ageing in malaysi1

8/12/2019 Ageing in Malaysi1

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AGEING IN MALAYSIA: NATIONAL POLICY AND FUTURE DIRECTION

By

Ong Fon Sim

Faculty o Bu!in"!! an# Accountancy

Uni$"%!ity o Malaya

&uala Lum'u%

May( )**+

+, INTRODUCTION

In 1990, 9% or almost half a billion of world population were over 60 years old.

By 2030, this fiure is e!pe"ted to in"rease to 1.# billion $orld Ban&, 199#'. (ue to the

broad diffusion of medi"al &nowlede and the resultant improvement in health, as well

as de"linin fertility, developin "ountries are aein mu"h faster than the developed

nations. )t present, althouh the *alaysian population has not rea"hed the aein

proportion, the aein phenomenon will eventually o""ur. By year 2020, 9.+% of its

population will be 60 years and over. he time span ta&en to rea"h an aein so"iety

may be hastened with the "ontinuous improvement in the medi"al field, the availability

and a""essibility of health "are, loner life e!pe"tan"y as well as de"linin birth rate.

According to the United Nations World Assembly on Ageing held in Vienna, 1982, 60

years and over is the c!t"o## age !sed #or deliberating iss!es on ageing$ %n &alaysia, 'olicy

ma(ers have ado'ted this demarcation in #orm!lating and im'lementing 'lans #or its senior

citi)ens$ *or the '!r'ose o# this re'ort, the c!t"o## age o# 60 is !sed altho!gh the retirement

age o# ++ seems to s!ggest that the threshold to ageing begins at ++ years o# age in

&alaysia$

&aor so!rces o# ageing incl!de declining #ertility and mortality rate, im'roved health

and li#e e-'ectancy$ .ence, indicators o# ageing incl!de increase in median age o# the'o'!lation, longer li#e e-'ectancy, and 'ro'ortion o# de'endency ratio o# elderly 'eo'le


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com'ared to the 'ro'ortion o# yo!th de'endency$ &alaysia, !st li(e other develo'ing

co!ntries in the /orld, has been e-'eriencing im'roved health, longer li#e e-'ectancy, lo/

mortality as /ell as declining #ertility$ he e##ect o# all these changes has bro!ght abo!t a

change in the demogra'hic 'ro#ile o# its 'o'!lation$ verall, the age str!ct!re #or the 'ast

three cens!s, 190, 1980 and 1991, sho/s that the 'ro'ortion o# yo!nger age gro!'s 31+years and belo/4 is decreasing /hile the 'ro'ortion o# elderly is on the rise$ he median age

/as 1$5 in 190, 21$9 in 1991 and is 'roected to increase to 2$1 in year 2020$ Within a

s'an o# 0 years 3#rom 1991 to year 20204, the median age increased averagely by 1$ 'er

decade$ he old age de'endency ratio is e-'ected to increase to 1+$ in 2020 #rom 10$+ in

190$ his is high com'ared to other A7AN co!ntries s!ch as %ndonesia 310$14, hailand

31$54, and the hili''ines 39$04, e-ce't 7inga'ore, /hich has an even higher ratio o# old age

de'endency 32$94 /hile :a'an has a de'endency ratio o# 51$+$ ver a 'eriod o# +0 years,

the median age o# &alaysian 'o'!lation /ill increase by 10 /hile the old age de'endency

ratio, by + 3;e'artment o# 7tatistics, 19984$

considered as yo!th#!l as 'roections #rom the 1990 o# the total

'o'!lation /as 60 and above 3;e'artment o# 7tatistics, 19984$ ?y year 2020 &alaysia /ill be

a mat!red society /ith 9$+> o# its 'o'!lation aged 60 and above$ Altho!gh the rate o#

increase o# its ageing 'o'!lation is not as 'henomenal as in co!ntries s!ch as


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D -amine the role o# civil society or NFs in 'roviding in'!ts into the #orm!lation o#

'olicyE and

D ;isc!ss the li(ely develo'ments /ith res'ect to 'olicies and 'rograms #or the

elderly and s!ggest recommendations #or the consideration o# 'olicy ma(ers

M"t/o#ology

his re'ort relies heavily on secondary data as /ell as disc!ssions and intervie/s /ith

e-'erts in s'eci#ic areas s!ch as social sec!rity, health care and social services$ As iss!es

concerning the elderly are m!ltidisci'linary in nat!re, data and in#ormation are obtained #rom

di##erent ministries and de'artments$ ;ata 'ertaining to the elderly are dra/n #rom the

'o'!lation cens!s cond!cted in 1980 and 1991$ he cens!s cond!cted in year 2000 has yet

to be '!blished$ he only disadvantage abo!t !sing the cens!s is that it does not cover

details abo!t iss!es s'eci#ic to the elderly s!ch as their health stat!s 3morbidity and mobility,

activities o# daily living etc4, their contrib!tion to/ards society and #amily, involvement in social

and charitable activities etc$ Where data ga's e-ist, they are s!''lemented /ith research

#indings #rom smaller st!dies /ith limited geogra'hical coverage$ Altho!gh these st!dies may

be small, the #indings 'rovide !se#!l in#ormation and hint at im'lications #or 'olicy ma(ing$

Lit"%atu%" R"$i"0

o'!lation ageing is re'resented by an increase in the relative n!mber o# older

'ersons in a 'o'!lation$ reatment o# 'o'!lation ageing is com'licated by the #act that

'o'!lation ageing is a concomitant o# the a''roach o# a 'o'!lation to stationarity, and that

some e##ects o# each 'henomenon are rein#orced by those o# the other 3


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he increase in the 60"and"over 'o'!lation in the ind!striali)ed nations o# !ro'e and North

America has generally o!t'aced total 'o'!lation gro/th in recent decades$

he 'ro'ortion o# older 'ersons to the total 'o'!lation di##ers bet/een Asian

co!ntries, #rom abo!t 5 'ercent o# the 'o'!lation in


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o# social sec!rity schemes among di##erent co!ntries even /hen their economic develo'ment

are com'arable$ his st!dy regresses social sec!rity bene#its relative to F; and 'er ca'ita

income$ *indings s!ggest that the com'ositional change in so!rces o# s!''ort #or the elderly

over the co!rse o# economic develo'ment is a##ected by a n!mber o# non"economic #actors,

incl!ding demogra'hic, socio"c!lt!ral, ideological and historical ones$ his st!dy #o!nd thatsocial sec!rity 'rograms in the develo'ing /orld have limited coverage$ 7t!dies by &artin

319884 and :ones 319884 #!rther s!bstantiated this 'oint$ hey #o!nd that only 'ercent o# the

/or(ing 'o'!lation is covered by 'ensions in hailand, 11$+ 'ercent in %ndonesia, and 22$8

'ercent in


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ca'acity o# individ!al, the gro!' and the environment to interact /ith one another to 'romote

s!bective /ell"being and o'timal #!nctioning, and the !se o# cognitive, a##ective and rational

abilities to/ards the achievement o# individ!al and collective goals consistent /ith !stice

3&inistry o# .ealth, &alaysia 20004$ ;e'ression, /hich is a '!blic health 'roblem, a''ears to

be the most common o# the #!nctional 'sychiatric disorders in the later years, yet it is noto#ten recogni)ed in older 'eo'le 3art 199C1264$ ;ementia dominates old age 'sychiatry$

*e/ elderly 'ersons esca'e the acc!m!lation o# chronic 'athologies and long term

non"#atal diseases, /hich are degenerative in nat!re, as they gro/ older$


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vie/s abo!t the 'ositive val!e in terms o# G!ality o# li#e o# being at home$ here /as a general

reaction against instit!tional care, /hich led to the belie# that alternatives /ere made available

#or both e-isting and 'otential inhabitants o# instit!tions$ 7econdly, there /ere 'ractical

'roblems s!ch as di##ic!lty in obtaining man'o/er$ hird, there /as no necessity to se'arate

the elderly #rom society$ *o!rth, the cost o# instit!tional care is rather high$ *inally, there /asa gro/ing recognition that 'eo'le had the right to live among society and not isolated in an

instit!tion 3in(er 19964$

here seems to be a lac( o# satis#actory de#inition o# comm!nity care and some

con#!sion to its meaning$ here is a narro/ de#inition o# comm!nity care as the 'rovision o#

domiciliary rather than instit!tional services and there is the ill"de#ined co)y 'ict!re o# a gro!'

o# local 'eo'le Icaring= #or their neighbors 3in(er, 19964$ he /ider de#inition o# comm!nity

care came #rom the 7eebohm Be'ort 3in(er 19964$ he o##icial de#inition is comm!nity care

re#ers to treatment and care o!tside hos'itals or residential homes 3.ome ##ice et al 1968 in

in(er 19964$ %t /as also noted that the notion o# comm!nity care im'lies the e-istence o# a

net/or( o# reci'rocal social relationshi's, /hich among other things ens!re m!t!al aid and

give those /ho e-'erience it a sense o# /ell"being$ hese comm!nity services incl!de

comm!nity n!rsing, occ!'ational and s'eech thera'y, 'hysiothera'y and 'harmace!tical,

o'hthalmic, chiro'ody and dental services and services #or 'eo'le /ith hearing loss$ hese

services are highly val!ed by 'atients b!t are o#ten overloo(ed in long term 'lanning$

rgani)ation o# Be'ort

7ection % introd!ces the broad sit!ation o# 'o'!lation ageing aro!nd the /orld and in

&alaysia$ %t also states the obectives o# st!dy, describes brie#ly the methodology em'loyed,

and revie/s the literat!re on ageing$ %n 7ection %%, the 'ro#ile, demogra'hic, economic and

health, o# the elderly brings #orth the reality o# ageing in &alaysia$ he National olicy #or the

lderly 199+ is o!tlined in this section$ Ageing, reG!iring a m!ltidisci'linary a''roach has to

be e-amined #rom di##erent 'ers'ectivesC social sec!rity is disc!ssed in 7ection %%%, health

care in 7ection %V$


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ro#ile o# Ageing

Ageing by Geographical Distribution

Within the nation, the rate o# gro/th o# senior citi)ens is di##erent, /ith the r!ral

'o'!lation #acing a higher rate o# gro/th com'ared to the !rban 'o'!lation$ %n 1991, the rate

o# gro/th o# ageing 'o'!lation in the r!ral areas is 6$+> com'ared to +$> in the !rban areas

3;e'artment o# 7tatistics, 19984$ his is d!e in 'art to the o!t"migration o# yo!ng r!ral

'o'!lation to the !rban areas in search #or em'loyment and ed!cation o''ort!nities, leaving

behind the elderly$ he states that have a higher incidence o# ageing incl!de erlis, era(,

&ela(a, !la! inang, and edah, in /hich the 'ro'ortion o# ageing 'o'!lation is >

com'ared to the national average o# +$9> in 1991 3;e'artment o# 7tatistics, 19984$ 7tates

that receive large n!mbers o# internal migrants, /ho are !s!ally yo!ng, as /ell as #oreign

migrant /or(ers sho/ a signi#icantly lo/er 'ro'ortion o# elderly 'eo'le$ hese states incl!de

7elangor, *ederal erritory o# !ala @!m'!r, 7abah, and *ederal erritory o# @ab!an$

Ethnic Variations

;!e in 'art to the inter"gro!' socio"economic di##erences, as /ell as the in#l!ence o#

historical, instit!tional, and economic #actors, e-'eriences o# demogra'hic transition vary inboth intensity and timing among the three maor ethnic gro!'s$ Among them, ageing is

signi#icantly more serio!s among the


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+33+ )*)*

Et/nic G%ou' U%-an Ru%al Total -umber 45***6 er "ent

P"% c"nt

Malaysian citizens

?!mi'!tera $+ 6$6 +$5 ++2$1 $9

* ? )*)*


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Y"a% Total Num-"%! 45***6 @ @ G%o0t/ Rat"

45***6Young8 Ol#8 Young8 Ol#8 Young8 Ol#8

Ol# ol# ol# ol# ol# Ol#

1980 5+$2 605$+ 150$ 81$1 18$9 " "

1991 1,02$ 81$1 219$2 8$8 21$1 2$ 5$0

2000 1,518$2 1,1+0$8 26$5 81$1 18$9 $9 2$2

2010 2,06$1 1,688$5 8$ 81$ 18$ $8 $

2020 ,209$8 2,6+$0 +5$8 82$1 1$9 5$+ $9

7o!rceC 7enior


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'eo'le the ratio o# male to #emale elderly 'ersons /as 102$8 in 190 and it dro''ed to 88$0 in

2000 and is e-'ected to decrease to 8$8 in 2020$ he


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Ta-l" =: P"%c"ntag" Di!t%i-ution o S"nio% Citi2"n! -y Ma%ital Statu!( S" an#

B%oa# Ag" G%ou'( Malay!ia( +33+

Ma%ital Statu! Mal" F"mal" Total

60"5 +J otal 60"5 +J otal 60"5 +J otal

Kears years years years years years

Never married 2$1 2$0 2$0 1$+ 1$+ 1$+ 1$8 1$ 1$8

Wido/ed 9$ 25$8 12$5 5+$2 0$2 +0$ 28$0 59$8 2$8

;ivorcedL'ermanently 1$ 2$1 1$5 $6 5$ $8 2$+ $ 2$

7e'arated

otal 100$0 100$0 100$0 100$0 100$0 100$0 100$0 100$0 100$0

7o!rceC 7enior


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Ta-l" : P"%c"ntag" Di!t%i-ution o S"nio% Citi2"n! -y E#ucation L"$"l( Malay!ia(

+3;*( +3>*( +33+ an# )*)*

E#ucation l"$"l +3;* +3>* +33+ )*)*

No schooling +$0 $2 6$1MM 20$MM

rimary 22$ 2$1 1$+ 5+$+

@o/er secondary 1$ 1$8 2$5 1+$1

U''er secondary 1$2 1$+ 2$1 1$2

ertiary 0$ 0$5 0$9 +$9

otal 100$0 100$0 100$0 100$0

% Appro&imate estimation

%% 'nclu!es one percent o" cases (here e!ucational le$el (as un)no(n

7o!rceC 7enior


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sho/s that labor #orce 'artici'ation rate 3@*B4 declined #rom 9$1 in 1980 to 2+$6 in 1991$ %n

absol!te n!mbers, total n!mber decreased #rom 290 tho!sand in 1980 to 26 tho!sand in

1991 3;e'artment o# 7tatistics 19984$ %n the case o# #emales, the decrease has been even #ar

more signi#icant /ith a decline o# almost +0> #rom 1980 to 1991$ ven among the yo!ng olds

3aged 60"654, @*B sho/ed a decline #rom 69 'er cent to +6 'er cent among the males and#rom 2 'er cent to 16 'er cent #or the #emales$

Ta-l" ;: La-o% Fo%c" Pa%tici'ation Rat"! 4LFPR6 o S"nio% Citi2"n! By S"(

an# Ag" G%ou'( Malay!ia( +3;*( +3>* an# +33+

Y"a% an# ag" Mal" F"mal" Total

190 +5$ 18$5 $

1980 +6$8 21$8 9$1

1991 51$9 10$9 2+$6

1980

60"65 69$5 26$ 5$

6+J years 59$ 19$0 5$2

1991

60"65 ++$6 16$1 +$2

6+J years $8 8$1 20$1

7o!rceC 7enior


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able 8C ercentage ;istrib!tion o# m'loyed 7enior


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/el#are o# the elderly in &alaysia$ hey incl!deC social and recreational, health, ed!cation and

training, religion, ho!sing and research$ ;etails o# the 'rograms !nder each s!b"committee

are 'rovided in A''endi- A$ ?esides 'olicy, 'rograms and activities, a monitoring system has

been '!t in 'lace to monitor the 'rogress o# all activities #or the 'eriod 199"200+$ his

control mechanism 'rovides chec(s and balance as /ell as eval!ates the 'rogress o#'rograms and activities$ Vario!s ministries and de'artments !nderta(e action 'lans and

activities #or the elderly, b!t the agency that oversees all matters is the ;e'artment o# 7ocial

Wel#are$ his /ill ens!re that ga's and short#alls are identi#ied and corrective actions ta(en

#or #!t!re develo'ment o# a s!stainable national 'olicy #or the elderly$

Altho!gh the National olicy #or the lderly is a great ste' #or/ard in 're'aring the

&alaysian society #or a transition into an ageing society, one maor iss!e that a##ects the

/el#are o# the elderly is cons'ic!o!sly absent #rom the olicy " social sec!rity /hich is

incl!ded as a s!b"'rogram$ Altho!gh health care receives s!bstantial attention, the #inancing

as'ect is not covered$ he em'hasis o# the olicy a''ears to be on social as'ects, not

denying that these too contrib!te to/ard the /ell"being o# the elderly$

$ 7


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ension

ension is a non"contrib!tory social sec!rity scheme #or government em'loyees$

ensions e-'endit!re is /holly borne by the *ederal Fovernment thro!gh ann!al allocation

#rom the *ederal ?!dget$ %t is the 'ay"as"yo!"go 'lan$ An em'loyee /ho has served at least10 years is entitled to receive a li#e"long monthly 'ension !'on retirement$ he G!ant!m

receivable by an em'loyee /ho has com'leted at least 2+ years o# service is hal# o# the last

dra/n salary$ his scheme serves not only as a sec!rity #or old age, it is designed to 'rovide

#inancial assistance to the de'endents o# those in the Fovernment service in the event that

the government em'loyee 'asses a/ay /hile in service or a#ter retirement$ %t also 'rovides

com'ensation to o##icers /ho are #orced to retire or 'ass a/ay d!e to in!ries or sic(ness in

the co!rse o# 'er#orming their o##icial d!ties$ he ty'es o# retirement bene#its o##ered in the

'ension scheme incl!de service 'ension and service grat!ity /hich is a l!m' s!m 'ayment

granted to a 'ensionable o##icer !'on retirement$ he other ty'e o# bene#it is in the #orm o#

derivative 'ension, /hich is granted to the /ido/L/ido/erLchild o# a 'ermanent and

con#irmed o##icer /ho dies in service$ 7imilarly, derivative grat!ity is 'ayable to the

/ido/L/ido/er, child,and motherLde'endant #ather o# the deceased or legal 'ersonal

re'resentative o# the deceased o##icer i# the o##icer dies in service$ %t is a sa#ety net #or the

/ido/ed s'o!ses and it is 'artic!larly bene#icial in 'roviding #or the #emales as they generally

e-'erience a higher incidence o# /ido/hood$ %n terms o# coverage, only less than one

'ercent o# the 'eo'le are 'rotected$

%n vie/ o# the large 'ension 'ayo!t, the government has ta(en ste's to ens!re that

'ensions 'ayment do not become a b!rden #or the government in the #!t!re$ As s!ch a he

ensions r!st *!nd /as set !' in 1991 !nder the ensions r!st *!nd Act, 1991$

m'loyee rovident *!nd 3*4

he * is a r!st *!nd 3#!nctions as a tr!stee #or its members4 established !nder

the * rdinance, 19+1$ %t /as amended to the * Act in 1991$ he * is a de#ined

contrib!tion 'lan based on a 'rescribed rate o# contrib!tion by em'loyers and em'loyees,

acc!m!lated as savings in a 'ersonal acco!nt and #!ll /ithdra/al !'on retirement$ he

scheme is mandatory #or those in the #ormal sector, b!t it also allo/s those /ho are sel#"

em'loyed to contrib!te to/ards the #!nd$ his #le-ibility is aimed at enco!raging savings #or

old age$ he rate o# contrib!tion is 12> and 11> #or em'loyers and em'loyees res'ectively,

regardless o# age o# em'loyee$ he rate o# contrib!tion has increased si- 'ercentage 'oints

over the last t/o decades$


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.o/ever, * members can choose to contrib!te the revised rate o# 9> or the old rate at

11>$

he * is str!ct!red into three ty'es o# acco!nts, namely Acco!nt % 360>4, Acco!nt

%% 30>4 and Acco!nt %%% 310>4$ ach acco!nt is designed to serve the di##erent needs o#contrib!tors and conditions !nder /hich a certain amo!nt can be /ithdra/n #rom these

acco!nts are as #ollo/sC

D Acco!nt % constit!tes 60> o# member=s savings #or retirement in accordance to the

'rimary obective o# the scheme, i$e$, to ens!re that members have s!##icient cash

savings #or retirement$ U' to 20> o# the balance in Acco!nt % can be trans#erred #or

investment '!r'oses$ his is a ne/ #eat!re introd!ced in 1996 to allo/ contrib!tors

to invest !nder &embers= 7aving %nvestment 7cheme$

D Acco!nt %% allo/s a member to /ithdra/ hisLher savings once #or b!ying or b!ilding

a ho!se$ his /ithdra/al is limited to 20> o# the 'rice o# the ho!se or 5+> o# the

savings b!t not e-ceeding B&20,000$ *!rther /ithdra/als to red!ce or to settle

balance o# the ho!sing loan is allo/ed every #ive years #rom the date o# the 'revio!s

/ithdra/al !ntil the member attains the age o# ++ years$ Under this acco!nt,

members /ill also be allo/ed to /ithdra/ some money to #inance the cost o# their

children=s ed!cation$

D Acco!nt %%% is intended to hel' members to 'ay #or their medical e-'enses o# critical

illness$ his assistance in the #orm o# emergency medical e-'enses allo/s 10> o#

contrib!tion to be /ithdra/n and it is not limited to the member only, b!t is e-tended

to member=s s'o!se, children, 'arents and siblings$

As the * aims to cater to non"'ensionable em'loyees #or #inancial sec!rity !'on retirement

and to assist them thro!gh till the end, it introd!ced the eriodical ayment Withdra/al

7cheme in 1995 to allo/ members /ho have reached retirement age to /ithdra/ their

savings 'eriodically 3once a month4, !ntil all savings are /ithdra/n$ his is similar to the

monthly 'ayment #or government 'ensions$ .o/ever, this scheme is not 'o'!lar 3Ne/ 7traits

imes, 9$+$994$ As at ;ecember 1, 1999, only 16 members re'resenting 0$25 'er cent o#

overall members o'ted #or the l!m'"s!m 'ayment have chosen the monthly 'ayment o'tion

3he dge, ersonal &oney, 6$11$2000, '$ 264$ ?esides the l!m' s!m /ithdra/al at

retirement and the 'eriodic 'ayment, the * also 'rovides t/o other schemes$ ne o# the

other t/o o'tions is 'art l!m' s!m and 'art 'eriodic 'ayment /hile the other allo/s

contrib!tors to maintain the 'rinci'al amo!nt /ith *, /ithdra/ing only the ann!al

dividends$


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%n :!ly 2000 * introd!ced yet another o'tion, /hich is the ann!ity scheme

com'rising t/o ty'es o# schemes to s!it the 're#erence o# contrib!tors$ he #irst one is (no/n

as the 8$26 58$>
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1996 8$0+ 5$18 +1$9> 8$65 58$5>

199 8$2 5$1 +2$1> 9$05 5$>

1998 9$16 5$66 +0$9> 8$88 +2$+>

1999 9$+5 5$8 +0$1> 9$01 +$1>

7o!rceC m'loyees rovident *!nd Ann!al Be'ort 1999

Economic eport .//01// 2 344414.5 Ministry o" ,inance

he relevance o# the * scheme #or the 'resent cohort o# elderly as a so!rce o#

#inancial s!''ort thro!gh till the end may not be signi#icant$ here are three reasons #or thisC

#irstly, a large 'ro'ortion o# the elderly in the 'resent cohort are in the in#ormal sector in /hich

contrib!tion is not made mandatory$ Altho!gh they are given a choice to ma(e contrib!tions

to/ard their old age, most do not do so d!e 'robably to their #inancial needs and alternative

aven!es o# !tili)ation o# #!nds$ Wor(ers in the in#ormal sector /here retirement does not

a''ly, !s!ally /or( !ntil they are !nable to do so d!e to ill health$ 7econdly, there al/ays

remains the G!estion o# /hether 'eo'le /ill have eno!gh in their * acco!nt to see them

thro!gh till the end, i# * is the only so!rce o# income 3&ehta, 1994$ Bising cost associated

/ith longer li#e e-'ectancy and the e##ect o# in#lation /ill diminish the si)e o# savings$ %t is then

essential to raise the G!estion o# adeG!acy$ Unli(e the sit!ation in &alaysia, the elderly

'eo'le in develo'ed co!ntries are /ell 'rotected in their old age #inancially$ *or e-am'le, in

the U7, in 195 over 90> o# all #amilies /hose head /as 6+ years and older /ere receiving

social sec!rity bene#its$ Abo!t 0> /ere receiving income either #rom 'rivate 'ensions,

ann!ities, or other #orms o# 'rivately attained income, income #rom acc!m!lated assets, #rom

dra/ing do/n their stoc( o# /ealth, and or #rom c!rrent earnings 3 o# the last dra/n salary$ 7im!lations cond!cted in 199+ on vario!s categories o#

contrib!tors sho/ that the monthly ann!ity 'ayment receivable #or a 'eriod o# 20 years #or the

man!al, clerical and e-ec!tive categories /ere +8>, +> and 50> o# the last dra/n salary

be#ore retirement, res'ectively, indicating a s!##icient level o# re'lacement rate 3!mar 19964$


21/57

As a social sec!rity instit!tion, the main concern o# the * is ho/ it can overcome

the inadeG!acies o# the schemes in order #or it to 'rovide adeG!ate long"term retirement

savings #or its members and de'endents$ *or a start, Acco!nt % /here 60> o# the 'ool o#

monies available to members sho!ld be set aside and can only be dra/n !'on reaching

retirement age instead o# the 'resent arrangement that allo/s #or 20> /ithdra/al #orinvestment$ his ens!res that 'remat!re /ithdra/als are limited only to 50> o# total savings

3he dge, ersonal &oney, 2$10$2000, '$ 284$ %n addition, the amo!nt 'ermissible #or 're"

retirement /ithdra/al !nder the remaining acco!nt sho!ld be revie/ed #!rther$ &ore stringent

conditions can be introd!ced as a meas!re to/ard ens!ring adeG!acy #or old age$

7avings, %nvestments and %ns!rance

A'art #rom social sec!rity as the 'rimary so!rce o# income #or the aged, savings,

'ersonal li#e ins!rance and !nit tr!st #!nds are alternative #orms o# so!rces o# 'rotection

available to the elderly$ he national investment schemes 'rovide attractive ret!rns /ith the

aim to enco!rage /ider 'artici'ation, 'artic!larly, 'artici'ation #rom the lo/er income gro!'$

All these are vol!ntary schemes and hence individ!al decision is critical in in#l!encing

'artici'ation$

%ns!rance is another alternative to/ard saving #or old age, altho!gh it 'rovides

'rotection to other sections o# the 'o'!lation as /ell$ %ns!rance is a /ay o# 'rotection against

interr!'tion or elimination o# earning ca'acity o# h!man, ca'ital and 'ro'erty reso!rces$ %t is

!sed as a shield against !ne-'ected e-'enses that might diminish dis'osable income

available #or #inancial 'lanning obectives incl!ding those #or retirement$ ossessing an

ins!rance 'olicy minimi)es and ens!res against !nnecessary economic hardshi's d!ring

ones /or(ing li#e as /ell as d!ring retirement$ No s'eci#ic ins!rance scheme is tailored #or the

elderly$ he ty'e o# ins!rance s!itable #or old age 'rotection is the endo/ment 'olicy or the

investment"lin(ed ones$ A s!rvey carried o!t by aylor Nelson 7o#res *inancial &onitor to

investigate the o/nershi' by ins!rance ty'e in &alaysia is as sho/n in *ig!re 1$ he

coverage !nder li#e ins!rance is only > o# /hich details abo!t the ins!red are not available$

;!e to data limitation, there is no /ay o# assessing the e-tent o# 'rotection available to the

elderly$

Figu%" +: O0n"%!/i' -y In!u%anc" Ty'"


22/57

Source: *he E!ge5 +ersonal Money5 ctober 65 .///5 p78

#. /) )/

.ealth is im'ortant sim'ly beca!se it a##ects the elderly directly in that the lin(

bet/een 'hysical health and li#e satis#action have long been made 3almore and ivett 194$

%n 'ersonal terms, ill health can bring many lossesC the loss o# inde'endence and a!tonomy,

loss o# mobility, loss o# dignity and 'rivacy, and loss o# con#idence and sel#"esteem 37idell

199+4$ %ndirectly, the iss!e o# health a##ects the #ormation o# h!man ca'ital, ho!sehold and

government b!dgets$ he mobili)ation o# reso!rces #or health care #or the elderly is an

o''ort!nity cost that co!ld other/ise be em'loyed in alternative a''lications$ here#ore, the

iss!e o# health is m!ch o# a matter o# '!blic 'olicy debate$

&!ch o# the concern e-'ressed over the iss!e o# health and ageing 'o'!lation is the

b!rden that this '!ts on the health care system$ With the increasing 'ro'ortion o# elderly in

&alaysia and im'rovement in li#e e-'ectancy, care #or the elderly /ill have to be 'rovided by

ad!lt children /ho /o!ld 'robably be in their #i#ties and si-ties Q /ho are either entering or

already in the aged gro!' 3Nor Aini 1994$ his ca!ses strain on caregivers /ho might have

health 'roblems o# their o/n and yet have to care #or the elderly /ho are li(ely to s!##er #rom

chronic illnesses$ While the demand #or health and medical 'rod!cts and services /ill be

increasing, the costs o# obtaining care are also rising$

.ealth 7tat!s o# he lderly in &alaysia

?ased on sel#"assessment, maority o# the elderly #elt that they /ere healthy /ith a

higher 'ercentage o# the !rban elderly com'ared to r!ral elderly e-'ressed the same 3


23/57

et al$ 1986, o# the

elderly 'eo'le indicted that they have s'eci#ic health 'roblems, /ith a higher 'ercentage o#

/omen com'ared to men indicated so$ .igh blood 'ress!re seemed to be the most common

'roblem a##ecting them$ Again, more o# the #emales /ere a##ected com'ared to males$ While

rhe!matism /as a 'roblem #or /omen, it hardly a##ected the males$ :oint 'roblems also seem

to a##ect the #emales more than the males 3


24/57

/al(ing distance

Fo sho''ing 1134 1+364 263+4 1534 193194 364 +9364

.andle o/n money 8324 +3+4 134 324 113114 18354 134

at 130$4 1314 230$54 1304 2324 30$64 +30$+4

;ress sel# 130$4 +3+4 6314 0304 2324 230$54 830$84

a(e care o#a''earance 130$4 34 5314 0304 2324 230$54 630$64

Wal( 2314 1314 30$64 130$24 5354 +314 830$84

Fet inLo!t o# bed 0304 1314 130$24 0304 34 30$64 530$54

a(e bath 130$4 5354 +314 0304 34 30$64 830$84

Fet to toilet ontime 1234 8394 20354 9324 9394 18354 8354

7am'le si)e 96 9 589 511 101 +12 1001

7o!rceC


25/57

7lee' di##ic!lties 1103284 63394 156304 1+0364 503504 19034 6364

Worried"tense +93+4 183194 3164 11+3284 2324 153294 2253224

@ost interest 108324 93524 15304 1193294 513514 160314 0314

;e'ressed 134 +3+4 18354 8324 1314 9324 234

*eels tired 163514 53+14 210354 2093+14 +63++4 26+3++4 5+354

*orget#!l +023+24 +3+4 2+83+4 2593614 693694 183624 +63+84

.ears things 6324 34 9324 6314 +3+4 11324 20324

7ees things 8324 2324 10324 6314 +3+4 11324 21324

aranoid 324 34 10324 1134 1314 12324 22324

7am'le si)e 96 9 589 511 101 +12 1001

7o!rceC


26/57

o# /omen indicated that they smo(ed 1+ or more cigarettes 'er day$ ?!t many o# them /ere

light smo(ers, b!rning only less than 1+ cigarettes a day$

Use o# .ealth 7ervices

n the average, &alaysians= visit to the '!blic and 'rivate 'rimary care service sector

is abo!t 2$ visits 'er year$ he elderly made an average o# 6 visits 'er year 3e-'ertise, only three geriatricians, three gerontologists and 2 'sycho"geriatricians to care #or

the increasing n!mber o# elderly 3able 124$

able 124 )vailable rained *anpower in ealth are for the /lderly


27/57

Cat"go%y Num-"%

Feriatricians

Ferontologists

sycho"geriatricians 2

Behabilitation hysicians +

hysiothera'ists 260

cc!'ational thera'ists 120

7'eech thera'ists 15


28/57

he net/or( o# hos'itals and clinics in the co!ntry 'rovide medical and health care to

all age gro!'s, incl!ding the elderly$ As 'art o# the caring society conce't, 'arents o# civil

servants are given #ree medical services in government hos'itals$ Behabilitative services

s!ch as 'hysiothera'y and occ!'ational thera'y are 'rovided to older 'eo'le as a s!''ort

service$ .o/ever, this #acility is not available in the r!ral areas$ here are no s'ecial hos'ital,#acilities or /ards allocated #or elderly 'eo'le$ he only available s'ecial service to the elderly

is the s'ecial co!nter created #or the elderly to receive medications$

*inancing #or .ealth


29/57

1996 ,01+ 5,86+ 6$9 15,825 20$

199 ,28 55,66+ $ 1+,0+1 21$8

1998 ,1 55,+8+ $+ 1+,062 22$1

19991 ,626 56,699 $8 16,612 21$8

20002 5,050 +8,206 6$9 1,896 22$6

1 estimated act!al

2 latest estimate

7o!rceC conomic Be'ort 1998L99 Q 2000L01, &inistry o# *inance

A national s!rvey has been cond!cted on ho!sehold health e-'endit!re, ho/ever, it

is most !n#ort!nate that data are 'rivy to the s'onsoring body and are not made available to

the '!blic$ his lac( o# in#ormation #or health e-'endit!re is not !niG!e to &alaysia, as it has

also been re'orted in many develo'ing co!ntries 3Ne/brander,


30/57

.ealth


31/57

'roected man'o/er needs is also 'lanned$ %n addition, a #ocal 'oint #or

coordinating research activities in medical and social as'ects o# the elderly /ill be

established to ens!re coordinated research to/ards iss!es a##ecting the elderly$

3iv4 rogram 'lanning, monitoring, coordination and eval!ation Q As ro!tine datacollection does not meet the in#ormation needs, actions sho!ld be directed to

correct data ga's$ Action 'lan is in 'lace #or 'ro'er data collection in hos'itals

and health centers in order to obtain more acc!rate in#ormation abo!t the elderly

'eo'le$ 7trategies incl!de setting !' a s'ecial Unit on .ealth


32/57

incontinence, day care n!rsing, and comm!nity ed!cation on iss!es associated

/ith health o# the elderly$

3vi4 .os'ital"based activitiesC ac!te medical care, long"term care, 'sycho"geriatric

care, thera'y, 'atient ed!cation, etc$ are initiated$

3vii4 lans #or 199 to year 2000 incl!de t/o main servicesC hos'ital services and

health centers or comm!nity health services, /hich are mainly delivered by the

;e'artment o# 7ocial Wel#are, NFs, 'rivate and vol!ntary organi)ations$

%t is obvio!s that m!ch needs to be done #or the elderly in terms o# health care and the

'rograms initiated by the government are slo/ing evolving to/ard meeting the needs o# an

emerging large gro!' o# v!lnerable 'eo'le Q the elderly$

elderly are 'rovided as 'art o# the health care services in a non"s'eciali)ed and non"

str!ct!red manner 3Nor Aini 1994, altho!gh indications 'oint to the more s'eci#ic care #or the

elderly in the #!t!re$


33/57

members o# the #amily d!e to the increase in #emale labor #orce 'artici'ation, and the smaller

#amily si)e have created greater 'ress!re on #amily as care givers$ his develo'ment has

some/hat served as a catalyst #or the develo'ment o# instit!tional care$ As instit!tional care

is only accessible to those /ho can a##ord 3in the case o# 'rivate n!rsing homes4, mostly

available only in the !rban areas, and the arg!ment #or the elderly to remain /ith thecomm!nity herald the emergence o# comm!nity care #or the elderly in the #ast ind!striali)ing

society o# &alaysia$ Admission to '!blic old 'ersons= homes !nder the &inistry o# 7ocial

Wel#are is the last resort and it is 'rovided to elderly /ho have no heirs and no o/n shelter, or

to those /ho are destit!te$ ?et/een those /ho have the means to '!rchase services and

those /ho have limited #inancial reso!rces, there e-ists a need ga' by those /ho cannot be

classi#ied into either o# these t/o e-tremes$

his 'art o# the re'ort disc!sses '!blic sector involvement in 'roviding social

services to the elderly$ Bole and activities o# NFs and #amily /ill be covered in art %% o# the

Be'ort, !nder long"term care$

Social


34/57

50 Q +0 2 22 256 2+1 2+8

+0 Q 60 569 522 99 88 80

* ? ;* =+ =)< =)= =

;* ? >* )* )3< > 3


35/57

-ternal 7ervices, ;e'artment o# 7ocial Wel#are

Beg!lations on


36/57

elderly as b!siness and there#ore had to be carried o!t in designated commercial 'ro'erties$

With the rela-ation o# the r!le in the early 1990s, residential 'ro'erties are 'ermitted to

o'erate as homes #or the elderly$ .o/ever, the validity o# their licenses is on a year"to"year

basis /ith the condition that the neighbors do not com'lain$ he !ncertainty associated /ith

licensing a##ects the G!ality o# home and care #or the elderly in that o'erators o# these homesare not /illing to commit investment on !'grading #acilities, !st in case that the licenses are

revo(ed$

ommunity are

he role o# comm!nity care and NFs /ill not be covered in detail in this re'ort$ ver

the years, comm!nity care has e-'anded both in sco'e and scale$


37/57

side, the 'henomenon o# ageing m!st be vie/ed in the right 'ers'ectives that it deserves d!e

to the many m!lti'le and com'le- im'lications$

Ageing is both a health and a social"economic iss!e$ he im'ortance o# this

interrelationshi' #or the elderly is most #!ndamental to the /ell"being o# the elderly$ o lead aninde'endent li#e and be able to 'artici'ate in 'rod!ctive ageing, the elderly need some basic

s(ills #or day to day living that incl!de the ability to !nderta(e social activities, and 'er#orm

domestic and 'ersonal tas(s 3Aro(iasamy 1994$ here#ore, the #oc!s o# 'olicies and

'rograms #or the elderly sho!ld ta(e into consideration the relationshi' o# health and socio"

economic state$

%m'lications o# Ageing

Social Security

%n &alaysia, the social sec!rity covers only em'loyees in the #ormal sector$ ension

scheme 'rovides coverage to civil servants /hile the * gives 'rotection to 'rivate sector

em'loyees$ he 'ercentage o# total em'loyed 'ersons covered by these t/o schemes is 61$8

'er cent leaving the remaining 8$2 'er cent /itho!t (no/n so!rce o# coverage 3@abor *orce

7!rvey Be'ort, 19984$ Altho!gh the government has initiated vol!ntary contrib!tion in 19 to

enco!rage those in the in#ormal sector to contrib!te to *, the 'ercentage o# sel#"em'loyed

that o'ted #or this vol!ntary contrib!tion /as negligible$ # the 2$29 million o# sel#"em'loyed,

only 2,0 have registered /ith * in 1998 3!mar 19994$ As this /or(s on a vol!ntary

contrib!tion basis, the ta(e"!' rate largely de'ends on #irstly, the a/areness abo!t the

im'ortance o# saving #or old age, the #inancial reG!irements o# individ!als, alternative !se o#

#inancial reso!rces, as /ell as the availability o# other income so!rces$ /o maor obstacles

that need to be overcome /hen introd!cing social sec!rity in the in#ormal sector areC

e-'anding coverage to maority in the in#ormal sector, in 'artic!lar those /hose income are

seasonal 3#armers and #ishermen4, and monitoring com'liance among these contrib!tors$

%ncomeper seis only 'art o# the eG!ation in 'rotection$ he other im'ortant iss!e is

adeG!acy$ *or *, the re'lacement rate o# slightly more than +0> is considered adeG!ate$

Altho!gh the re'lacement rate o# slightly more than +0> #or * is considered adeG!ate, the

G!estion remains as to ho/ the l!m' s!m /ithdra/al can be best investedLsaved till the end

o# li#e$ .ere, the government has introd!ced the ann!ity scheme #or * members, b!t the

s!ccess or the lac( o# it can only be assessed in the #!t!re$

Health an! Health ,inancing


38/57

%n &alaysia, A National .ealth #or the lderly


39/57

care and services to the elderly$ G!ally im'ortant is the delivery mechanism that m!st ta(e

into acco!nt geogra'hical se'aration, and the varying needs o# di##ering gro!'s s!ch as

/omen /ho are 'artic!larly v!lnerable and the old"old /ho have more needs com'ared to

the yo!ng old /ho are li(ely to be more inde'endent$

Notable 'rogress has been made over the years as is evident in the develo'ment o#

care #or the elderly$ &alaysia /as classi#ied together /ith the Be'!blic o# orea and F!am,

as co!ntries that have more recent initiatives in the develo'ment o# health services 3W.,

19984$ %t is ho'ed that &alaysia /ill soon advance into a co!ntry that has an established

system o# care #or the elderly, not only in terms o# health, b!t also in other areas that a##ect

the overall G!ality o# li#e o# the elderly$

%n attem'ting to 'redict the #!t!re direction #or the elderly in &alaysia, it is essential to

begin /ith the so!rces or determinants and im'rovements to the G!ality o# li#e #or the elderly$

While searching #or innovative /ays to 'rovide care #or the elderly, the 'otential o# elderly

'eo'le in develo'ment sho!ld not be ignored$ he conce't o# 'rod!ctive ageing, /ith health

'romotion and maintenance as the most #!ndamental #actor, sho!ld be em'hasi)ed$ .ealthy

ageing enables the 'artici'ation o# the elderly in the develo'ment o# the nation and as a

reso!rce to #amily and comm!nity$

7!ggestions #or im'rovements in areas that co!ld bring abo!t greater /ell"being o#

the elderly are as #ollo/sC

D


40/57

the ++ years 'revio!sly$ he challenges remain #or the elderly /omen, /ho are less

ed!cated, less #inancially inde'endent and are e-'osed to greater health ris($ %nterim

meas!res can be ta(en to 'rovide 'rotection to this v!lnerable gro!', as the #!t!re

cohort o# elderly /omen can be very di##erent$ hey are better ed!cated and enoy

better em'loyment o''ort!nities com'ared to their 'redecessors$

D 7ocial sec!rity Q a(ing into acco!nt the economic str!ct!re and the develo'ment

in &alaysia, a single a''roach, /hether de#ined bene#its or de#ined contrib!tion, to

social sec!rity /ill not be #easible as it /ill not 'rovide coverage to all sectors o# the

'o'!lation$ A combination o# a''roaches is highly essential as it can enhance

stability$ he in#ormal sector remains a great challenge$

D Access to com'rehensive health care Q these services sho!ld be aimed at

minimi)ing the e##ects o# diseases and sho!ld 'romote the achievement o# 'ersonal

health 'otential$ .ealth 'romotion and 'reventive care sho!ld be em'hasi)ed$ %n

addition, the !neven accessibility o# health care services in the !rban and r!ral areas

needs !rgent attention$

D raining o# man'o/er in the health sector " it is 'artic!larly im'ortant i# better care is

to reach a larger n!mber o# elderly$ here are vario!s ty'es o# training 'rogramsC

'ost"basic geriatric n!rsing, in"service training #or 'rimary health care sta##, and in"

service training #or carers, /ho are medical assistants and n!rses$ %t is im'ortant to

introd!ce geriatric medicine and other gerontology disci'lines in the training o#

medical 'ersonnel$ %t is envisaged that training to carers sho!ld incl!de 'artici'ants

#rom other agencies and NFs$

D .ealth


41/57

D %nnovative em'loyment o''ort!nities #or the elderly " in order to 'romote

'rod!ctivity among the elderly, it is 'robably bene#icial to society and the elderly

themselves i# innovative /ays o# em'loyment can be initiated$ Altho!gh 'rotecting

em'loyment and /el#are o# the old is im'ortant, generating /or( o''ort!nities #or the

yo!ng is eG!ally, i# not more im'ortant$ h!s, a #le-ible /age str!ct!re may beconsidered to allo/ the old to contin!e /or(ing, a#ter the mandatory retirement age$

Alternatively, the old can be rede'loyed in other areas o# /or( that reG!ire less

'hysical strength and less mentally demanding, s!ch as, as care givers$ A 'ilot may

be necessary$ erha's the yo!ng"old can begin to o##er their services to the old"old,

or even to yo!ng children, /hether /ith re/ard or other/ise, so that they can #ree

/or(ing age ad!lts to concentrate on their obs$ %n this /ay, altho!gh their

contrib!tion is indirect, it hel's to instill sense o# /orth and #!l#illment among the

elderly$ .o/ever, the G!estion o# mobili)ing them remains$

D .o!sing and to/n 'lanning Q in antici'ating the gro/th o# an ageing 'o'!lation,

'lanning #or to/nshi' sho!ld ta(e into acco!nt the #acilities #or the elderly$ %n line /ith

the advocacy #or the elderly to remain in the comm!nity, in#rastr!ct!re #or the mobility

o# the elderly is im'ortant and sho!ld be incor'orated into to/n 'lanning$

D Avoid d!'lication o# services Q 'timi)ing the !tili)ation o# scarce reso!rces is

cr!cial, /hile leaving ga's o# needs !n#!l#illed can be a barrier to better G!ality o# li#e

#or the elderly$ %n order to avoid d!'lication and !nder"delivery o# services, 'erha's

a ne/ ministry is necessary in order to #orm!late 'olicies that /ill o'timi)e the

'rovision o# care and 'rotection to the elderly instead o# s!b"o'timi)ing di##erent

#!nctions and activities$

%n concl!sion, a com'rehensive 'olicy #or 'romoting the /ell"being o# the elderly, that ta(es

into consideration health, social sec!rity, ho!sing, environment that incl!des the #amily and

comm!nity, sho!ld be in 'lace$ &alaysia is #ort!nate in a /ay as it has time to 're'are itsel#

#or the challenges o# ageing 'o'!lation$


42/57

R""%"nc"!

Andre/s, F$B$, sterman, A$:$, ?ra!nac("&ayer, A$:$ and B!ngie,


43/57


44/57

;e'artment o# 7tatistics 319984 Senior Citizens an! +opulation Ageing in Malaysia,o'!lation


45/57

319994 Human De$elopment eport, United Nations ;evelo'ment rogramme 3UN;4, Ne/Kor(C -#ord University ress$

%nternational *ederation o# Ageing 319994 %*A &ontreal ;eclarationC 5 thFlobal


46/57

art, F$7$ 31994 *he ealities o" Aging: An 'ntro!uction to Gerontology, +thed$ NeedhamCAllyn and ?acon$

!mar, B$V$ 31994 he Bole o# m'loyees rovident *!nd 3*4 in *inancing ld Age in

&alaysia in roceedings 1996 roceedings 3199+4, Ferontology Association o# &alaysia, !ala @!m'!r$

&alis !sat ebai(an 7emenan!ng &alaysia 3&7&4 Vario!s Becords$

&ehta, $ 31994 7ocial 7ec!rity and conomic Well"being o# lder ersons in A7ANC he7inga'ore 7cenario in roceedings 1996


47/57

&inistry o# *inance 320004 Economic eport 344414.5 !ala @!m'!rC National rinting;e'artment$

&inistry o# .ealth 320004 Vario!s broch!res$

&oroney, B$ 31964 *he ,amily an! State, @ondonC @ongman$

&!r'hy, $ 319864 7ocial *actors in @ate @i#e ;e'ression in $ &!r'hy, 3ed$4 A""ecti$eDisor!ers in the El!erly, @ondonC


48/57

an, $


49/57

Wenger, F$


50/57

A''endi- A

)"tivities and rorams for the -ational 5enior iti7ens oli"y )"tion lan

he 7ocial Wel#are ;e'artment o# &alaysia established a National 7enior disco!nt #or air travel by &A7,Air Asia, elangi Air and ?erayaAirE 50> disco!nt #or ++ yearsand above and +0> #or 6+ yearsand above by &?$

6$ 7'ecial seats in '!blictrans'ort

ns!re elderly and disabled cantravel in com#ort$

$


51/57

alone or /ith s'o!se$

8$ 7'orts *acilities stablish s'orts #acilities to'romote health, as /ell asenable senior citi)ens to interactamong themselves$

9$ Becreational


52/57

services o# their elderly /or(ersand to create #le-ible /or(sched!les #or them$

18$ 7enior


53/57

co"o'eration o# governmentagencies, non"governmentagencies and 'rivate agencies$

6$ .ealthy @i#estyle ractice rain senior citi)ens to ado't ahealthy li#estyle and to ta(e care

o# themselves$

$ 7'eciali)ed


54/57

.os'itals integrated in all hos'itals tosenior citi)ens /ho reG!ires'ecial treatment$

16$ harmacies ns!re medicines, chemicalsand other items reG!ired by theelderly are !sed in a correct

manner$

1$


55/57

senior citi)ens$

$ 7enior


56/57

2$ .ome #acilities .o!sing 'roects areenco!raged to b!ild bathroomson the gro!nd #loor o# do!ble"storey home, and 'ole gri' toallo/ easy access o# elderly in

the home$

$


57/57

12$ %ntegrated ho!sing 'roects nco!rage ho!sing develo'ersto incor'orate ho!sing #or theelderly and their children in thesame location$

$ Besearch 1$ ;ata reso!rce center #or theelderly

o create a database o# theelderly in stages$

2$ ?ibliogra'hy o# elderly Ferontology Association o#&alaysia is to 're'are abibliogra'hy o# research andre'orts #or the elderly$

$ Analysis o# research#indings

Besearch #indings are not #!lly!tili)edLanaly)ed to bene#it theelderly$ Analysis is carried o!t to'oint o!t iss!es relating tosenior citi)ens$

5$ Besearch areas that aregiven 'riority

%ncl!des research in retirement,retraining o# retirees, #inancialas'ects o# the elderly, healthstat!s o# the elderly, etc$

*$ !blicity andromotions

his s!b"committee is still in the'rocess o# '!blici)ing 'rograms #orthe elderly$

ageing in malaysi1

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