Agenda

• Clauses

• Sentence Structure

• Practice!

Clauses

• Independent

• Or

• Dependent

Independent Clauses

• A clause that can stand alone as a short sentence

• Ex. Jim ran track.

Dependent Clause

• Contains subject and verb

• Not a complete thought

• Ex. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz.– What happened next? Not a complete

thought

You know it’s dependent when…

• after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.

Which is which?

• When Jim ran track, he stayed in really good shape.

• Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.

You know it’s independent when…

• Independent Marker Words– also, consequently, furthermore, however,

moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.

• Coordinating Conjunctions– and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet– Connecting words at the beginning of independent

clauses

Sentence Structure

• Simple

• Compound

• Complex

• Compound-Complex

Simple

• One Independent Clause

• Ex. The designer has a flair for fashion.

Compound

• Contains more than one independent clause

• Ex. The designer has a flair for fashion; she creates clothes every season

Complex

• One independent clause and at least one dependent clause

• Ex. When the spring fashion season beins, the designer creates new clothes

Compound-Complex

• Contains more than one independent clause & at least one dependent

• Ex. When the spring fashion season begins, the designer draws new designs, and she creates new clothes.

Sentence Types

• Declarative

• Imperative

• Interrogative

• Exclamatory

Declarative

• Makes a statement and ends with period

• The baker mixed the ingredients for the cake.

Imperative

• Gives a command or order

• Subject is always “you” (expressed or understood)

• Be careful when walking near teething puppies.

Interrogative

• Asks a question

• Will you bake a cake for me?

Exclamatory

• Expresses strong feelings or emotions

• More forceful than declarative

• Explanation Point!

• I love birthday parties!

Agenda

• Phrases, clauses, sentences

Phrases

• Usually no more than 3 words long

• Do not have subjects, finite verbs or objects

• Function is purely descriptive (adding extra detail about nouns and verbs)

• Types: adjectival, adverbial, infinitival, participial, prepositional, gerund

Clauses

• Dependent (subordinate) or Independent (main or superordinate)

• Main grammatical chunks of a sentence

• Dependent: either relative (adjectival), adverbial, or noun clauses

• ALL clauses have subjects and predicates whether explicit or implicit

Sentence

• Rhetorical Unit

• Must have at least one independent clause (simple sentence)

• With or without dependent clauses or phrases

• Or may contain 2 or independent clauses (compound), one or more dependent clauses (complex), and possibly, phrases (compound/complex)

Prepositional Phrases

• Take me to the opera.

• What is in the box that came from Hawaii?

Prep. Phrases that function as adjectival phrases

• The woman on the phone is Jane. (describe woman)

• The mysteries of outer space are waiting for us. (describes mysteries)

Prep. Phrases that function as adverbs

• Bob was caught on the horns of a dilemma. (describes how)

• A large rabbit dove under the ground. (describes where)

Prep. Phrases that function as a complex noun (subject)

• In the evening (it) is as good a time as any. (‘what’ is a good time?)

Gerund Phrases• Gerunds are verb forms ending in ‘ing’

that function as nouns

• Reading blueprints is not as easy as it sounds. (subject)

• Thoreau placed great value on living simply. (object of preposition)

• Having missed the bus, we arrived late at the party (participial phrase/modifier for ‘we’)

Infinitival Phrase

• Can function as a noun phrase, adjectival or adverbial

• A waiter’s job is to serve a table. (answer ‘what’ = function as noun phrase)

• It’s important to have a good language to suit the occasion. (functioning as adjectival phrase)

Infinitival Phrase

• We’ll have to run to catch the train. (functioning as an adverbial phrase – answer ‘why’)

• We hope to win the race. (infinitival phrase functioning as object of the verb = noun phrase)

Finite verbs vs. Infinitive

• Finite = always has an implicit or explicit subject– Becomes finite when gets confined by the

noun– Connected to by number, ‘person’, or tense

• Infinitive = pure, unaffected verb forms– Not tied to any noun, subject, or object– Always have the preposition ‘to’– This form never acts as a verb

Examples finite vs. infinitive

• To sing is a good thing when we are singing uplifting songs.

Participial Phrase

• Typically used as adjective to modify noun or pronoun

• The gentlemen standing on the corner is the owner (modifies gentlemen)

• The fisherman, weathered by experience, calmly took the line. (modifies fisherman)

Participial Phrase• Missing the bus by a second, we

decided to take a taxi. (Modifies ‘we’)

• Running into the house, Mary tripped on the rug. (modifies Mary)

• Incorrect placement of the participial phrase typically results in what we term the ‘dangling modifier’ – in this case, the dangling participial phrase

Adjectival Clause

• Follows a noun

• Phrase will begin with who, which, that, whose, whom

• Ex. Margaret, who loves chocolate, eats a lot of it.

• The function of the words is what matters

Adverbial Clause

• Do the work of adverbs

• Extend description of the finite verb in the independent clause

• Tell us: how, when, where, or why something happens

• Because she loves chocolate, she eats many. (tells us why)

• During the time he ran frequently, he lost 15 pounds. (when)

Noun Clause

• Subject or object

• That the moon has no heat of its own (it) has been confirmed by scientists. (subject)

• It is obvious that truth is hard to come by with habitual liars. (object)

Appositives• Has to do with placement or location

• Can be a word or phrase

• Any single word or phrase (or dependent clause) is appositional only when it is placed

• *A noun or pronoun that renames another noun or pronoun

• Most commonly, a noun or pronoun appearing immediately after another noun

• The noun or pronoun used appositively, seems to bend back to RENAME previous noun

Appositives• Frequently offset by commas, although not

always the case

• Woodrow Wilson, the twenty-ninth president of the USA, said that automobiles symbolized the ‘arrogance of wealth.’

• Noun that bend back is embedded in the whole phrase, so the phrase too is appositively place

Comma or No Comma?

• Restrictive = essential to meaning– No commas, can’t take out, necessary

• Nonrestrictive– Non-essential

Friday, 1/20

• Learning Lab: Editing/Labeling