh
ou
ldb
e
take
nin
toa
cco
un
ta
sp
art
of
an
ya
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
inve
stig
ati
on
wh
ere
such
fea
ture
sa
rep
ote
nti
all
y
imp
act
ed
up
on
.
� � � � � �
Kn
ow
nM
eso
lith
icsi
tes
are
rep
rese
nte
db
yli
thic
sca
tte
rs,
wh
ich
ten
dto
focu
so
na
nd
aro
un
dth
eri
ver
blu
ffs
an
dva
lle
ysi
de
sa
bo
vea
ctiv
ew
ate
rco
urs
es.
Bro
nze
Ag
ecr
op
ma
rkre
ma
ins
are
kn
ow
n.
As
wit
hth
esa
nd
an
dg
rave
lte
rra
ces
of
the
Tre
nt
Va
lle
yth
at
ove
rlie
this
lan
dfo
rm,
the
reis
go
od
po
ten
tia
lfo
rcr
op
ma
rkfo
rma
tio
n,
an
da
eri
al
ph
oto
gra
ph
ym
ay
be
a
very
use
ful
pro
spe
ctio
nto
ol.
Th
elo
wye
tp
ron
ou
nce
dri
ver
clif
fs,
wh
ich
att
ract
Me
soli
thic
act
ivit
y,a
lso
ho
stth
elo
wla
nd
rive
rva
lle
yfo
rt
of
Bo
rou
gh
Hil
lo
nth
isla
nd
form
.T
his
isa
pre
sum
ab
lyIr
on
Ag
esi
tew
hic
his
sug
ge
stiv
eo
fth
eri
veri
ne
fort
s
of
No
rth
um
be
rla
nd
an
dth
eS
c ott
ish
bo
rde
rsth
at
lin
eth
eb
luff
sa
lon
gth
eco
urs
eo
fth
eri
ver
Twe
ed
an
d
ma
yre
pre
sen
tth
eco
nti
nu
ati
on
of
the
up
lan
d's
carp
ed
ge
en
clo
sure
' tra
dit
ion
see
nin
the
Pe
ak
Dis
tric
t,
into
the
low
lan
ds
of
sou
thD
erb
ysh
ire
.
Ro
ma
n-p
eri
od
site
sa
red
om
ina
ted
by
the
two
clu
ste
rsa
rou
nd
Litt
leC
he
ste
ra
nd
Ock
bro
ok
/Bo
rro
wa
sh.
Th
ere
isa
sig
nif
ica
nt
fie
ldw
ork
bia
sin
this
da
tad
ue
toth
ee
xca
vati
on
sa
nd
fie
ldw
alk
ing
aro
un
dO
ckb
roo
k,
bu
tth
isd
oe
sa
lso
illu
stra
teth
ee
ffe
ctiv
en
ess
of
fie
ldw
alk
ing
,a
nd
the
refo
rea
lso
test
pit
tin
g,
as
a
pro
spe
ctio
na
nd
eva
lua
tio
nte
chn
iqu
efo
rR
om
an
act
ivit
y,a
sw
ell
as
pre
his
tori
cli
thic
sca
tte
rsi
tes.
Sig
nif
ica
nt
me
die
val
rem
ain
so
ccu
ra
cro
ssth
ela
nd
form
an
dil
lust
rate
the
wid
esp
rea
da
gri
cult
ura
la
nd
sma
ll-s
cale
ind
ust
ria
la
ctiv
itie
sth
at
pre
do
min
ate
d.
Mu
ltip
lee
xam
ple
so
fri
dg
ea
nd
furr
ow
,d
ese
rte
da
nd
shru
nke
nm
ed
ieva
lvil
lag
es,
cast
les
wit
hn
ucl
ea
ted
sett
lem
en
ts,
de
er
pa
rks
an
da
lso
thre
eo
fth
ela
rge
st
mo
na
stic
site
sw
ith
inth
ec o
un
tya
rek
no
wn
on
this
lan
df o
rm.
Inth
ep
os t
-me
die
val
pe
rio
d,
ind
us t
ria
lsi
tes
are
the
pri
nci
pa
la
r ch
ae
olo
gic
al
ass
oci
ati
on
,w
ith
mil
ls,
fact
ori
es
an
de
xtra
ctio
nsi
t es
be
ing
mo
rep
reva
len
tth
an
ag
ricu
ltu
r al
site
s.P
rin
cip
al
ind
us t
rie
sre
pre
sen
ted
are
corn
pro
cess
ing
,b
rick
pr o
du
ctio
n,
lim
e-w
ork
ing
an
dsi
lkp
r od
uct
ion
,w
ith
ma
ny
of
the
sit e
su
tili
sin
g
wa
ter
po
we
rin
asi
mil
ar
wa
yto
the
De
rwe
nt
Va
lle
yM
ills
furt
he
ru
pth
ec a
tch
me
nt.
Tab
le9
-1
k-
Me
rcia
Mu
dst
on
es
17
�H
ills
lop
ese
ttin
gs
ge
ne
rall
yst
ab
led
uri
ng
the
Ho
loce
ne
,b
ut
po
ten
tia
lfo
rlo
cali
sed
coll
uvia
tio
n
an
dm
ass
-mo
vem
en
ta
ctiv
ity
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � �
Ae
ria
lp
ho
tog
rap
hy
ha
sb
ee
nd
em
on
stra
ted
tob
e
avia
ble
tech
niq
ue
on
cla
yg
eo
log
ies.
Typ
esi
teo
fLi
smo
reF
ield
sil
lust
rate
sth
e
occ
urr
en
ceo
fd
isp
ers
ed
cut-
fea
ture
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
ma
ins.
Du
eto
the
ep
he
me
ral
an
dd
isp
ers
ed
na
ture
of
the
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
l
rem
ain
so
fp
ost
-bu
ilt
tim
be
rst
ruct
ure
sa
nd
vari
ou
sty
pe
so
fp
its,
con
ven
tio
na
le
valu
ati
on
tech
niq
ue
sa
reg
en
era
lly
un
suit
ab
lea
sth
ey
are
ba
rely
de
tect
ab
leb
yg
eo
ph
ysic
al
surv
ey,
are
rare
lyse
en
on
ae
ria
lp
ho
tog
rap
hs
an
da
rea
cha
nce
dis
cove
ryif
the
yo
ccu
rin
eva
lua
tio
n
tre
nch
es.
Th
ese
typ
es
of
site
are
very
imp
ort
an
t
inte
rms
of
the
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lin
form
ati
on
the
y
can
yie
lda
nd
the
ya
rety
pic
all
yd
isco
vere
da
nd
reco
rde
dd
uri
ng
fair
lyla
rge
-sca
lesu
rfa
ce
stri
pp
ing
,a
sa
tLi
smo
reF
ield
s,b
ut
this
isa
lso
the
case
for
Ne
oli
thic
sett
lem
en
tsi
tes
on
oth
er
lan
dfo
rms.
Clo
se-s
pa
ced
fie
ldw
alk
ing
or
test
pit
s,
pa
rtic
ula
rly
t arg
ete
do
na
rea
so
fle
vel
gro
un
d,
ma
yb
eu
sefu
le
valu
ati
on
tech
niq
ue
sd
ep
en
de
nt
on
curr
en
tla
nd
-use
.
Wh
ere
up
sta
nd
ing
rem
ain
sa
rep
rese
rve
dd
ue
t o
the
he
av
yso
ils,
ea
rth
wo
rksu
rve
yca
nb
eu
sefu
lly
em
plo
yed
.
� � � � � � � � � � �
Re
cen
tw
ork
(Mil
lsa
nd
Pa
lme
r2
00
7)
ha
sco
mp
ile
dre
sea
rch
on
cla
yla
nd
sca
pe
sil
lust
rati
ng
gre
ate
r
po
ten
tia
lfo
rp
rosp
ect
ion
an
dd
isco
very
an
da
gre
ate
ra
mo
un
to
fa
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
site
sth
an
pre
vio
usl
y
susp
ect
ed
.
Po
ten
tia
lly
suff
ers
fro
ma
fie
ldw
ork
bia
sa
nd
isu
nd
err
ep
rese
nte
din
the
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
cord
du
eto
his
tori
cal
vie
wth
at
cla
yla
nd
sca
pe
sa
rea
nu
na
ttra
ctiv
ese
ttle
me
nt
loca
le.
For
an
um
be
ro
fth
eti
lld
ep
osi
tsin
De
rbys
hir
ea
nd
the
Pe
ak
Dis
tric
t,th
ea
sso
cia
tio
ns
tall
yw
ell
wit
hth
ose
of
the
un
de
rly
ing
ha
rdro
ckla
nd
form
,su
gg
est
ing
tha
tin
the
sea
rea
s,th
eti
llis
no
ta
ma
jor
de
term
ina
nt
for
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
la
sso
cia
tio
ns.
Few
Pa
lae
oli
thic
,M
eso
lith
ica
nd
Ne
oli
thic
fin
ds
no
ted
oth
er
tha
na
few
sca
tte
red
lith
icfi
nd
spo
tsa
nd
occ
asi
on
al
sca
tte
r,th
ou
gh
the
sub
sta
nti
al
ass
em
bla
ge
kn
ow
nfr
om
Lism
ore
Fie
lds
(se
eb
elo
w).
Th
isis
a
pa
tte
rnb
orn
eo
ut
els
ew
he
rein
En
gla
nd
,w
he
rea
sla
ter
pe
rio
ds
are
be
tte
rre
pre
sen
ted
.
Lism
ore
Fie
lds
site
do
es
no
tfi
tw
ith
the
pic
ture
ext
rap
ola
ted
fro
mth
eo
the
rH
ER
an
dN
MR
da
ta.
Itis
an
Ea
rly
Ne
oli
thic
occ
up
ati
on
site
of
na
tio
na
lim
po
rta
nce
situ
ate
do
nth
eti
lla
tth
eju
nct
ion
of
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
ea
nd
sha
le,
wit
hth
eM
ills
ton
eG
rit
bo
rde
rin
gcl
ose
toth
en
ort
h-w
est
.It
isd
efi
ne
d
by
dis
pe
rse
dcu
tfe
atu
res
wit
hm
idd
en
pit
sp
rod
uci
ng
art
efa
cts
an
dh
as
ah
igh
po
t en
tia
lfo
r
pa
lae
oe
nvir
on
me
nta
lre
ma
ins.
Th
islo
cale
isre
all
ya
sma
llp
ock
et
of
till
am
on
gst
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
e,
an
dth
ea
bil
ity
tocu
tfo
un
da
tio
ns
into
the
till
mo
ree
asi
lyth
an
into
be
dro
ckm
ay
be
afa
cto
rin
ma
kin
gth
is
spe
cifi
clo
cale
att
ract
ive
for
tim
be
r-b
uil
tN
eo
lith
icb
uil
din
gs.
Bro
nze
Ag
ere
ma
ins
ap
pe
ar
tom
arr
ycl
ose
lyw
ith
the
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
la
sso
cia
tio
ns
of
the
un
de
rly
ing
lan
dfo
rms.
Br o
nze
Ag
eb
arr
ow
s/ca
irn
so
ccu
ro
nvis
ible
po
ints
such
as
fals
ecr
est
s,b
rea
ksin
slo
pe
an
dlo
c al
hig
hp
oin
ts.
Ve
ryfe
wIr
on
Ag
ea
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
rem
ain
sk
no
wn
,w
ith
the
on
lycl
ea
rly
da
ted
site
be
ing
ap
ita
lig
nm
en
t
sim
ila
rto
tho
sek
no
wn
fro
mth
eTr
en
tV
all
ey
san
da
nd
gr a
vel
terr
ace
s.
Wh
ere
the
rea
resi
gn
ific
an
tR
om
an
rem
ain
sa
nd
art
efa
ctsc
att
ers
,a
sw
ith
the
Br o
nze
Ag
e,
the
ass
oci
ati
on
s
are
sim
ila
rto
tho
seo
fth
eu
nd
erl
yin
gb
ed
r ock
lan
dfo
rma
nd
dis
trib
uti
on
of
sit e
sco
nti
nu
es
acr
oss
the
till
lan
dfo
rm.
Two
sig
nif
ica
nt
dis
trib
uti
on
so
fsi
t es
are
kn
ow
na
tO
ckb
roo
ka
nd
Bo
rro
wa
shb
ase
do
nth
ew
ork
of
the
loca
lh
isto
ryso
cie
ty,
an
da
lso
inth
ea
r ea
aro
un
dC
ars
ing
ton
Wa
ter.
Ve
ryfe
we
arl
ym
ed
ieva
lsi
tes
kn
ow
n,
tho
ug
hth
eA
ng
lia
nb
uri
al
at
Wya
sto
nis
the
on
lyk
no
wn
An
gli
an
bu
ria
ln
ot
on
the
Ca
rbo
nif
ero
us
Lim
est
on
ep
rop
er.
Oth
er
tha
nth
eb
uil
th
eri
t ag
e,
me
die
val
an
dp
ost
-me
die
val
rem
ain
sa
reg
en
era
lly
rep
rese
nte
db
yri
dg
ea
nd
furr
ow
an
do
the
rr e
lict
fie
lds y
ste
ms,
an
da
lso
up
sta
nd
ing
rem
ain
sa
sso
cia
ted
wit
ha
few
de
sert
ed
me
die
val
vil
lag
es.
Th
eh
ea
vy
cla
yso
ils
ove
rth
eti
lla
llo
wfo
ra
be
tte
rle
vel
of
pre
serv
ati
on
of
up
sta
nd
ing
rem
ain
ssu
cha
s
rid
ge
an
dfu
rro
wa
nd
this
intu
rnin
dic
ate
sth
ep
ote
nti
al
for
be
tte
rp
rese
rva
tio
no
fe
arl
ier
r em
ain
sm
ask
ed
by
me
die
val
an
dp
os t
-me
die
val
farm
ing
.
Tab
le1
0-
2a
-T
ill
18
�P
ote
nti
al
rew
ork
ing
an
d(o
r)b
uri
al
of
Pa
lae
oli
thic
ma
teri
als
by
flu
via
la
nd
pe
rig
laci
al
pro
cess
es
Pre
-Ho
loce
ne
flu
via
lte
rra
cesu
rfa
ces
larg
ely
sta
ble
du
rin
gth
eH
olo
cen
e,
bu
tp
ote
nti
al
for
loca
lise
dco
llu
via
tio
na
nd
all
uvia
tio
na
tva
lle
y
ma
rgin
s
Loca
lise
db
uri
al
of
Late
Qu
ate
rna
ry(D
eve
nsi
an
)
flu
via
ld
ep
osi
tsa
nd
ass
oci
ate
da
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
ma
teri
al
by
Ho
loce
ne
all
uviu
min
vall
ey
flo
or
loca
liti
es.
� �
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � � �
Du
eto
the
ep
he
me
ral
an
dd
isp
ers
ed
na
ture
of
the
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
ma
ins
of
po
st-b
uil
tti
mb
er
stru
ctu
res
an
dva
rio
us
typ
es
of
pit
s,co
nve
nti
on
al
pro
spe
ctio
nte
chn
iqu
es
are
ge
ne
rall
yu
nsu
ita
ble
as
such
fea
ture
sa
revir
tua
lly
imp
oss
ible
tod
ete
ct
by
ge
op
hys
ica
lsu
rve
y,a
rera
rely
see
no
na
eri
al
ph
oto
gra
ph
sa
nd
are
ach
an
ced
isco
very
ifth
ey
com
eu
pin
eva
lua
tio
ntr
en
che
s.
Clo
se-s
pa
ced
fie
ldw
alk
ing
(lin
ew
alk
ing
at
2m
inte
rva
ls)
can
pro
du
ceh
igh
lyin
form
ati
vere
sult
s
inre
spe
cto
fth
ep
ote
nti
al
loca
tio
no
fsu
b-s
urf
ace
Me
soli
thic
,N
eo
lith
ica
nd
Ea
rly
Bro
nze
Ag
esi
tes,
as
we
lla
sfo
rth
ose
pe
rio
ds
tha
tp
rod
uce
rob
ust
cera
mic
ma
teri
al.
Targ
eti
ng
eva
lua
tio
ntr
en
che
s
or
test
pit
sa
cco
rdin
gto
the
resu
lts
of
fie
ldw
alk
ing
pr o
vid
es
am
ea
ns
of
ass
ess
ing
the
se
surf
ace
sp
rio
rt o
de
term
ina
tio
n.
Lar g
e-s
cale
eva
lua
tio
ntr
en
chin
gis
ab
lun
tto
ol
for
loca
tin
g
the
ab
ove
-me
nti
on
ed
typ
es
of
r em
ain
sa
nd
if
the
yfa
ilto
lan
do
na
r ch
ae
olo
gic
al
de
po
sits
tha
t
ma
yve
ryw
ell
surv
ive
inth
ea
r ea
of
inve
stig
ati
on
itca
np
ote
nti
all
yre
sult
inla
r ge
are
as
be
ing
con
sid
ere
da
rch
ae
olo
gic
all
yst
eri
lew
he
nth
isis
no
tth
ec a
se.
Est
ab
lish
ing
the
po
t en
tia
lo
fsu
ch
site
sra
the
rth
an
the
dis
trib
uti
on
of
r em
ain
s
acr
oss
the
en
tire
site
iske
ya
tth
ep
re-
de
term
ina
tio
np
ha
sefo
rth
isla
nd
f orm
.T
his
all
ow
sth
eb
ack
loa
din
go
fw
ork
sth
at
cou
ld
incl
ud
est
rip
,m
ap
an
dsa
mp
lea
sa
r ob
ust
bu
t
eco
no
mic
po
st-p
erm
issi
on
mit
iga
tio
nm
eth
od
tha
te
nsu
res
all
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lre
ma
ins,
wh
eth
er
sma
ll,
dis
pe
rse
do
rp
ost
-bu
ilt,
ar e
full
yre
cord
ed
inp
lan
.
Rid
ge
an
dfu
rro
wca
nm
ask
an
dp
rese
rve
ea
rlie
r
rem
ain
sb
en
ea
thth
eri
dg
es
an
dth
issh
ou
ldb
e
take
nin
toa
cco
un
ta
sp
art
of
an
ya
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
inve
stig
ati
on
wh
ere
such
fea
ture
sa
reim
pa
cte
d
up
on
.
Th
ere
issi
gn
ific
an
tp
ote
nti
al
for
cro
pm
ark
form
ati
on
on
this
lan
df o
rmil
lust
rati
ng
the
gre
at
ap
pli
cab
ilit
yo
fa
eri
al
ph
ot o
gra
ph
y.F
utu
re
pro
gra
mm
es
of
ae
ria
lp
ho
tog
rap
hy
cou
ldb
e
com
mis
sio
ne
dd
uri
ng
dry
sum
me
rs,
focu
sin
go
n
are
as
incl
ud
ed
wit
hin
the
min
era
lp
lan
or
wh
ere
futu
reco
mm
erc
ial
inte
rest
sla
y.
� � � � � � � � � � � � �
Tru
nca
ted
cut
fea
ture
sa
reo
fte
nth
ep
rin
cip
lee
xpre
ssio
no
fa
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
site
s.S
uch
fea
ture
sca
no
fte
n
be
ep
he
me
ral
inn
atu
rea
nd
wh
ere
sma
ll,
such
as
wit
hp
ost
ho
le-d
efi
ne
dst
ruct
ure
so
rp
itfe
atu
res,
dif
ficu
lt
top
rosp
ect
for.
Op
en
are
ae
xca
vati
on
(str
ip,
ma
pa
nd
sam
ple
)h
as
be
en
de
mo
nst
rate
dto
be
am
ore
sati
sfa
cto
rym
eth
od
of
reco
rdin
gre
ma
ins
of
this
typ
e.
On
the
gra
vel
terr
ace
sth
ere
isth
eli
keli
ho
od
tha
tre
ma
ins
ma
yb
em
ask
ed
an
dp
rese
rve
db
en
ea
tha
n
all
uvia
lve
ne
er.
Po
siti
on
ed
alo
ng
na
tura
lro
ute
wa
ys,
the
fre
ed
rain
ing
lan
d,
lig
ht,
fert
ile
,tr
act
ab
leso
ils
an
dp
roxi
mit
yto
fre
shw
ate
rm
ake
the
san
da
nd
gra
vel
terr
ace
sa
ttra
ctiv
ese
ttle
me
nt
loca
les
thro
ug
hm
an
yp
eri
od
so
f
pre
his
tory
an
dh
isto
ry–
see
pe
rio
dn
ote
sb
elo
w-
an
da
rep
art
icu
larl
yfa
vou
red
inth
eN
eo
lith
ic,
Bro
nze
Ag
ea
nd
ea
rly
me
die
val
pe
rio
ds.
Gra
vel
de
po
sits
are
ase
con
da
ryco
nte
xtfo
rP
ala
eo
lith
ica
rte
fact
ua
le
vid
en
cew
hic
hm
ay
occ
ur
as
de
rive
d
ma
teri
al
fro
mfu
rth
er
up
the
rive
rca
tch
me
nt.
Th
ou
gh
such
art
efa
cts
cou
ldp
ote
nti
all
yb
efo
un
da
sin
-sit
u
rem
ain
s,th
isw
ou
ldb
ee
xce
pti
on
all
yra
re.
Th
ou
gh
few
Me
soli
thic
rem
ain
sa
ren
ote
dw
ith
inth
eH
ER
an
dN
MR
,M
eso
lith
icto
ols
an
dd
eb
ita
ge
are
oft
en
pre
sen
tw
ith
ine
xca
vate
dsi
tea
sse
mb
lag
es,
an
dth
isst
ress
es
the
ne
ed
for
mo
recl
ose
-sp
ace
d
fie
ldw
alk
ing
on
the
sesu
rfa
ces
ina
dva
nce
of
inva
sive
eva
lua
tio
n.
Ne
oli
thic
an
dB
ron
zeA
ge
sett
lem
en
tis
we
lla
tte
ste
do
nth
esa
nd
an
dg
r ave
lte
rra
ces
wit
hm
an
ysi
tea
nd
mo
nu
me
nt
typ
es
pr e
sen
tin
De
rbys
hir
ein
clu
din
gcu
r su
ses,
mid
de
np
its,
rin
gd
itch
es,
en
clo
sur e
s,b
urn
t
mo
un
ds,
po
st-b
uil
tst
ruct
ure
sa
nd
cre
ma
tio
np
its.
Loca
lise
dh
igh
po
ints
can
be
afo
cus
for
rin
gd
itch
es,
bu
rnt
mo
un
ds
an
do
the
rm
on
um
en
ts.
Hig
hp
oin
ts
ma
yb
evis
ible
on
the
surf
ace
tod
ay,
or
ha
vee
xist
ed
inth
ep
as t
bu
tth
ecu
rre
nt
gro
un
dsu
rfa
cea
pp
ea
rs
leve
ld
ue
toth
ee
ffe
cts
of
sub
seq
ue
nt
all
uvia
tio
n.
Wh
er e
all
uvia
lv e
ne
ers
exi
st,
ap
rog
ram
me
of
sub
-
surf
ace
terr
ain
mo
de
lin
gc a
nb
ee
mp
loye
dto
ma
pth
esa
nd
an
dg
r ave
lte
rra
ceto
po
gra
ph
ya
nd
this
c an
aid
inta
rge
tin
ge
valu
ati
on
wo
rks.
Ne
oli
thic
sett
lem
en
tre
ma
ins
ge
ne
rall
yo
nth
eh
igh
er
gr a
vel
terr
ace
s,w
ith
the
late
rre
ma
ins
ten
din
g
tow
ard
sth
elo
we
r,a
nd
you
ng
er,
terr
ace
s.
Late
rp
reh
isto
ric
rem
ain
sa
lso
we
ll-a
tte
ste
dw
ith
ext
en
sive
lin
ea
rb
ou
nd
ar y
fea
ture
sa
nd
pit
ali
gn
me
nts
asc
rib
ed
ate
nta
tive
Iro
nA
ge
da
te.
Re
cen
te
vid
en
ceh
as
sho
wn
tha
tp
ita
lig
nm
en
tsh
ave
am
uch
lon
ge
r
curr
en
cyo
fu
ses t
retc
hin
gfr
om
the
Ne
oli
thic
up
t oth
ep
ost
-me
die
val
pe
rio
d.
Less
Ro
ma
na
nd
Ro
ma
no
-Bri
tish
pe
rio
dsi
t es
kn
ow
nfr
om
the
san
ds
an
dg
r ave
lsa
sa
pro
po
rtio
no
fa
llsi
t es
tha
nfo
ro
the
rla
nd
f orm
s.T
he
ma
jori
tyo
fe
ntr
ies
wit
hin
the
HE
Ra
nd
NM
Rr e
fer
toth
ero
ad
ne
two
rks.
Th
is
pa
tte
rnh
as
be
en
bo
rne
ou
tin
tho
sela
r ge
are
as
tha
th
ave
be
en
sub
ject
ed
tost
rip
,m
ap
an
dsa
mp
le
con
dit
ion
s.
Th
em
ost
sig
nif
ica
nt
ea
rly
me
die
val
rem
ain
sw
ith
inD
erb
ysh
ire
clu
ste
rto
the
sou
thin
the
T re
nt
Va
lle
yw
ith
the
ext
en
sive
rem
ain
sa
tW
illi
ng
ton
Qu
arr
yre
pre
sen
tin
gth
ela
r ge
stk
no
wn
sin
gle
site
inth
eco
un
ty.
Wh
ilst
stil
lth
em
ajo
rity
,th
ere
ma
ins
for
the
me
die
val
an
dp
ost
-me
die
val
tom
od
ern
pe
rio
ds
r ep
rese
nt
less
of
the
ove
rall
pe
rce
nta
ge
tha
nf o
ro
the
rla
nd
f orm
s,w
ith
the
ma
jori
tyc o
mp
risi
ng
fie
ldsy
ste
ms
an
do
the
r
rem
na
nts
of
the
ag
ricu
ltu
r al
lan
dsc
ap
e.
Inth
ep
os t
-me
die
val
pe
rio
d,
the
ext
ract
ive
ind
ust
rie
sh
ave
ha
da
sig
nif
ica
nt
imp
act
on
the
lan
dsc
ap
ein
bo
thlo
sso
fsa
nd
an
dg
r ave
lte
rra
ces,
bu
ta
lso
inth
eim
pe
tus
for
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lw
ork
(e.g
.W
illi
ng
ton
Qu
arr
y,H
ill
Farm
,W
illi
ng
ton
).
Tab
le1
1-
2d
-S
an
da
nd
Gra
ve
lTe
rra
ces
19
�P
ote
nti
al
for
rew
ork
ing
an
d(o
r)b
uri
al
of
Ho
loce
ne
lan
dsu
rfa
ces
an
dse
dim
en
ts,
incl
ud
ing
ass
oci
ate
da
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
de
po
sits
an
do
rga
nic
-
rich
de
po
sits
Po
ten
tia
lfo
rlo
cali
sed
ero
sio
no
fa
rch
ae
olo
gic
al
de
po
sits
ina
llu
via
lse
ttin
gs
�
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � � � �
Ae
ria
lp
ho
tog
rap
hy
au
sefu
lte
chn
iqu
ea
sla
rge
an
d/o
rco
nti
gu
ou
sfe
atu
res
sho
ww
ell
on
this
ge
olo
gy.
Ma
ny
of
the
cro
pm
ark
sre
ma
inp
oo
rly
un
de
rsto
od
an
du
nd
ate
db
ut
mo
stth
ou
gh
tto
da
teto
late
pre
his
tory
an
dth
eR
om
an
pe
rio
d.
Th
ere
isth
ep
ote
nti
al
for
pa
lae
och
an
ne
lsto
exi
st
wit
hin
or
be
low
the
all
uviu
ma
nd
som
eti
me
s
the
seca
no
nly
be
ide
nti
fie
db
ya
syst
em
ati
c
sed
ime
nt
cori
ng
pro
gra
mm
ea
cro
ssa
po
ten
tia
l
de
velo
pm
en
ta
rea
,a
lth
ou
gh
ae
ria
lp
ho
tog
rap
hs
an
dfi
eld
surv
ey
are
the
mo
stco
mm
on
tech
niq
ue
for
ma
pp
ing
such
de
po
sits
.
Wh
ere
de
ep
er
exc
ava
tio
ns
wil
lta
kep
lace
,
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lw
ork
sho
uld
inve
stig
ate
a
sig
nif
ica
nt
de
pth
of
the
sed
ime
nt
bo
dy
du
eto
the
po
ten
tia
lfo
ra
llu
viu
mto
con
tain
de
po
sits
an
d
fin
ds
of
dif
fere
nt
ag
es
an
dto
con
cea
le
arl
ier
lan
d
surf
ace
so
rst
ruct
ure
s
Fie
ldw
alk
ing
isn
ot
asu
ita
ble
tech
niq
ue
on
you
ng
,lo
wa
llu
via
lt e
rra
ces,
alt
ho
ug
hit
c ou
ldb
e
very
use
ful
on
old
,u
sua
lly
hig
h,
all
uv
ial
t err
ace
s
tha
th
ave
no
te
xpe
rie
nce
dfu
rth
er
all
uvia
tio
n
sin
cee
arl
y-m
idH
olo
cen
eti
me
s.It
ma
ya
lso
be
of
som
eu
tili
tyo
nlo
w,
you
ng
terr
ace
so
nth
ose
are
as
wh
ere
ea
rlie
rla
nd
form
sp
rotr
ud
ea
bo
ve
the
ma
ssm
all
'isl
an
ds'
,a
lth
ou
gh
insu
chc a
ses
fie
ldw
alk
ing
on
lyn
ee
db
et a
rge
ted
tosu
ch
fea
ture
sa
nd
the
irim
me
dia
tee
nvir
on
s.
Rid
ge
an
dfu
rro
wca
nm
ask
an
dp
rese
rve
ea
rlie
r
rem
ain
sa
nd
this
sho
uld
be
t ake
nin
toa
cco
un
ta
s
pa
rto
fa
ny
inve
stig
ati
on
wh
er e
such
fea
ture
sa
re
imp
act
ed
up
on
.
� � � � � � � �
Ve
ryfe
wP
ala
eo
lith
ic-M
eso
lith
icfi
nd
sk
no
wn
fro
mth
ea
llu
via
lsu
rfa
ces,
tho
ug
hit
isli
kely
tha
tm
ate
ria
lo
f
this
ag
eis
sea
led
wit
hin
the
sed
ime
nt
bo
dy
du
eto
mo
re-r
ece
nt
all
uvia
tio
n.
Ma
teri
al
of
this
ag
em
ay
als
o
occ
ur
as
seco
nd
ary
de
po
sits
fro
mfu
rth
er
up
catc
hm
en
t.
Ne
oli
thic
pe
rio
dis
rep
rese
nte
db
ya
dis
trib
uti
on
of
sto
ne
axe
he
ad
so
nth
eh
igh
er,
an
dth
ere
fore
old
er,
all
uvia
lte
rra
ces.
Inth
eco
un
tya
sa
wh
ole
the
dis
trib
uti
on
of
the
seit
em
ste
nd
sto
wa
rds
rive
rsa
nd
isa
n
ind
ica
tio
no
fa
pre
fere
nce
for
sett
lem
en
td
uri
ng
the
Ne
oli
thic
exp
an
din
ga
lon
gri
ver
vall
eys
an
dst
rea
ms.
Ea
rlie
stcr
op
ma
rks
sofa
rre
cord
ed
on
the
all
uviu
ma
rep
rob
ab
leIr
on
Ag
ep
ita
lig
nm
en
tsa
nd
fie
ld
bo
un
da
rie
s.R
ea
son
ab
lye
xte
nsi
vecr
op
ma
rks
kn
ow
nfr
om
the
all
uv
ium
are
sug
ge
stiv
eo
fa
nin
ten
sifi
cati
on
an
de
xte
nsi
on
of
farm
ing
lan
dp
art
itio
nin
gso
me
of
the
sete
rra
ces
du
rin
gla
ter
pre
his
tory
.
Kn
ow
nR
om
an
site
scl
ust
er
aro
un
dm
ajo
rce
ntr
es
such
as
De
rby,
Me
lan
dra
Ca
stle
ne
ar
Glo
sso
pa
nd
af e
w
inth
evic
init
yo
fB
ake
we
ll,
bu
tfe
wo
the
rsso
far
kn
ow
n.
An
gli
an
pe
rio
dce
me
tery
at
De
rby
sug
ge
sts
con
tin
uit
yo
fu
sefr
om
the
Ro
ma
np
eri
od
thro
ug
hth
ee
arl
y
me
die
val
bu
tli
ttle
els
ek
no
wn
.
Su
bst
an
tia
la
mo
un
to
fri
dg
ea
nd
furr
ow
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
rem
ain
sk
no
wn
form
bo
thm
ed
ieva
la
nd
po
st-
me
die
val
pe
rio
ds.
Va
lle
yfl
oo
rse
ttin
gm
ea
ns
the
rea
rem
an
yw
ate
r-p
ow
ere
din
du
stri
al
an
dm
ill
site
sk
no
wn
.
Su
bst
an
tia
ln
um
be
rso
fu
nd
ate
dcr
op
ma
rks
wh
ich
are
mo
st-l
ike
lyto
da
teto
the
late
pre
his
tori
co
r
Ro
ma
no
-Bri
tish
pe
rio
ds.
Tab
le1
2-
3a
-A
llu
viu
m
20
�H
illt
op
an
dh
ills
lop
ese
ttin
gs
ge
ne
rall
yst
ab
le
du
rin
gth
eH
olo
cen
e,
bu
tp
ote
nti
al
for
loca
lise
d
coll
uvia
tio
na
nd
ma
ss-m
ove
me
nt
act
ivit
y
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � �
Pa
lae
oe
nvir
on
me
nta
lsa
mp
lin
ga
nd
cori
ng
can
pro
vid
ea
nin
valu
ab
lem
ea
ns
of
recr
ea
tin
gp
ast
en
vir
on
me
nts
an
dd
ati
ng
sed
ime
nt
seq
ue
nce
s.
Exc
ava
tio
no
fp
ala
eo
cha
nn
el
de
po
sits
ha
sth
e
po
ten
tia
lto
reco
ver
we
ll-p
rese
rve
dst
ruct
ure
s
an
da
rte
fact
sth
ou
gh
this
ma
yb
ea
chie
ved
by
care
ful
ma
chin
ee
xca
vati
on
un
de
rst
rict
arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lsu
pe
rvis
ion
.
Use
of
am
eta
ld
ete
cto
rm
ay
be
ap
po
site
giv
en
the
we
alt
ho
fb
ron
zeo
bje
cts
kn
ow
nto
ha
veb
ee
n
de
po
site
din
we
tla
nd
s,a
nd
pa
rtic
ula
rly
alo
ng
the
cou
rse
of
the
Tre
nt
�C
on
sid
era
ble
po
ten
tia
lto
pre
serv
eo
rga
nic
rem
ain
sfr
om
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
Ho
loce
ne
an
dm
ay
als
oco
nta
in
stru
ctu
res
an
d/o
ra
rte
fact
slo
sto
rd
ep
osi
ted
wit
hin
the
ori
gin
al
wa
terw
ay
(e.g
.th
eS
ha
rdlo
wLo
gB
oa
t)
an
dth
ere
ma
ins
of
aw
ha
rfs
or
pie
rsa
sw
ell
as
art
efa
cts
such
as
bro
nze
ob
ject
so
rfa
un
al
rem
ain
ssu
cha
s
bo
ne
so
rw
etl
an
db
uri
als
�H
illt
op
an
dh
ills
lop
ese
ttin
gs
ge
ne
rall
yst
ab
le
du
rin
gth
eH
olo
cen
e,
bu
tp
ot e
nti
al
for
loca
lise
d
coll
uvia
tio
na
nd
ma
ss-m
ove
me
nt
act
ivit
y
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
lA
sso
cia
tio
ns
Ge
om
orp
ho
log
ica
lP
roce
sse
sE
va
lua
tio
na
nd
Mit
iga
tio
nIs
sue
s
� � � � �
Pre
lim
ina
rye
valu
ati
on
sho
uld
t ake
acc
ou
nt
of
the
po
ten
tia
lo
fe
r osi
on
sca
rsto
exp
ose
sig
nif
ica
nt
rem
ain
s,fo
re
xam
ple
the
lar g
evo
lum
es
of
Me
soli
thic
flin
t.S
ite
surv
ey
on
this
lan
df o
rmw
ill
req
uir
esu
rve
y-g
rad
eG
PS
du
et o
the
lack
of
oth
er
ext
an
tfe
atu
res
an
dsu
rve
yco
ntr
ol
giv
en
the
rem
ote
na
ture
of
the
mo
orl
an
ds.
Th
isis
esp
eci
all
yim
po
rta
nt
soth
at
an
exa
ctsi
teo
rfi
nd
spo
tc a
nb
ere
turn
ed
t o
on
sub
seq
ue
nt
occ
asi
on
s.
Oth
er
are
as
wh
ere
pe
at
an
dth
eu
nd
erl
yin
gm
ine
r al
soil
ma
yb
ee
xpo
sed
incl
ud
ef o
otp
ath
s,g
rou
gh
s,
dri
ed
stre
am
be
ds,
ar e
as
wh
ere
the
pe
at
gra
de
s
do
wn
tob
ed
rock
as
at
rock
torr
sa
nd
ed
ge
s,a
nd
are
as
tha
th
ave
exp
eri
en
ced
mo
orl
an
dfi
r es.
Tog
ain
asa
tisf
act
ory
leve
lo
fe
valu
ati
on
an
d
reco
rdin
gin
an
db
elo
wb
lan
ket
pe
at,
the
reis
a
sig
nif
ica
nt
am
ou
nt
of
ext
ram
an
po
we
ra
nd
tim
e
req
uir
ed
tha
nf o
ra
cce
ssib
lela
nd
form
sw
ith
lit t
le
dri
ftco
ver.
Up
sta
nd
ing
rem
ain
so
cca
sio
na
lly
occ
ur,
such
as
the
turf
ba
rro
wk
no
wn
as
Ma
r ge
ryH
ill,
an
dsu
ch
fea
ture
sre
qu
ire
de
tail
ed
fie
ldsu
r ve
yp
rio
rt o
furt
he
r
inve
stig
ati
vew
ork
ssu
cha
sg
eo
ph
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21
16. Table 15 provides a score out of three for each
technique in terms of general applicability for use on
each landform. This score is expressed in three different
shades of blue for ease of visualisation with the darker
the shade, the more applicable the technique on a given
landform. This table and the further explanatory text
below cross-references to the guidance within 'Mineral
Extraction and Archaeology: A Practice Guide' (MHEF
2008) and the two documents should be used in
conjunction. This table is based on the assessment
within the main report and the summarised information
in Tables 2-14 and provides a general indication of
technique applicability. Any scheme of archaeological
evaluation or mitigation should be targeted and directed
to the specific needs and expectations of a given site. In
some cases several techniques may be highly applicable
on a given landform but it does not always follow that all
such techniques should necessarily be employed. The
purpose of evaluation is to retrieve sufficient
information to inform a planning decision, not
necessarily to systematically sample a site.
17. The table below will continue to be modified in
the light of advances in archaeological methodologies,
techniques and the accumulation of knowledge of the
different types of archaeological remains present on any
given landform and its preservation potential.
Table 15 Suitability of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental techniques in relation to different landforms.
22
Desk-Based Assessment
Geomorphological Mapping
Pre-Determination Evaluation
Aerial Photograph Transcription
Archaeological Survey
Evaluation Trenching
Fieldwalking
Geophysical Survey
Sediment Coring
Test Pits
Post-Permission Mitigation
Targeted Excavation
Palaeoenvironmental Analysis
Strip, Map and Sample
Watching Brief
Post-Fieldwork
Post-Excavation Archive and Dissemination
Technique 1a 1c 1d 1e 1f 1g 1i 1k 2a 2b 2d 3a 3b 3c
18. A full synopsis of all the archaeological and
palaeoenvironmental techniques available is given in
‘Mineral Extraction and Archaeology: A Practice Guide
(MHEF 2008). The section below details some specific
areas where certain techniques relate to the aggregate-
bearing landforms of Derbyshire and the Peak District.
19. The transcription of photographed sites on to
Ordnance Survey base mapping allows for an accurate
location to be plotted and the resultant mapping can be
quickly analysed to identify areas of particular sensitivity
in and around a development area. Aerial photography
can identify large features and enclosures generally very
well, dependent on soil conditions, but smaller features
such as pits and postholes are less easy to identify. The
extensive remains on the Trent Valley sand and gravel
terraces illustrate this well, as many enclosures and
linear features are known, but small pit and posthole
features, for example like those excavated at Mercia
Marina, Willington (Brightman and Waddington in press)
were not visible on previous aerial photography.
20. Many archaeological sites have characteristic
forms allowing for the classification of sites identified
through aerial photography and in many cases a broad
date can also be ascribed. As part of this project four
blocks of aerial photograph transcription were
undertaken focusing on four key aggregate producing
landforms. This part of the project has identified 862
new sites and enhanced the records for a further 256.
21. Archaeological survey is a non-intrusive
technique for recording upstanding remains and can be
useful for understanding constructional relationships.
Survey is typically applied to earthwork sites and those
sites where standing buildings or masonry form one or
more of the heritage assets. If upstanding remains are to
be excavated it is standard practice to accurately survey
the site in advance of excavation. For example, a
development which impacted upon the Millstone Grit
may well encounter upstanding remains due to the
quality of preservation on this landform, and in such a
case, archaeological survey would provide an invaluable
record upon which any further archaeological works
could be based.
22. Linear evaluation trenching is not always the
best evaluation technique to identify the survival of
archaeological remains on a given site. However,
targeted trenching can be an effective tool to sample
potential remains identified by aerial photography,
geophysics or fieldwalking for example. It can also be an
effective tool for prospecting for large or linear features
such as Roman roads, prehistoric field boundaries or
enclosure ditches. Conversely, it is less well suited to
assessing landforms which may yield small, dispersed
features such as Neolithic pits, hearths or the postholes
of timber-built structures. In certain circumstances,
however, it may be the only technique that can be
employed. When planning an evaluation trenching
Fig. 8 Extensive post-medieval lead and lime working at Hopton on
the southern Carboniferous Limestone.
NMR SK 2657/32 17919/5 24-JUL-2003 © English Heritage. NMR.
Fig. 10 The Roman fort of at Brough-on-Noe sitting
predominantly on the shale landform that forms many
of the principal valley floors in the Peak District.
NMR SK1882/15 17200/17 16- NOV-1998 © Crown copyright. NMR
Navio
Fig. 9 Multi-period remains on the sand and gravel terraces at
Aston in the Trent Valley: Iron Age square barrows, a Neolithic
cursus and undated circular enclosure.
CUCAP AFY45 07-JUl-1962 © ULM.
23
strategy it should be borne in mind that the purpose of
evaluating a site is to provide adequate information to
inform a planning decision and not to necessarily
sample systematically across a site.
23. Fieldwalking involves walking in a straight line
across ploughed surfaces collecting any artefacts
observed. The closer together the walkers are placed
the greater the coverage achieved. Finds are bagged,
numbered and surveyed so that each find can be
accurately located on a map. The most common finds
within the archaeological record for the county are
stone tools, though the programme of work around
Little Hay Grange, Ockbrook (Palfreyman 2001) among
others, has illustrated the effectiveness of fieldwalking
in the recovery of pottery. Therefore, it is particularly
useful for identifying Stone Age (Mesolithic, Neolithic
and Early Bronze Age) sites, as well as Roman, medieval
and post-medieval sites that sometimes produce large
quantities of well-fired pottery.
24. The applicability of fieldwalking and targeted
test-pitting as a viable, cost-effective and rapid
prospection and evaluation technique is a theme which
has been touched on in the main project report. Nearly
18% of all entries within the HER and NMR for
Derbyshire and the Peak District represent lithic scatters
and individual findspots, and where conditions are
conducive to surface collection, fieldwalking can provide
a key record of the distribution of finds, as well as being
one of the few ways to sample the archaeological
remains within the overburden, which are likely to be
lost once any invasive techniques are employed. Where
dedicated fieldwalking has been employed, regardless of
bedrock geology (landforms 1a-1i), finds have been
recovered, for example at the Unstone sites on the Coal
Measures (Hart 1981), a landform which otherwise has
not yielded substantial quantities of pre-industrial
archaeological remains.
25. Geophysical survey can offer a fairly
inexpensive means of examining large areas for sub-
surface remains. However, the results of geophysical
survey can vary depending on the type of geology and
soil-moisture conditions, and whether modern services,
underground pipes and other disturbance cross the site,
which then affect the signal. Sandy soils, clays and
alluvium can all return good results and recent work has
suggested that the Millstone Grit may also represent a
landform which is conducive to geophysical survey. The
quality of results can also depend on the form, size and
fill of archaeological features. Small features such as
post holes and small pits are unlikely to be revealed and
for those features with fills similar to their surrounding
geology recognition is also hindered.
26. One of the key points relating to post-
permission mitigation is the application of strip, map
and sample approaches on certain landforms. Where
large areas have been opened, especially relating to
24
Fig. 11 An excavated ring ditch monument at Mercia Marina,
Willington, on the Trent Valley sand and gravel terraces. This
monument was identified through aerial photography and
investigated as part of a strip, map and sample approach.
Fig. 12 Upstanding remains of a Bronze Age ring cairn
on the Millstone Grit at Barbrook, Big Moor. Upstanding
monuments such as this can be effectively recorded
by detailed field survey.
Fig. 13 Magnetometer plot showing the arc of a Romano-
British enclosure and later ridge and furrow remains at
Captain’s Pingle on the Trent Valley sand and gravel terraces.
University of Leicester Archaeological Services and
Lafarge Associates Ltd.
©
25
sand and gravel landforms, these have generally
revealed multi-period sites hitherto unsuspected. A
substantial amount of the archaeological remains from
sites such as Willington Quarry (Wheeler 1979; Beamish
2009) or Mercia Marina (Brightman and Waddington in
press) were dispersed, individual, cut features or post-
built structures defined by postholes. Such
archaeological deposits can be virtually impossible to
detect remotely and are very unlikely to be encountered
by employing linear evaluation trenching. In cases
where there will be a significant impact across the
whole area of a development, as with mineral
extraction, a strip, map and sample approach may be
appropriate as topsoil has to be removed anyway. This
technique ensures a record of all archaeological features
and allows for a considered, question-led approach to
excavation with a coordinated specification for works. A
further advantage of this technique is that once the
initial strip is complete and all heritage assets on the site
are identified, the archaeological mitigation becomes a
'known cost', resources can be most effectively targeted
and if large blank areas are encountered the technique
could be potentially downgraded to a watching brief or
vice versa.
27. Sustainable outcomes against which a
development can be measured are a key component of
the planning process. All three of the overarching
objectives of PPS 5 enshrine sustainability as a major
issue for development affecting the historic
environment. The “wider social, cultural, economic and
environmental benefits of heritage conservation” (CLG
2010, 2) are flagged early in the document, along with
ensuring that “heritage assets are put to an appropriate
and viable use” (CLG 2010, 2) and that “the positive
contribution of…heritage assets to local character and
sense of place is recognised and valued” (CLG 2010, 2).
The final stated objective within PPS 5, stresses the
importance of dissemination, which is arguably the
single greatest factor which can feed into the
sustainability of a given site as only through imparting
the story of any archaeological discovery can a sense of
ownership and value in the historic environment be
engendered. The objective states that development
should seek to “contribute to our knowledge and
understanding of our past by ensuring that
opportunities are taken to capture evidence from the
historic environment and to make this publicly available,
particularly where a heritage asset is to be lost” (CLG
2010, 2).
28. Adopting an integrated and question-led
approach throughout a programme of archaeological
works means that a coherent story can be told about the
archaeology of a given site, and this is key in both
engaging people and also in the ways that archaeology
can feed into a development providing additional value
and, ultimately, additional sustainability.
29. Sustainability of a development does not
necessarily just include restoration of a site.
Archaeological work offers opportunites to engage local
communities in a way which is sometimes not otherwise
possible. Archaeological and palaeoenvironmental work
can provide information for later development and
interpretation of a site, and such information can also be
made widely accessible through traditional and new
media.
Sustainability
Fig. 13 Schoolchildren from Longstone School involved in a national
award-winning excavation on the Carboniferous Limestone plateau.
Fig. 14 ‘Making Archaeology Matter’ is a booklet published by
Trent Valley GeoArchaeology which aims to provide an introduction
to the archaeology and palaeoenvironment of the Trent Valley, and
the issues associated with sand and gravel extraction in this
landscape.
References
Beamish, M.G. 2009. Island Visits: Neolithic and Bronze Age Activity on the Trent Valley Floor. Excavations at Egginton andWillington, Derbyshire, 1998-1999. 129: 17-172.
Brightman, J. and Waddington, C. In press. Archaeological Excavations at Mercia Marina, Willington..
Department for Communities and Local Government (CLG). 2010.. London, The Stationery Office.
Department for Communities and Local Government (CLG), Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) and EnglishHeritage (EH). 2010.
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). 2010.. London, The Stationery Office.
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). 2010a..
London, The Stationery Office.
English Heritage (EH). 2006.. London, English Heritage.
Institute for Archaeologists (IfA). 2001. . Reading, Institute forArchaeologists.
Palfreyman, A. 2001. Report on the excavation of a Romano-British aisled building at Little Hay Grange Farm, Ockbrook,Derbyshire 1994-7. 121: 70-161.
Passmore, D. and Waddington, C. 2009.. Oxford, Oxbow.
Passmore, D., Waddington, C. and Houghton, S.J. 2002. Geoarchaeology of the Milfield Basin, northern England; towardsan integrated archaeological prospection, research and management framework. 9: 71-91.
Wheeler, H. 1979. Excavations at Willington, Derbyshire, 1970-1972. 99: 58-220.
Derbyshire Archaeological Journal
DerbyshireArchaeological Journal
Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the HistoricEnvironment
The Government's Statement on the Historic Environment forEngland 2010
Scheduled Monuments: Identifying, protecting, conserving andinvestigating nationally important archaeological sites under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment: the MoRPHE ProjectManagers' Guide
Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation
Derbyshire Archaeological Journal
Managing Archaeological Landscapes in Northumberland. Till-Tweed StudiesVolume I
Archaeological Prospection
Derbyshire Archaeological Journal
PPS 5 Planning for the Historic Environment: Historic Environment Planning Practice Guide
Mineral Extraction and Archaeology: A Practice Guide
. London,English Heritage.
Minerals and Historic Environment Forum (MHEF). 2008. . London,Minerals and Historic Environment Forum and English Heritage.
Useful Sources of Information
Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF) -
Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers: UK (ALGAO:UK) -
British Aggregates Association (BAA) -
British Geological Survey: Centre for Sustainable Mineral Development -
English Heritage -
Goodquarry (Resource guide created by the Mineral Industry Research Organisation) -
Historic Environment Local Management (HELM) -
Heritage Gateway -
Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) -
MAGIC (web-based mapping of environmental and land designations) -
Mineral Products Association -
National Mapping Programme -
National Monuments Record -
www.sustainableaggregates.com
www.algao.org.uk
www.british-aggregates.co.uk
www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk
www.english-heritage.org.uk
www.goodquarry.com
www.helm.org.uk
www.heritagegateway.org.uk
www.archaeologists.net
www.magic.gov.uk
www.mineralproducts.org
www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.1186
www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.1530
www.oasis.ac.uk
www.planarch.org
Online Access to the Index of Archaeological Sites (OASIS) -
Planarch (integration of archaeology within the planning system) -
26
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