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ACENDA 2lzProgromme Actionfor of i nobleDevelopment Susto

RIO DECTARAflONon Environment Development ond

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FOREST PRINCIPTES

Thefinoltextof ogreements negotioted Governments by ot the UnitedNotions Conference on Environment Development ond (UNCED), 4 3-1 June1992, Riode Joneiro, Brozil

in to lt Moteriol contoined thisbookisnotsubiect copyright. moybe reproduced strictly for purposes, provided is non-Devglopingdomestic policiesthotmoximize the benefits of trodeliberolization sustainable for development

ACTIVITIES A) /NTERNAT/ONAL AND REG/ONA/COO7ERATION AND COORD/NAIION > Promoting internotionol on troding system that fokesoccounfof the needs developingcountries of 2.10 Accordingly,the international comnrunityshould: (a) Halt and reverseprotectionismin order to bring aboutfurtherliberalization expansion world trade, and of to thebenefitof all countries, particular developing in the countries; ( b ) P r o v i d e f o r a n e q u i t a b l e ,s e c u r e ,n o n - d i s criminatoryandpredictable internati onaltradin system g ; (c) Facilitate,in a timely way, the integrationof all countriesinto the world economyand the intemational tradingsystem; (d) Ensure that environment and trade policies are mutuallysupportive, a view to achieving with sustainable development: (e) Strengthen international the trade policies system throughan early,balanced, comprehensive successancl ful outcomeof the UruguayRoundof multilateraltrade negotiations. 2.11 Theinternational community should aimatfinding ways and meansof achievinga betterfunctioningand enhanced transparency commodity markets,greater of diversificationof the cornmodity sectorin developing economieswithin a macroeconomic framework that takesinto consideration country'seconomicstructure, a resource endowments marketopportunities, betand and ter management naturalresources of that takesinto accountthe necessities sustainable of development. 2J2 Therefore,all countriesshould implementprevi ous c om m it m e n ts h a l t a n d re v e rs e ro te c tioni sm to p and furtherexpandmarketaccess, particularlyin areas o f int er estto dev e l o p i n g o u n tri e s . h i s i mp ro v e ment c T of market accesswill be facilitated by appropriate s t r u c t u r a l a d j u s t m e n ti n d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s . Dev eloping oun tri e s h o u l d o n ti n u e e tra d e - pol i cy c c th reforms and structuraladjustmentthey have unclertak en.I t is t hus u rg e n tto a c h i e v ea n i m p ro v e mentn i m ar k et ac c es sc o n d i ti o n sfo r c o mn to d i ti e sn otabl y , thr ough t he pr o g re s s i v ere mo v a l o l - b a rri e rs that r e s t r i c t i m p o r t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y 1 ' r o md e v e l o p i n g co unt r ies ,of c om m o d i ty p ro d u c ts i n p ri m a ry and processed forms.as well as the substantial progresand sivereduction typesof supportthatinduceuncompetiof tiveproduction, suchasproduction exportsubsidies. and

2.13 For devel opi ng countri esto benefi t from t he liberalization tradingsystems, of they shouldimplement the following policies,as appropriate: (a) Create a domesticenvironmentsupportiveof an optimalbalance between production thedomestic for and export marketsand remove biasesagainstexportsand discourage inefficientimport-substitution ; (b) Promotethe policy frameworkand the infrastructure required to improve the efficiency of export and irnport trade as well as the functioning of domestic markets. 2.14 The fol l ow i ng pol i ci es shoul d be adopredby developingcountrieswith respectto commoditiesconsistentwith marketefficiency: (a) E xpand processi ng, stri buti on and i mpr ove di marketing practices and the competitiveness the comof modity sector; (b) Diversify in order to reduceclependence comon modity exports, (c) Reflect efficient and sustainable of factorsof use production theformationof commodityprices, in including the reflectionof environmental, socialand resources costs.

c) DATA AND /NFORMATTON > Encouroging doto collection ond reseorch 2.15 GATT, UNCTAD and other reler,'ant institutions should continue to collect appropriatetrade data and information. The Secretary-General the United Naof tions is requestedto strengthenthe Trade Control Measures InforrnationSystemmanaged UNCTAD. by > lmprovinginternationol in ,cooperation commoditytrade ond thediversificotion the sector of 2.16 With regard to commodity trade, Governments should,directly or throughappropriate international organizations, whereappropriate: (a) Seek optimal functioningof commodity markets, interalia, throughimprovedmarkettransparency involving exchanges views and information investment of on plans,prospects markets inciividual and for commodities. Substantive negotiationsbetweenproclucers and consumers shouldbepursued with a view to achieving viable andmoreefficientinternational agreements takeinto that

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as accountmarket trends,or affangements, well as study particularattentionshouldbe paid groups. In this regard, on to the agreements cocoa, coffee, sugar and tropical timber. The importance of international commodity is and agreements alrangements underlined.Occupationsafety matters, technology transfer and al health and with the production,marketingand servicesassociated promotion of commodities,as well as environmental shouldbe takeninto account; considerations, mechanisms for (b) Continueto apply compensation in commodity export earningsof developing shortfalls diversificationefforts; countriesin order to encourage (c) Provide assistance developingcountriesupon to requestin the designand implementationof commodity policies and the gatheringand utilization of information on commodity markets; (d) Support the efforts of developing countries to promote the policy framework and infrastructure required to improve the efticiency of export and import trade: (e) Support diversification initiativesof thedeveloping the levels. countriesat the national,regionaland intemational

MEANS IMPLEMENTATION OF AND COSTEVALUATION A/ FINANCING has estimatedthe 2.17 The Conferencesecretariat averagetotal annual cost (1993-2000)of implementing areato be about$8.8bilthe activitiesin this progralrune lion from the internationalcommunity on grant or concessional terms.Theseare indicativeand order-of-magnitude estimatesonly and have not been reviewed by Governments.Actual costsand financialterms,includwill depend upon, ing any that are non-concessional, inter alia, the specific strategiesand programmes decideupon for implementation. Governments B) CAPACTTY-BUtLDING 2.18 The above-mentionedtechnical cooperation activities aim at strengtheningnational capabilitiesfor of designandimplementation commoditypolicy,useand and the gatheringand management nationalresources of utilizationof informationon commoditymarkets.

supportive.An open,multilateraltradingsystemmakes possiblea more efficient allocation and useof resources and therebycontributesto an increasein production and on demands the environment. incomesand to lessening needed economic for resources additional It thusprovides growth and development and improved environmental protection. A sound environment,on the other hand, provides the ecological and other resourcesneededto of sustaingrowth and underpina continuingexpansion trade. An open,multilateraltrading system,supported policies,would by the adoptionof soundenvironmental havea positiveimpacton theenvironmentandcontribute to sustainable development. 2.20 Internationalcooperationin the environmental tradeprovisions in field is growing,anci anumberofcases have played a in multilateralenvironmentagreements Trade challenges. role in tackling global environmental have thus been used in certain specific inmeasures to the whereconsidered necessary, enhance efstances, fectiveness environmentalregulationsfor the protecof shouldaddress Suchregulations tion of theenvironment. so degradation asnot to of the root causes environmental on resultin unjustifiedrestrictions trade.The challenge is to ensure that trade and environmentpolicies are consistentand reinforce the processof sustainable However,accountshouldbe taken of the development. fact that environmental standardsvalid for developed countriesmay have unwarrantedsocial and economic countries. costsin devdloping

OBJECTIVES 2.21 Govemmentsshould strive to meet the following throughrelevantmultilateralforums,including objectives, UNCTAD and other internationalorganizations: GATT, (a) To make international trade and environment policies mutually supportivein favour of sustainable development; (b) To clarify the role of GATT, UNCTAD and other international organizationsin dealing with trade and issues,including, where relevant, environment-related and disputesettlement; conciliationprocedure (c) To encourage productivity and cominternational role petitiveness encourage constructive on thepart a and and of industryin dealingwith environment development issues.

B) frrAKrNG TRADEAND ENVIRONTYIENT fiIUTUAILY SUPPORTIVE

ACTIVITIES > Developingon environment/trode ord deuJlophentogendo GATT, UNCTAD shouldencourage 2.22 Governments

FOR BASIS ACTION be and 2.19 Environment tradepoliciesshould mutually

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and other relevantinternational and regionaleconomic institutions exarnine, accordance to in with theirrespective mandates competences, following proposiand the tionsandpr inc ip l e s : (a) Elaborateadequatestudiesfor the better understandingof the relationship betweentradeand environment for the promotionof sustainable development; (b) Promote a dialogue betweentrade, development and environnrent comrnunities: (c) In thosecases when trademeasures relatedto environment are used, ensure transparency and compatibilitywith international obligations; (d) Deal with the root causesof environmentand problems a manner development in thatavoids adopthe tion of enr,'ironmental measures resulting unjustified in restrictions trade on : (e) Seekto avoidthc useof traderestrictions distoror tionsasa means offsetdifferences costarising to in from differenccs environmental in standards and regulations, sincetheirapplication couldleadto tradedistortions and increase protectionist tendencies: (f) Ensure that environment-related regulationsor stanclards. including those relatedto health and safety standards, not constitutea meansof arbitrary or do unjustifiable discrimination a disguised or restriction on trade: (g) Ensurethat specialfactorsaffectingenvironment and tradepoliciesin the developing countries borne are in mind in theapplication environmental of standards, as well asin theuseof anytrade measures. is worthnoting It that standardsthat are valid in the most advanced countries mav be inappropriate of unwarranted and social costlbr the developing countries; (h ) Encourage participation developing of countries in nrultrlateral agreements through such mechanisms as sp ec ialr ans it io n a l l e s : t ru (i) Avorcluniiateral actions dealwith environmental to ci r allengc s s i d eth e .j u ri s d i c ti o n f th e i mporti ng out o countr\'. Environrnental measures addressing transborder or glohalcnvirclnmental problems should,as far as possiblc. based aninternationalconsensus. be on Domestic nreasures tar_qeted achievecertainenvironmental to ob.jcctives may needtracle ntcasures renderthem efio l'ectrr Should e'. policymeasures foundnecessary trade be for thr-enforccrnent environmental of policies,certain p rir r c iplcanc l ul e ss h o u l d p p l y .T h e s e o u l di n c l ude, -s r a c iritr uiitr. the principieof non-discrirnination; printhe ciple thei tlte trademeasure chosenshouldbe the least trade-rcstrictivc necessary achieve objectives; to the an obligationto ensuretransparency the use of trade in rllcdsulcsrclatc'c-l the environment and to provide to lucleiluaic ication of nationalregulations: notif and the n e edt o gir c ' t ' or r s i d e ra tro n e s p e c i ac o n d i ti o ns to th l and

developmental requirements developingcountriesas of they movetowardsinternationally agreed environmental objectives; and C) Develop more precision, where necessary, clarify the relationship between GATT provisions and someof themultilateral measures adopted theenvironin ment area; (k) Ensurepublic input in the formation,negotiation and implementationof trade policies as a means of fosteringincreased transparency the light of countryin specificconditions; (l) Ensurethat environmental policiesprovidethe appropriate legaland institutional frameworkto respond to new needs the protectionof the environmentthat may for resultfrom changes productionand trade specializain tion.

c) PROVTD|NG ADEQUATE F|NANC|ATRESOURCES TO DEVETOPING COUNTRIES

BASIS ACTION FOR 2.23 Investmentis critical to the ability of developing countries achieve to needed economic growthto improve the welfare of their populations and to meet their basic needsin a sustainable manner,all without deteriorating or depletingthe resource basethat underpinsdevelopment. Sustainable developmentrequiresincreasedinvestment, for which domestic and external financial resources needed.Foreignprivateinvestment the are and returnof flight capital,which depend a healthyinveston ment climate, are an important sourceof financial resources. Many developing countries haveexperienced a decade-long situation negative transferoffinancial of net resources, during which their financial receipts were exceeded payments by theyhadto make,in particular for debt-servicing. As a result, domesticallymobilized resources had to be transferred abroadinsteadof being investedlocally in order to promote sustainable economic development. 2.24 For manydeveloping countries, reactivation the of development will not take place without an early and durable solution to the problemsof externalindebtedness, takinginto account fact that,for manydevelopthe ing countries,external debt burdensare a significant problem.The burdenof debt-service payments those on countries hasimposedsevere constraints their ability on to accelerate growth and eradicate poverty and hasled to a contracti onn i mports, i nvestmentand consum pi ti on. E xternal i ndebtedness emergedas a ma in has factor i n the economi c stal emate n the devel oping i countri es. onti nuedvi gorousi mpl ementati on t he C of

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evolving international debt strategy is aimed at restoring debtorcountries'externalfinancial viability, and the resumptionof their growth and development grow th and would a s s i s t i n a c h i e v i n g s u s ta i n abl e dev elo p m e n t.In th i s c o n te x t, a d d i t i onal fi nanci al resourcesin favour of developing countriesand the efficient utilization of such resourcesare essential. OBJECTIVES for 2.25 The specificrequirements the implementation programmesincluded sectoraland cross-sectoral of the in Agenda27 aredealt with in the relevantprogramn're ar eas a n d i n c h a p te r 3 3 (F i n a n c i a l resourcesand mechanisms).

ACTIVITIES OF OFFICIAL A) MEETING /NIERNAI/ONAI TARGETS LA DEVE PMENI ASS'SIANCE FUNDING

2.26 As discussedin chapter 33, new and additional resourcesshould be provided to support Agenda 21 programmes.

'SSUE THE B) ADDRESSING DEBT 2.27 In regardto the externaldebt incurredwith commercial banks, the progressbeing made under the and a morerapid is debt strategy recognized strengthened is encouraged.Some implementation of this strategy countrieshave already benefitedfrom the combination policiesand commercialbank debt of soundadjustment commeasures. international The reduction orequivalent munity encourages: (a) Other countries with heavy debts to banks to negotiatesimilar commercial bank debt reductionwith their creditors: (b) The partiesto sucha negotiationto takedueaccount of both the medium-termdebt reductionand new money of requirements the debtor country; (c) Multilateral institutionsactively engagedin the to debt strategy continueto international strengthened packagesrelated to commersupport debt-reduction cial bank debt with a view to ensuringthat the magwith theevolving nitudeof suchfinancinsis consonant debt strategy; ( d) Cr e d i to r b a n k s to p a rti c i p a te n debt and debti servicereduction: (e) Strengthened policies to attractdirect investment, levels of debt and foster the return avoid unsustainable of flight capital.

2.28 With regard to debt owed to otficial bilateral taken by the Paris Club creditors,the recentmeasures generous termsof relief to thepoorest with regard more to most indebtedcountriesare welcomed.Ongoingefforts in to implementthese"Trinidadterms"measures a mancapacityof those with the payments ner cofiunensurate countriesand in a way that gives additionalsupportto their economicrefbrm efforts are welcomed.The substantial bilateral debt reduction undertakenby some and is creditorcountries alsowelconted, otherswhich are to positionto do soareencouraged takesimilaraction. in a w c o 2.29 Theactions f low-income ountries ith substanti aldebt burdensw hi ch conti nue,at gr eat cost , their cr edit wor to servi cethei r debt and safeguard thi nessare commended.P arti cul aratte nt ionshould be pai d to thei r resourceneeds. Other debt - disw countri es hi ch are m akinggr eat tressed devel opi ng efforts to conti nue to servi ce thei r debt and m eet due thei r externalfi nanci al obl i eati onsal so deser ve attenti on. debt,it is urgedthat with multilateral 2.30 In connection attention given to continuingto rvork towards be serious grow'.h-oriented solutionsto the problemof developing problems, includwith serious countries debt-servicing ing thosewhosedebt is mainly to official creditorsor to in Particularly thecase financial institutions. multilateral of l ow -i ncome countri esi n the processo f econom ic reform, the supportof the mul ti l ateralfinancial ins sti tuti onsi n the form of new di sbursem entand t he The use fundsi s w el comed. of ruse thei r concessi onal of supportgroupsshoul d be conti nuedin pr oviding resourcesto cl ear arrearso1'countri e s em bar king supupon vi gorous economi c reform progrant m es by portedby IMF and the W orl d B ank. Mea sur es t he mul ti l ateral fi nanci al i nsti tuti onssuch as t he r ef io n a n c i n go f i n t e r e s to n n o n - c o n c e s s i o n la l a n sw i t h ID A refl ow s - " fi fth di mensi on"- are not ed r vit h appreci ati on.

MEANS IMPLEMENTATION OF AND COSI EVALUATIONF/NANC/NG

POLICIES ECONOMIC D) ENCOURAGTNG DEVELOPMENT TO CONDUCIVE SUSTAINABLE

FORACTION BASIS 2.31 The unfavourahle external environment facing developing countries makesdomesticresourcemobilization and efficient allocation and utilization of domesti*See chop. 33 s { F i n o n c i orl e s o u r c e o n d m e c h o n i s m s } .

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all cally mobilized resources the more important for the In promotionof sustainable development. a numberof countries,policies are necessaryto correct misdirected public spending,large budget deficits and other macropoliciesanddistortions restrictive economicimbalances, and finance, rates,investment in the areasof exchange a n d obs t ac lest o e n tre p re n e u rs h i p .In d e v e l oped countries.continuing policy reform and adjustment,insavingsrates,would help generate cluding appropriate developto transition sustainable resources supportthe to and in developingcountries. ment both domestically of that fostersthe association 232 Good management effective, efficient, honest,equitableand accountable public administrationwith individual rights and opporbroadly elementfor sustainable, tunitiesis an essential baseddevelopmentand soundeconomicperformanceat all developmentlevels. All countriesshould increase of their efforts to eradicatemismanagement public and private affairs, including corruption,taking into account for, and agentsinvolved in, this the factorsresponsible phenomenon. developing countries undergoare 2.33 Many indebted ing structural adjustmentprogrammesrelating to debt are rescheduling new loans.While suchprogrammes or for necessary improving the balancein fiscal budgetsand accounts, somecases in they have balance-of-payments resultedin adverse socialandenvironmental effects,such as cuts in allocations for health care, education and environmentalprotection. It is important to ensurethat structuraladjustmentprogrammesdo not have negative impacts on the environmentand social developmentso that such programnles can be more in line with the objectives sustainable of development. OBJECTIVES 2.34 It is necessary establish,in the light of the to country-specificconditions,economic policy reforms that promote the efficient planning and utilization of resourcesfor sustainabledevelopment through sound fosterentrepreneurship economic andsocialpolicies, and the incorporation of social and environmentalcosts in of resourcepricing, and remove sources distortion in the areaof tradeand investment.

ACTIVITIES A) MANAGEMFNI-RETATED ACTIVITIES

D Promotingsoundeconomic policies countriesand othercountriesin 2.35 The industrialized a position to do so should strengthen their efforts:

(a) To encourage stableand predictableintemational a economic environment, particularly with regard to monetary stability, real ratesof interestand fluctuations in key exchange rates; (b) To stimulatesavings and reducefiscal deficits; (c) To ensurethat the processes policy coordination of take into account the interests and concerns of the developing countries, including the need to promote positive action to support the efforts of the least developedcountriesto halt their marginalizationin the world economy; (d) To undertakeappropriatenationalmacroeconomic and structuralpoliciesaimedat promotingnon-inflationary growth, narrowing their major extemal imbalances and i ncreasi ng the adj ustment capaci ty of the ir economies. 2.36 Developingcountriesshould considerstrengthening their effortsto implementsoundeconomicpolicies: (a) That maintain the monetary and fiscal discipline requiredto promoteprice stability and externalbalance; (b) That resultin realisticexchange rates; (c) Thatraisedomestic savings as andinvestment, well as improve returnsto investment. 2.37 More specifically, all countries should develop policies that improve efficiency in the allocation of resourcesand take full advantageof the opportunities offered by the changingglobal economicenvironment. In particular,whereverappropriate. and taking into account national strategiesand objectives, countries should: ( a ) R e m o v e t h e b a r r i e r s t o p r o g r e s sc a u s e d b y bureaucraticinefficiencies, administrativestrains,unnecessary controlsand the neglectof marketconditions; (b) P romote transparencyi n admi ni strati onand decision-making; (c) Encourage the private sector and foster entrepreneurship inrprovinginstitutional by facilitiesfor enterprisecreationand market entry. The essentialobjective would be to simplify otrremovethe restrictions, regulationsand formalities that make it more complicated,costly and time-consuming set up and operate to in enterprises many developingcountries. (d) Promote the andsupport investment infrastrucand ture requiredfor sustainable economicgrowth anddiversificationon an environmentally soundand sustainable basis; (e) Provide scope for appropriate economic instruments,including market mechanisms, hannony with in the objectivesof sustainable development andfulfilment of basicneeds; (t) Promotethe operationof effective tax systems and financial sectors; (g) Provide opportunities for small-scale enterprises,

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both farm and non-farm, and for the indigenouspopulation and local communities to contribute fully to the development; attainmentof sustainable (h) Remove biases against exports and in favour of inefficient import substitutionand establishpolicies that allow them to benefit fully from the flows of foreign investment. within the framework of national, social, goals; economicand developmental (i) Promote the creation of a domestic economic environment supportive of an optimal balance between productionfor the domesticand export markets.

the developing world. Therefore, the efforts of the developing countriesto promote economic cooperation among themselvesshould be enhancedand continue to be supportedby the internationalcommunity.

MEANS IMPI-EMENTATION OF AND COSTEVALUATTON ,A' T,NANCTNG 2.41 The Conference secretariathas estimated the of averagetotal annualcost (1993-2000) implementing in this prograrnmearea to be about $50 the activities million from the international community on grant or concessionalterms. These are indicative and order-ofonly andhavenot beenreviewedby magnitudeestimates Actual costsand financial terms,includGovernments. will ing any that arenon-concessional, dependupon,inter strategiesand programmes Governalia, the specific ments decide upon for implementation.

COOPERAflON ,ANDREG/ONAL 8/ 'NTERNAilONAL AND COORDINAI'ON 2.38 Governmentsof developedcountries and those of other countriesin a position to do so should,directly or through appropriateinternationaland regional otganizatheir tions and internationallending institutions,enhance efforts to provide developing countries with increased for technicalassistance the following: (a) Capacity-building the nation's design and imin plementation economicpolicies,upon request; of ac(b) Design and operationof efficient tax systems, and financial sectors; countingsystems (c) Promotionofentrepreneurship. institutions financialanddevelopment 2.39 International should further review their policies and programmesin development. the light of the objectiveof sustainable amongdeveloping economiccooperation 2.40 Stronger countrieshas long been acceptedas an important componentof efforts to promoteeconomicgrowth and techin development and to accelerate nologicalcapabilities

B) CAPACTTY-BU|LD|NG policy changes developing in 2.42 Theabove-mentioned substanti alnati ona l ef f or t s f or countri es i nvol ve capacity-building in the areasof public administration, central banking, tax administration,savingsinstitutions and financial markets. 2.43 Particularefforts in the implementationof the four progrirmme areasidentified in this chapterare warranted in view of the especially acute environmental and countries. problemsof theleastdeveloped developmental

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Comboting poverty

P R O G R A M MA R E A EENABUNG THE POOR TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABTE TIVETIHOODS

munities and a democraticparticipationprocessin association with improved govemance. 3.3 Integralto suchactionis, togetherwith intemational support,the promotion of economicgrowth in developing countriesthat is both sustained and sustainable and direct action in eradicating poverty by strengthening employmentand income-generating programrnes.

BASIS AC-TION FOR 3.1 Poverty is a complex multidimensionalproblem with origins in both the national and international domains.No uniform solution can be found for global application. Rather, country-specificprogrammesto tacklepoverty and intemationalefforts supportingnational effofts,aswell astheparallel processofcreatinga supportive international environment, crucialfor a solutionto this are problem. The eradicationof poverty and hunger,greater equityin incomedisribution andhumanresource development remain major challenges everywhere. The struggle povertyis the shared against responsibility all countries. of 3.2 While managing resources sustainably, environan mental policy that focusesmainly on the conservation and protectionof resources must take due accountof thosewho dependon the resources their livelihoods. for Otherwise it could have an adverseimpact both on poverty and on chancesfor long-terrnsuccess resource in and environmental conservation.Equally,a development policy that focuses mainly on increasing productionof the goodswithclut addressing sustainability theresources the of on which productionis basedwill sooneror later run into decliningproductivity,which could also have an adverse impacton poverty"Aspeciticanti-poverty strategy thereis fore one of the basic conditionsfor ensuringsustainable development. An effective strategyfor tackling the problems poverty, of development environment and simultaneously shouldbegin by focusingon resources, production and people and should cover demographicissues, enhanced healthcareand education, rightsof women, the the role of youth and of indigenous peopleand local comOBJECTIVES 3.4 The long-termobjectiveof enablingall peopleto achieve sustainable livelihoods should provide an integratingfactor that allows policiesto address issues of development, sustainableresource managementand poverty eradicationsimultaneously.The objectivesof this progratnmeareaare: (a) To provide all persons urgentlywith the opportunity to eam a sustainable livelihood; (b) To implementpoliciesand strategies that promote adequate levelsof fundingandfocuson integrated human policies,including incomegeneration, development increased local control of resources,local institutionstrengthening capacity-buildingandgreaterinvolveand mentof non-governmental organizations locallevels and of government deliverymechanisms; as (c) To developfor all poverty-sfficken areasintegrated strategiesand programmesof sound and sustainable management the environment. of resource mobilization, poverty eradicationand alleviation, employment and incomegeneration; (d) To create focusin nationaldevelopmentplans a and budgetson investmentin human capital, with special policiesandprogranunes directedat rural areas, urban the poor,women and children.

ACTIVITIES 3.5 Activities that will contribute the integrated to pro-

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prolivelihoods andenvironmental motion of sustainable involving tectioncover a variety of sectoralinterventions a rangeof actors,from local to global, and are essential the at everylevel,especially communityandlocal levels. Enabling actions will be necessaryat the national and internationallevels, taking full account of regional and subregionalconditions to support a locally driven and country-specific approach. In general design, the programmesshould: (a) Focuson the empowerment local andcommunity of groups through the principle of delegating authority, level to accountabilityandresources the mostappropriate and to ensurethat the programmewill be geographically ecologicallyspecific; (b) Containimmediatemeasures enablethosegroups to to alleviatepoverty and to develop sustainability; (c) Contain a long-term strategyaimed at establishing local,regional the bestpossibleconditionsfor sustainable and national developmentthat would eliminate poverty and reducethe inequalitiesbetweenvarious population groups groups. It shouldassistthe most disadvantaged - in particular,women,children and youth within those groups - and refugees. The groups will include poor fishing communities, pastoralists, artisans, smallholders, migrantsand people,indigenous communities, landless the urban informal sector. measures 3.6 The focus hereis on specificcross-cutting - in particular, in the areas of basic education, primary/matemal health care, and the advancementof women.

learn(e) Establishinga network of community-based ing centres for capacity-building and sustainable development.

ATED B) MANAGEMFNT-REL ACTIVITtES of with theassistance andin coopera3.8 Governments, non-govemmental tion with appropriate international, and local community organizations,should establish measures that will directly or indirectly: (a) Generate employmentandproductive remunerative occupational opportunitiescompatible with countryon specific factor endowments, a scalesufficient to take in care of prospectiveincreases the labour force and to cover backlogs; (b) With international support, where necessary, develop adequateinfrastructure,marketing systems, credit systemsand the like and the technology systems, needed supporttheaboveactionsand humanresources to widening of options for resource-poor to achieve a people. High priority shouldbe given to basiceducation and professionaltraining; (c) Provide substantial in increases economicallyeffiproductivity and measures ensurethat to cient resource population benefits in adequatemeasurefrom the local resource use: (d) Empower community organrzations people to and livelihoods; enablethem to achievesustainable (e) Setup an effectiveprimary healthcareand maternal to healthcaresystemaccessible all; l ( f ) C o n s i d e r s t r e n g t h e n i n g / d e v e l o p i n ge g a l access land resourto for land management, frameworks ces and land ownership- in particular,for women and for the protectionof tenants; (g) Rehabilitate resources, the extentpracto degraded to introduce policy measures promote susticable, and humanneeds; for tainableuseof resources basic (h) Establishnew community-based mechanisms and mechanisms enablecommunities to strengthen existing neededby the poor access resources to to gain sustained poverty; to overcometheir (i) Implementmechanisms popularparticipationfor women- in local poorpeople, particularly especially by groups,to promotesustainable development; community matter of urgency,in accordance 0) Implement, as a with country-specific conditions and legal systems, measures ensurethat women and men have the same to right to decidefreely and responsiblyon the numberand to spacingof their children and have access the informato means,asappropriate, enablethem tion, educationand right in keeping with their freedom, to exercise this dignity and personally held values, taking into account should Governments ethicaland cultural considerations.

COMMUNTTTES A) EMPOWFRING developmentmust be achievedat every 3.7 Sustainable level of society.Peoples'organizations,women's groups e are organizations importantsourc s and non-governmental of innovation and action at the local level and have a stronginterestand proven ability to promote sustainable livelihoods. Governments,in cooperationwith appropriateinternationaland non-governmentalorganrzations, should support a community-driven approachto which would include, inter alia: sustainability, (a) Empowering women through full participation in decision-making; (b) Respectingthe cultural integrity and the rights of indigenouspeopleand their communities; (c) Promoting or establishinggrass-roots mechanisms to allow for the sharing of experienceand knowledge betweencommunities; (d) Giving communitiesa large measureof participaand protectionof the management tion in the sustainable in local naturalresources order to enhancetheir productive capacity;

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take active stepsto implement programmesto establish preventiveand curative health facilities, and strengthen which include women-centred,women-managed,safe and effective reproductive health care and affordable, accessibleservices,as appropriate,for the responsible planningof family size,in keepingwith freedom,dignity and personallyheld values, taking into account ethical Programmes andcultural considerations. shouldfocuson providing comprehensive health care, including prenatal care, education and information on health and responsibleparenthoodand should provide the opporfully, at least during tunity for all women to breast-feed the first four months post-partum. Programmesshould fully supportwomen'sproductiveand reproductiveroles and well-being, with special attention to the need for providing equaland improvedhealthcarefor all children and the need to reduce the risk of maternal and child mortality and sickness; (k) Adopt integrated policies aiming at sustainability in the management urban centres; of (l) Undertakeactivitiesaimed at the promotion of food security and, where appropriate,food self-sufficiency within the contextof sustainable agriculture; (m) Supportresearchon and integrationof traditional methodsof productionthat have been shown to be environmentally sustainable; (n) Actively seekto recognizeand integrateinformalsector activities into the economy by removing regulations and hindrances that discriminate asainstactivities in thosesectors; (o) Cons iderm a k i n g a v a i l a b l el i n e s o f c re d i t and other facilities for the informal sectorand improved p a c c es s o land f or th e l a n d l e s s o o r s o th a t th e y can t a c quir et he m ean so f p ro d u c ti o na n d re l i a b l ea ccess to nat ur alr es ourc e sIn ma n y i n s ta n c e s p e c i alcon. s siderations women are required.Strict feasibility for appraisalsare needed for borrowers to avoid debt c r is es : (p) Provide the poor with accessto fiesh water and sanitation; (q) Provide the poor with accessto primary educati o n.

D/ TNTERNAT/ONAI AND REG/ONA COO?ERAilON L AND COORD/NAT'ON 3.10 The United Nations system,through its relevant organs, organizationsand bodies, in cooperationwith Member Statesand with appropriateintemational and non-governmentalorganizations,should make poverty alleviation a major priority and should: (a) AssistGovernments, whenrequested, the formuin lation andimplementation nationalactionprogrammes of on poverty alleviationand sustainable development.Action-orientedactivities of relevanceto the above objectives, suchas poverty eradication,projectsand programmes supplemented where relevantby food aid, and support and special emphasison employment and income generation,should be given particular attention in this regard; (b) Prornotetechnical cooperationamong developing countriesfor poverty eradication activities; (c) Strengthen existingstructures the UnitedNations in system for coordination of action relating to poverty eradication, including the establishment a focal point of for information exchangeand the formulation and implementation replicablepilot projectsto combatpovof ert!, (d) In the follow-up of the implementation Agenda of 21, gle high priority to the review of the progress made in eradicatingpoverty; (e) Examine the international economic framework, including resourceflows and structural adjustment programmes,to ensurethat social and environnrental concerns addressed, in this connection, are and conduct a review of the policies of international organizations, bodiesand agencies, including financial institutions, to ensurethe continuedprovision of basic servicesto the poor and needy; (0 Promote international cooperation to addressthe root causes poverty.The development of process will not gathermomentumif developingcountriesare weighted down by externalindebtedness, development if finance is inadequate, barriersrestrictaccess marketsand if if to commodity pricesand the terms of tradein developing countriesremaindepressed.

/NFORMAI/ON C) DATA, AND EVALUATION 3.9 Governments shouldimprove the collectionof information on target groups and target areas in order to facilitatethe designof focused programmes activities, and with the target-group consistent needsand aspirations. Evaluation of such programmesshould be genderspecific,sincewomen ere a particularlydisadvantaged group.

MEANS IMPLEMENTATION OF

A/ F/NANC/NG AND COSTEVALUATTON 3.l I The secretariat the Conference estimated of has the average total annualcost (19%-2m0) of implementing the activitiesof this programme be about$30 billion, to including about$15 billion from the international com-

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terms.Theseareindicamunity on grantor concessional only andhavenot estimates tive andorder-of-magnitude This estimate overlaps beenreviewedby Ciovernments. in estimates otherpartsof Agenda2l . Actual costsand financialterms,includingany that arenon-concessional, and will dependupon, inter alia, the specificstrategies programmes decideupon for implementaGovernments tion.

important focuscapacto highpriority. It is particularly ity-building at the local community level in order to to support community-driven a approach sustainability mechanisms allow to and to establishand strengthen sharingof experience and knowledgebetweencomlevels. Remunity groupsat nationalandinternational quirementsfor suchactivities are considerable and are relatedto the various relevantsectorsof Agenda 2l financial and techcalling for requisiteinternational, nologicalsupport.

B) CAPACITY-BUILDING for 3.12 National capacity-building implementation of the aboveactivitiesis crucial and should be eiven

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consumption potterns Chonging

/

l

'

r'

areas: 4.1 This chapter contains folkrwing programme the (a) Focusingon unsustainable patternsof production and consumption; (b) Developing national policies and strategies ento pattems. in consumption courage changes unsustainable patterns 4.2 Sincethe issueof changingconsumption in is very broad,it is addressed severalpartsof Agenda transportation and 21, notablythosedealingwith energy, and wastes, on and in the chapters economicinstruments The presentchaptershould the transferof technology. with chapter (Demographic 5 alsobe readin conjunction dynamicsand sustainability).

P R O G R A M MA R E A S EPATTERNS A) FOCUSTNG UNSUSTATNABIE ON AND CONSU}TPTION OF PRODUCTION BASIS ACTION FOR ,1.3 Povertyandenvironmental are degradation closely intenelated. While poverty resultsin certainkinds of the environmental stress, major causeof the continued is deterioration the global environment the unsustainof particularlyin and ablepattern consumption production, of which is a matterof graveconcern, industrialized countries, povertyand imbalances. aggravating level 4.4 Measures be undertaken ttre international at to of must for theprotection enhancernent tlteenvironment and in the takefully into account currentimbalances the global patterns consumption production. of and 4.5 Specialattentionshouldbe paid to the demandfor generated unsustainable by consumpnaturalresources tion and to the efficientuseof thoseresources consistent with the goal of minimizing depletion and reducing patterns very high pollution.Although consumption are

needs of in certainpartsof the world, the basicconsumer a largesection humanityarenot beingmet. This results of in excessive lifestyles among demands unsustainable and on the richer segments, which placeimmensestress the environment. The poorer segments, meanwhile,are unable to meet food. health care. shelterand educational needs.Changing consumptionpattems will require a multiprongedstrategyfocusing on demand,meeting the basicneedsof the poor,and reducingwastage and the use of finite resources the productionprocess. in 4.6 Crowing recognitionof the imporlanceof addressing consumptionhas also not yet been matchedby an understanding irsimplications.Someeconomists questioning are of traditionalconcepts economicgrowttrandunderliningthe of importance pursuing of economic objectives takeaccount that of the full valueof naturalresource capital.More needs be to known abouttherole of consumption relationto economic in growth and populationdynamics in order to formulate coherent intemational national policies. and OBJECTIVES 4.7 Action is neededto meet the followins broad objectives: (a) To promotepatterns consumption production of and that reduceenvironmental stress and will meetthe basic needsof humanity; (b) To develop a better understanding the role of of consumptionand how to bring about more sustainable pattems. consumption ACTIVITIES A) MANAGEMENI.R ELATED ACTIVITIES > Adopt.ing international on approach to ochieving nobleconsumption susfoi pattern s 4.8 In principle, countries should be guided by the

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following basic objectives in their efforts to address and consumption lifestylesin the contextof environment and development: (a) All countriesshouldstrive to promote sustainable patterns; consumption (b) Developed shouldtakethe leadin achievcountries ing sustainable consumptionpatterns; (c) Developingcountriesshould seekto achievesustainable consumption patterns in their development process, guaranteeing provisionof basicneeds the for the patterns, parpoor, while avoiding those unsustainable ly ticul arly i n industrializedcountries,general recognized as unduly hazardous the environment,inefficient and to processes. This requires wasteful,in their development from inenhancedtechnologicaland other assistance zed countries. dustriali of 4.9 In the follow-up of the implementation Agenda madein achievingsustainable 2I thereview of progress patterns shouldbe given high priority. consumption

dependenton the Earth's finite resourcesand more in harmonywith theEarth'scarryingcapacity. This shouldbe reflectedin the evolutionof new systems nationalacof countsand otherindicators sustainable of development.

c/ /NTERNAT/ONAI COOqERATION AND COORD/NAI/ON 4.12 While international review processes exist for examining economic,development and demographic factors, more attentionneedsto be paid to issues relatedto consumptionand production patternsand sustainable lifestylesand environment. 4.13 In the follow-up of the inrplementation Agenda of 21, reviewing the role and impact of unsustainable productionand consumption patternsand lifestylesand theirrelationto sustainable shouldbe given development high priority. > Finoncing and costevaluotion 4.14 The Conference secretariat estimated has that implementation this programmeis not likely to require of significantnew financialresources.

B) DATA AND 'NFORMAT/ON > lJndertokingreseorch consumption on 4.10 In order to support this broad strategy,Governments,and/orprivate research and policy institutes,with of regionaland international the assistance economicand should make a concerted environmental organizations, effort to: (a) Expand or promote databases production and on for consumptionand developmethodologies analysing them; (b) Assessthe relationshipbetween production and environment, technological adaptation and consumption, innovation, economic growth and development,and demographicfactors; (c) Examine the impact of ongoing changesin the structure of modern industrial economies away from material-intensive economic growth; (d) Consider how economiescan grow and prosper while reducing the use of energy and materialsand the production of harmful materials; ( e ) I d e n t i f y b a l a n c e dp a t t e r n so f c o n s u m p t i o n worldwide which the Earlhcan supportin the long term.

B) DEVETOPTNG NATTONAT POUC|ES AND STRATEGIES ENCOURAGE TO CHANGESIN UNSUSTAINABTE CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

FOR BASIS ACTION a.l5 Achieving the goals of environmental quality and sustainabledevelopment will require efficiency in production patterns order and changes consumption in in to emphasize optimization resource andminimizause of tion of waste. In many instances, this will require reorientation existingproductionand consumption patof ternsthat have developed industrialsocieties in and are in turn emulatedin much of the world. 4.16 Progresscan be made by strengthening positive trends and directions that are emerging, as part of a processaimed at achieving significantchangesin the consumpti onpatternsof i ndustri es,Gove r nm ent s, households individuals. and

> Developing concepts sustoinoble new economic growth of ond prosperity 4.ll Consideration should also be given to the present of economic growth and the need for new concepts conceptsof wealth and prosperitywhich allow higher of lif-estyles areless standards living throughchanged and

OBJECTIVES 4.11 ln the years ahead,Governments, working with

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should strive to meet the folappropriateorganizations, lowing broadobjectives: and (a) To promoteefficiencyin productionprocesses of in reducewastefulconsumption the process economic needsof growth, taking into accountthe development developingcountries; (b) To developa domesticpolicy frameworkthat will patternsof produca encourage shift to more sustainable tion and consumption: sustainable (c) To reinforceboth valuesthat encourage production and consumption patternsand policies that encouragethe transfer of environmentally sound technologiesto developingcountries.

AND HOUSEHOI.DS C/ A55/SI'NG/NDIYIDUALS ENY/RONMENTALLY SOUND TO MAKE PURCHASING DECISIONS in 4.20 The recentemergence many countriesof a more public, combined conscious consumer environmentally with increasedintereston the part of someindustriesin providing environmentallysoundconsumerproducts,is a significant development that should be encouraged. Governmentsand intemational organizations,together with the private sector, should develop criteria and imof for methodologies the assessment environmental throughoutthe full life pacts and resourcerequirements Results thoseassessof cycle of productsand processes. into clearindicatorsin order mentsshouldbe transformed and to inform consumers decisionmakers. 4.21 Governments,in cooperationwith industry and expansionof other relevantgroups, should encourage reenvironmentallabelling and other environmentally to designed assist lated productinformation prografitmes to consumers make informedchoices. of 4.72 T\ey should also encourage emergence an inthe formed consumer public and assist individuals and informedchoicesby: households makeenvironmentally to (U Providinginforrnation the consequences conof on sumption choices and behaviour so as to encourage soundproductsand use of demandfor environmentally products; (b) Making consumers awareof thehealthandenvironmentalimpact of products, throughsuchmeansas conlabelling; sumerlegislationand environmental pr (c) E ncouragi ngspeci fi c consumer-ori ented osystems. grammes, suchasrecyclingand deposiVrefund

ACTIVITIES EFFICIENCY GREATER A) ENCOURAG'NG AND RFSOURCES IN IHE USEOF ENERGY used 4.l8 Reducingthe amountof energyandmaterials production of goods and servicescan per unit in the stress both to the alleviationof environmental contribute greatereconomicand industrialproductivityand and to with inin Governments, cooperation competitiveness. intensify efforts to use energy dustry, should therefore in and resources an economicallyefficientand environmentally soundmannerby: (a) Encouraging dissemination existingenvironof the mentallysoundtechnologies; in (b) Promotingresearch and development environmentallysoundtechnologies; (c) Assistingdevelopingcountriesto use thesetechsuited nologiesefficiently and to developtechnologies particular circumstances. to their (d) Encouraging environmentally sounduseof new the of renewable sources energy, and (e) Encouragingthe environmentallysound and susnaturalresources. tainableuseof renewable

TH D ) E X E R C /S /N G A D E R S H IPR OU GH LE PURCHASING GOVERNMENI themselves also play a role in con4.23 Governments wherethe public secparticularlyin countries sumption, plays a large role in the economy and can have a tor decisions and influenceon both corporate considerable public perceptions. They should thereforereview the purchasing policiesof their agencies departments and so may improve,wherepossible. environmental the that they content of governmentprocurementpolicies, without prejudice intemational tradeprinciples. to

THEGENERAT/ON WASTES OF B) M|N|MIZING effecto 4. 19 A t t he s ameti me , s o c i e tyn e e d s d e v e l o p tive ways of dealingwith the problenrof disposingof m ount ing lev e l s o f w a s te p ro d u c ts a n d m a teri al s. and w . to G ov er nm ent s , g e th e r i th i n d u s trv h o u s e h ol ds the public, should make a concertedeffort to reduce of the generation wastesand wasteproductsby: and (a) Encouraging recycling in industrialprocesses level; at the consumer (b) Reducingwastefulpackaging products, of (c) Encouraging introduction moreenvironmenof the tally soundproducts.

TOWARDS ENy/RONMENTALI.y E) MOVTNG SOUNDPR/CING 4.24 Without the stimulusof pricesand market signals

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that makeclear to producersand consumers environthe mentalcostsof the consumptionof energy,materialsand natural resourcesand the generationof wastes,significant changes consumptionand productionpatterns in seemunlikely to occur in the near future. 4.25 Someprogress begunin the useof appropriate has economicinstruments influenceconsumer to behaviour. These instrumentsinclude environmental chargesand taxes, deposit/refundsystems,etc. This processshould be encouraged the light of country-specific in conditions.

ness programmesand other means, such as positive advertising products of and services that utilize environmentally sound technologies encourage or sustainable production and consumptionpatterns.In the review of the implementation Agenda21, an assessment the of o1' progress achieved developingthesenationalpolicies in and strategies shouldbe given due consideration.

F) RETNFORC'NG VALUES THAT SUPPORT SUSIA'NA8 CONS MPTON [F I U 4.26 Governmentsand private-sectororganizations should promote more positive attitudestowards sustainableconsumption public awarethrougheducation,

MEANS IMPLEMENTATION OF 4.27 This programme is concerned primarily with changesin unsustainable patternsof consumptionand productionand valuesthat encourage sustainable consumptionpatternsand lifestyies.It requiresthe comb i n e d e f f o r t s o f G o v e r n m e n t s ,c o n s u m e r sa n d producers.Particular attention should be paid to the significant role played by women and householdsas consumers and the potentialimpactsof their combined purchasing power on the economy.

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Demogrophic dynomics sustoinobility ond

-5. This chapter 1 contains following prograrnme the areas: (a) Developing knowledge anddisseminating concerning thelinks between demographic trendsandfactorsand development; sustainable (b) Fornrulatingintegratednational policies for env ir onm ent and d e v e l o p me n t,ta k i n g i n to a ccount demographic trendsand factors; ( c ) I m p l e m e n t i n g i n t e g r a t e d ,e n v i r o n m e n t a n d prograrrunes the local level, taking into der.'eloprnent at accountdemographic trendsand factors.

PROGRAMME EAS ARAND DtSSErYilNAIlNG Al DEVETOPTNG THETINKSBETWEEN KNOIA/IEDGE CONCERNING DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND FACTORS AND NABLE DEVETOPMENT SUSTAI

[ion, and development. Populationpolicy should also recognizethe role played by human beings in environmental and developmentconcerns.There is a need to increaseawareness this issueamongdecisionmakers of at all levels and to provide both better information on which to base national and internationalpolicies and a tramework againstwhich to interpretthis information. 'Ihere is a needto developstrategies mitigateboth 5.4 to the adverseimpact on the environmentof human activities and the adverse impactof environmental changeon human populations. The world's populationis expected to exceed8 billion by the year 2020. Sixty per cent of the world'spopulation while alreadylive in coastal areas, 65 per cent of cities with populations above2.5 million are located along the world coasts;severalof thern are alreadyat or below the presentsealevel.

OBJECTIVES 5.5 The following objectives should be achievedas soonas practicable: (a) To incorporate demographic trendsand factorsin the global analysis environment development of issues; and (b) To developa betterunderstanding the relationships of among demographicdynamics,technology,cultural behaviour,naturalresources life supportsystems; and (c) To assess humanvulnerabilityin ecologicallysensitive areasand centresof populationto determinethe priorities for action at all levels,taking full accountof community-defined needs.

FOR BASIS ACTION -5.1 Demographictrends and factors and sustainable have a synergistic der,'elopment relationship. .s.3 The growthof world population production and complacesinpatterns bined with unsustainable consumption creasingly severe stress thelife-supporting on capacities of processes our planet. These interactive affecttheuseof land, \\'ater.air, energyand other resources.Rapidly growing crties. unless well-managed,face major environmental prohlems. The increase boththe numberandsizeof cities in calis fbr greater attention issues local govemment to of and mr"rnicipal management.The human dimensions key are element-s consider thisintricatesetof relationships to in and ther shouldbe adequately takeninto consideration comin policiesfor sustainable prehensive development. Such policics shor"rld address linkages demographic ttre clf trends andfactors.resource appropriate use, technology dissemina-

ACTIVITIES > Reseorch the inferoctionbefween demogrophictrends on ond foctorsond sustoinoble development 5.6 Relevant international, regional and national in-

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stitutionsshould considerundertakingthe following activities: (a) Identifying the interactionsbetweendemographic natural resourcesand life support systems, processes, bearing in mind regional and subregionalvariations deriving from, inter alia,different I eveIs of deveIopment; into the trendsand t-actors (b) Integratingdemographic usingthe experchange, ongoingstudyof environmental tise of international,regional and national researchnetfirst,to studythehuman worksandof localcommunities, dimensionsof environmentalchange and, second,to identify vulnerableareas ; for (c) Identifying priority areas action and developing impact to andprogrammes mitigatetheadverse strategies and on change humanpopulations' vice of environmental versa.

AND /NFORMATION c) DEVELOP'NG AWARFNESS PUBLIC i 5 . 1 0S o c i o - d e m o g r a p h i cn f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d b e with physiformatfor interfacing in developed a suitable spaCompatible data. cal,biologicalandsocio-economic and and scales cross-country time-series tial andternporal infbrmation, as well as global behaviouralindicators, learningfrom local communities' shouidbe developed, and perceptions attitudes. at be should increased all ievelsconcern5.11 Awareness use ing the needto optimizethe sustainable of resources taking into acthrough efficient resourcemanagement, count the development needs of the populations of countries. developing of shouldbe increased the fundamental 5.t2 Awareness linkagesbetweenimproving the statusof women and demographicdynamics,particularly through women's healthcare primary andreproductive to access education, and s, programme economicindependence their effective, in participation all levelsof decision-making. equitable 5.13 Results of researchconcernedwith sustainable throughtechissuesshouldbe disseminated development nical reports, scientificjoumals, the media, workshops, forums or other meansso that the information can be used awareness. atall levelstoincreasepublic makers by decision

OF MEANS IMPLEMENTATION AND COSTEVALUATTON A/ F'NANC'NG 5.7 The Conference secretariathas estirnatedthe of total annualcost (1993-2000) implementing average to programme be about$10 million the activitiesof this from the internationalcomrnunityon grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and order-of-magnitude estimatesonly and have not been reviewed by Actualcostsandfinancialterms,includGovernments. will ing any that are non-concessional, dependupon, strategiesand programmes inter alia, the specific decideupon for implementation. Governments

AND/ORENHANCING D) DEVELOPING AND COLLABORAI'ON ,NSI/IUIIONAICAPAC'IY of and exchange informationshould 5.14 Collaboration be increasedbetweenresearchinstitutions and internaand agencies all othersectors tional,regionalandnational (including the private sector,local communities,nonand scientific institutions) governmentalorganizations as countries, and from both the industrialized developing appropriate. 5.15 Efforts should be intensified to enhancethe t capaci ti esof nati onal and l ocal governm ent s, he in organizations private sectorand non-governmental developingcountriesto meet the growing needsfor of improvedmanagement rapidly growingurbanareas.

PROGRAMMES RESEARCH B/ SIRENGIHEN'NG ENYIRONMENI LAT'ON, POPU INTEGRAIE THAT AND DEVELOPMENT analysisinto a demographic 5.8 In order to integrate and on perspective environment broadersocialscience shouldbe inresearch interdisciplinary development, creased. Internationalinstitutionsand networks of their scientiflccapacity,taking expertsshouldenhance and of full account communityexperience knowledge, gainedin multithe and shoulddisseminate experience and approaches in linking theoryto action. disciplinar,v shouldbe developed, 5.9 Bettermodellingcapabilities identifying the range of possibleoutcomesof current human activities,especiallythe interrelatedimpact of use trendsand factors,per capitaresource demographic and wealth distribution,as well as the major migration flows that may be expectedwith increasingclimatic that may change eventsandcumulativeenvironmental destroypeople'slocal livelihoods.

NATIONAL INTEGRATED B) FORfrTULATING AND DEVETOPMENT' FOR ENVIRONMENT POTICIES TR,ENDS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT DEMOGRAPHIC AND FACTORS

BASIS ACTION FOR developmenthave 5.16 Existing plans for sustainable generallyrecognizeddemographictrendsand factors as

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elementsthat have a critical influenceon consumption production,lifestylesand long-term sustainapatterns, will haveto be given bility. But in future,rrore attention to these issuesin generalpolicy formulation and the plans. do this"all countries will To designof development to the have to improve their own capacities assess environment and developmentimplicationsof their demographictrendsand f-actors. They will alsoneedto formulate and implement policies and action prograrnmes Policies to whereappropriate. shouldbedesigned address the consequences populationgrowth built into popuof lation momentum,while at the sametime incorporating transition. They measures bring about demographic to concerns and population shouldcombineenvironmental issueswithin a holistic view of developmentwhose primary goalsinclude the alleviationof povertli secure livelihoods;goodhealth;quality of life; improvement of the status and income of women and their accessto schooling andprofessional training.aswell asfulfilment and of of their personal aspirations; empowerment individuals and communities. Recognizingthat large increases the size and number of cities will occur in in underany likely populationscenadeveloping countries rio, greater attention shouldbe givento preparing the for of needs, particular womenandchildren,for improved in municipalmanagement local govenrment. and

tal factorsinteractwith socio-economic factorsasa cause of migration. 5.21 Vulnerablepopulationgroups(such as rural landless workers, ethnic minorities, refugees,migrants,displaced people, women heads of household) whose changes in demographic structure may have specific impacts sustainable on development shouldbe identified. 5.22 An assessment shouldbe madeof the implications of the agestructure the populationon resource of demand and dependency burdens,ranging from educationalexpensesfor the young to health care and supportfor the elderly, and on householdincome generation. 5.23 An assessment should also be made of national populationcarryingcapacityin thecontextof satisfaction of humanneeds andsustainable development, special and attentionshouldbe given to critical resources, such as water and land, and environmentalfactors such as ecosystemhealthand biodiversity. 5.24 The impact of national demographictrends and factors on the traditional livelihoods of indigenous groups and local communities,including changesin traditional land usebecause internal populationpresof sures, shouldbe studied.

B) BUILDING AND SIRENGIHENING A NAI/ONAT/NFORMATION SASE 5.25 Nationaldatabases demographic on trendsand factors andenvironmentshouldbe built and/orstrengthened, disaggregating databy ecological region(ecosystem approach),and population/environment profilesshouldbe established region. by 5.26Methodologies and instruments should be developedto identify areaswhere sustainability or is, may be,threatened the environmental by effectsof demographictrendsandfactors,incorporatingboth currentand projected demographicdata linked to natural environmentalprocesses. 5.27 Case-studies local level responses different of by groupsto demographic dynamicsshouldbe developed, particularlyin areassubjectto environmental stress and in deteriorating urbancentres. 5.2t1 Population data shouldbe disaggregated inter by, alia, sexand agein order to takeinto accountthe implicationsof the genderdivision of labour for the useand management naturalresources. of

OBJECTIVE of 5.17 Full integration populationconcemsinto national planning,policy and decision-making processes should policiesand programmes shouldbe continue. Population with full recognition women'srights. considered, of

ACTIVITIES and 5.I 8 Governments otherrelevantactorscould,inter alia. undertake following activities,with appropriate the assistance from aid agencies, and report on their status of implementation to the International Conference on Populationand Developmentto be held in 1994,esF,ecially to its committeeon populationand environment.

A/ ASSESS/NG tMPt-tCArlONS NAI/ONAI. THE OF IRENDS AND FACIORS DEMOGRAPH'C 5.19 The relationships between demographic trendsand factorsand environmental changeand between environmentaldegradation the components demographic and of changeshouldbe analysed. shouldbe conducted how environmen5.20 Research on

CJ /NCORPORAI/NG DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES ,NIO POLICIES AND PIANS policies,account 5.29 In formulatinghumansettlements

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wasteproduction and needs, shouldbe takenof resource h ec os y s t e me a l th . 5.30 The direct and induced effects of demographic programmes changes environmentand development on be and should,whereappropriate, integrated, the impact features assessed. on demographic 5 . 3 1N a t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n p o l i c y g o a l s a n d p r o with nationalenvironment grammes that areconsistent plansfor sustainability and in keepand development ing with the freedom, dignity and personally held and imvalues of individuals should be established plemented. policiesfor the young 5.32 Appropriatesocio-economic and the elderly, in termsof both family and statesupport systems, shouldbe developed. for shouldbe developed 5.33 Policiesand programmes that resultfrom handlingthe varioustypesof migrations with specialattendisruptions, or induceenvironmental groups. tion to women and vulnerable for includingconcerns enconcerns, 5.34 Demographic vironmentalmigrants and displacedpeople,should be in for developincorporated the programmes sustainable and regionalinstitutions. ment o1' relevantinternational and the inte5.-15National reviews shouldbe conducted policiesin nationaldevelopment and grationof population strategies shouldbe monitorednationally. environment

Particular shouldbe given to education sectors. attention population literacy programmes, notably for women. Specialemphasisshould be placed on the linkage between these programmes,primary environmental care and the provision of primary health care and services.

INSI'IUI/ONS C/ SIRENGIHEN'NG 5.38 The capacityof national,regionaland local structrends turesto deal with issuesrelatingto demographic and factorsand sustainable development shouldbe enhanced.This would involve strengthening relevant the bodiesresponsible populationissuesto enablethem for to el aboratepol i ci es consi stentw i th th e nat ional prospects for sustainabledevelopment. Cooperation noninstitutions, amongGovemments, nationalresearch governmentalorganizations and local communitiesin problemsand evaluatingpoliciesshould also assessing be enhanced. 5.39 The capacityof therelevantUnited Nationsorans, and regionalinterorganizations bodies,international and govemmental non-governmental organizations and bodies, local communities should, as appropriate,be enhancedto policieson helpcountries developsustainable development provideassistance environrequestand, as appropriate, to people. mentalmigrantsanddisplaced 5.40 Inter-agencysupport for nati onal sust ainable developmentpolicies and programmesshould be improved through better coordination of population and environment activities.

MEANS IMPLEMENTATION OF AND COSTEVALUATTON Ai F/NANC/NG h 5. 36 T he C o n fe re n c es e c re ta ri a t a s e sti matedthe cost(1993-2000) implementing ol average total annual of to the activities thisprogramme be about$90 million from the international community on grant or concessionalterms.Theseareindicativeand order-of-magnitude estimatesonly and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs and financial terms, inwill depend cluding any that are non-concessional. upon, int e r a l i a . th e s p e c i fi c s tra te gi esand programmesGovernments decide upon for implementat ion.

D) PROMOI'NG HUMANRESOURCE DEVELOPMENI 5.41 The international regionalscientificinstitutions and should assist Governments,upon request,to include concerns regarding population/environment interacthe tions at the global, ecosystem and micro-levelsin the training of demographers and populationand environment specialists. Training should include researchon linkagesand ways to designintegrated strategies.

B/ RA/S/NG AWARENESS DEMOGRAPHTC OF A ND S USIA /N A 8 T FE VE L O P M EN IIE RA C I/ON S D /N betweendemo5.37 Understanding the interactions of graphictrendsand factorsand sustainable development shouldbe increased all sectors society.Stress in of should tln be placed local andnationalaction. Demographic and sustainable developmenteducation should be coordinatedand integrated both the formal and non-formal in

cl rrvlPtEMENTtNG TNTEGRATED ENVIRONTVIENT AND DEVETOPMENT PROGRAM'VIES THE LOCAT AT LEVEL, TAKING INTO ACCOUNTDEMOGRAPHIC TRENDSAND FACTORS

BASIS FORACTION 5.42 Population programmes are more effective when

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implemented together with appropriate cross-sectoral at policies.To attainsustainability the iocal level, a new demographictrends framework is neededthat integrates health, techand factors with suchfactors as ecosystem and nology andhumansettlements, with socio-economic structures and access to resources.Population proand with socio-economic grammesshouldbe consistent developsustainable planning.Integrated environmental ment programmes should closely correlate action on demographictrends and factors with resourcemanagement activities and developmentgoals that meet the needsof the peopleconcemed.

OBJECTIVE 5.43 Population programmesshould be implemented along with natural resourcemanagementand development programmes at the local level that will ensure improvethe quality use sustainable of naturalresources, of life of the people and enhanceenvironmentalquality.

ACTIVITIES 5.44 Governmentsand local communities, including and national women's organizations community-based non-governmentalorganizations,consistentwith naand priorities,could, strategies tional plans,objectives, the inter alia, undertake activitiessetout below with the assistanceand cooperation of international otganizations, as appropriate.Governments could share their of in experience the implementation Agenda 2l at the International Conference on Population and Development, to be held in 1994,especiallyits committeeon populationand environment.

potential suringtheinvolvementof groupswith a special development. for to act asagents changeand sustainable shouldbe placedon thoseprogrammes Specialemphasis g e encouragin sustainabl multipleobjectives, thatachieve mitigating adverseimpactsof economicdevelopment, and avoiding long-term demographictrendsand f'actors to Food security,access secure damage. environmental educainfrastructure, and essential tenure,basicshelter. health,famtion, family welfare,women'sreproductive primary programmes, reforestation ily credit schemes, should, as careandwomen'semployment environmental be appropriate, includedamongotherfactors. 5.41 An analyticalframework should be developedto develof elements sustainable identify complementary to opment policiesas well as the nationalmechanisms monitor and evaluatetheir etfbcts on population dynamics. 5.48 Specialattentionshouldbe givento the criticalrole and programmes of women in population/environment should development.Projects in achievingsustainable to of takeadvantage opportunities link social,economic gains for women and their families. and environmental Empowermentof women is essentialand should be trainingandpoliciesto accord througheducation, assured human to and improvewomen'sright and access assets, job oppormeasures, and civil rights, labour-saving Populatunities and participationin decision-rnaking. programmesmust enable women to tion/environment to mobilize themselves alleviatetheir burden and improve their capacityto participatein and benefit from should Specificmeasures development. socio-economic and male female to be undertaken closethe gapbetween illiteracyrates.

FOR A A] DEVELOP'NG FRAMEWORK ACIION process shouldbe estab5.45 An effectiveconsultative groupsof society with concerned implemented lishedand of wherethe formulationand decision-making all comprogrammes basedon a nationwide are ponentsof the processdrawing on community meetings, consultative as workshopsand nationalseminars. appropriregional that viewsof womenand process shouldensure ate. This are perspectives constraints equally and men on needs, and that well reflectedin the design of programmes, The rootedin specificexperience. poor and are solutions shouldbe priority groupsin this process. underprivileged and policies for integrated Nationally determined 5.46 programmes,with special attentionto multifaceted and women,to the poorestpeopleliving in critical areas envulnerablegroupsshouldbe implemented, to other

THAT PROGRAMMES PROMOTE B) SUPPORIING AND IRENDS CHANGES DEMOGRAPHIC IN SUS TOWARDS IAINABILITY FACIORS 5.49 Reproductivehealth programmesand services to be should, as appropriate, developedand enhanced and reducematernal and infant mortalityfrom all causes aspirations womenandmento fulfil theirpersonal enable with theirfreedomand in termsof family size,in keeping held values. dignity and personally to shouldtakeactivesteps implement, Governments 5.-50 with country-spein as a matterof urgency, accordance to measures ensure cific conditionsand legal systems, that women and rnenhave the sameright to decidefreely and responsiblyon the number and spacing of their education to childrenandto haveaccess the information, this themto exercise to as andmeans, appropriate. enable right in keepingwith their freedom,dignity and person-

39

ally held values,taking into accountethicaland cultural considerations. 5.51 Governments should take active stepsto implement programmesto establishand strengthen preventive and curative health facilities that include womencentred.women-managed, safe and effective reproductive health care and affordable, accessibleservices,as appropriate,for the responsible planning of family size, in keeping with freedom,dignity and personallyheld valuesand taking into accountethicaland culturalconsiderations.Programmesshould focus on providing comprehensive health care, including pre-natalcare, education and information on health and responsible parenthood, and shouldprovide the opportunity for all women to breast-feed fully, at leastduring the first four monthspost-partum. Programmes shouldfully support women'sproductiveand reproductive roles and wellbeing,with specialattentionto the needfor providing equaland improvedhealthcarefor all childrenandthe needto reducethe risk of maternaland child mortalitv and sickness. 5.52 Consistent with nationalpriorities,culturallybased information and education programmes that transmit reproductivehealthmessages men and women that are to easilyunderstood shouldbe developed.

5.56 Proposalsshould be developedfor local, national and international population/environment programmes in line with specific needsfor achieving sr"rstainability. Where appropriate,institutional changesmust be implemented so that old-age security does not entirely dependon input from family members.

MEANS IMPLEMENTATION OF A/ FTNANC/NG AND COSTEVALUATTON 5.57 The Conferencesecretariat estimatedthe averhas age total annualcost (1993-2000) implementingthe of activitiesof this prograrnme be about $7 billion, into cluding about $3.5 billion from the international community on grantor concessional terms.Theseareindicative and order-of-magnitude estimates only and havenot beenreviewedby Governments.Actual costsand financial terms,includingany that are non-concessional, will dependupon, inter alia, the specific strategies and programmesGo'rernments decideupon for implementation.

8/ RESEARCH 5.58 Research shouldbe undenaken with a view to developingspecificactionprograrnmes; itwill benecessary to establish prioritiesbetween proposed areas research. of 5.59 Socio-demographic research should be conducted on how populations respond a changingenvironment. to 5.60 Understanding socioculturaland political factors of that can positively influence acceptance appropriate of populationpolicy instruments shouldbe improved. 5.61 Surveys changes needs appropriate of in for services relatingto responsible planningof family size,reflecting variations among different socio-economicgroups and variations in diff-erentgeographicalregions, should be undertaken.

C) CREATING ROPRIATE'NSI/IUI'ONAI. APP

coND/r,oNs5.53 Constituencies institutional and conditions facilito tatetheimplementation demographic of activities should, as appropriate,be fostered. This requires support and commitment from political, indigenous,religious and traditional authorities,the private sectorand the national scientific community. In developing theseappropriate institutional conditions, countries shouldcloselyinvolve established nationalmachineryfor women. 5.54 Populationassistance should be coordinated with bilateralandmultilateraldonorsto ensure that population needsand requirementsof all developing countriesare addressed,fully respecting the overall coordinating responsibility and the choice and strategiesof the recipientcountries. 5.55 Coordination shouldbe improvedat local andinternationallevels. Working practicesshouldbe enhanced in order to make optimum use of resources,draw on collectiveexperience improvethe irnplementation and of programmes. UNFPAandotherrelevant agencies should strengthen coordinationof internationalcooperation the activitieswith recipientand donor countriesin order to ensurethat adequatefunding is available to respondto growing needs.

C ) H U MA N E S OU R C E V E LOP ME N T R DE AND CAPACITY-BUILDING 5.62 The areas humanresource of development and capacity-building, with particular attention theeducation to and training of women, are areasof critical importance and are a very high priority in the implementation of populationprogrammes. 5.63 Workshops to help programme and project managersto link populationprogrammes other developto ment and environmental goalsshouldbe conducted. 5.64 Educational materials, includingguides/workbooks for planners and decision makers and other actors of

40

programmes, population/environment/development should be developed. 5.65 Cooperationshould be developedbetweenGovernments, scientific institutions and non-govemmentalorganizationswithin the region, and similar institutions outside the region. Cooperationwith local or:ganizations engageln should be fosteredin order to raise awareness, demonstration projects and report on the experience gained. 5.66 The recofiImendationscontained in this chapter at should in no way prejudicediscussions the Interna-

tional Conferenceon Population and Development in 1994, which will be the appropriateforum for dealing with population and development issues, taking into of accountthe recommendations the InternationalConand held in Mexico City in 1984,r ference Population, on for the Forward-looking Strategies the Advancementof Women,2adoptedby the World Conferenceto Review and Appraise the Achievementsof the United Nations Decadefor Women: Equality, Developmentand Peace, held in Nairobi in 1985.

on of the lnternationol Conference Populotion,Mexico SolesNo. City,6-14 August 1984 lUnitedNotionspublicotion, c, E . 8 4 . X l l l . 8 lh o p .l . 2 of to Report the World Conference Reviewond Approise the Achievements the United Nofions Decode for Women: of Equolity,Developmentond Peoce, Noirobi, l5-26 July 1985 ( U n i t e d o t i o n sp u b l i c o t i o n , o l e sN o . E . 8 4 . | V . 1 0 ) ,h o p . l , N S c sect.A.

'Report

4l

heolth humon ond Protecting promoting

INTRODUCTION

P R O G R A M MA R E A S E

are 6.1 Health and development intimatelyinterconleadingto povnected.Both insufficientdevelopment resultingin overcondevelopment erty andinappropriate world population, coupledwith an expanding sumption, health problemsin can result in severeenvironmental both developingand developednations. Action items the underAgenda2l must address primary healthneeds of the world's population,sincethey are integralto the and development of achievement thegoaisof sustainable care. The linkageof health,enprimary environmental requires improvements vironmental and socio-economic efforts. Suchefforts,involving education, intersectoral public works andcommunitygroups,including housing, and religious,civic schoolsand universities businesses, are and cultural c>rganizations, aimed at enablingpeople sustainable development. to in their communities ensure Particularlyrelevantis the inclusionof preventionproand grarrrmes ratherthan relying solely on remediation ought to developplansfor priority treatment.Countries in areas this chapteq actions, drawingon the programme planningby the various which are basedon cooperative organizations non-governmental levels of government, and local communities. An appropriateintemational organization,such as WHO, should coordinatethese activities. 6.2 The fbllowing programme areasare contained in this chapter: particularlyin (a) Meeting primary healthcare needs, rural areas: (b) Control of communicable diseases; (c) Protecting groups; vulnerable (d) Meetingthe urbanhealthchallenge; pollution (e) Reducing healthrisksfrom environmental and hazards.

PRITVIARY HEALTHCARENEEDS, A! 'YTEEnNG IN PARNCUTARIY RURATAREAS

FOR BASIS ACTION on 6.3 Healthultimatelydepends the ability to manage betweenthe physical.spirisuccessfully interaction the envir onm ent . tual , bi ol ogi cal and economi ci soci al Sound developmentis not possiblewithout a healthy activitiesaffect the population;yet most developmental environmentto some degree,which in tum causesor it Conversely, is the many healthproblems. exacerbates affects health the adversely very lack of developmentthat conditionof many people,which can be alleviatedonly The health sector cannot meet through development. on on basicneedsandobjectives its own; it is dependent while directdevelopment, economic andspiritual social, It ly contributingto suchdevelopment. is alsodependent on a healthyenvironment,including the provisionof a safewater supply and sanitationand the promotion of a attention safefood supplyandpropernutrition.Particular should be directed towards food safety, with priority complacedon the eliminationof food contamination; prehensive sustainable waterpoliciesto ensuresafe and to drinking water and sanitation precludeboth microbial and chemical contamination;and promotion of heal th educati on, i mmuni zati on and pro vision of reservices essential drugs.Educationand appropriate planningof family size,with respect gardingresponsible in for cultural,religiousand socialaspects, keepingwith freedom,dignity and personallyheld valuesand taking also into account ethical and cultural considerations, activities. contributeto theseintersectoral

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OBJECTIVES 6.4 Within the overall strategyto achievehealth for all by the year 2000, the objectivesare to meet the basic healthneedsof rural, peri-urban and urbanpopulations; to provide the necessaryspecialized environmental health services;and to coordinatethe involvementof citizens,the healthsector, health-related the sectors and (business, relevant non-health sectors social,educational in andreligiousinstitutions) solutions healthproblems. to coverage shouldbe As a matterof priority,healthservice need,particuachieved populationgroupsin greatest for larly thoseliving in rural areas.

(xi) Promote and strengthencommunity-based rehabilitation activities for the rural handicapped.

B) SUPPORT RESEARCH MFIHODOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT (i) Establish mechanisms sustained for communityinvolvementin environmental healthactivities,including optimization of the appropriate of community finanuse cial and humanresources; (ii) Conductenvironmental healthresearch, including behaviour researchand researchon ways to increase coverage and ensure greater utilization of servicesby peripheral, underserved and vulnerablepopulations, as appropriateto good preventionservicesand healthcare; (iii) Conduct researchinto traditional knowledge of preventiveand curativehealthpractices.

ACTIVITIES 6.5 National Governments and local authorities, with the supportof relevantnon-governmental organizations and international in organizations, the light of countries' specific conditionsand needs,should strengthen their healthsectorprogramrnes, with specialattention rural to needs, to:

MEANS IMPLEMENTATION OF A/ FTNANC/NG AND COSTEVALUATTON 6.6 The Conferencesecretariat estimatedthe averhas age total annual cost ( 1993-2000)of implementing the activities of this programmeto be about $40 billion, including about $5 billion fiom the international community on grantor concessional terms.Theseareindicative and order-of-magnitude estimates only and havenot beenreviewedby Governments. Actual costsandfinancial terms,includingany that are non-concessional, will dependupon, inter alia, the specificstrategies proand grammes Governments decideuponfbr implementation.

A) BU|LD MONTTORTNG BASTC HEALTH TNFRASTRUCTURES, AND PLANNING SYSTEMS: (i) Developandstrengthen primaryhealthcaresystems thatarepractical, community-based, scientifi y sound, call sociall-v" acceptableand appropriateto their needs and that meet basic health needsfor clean water. safe food and sanitation; (ii) Supportthe useand strengthening mechanisms of that irnprove coordinationbetweenhealth and related sectorsat all appropriate levels of government, and in communities and relevantorganizations; (iii) Developand implementrationaland affordable approaches theestablishment maintenance health to and of fac ilit ies : (iv) Ensureand, where appropnate, provision increase of socialservices suppon; (v) Develop strategies, including reliablehealth indicators. monitortheprogress evaluate effectiveto and the nessof healthprogrammes; (vit Explorewaysto financethe healthsystem based on the assessment the resources of neededand identify the variouslinancingalternatives; (vii) Promotehealtheducationin schools,information exchange, technicalsupportand training; (viii; Supportinitiativesfor self-management servof groups; icesby vulnerable (ix) Integrate traditional knowledge and experience into nationalhealthsystems, appropriate; as (x) Promotethe provisionsfor necessary logisticsfor outreach activities,particularlyin rural areas;

B/ sC/ENTIFIC AND TECHNOLAGICAL MEANS 6.7 New approaches planningand managinghealth to caresystems facilitiesshouldbe tested. and and research on ways of integratingappropriatetechnologiesinto health infrastructures supported. The developmentof scientificallysound health technologyshould enhance adaptabilityto local needsand maintainabilityby community resources, includingthe maintenance repair and of equipment usedin healthcare.Programmes facilito tate the transferand sharingof infonnation and expertise shouldbe developed, includingcommunication methods and educational materials.

C ) H U MA N E S OU R C E V E LOP MFN I R DE 6.8 Intersectoralapproachesto the reform of health personnel development shouldbe strengthened ensure to its relevance the "Health for All" stratesies. to Effortsto

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skills at the distnct level shouldbe managerial enhance develthe with the aim of ensuring systematic supported, opmentandefficient operationof the basichealthsystem' with emshort,practicaltrainingprograrnmes Intensive, community phasison skills in effectivecommunication, changeshould and organization facilitationof behaviour be developedin order to preparethe local personnelof for all sectorsinvolved in social development carrying with the eduroles. In cooperation out their respective cation sector, special health education progratrunes should be developedfbcusingon the role of women in system. the health-care

dwarfed by the indirect costsof the pandemic- mainly with the loss of income and decreased costsassociated productivity of the worktorce.The pandemicwill inhibit growth of the service and industrial sectorsand signifiand the cantlyincrease costsof humancapacity-building sector is particularly afretraining. The agricultural fectedwhere productionis labour-intensive.

OBJECTIVES 6.12 A numberof goalshavebeenformulatedthrough forums in extensiveconsultations variousinternational relevantUnited virtually all Governments, attendedby N ati ons organi zati ons(i ncl udi ng W H O , UNI CEF UNFPA, UNESCO, UNDP and the World Bank) and a Goals (innumber of non-governmentalorganizations. limited to thoselistedbelow) are recomcluding but not mendedfor implementationby all countrieswhere they to adaptation the specific with appropriate areapplicable, countryin termsof phasing,standards, situationof each with respectfor priorities and availability of res