Age of JeffersonAge of Jefferson

Unit IIIAUnit IIIA

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) Plantation farmer from Virginia Plantation farmer from Virginia Statesman (Assemblyman, Statesman (Assemblyman,

Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Independence, Governor, Minister to France, Governor, Minister to France, Secretary of State, Vice-President, Secretary of State, Vice-President, President) President)

Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican Founded the party in opposition to Founded the party in opposition to

Alexander Hamilton’s FederalistsAlexander Hamilton’s Federalists Kentucky ResolutionKentucky Resolution ““Every difference of opinion is not a Every difference of opinion is not a

difference of principle... We are all difference of principle... We are all Republicans, we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”Federalists.”

““Renaissance Man” Renaissance Man” Inventor, philosopher, architect, Inventor, philosopher, architect,

scientistscientist Slave ownerSlave owner

What is Jeffersonianism?What is Jeffersonianism? Republicanism and Civic VirtueRepublicanism and Civic Virtue

Citizens’ civic duty to aid the stateCitizens’ civic duty to aid the state Voting and efficacyVoting and efficacy Right to educationRight to education

Resist corruption and Natural ElitesResist corruption and Natural Elites Federalism and States’ RightsFederalism and States’ Rights

Ultimate sovereignty in the states and nullificationUltimate sovereignty in the states and nullification Strict constitutionalistStrict constitutionalist Dominant legislature, weak judiciaryDominant legislature, weak judiciary Economic coercion over standing armiesEconomic coercion over standing armies

Yeoman Farmers as Ideal CitizensYeoman Farmers as Ideal Citizens Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtueEducated landowners exemplified independence and virtue

Agriculture Over Manufacture/IndustryAgriculture Over Manufacture/Industry Responsibility of subsistenceResponsibility of subsistence Dependence led to class conflictDependence led to class conflict

Empire of Liberty and Foreign PolicyEmpire of Liberty and Foreign Policy America’s responsibility to spread democracyAmerica’s responsibility to spread democracy Avoid entangling alliancesAvoid entangling alliances

SocietySociety Republican motherhood; absent from politicsRepublican motherhood; absent from politics Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages)Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages) Black inferiority and white superiorityBlack inferiority and white superiority Separation of Church and StateSeparation of Church and State

Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?

Consider the following historical concepts Consider the following historical concepts and events and answer the above and events and answer the above question…question…

The Federal JudiciaryThe Federal Judiciary Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase Tripoli PiratesTripoli Pirates Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807

First Party System (1792-1824)First Party System (1792-1824) American period of political parties between the Federalists and American period of political parties between the Federalists and

Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans Federalists: Federalists:

Nationalism; republicanismNationalism; republicanism loose interpretation of Constitution; loose interpretation of Constitution; business, commercial, and upper class; business, commercial, and upper class; New England; New England; pro-British; pro-British; dominated early years of national government, but dominated most of dominated early years of national government, but dominated most of

JudiciaryJudiciary Democratic-Republicans: Democratic-Republicans:

States’ rights; individual libertiesStates’ rights; individual liberties strict interpretation of Constitution; strict interpretation of Constitution; working class; working class; South, West, frontier; South, West, frontier; large majorities in Congress and Executive in latter yearslarge majorities in Congress and Executive in latter years

Jefferson and the Federal Jefferson and the Federal JudiciaryJudiciary

Only Federalist justices on Only Federalist justices on the Supreme Courtthe Supreme Court John Marshall as Chief John Marshall as Chief

JusticeJustice Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801

Reduced number of SC Reduced number of SC justicesjustices

Increased number of federal Increased number of federal courts; filled by Adamscourts; filled by Adams

Repealed in 1802Repealed in 1802 Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison (1803) (1803)

Judicial review - Supreme Judicial review - Supreme Court’s determining Court’s determining constitutionality of issuesconstitutionality of issues

Dem-Reps lead Dem-Reps lead impeachments against impeachments against Federalist judgesFederalist judges Alcoholism and partisanship Alcoholism and partisanship

grounds for impeachment?grounds for impeachment?

Jefferson and the Louisiana Jefferson and the Louisiana PurchasePurchase

Napoleon’s Caribbean Empire Plan Napoleon’s Caribbean Empire Plan and Britain’s Control of the Atlanticand Britain’s Control of the Atlantic America sandwiched between America sandwiched between

European powersEuropean powers Brokered a deal for $15 millionBrokered a deal for $15 million

Gain control of New OrleansGain control of New Orleans Lewis and Clark ExpeditionLewis and Clark Expedition

Find waterway from east to PacificFind waterway from east to Pacific Federalist oppositionFederalist opposition

Jefferson and the Tripoli PiratesJefferson and the Tripoli Pirates Barbary pirates earned revenue for North African statesBarbary pirates earned revenue for North African states Extorting and harassing American shipsExtorting and harassing American ships U.S. Navy and Marines dispatched to end the Tripoli threatU.S. Navy and Marines dispatched to end the Tripoli threat Treaty signed in 1805 in favor of AmericansTreaty signed in 1805 in favor of Americans War cost less than preserving peaceWar cost less than preserving peace

Jefferson and the Embargo ActJefferson and the Embargo Act

Orders of Council and Continental System outlawed Orders of Council and Continental System outlawed American tradeAmerican trade

British impressment of Americans and seizures of British impressment of Americans and seizures of American shipsAmerican ships HMS Leopard and USS ChesapeakeHMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake

Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807 Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign

portsports Economic impact on AmericansEconomic impact on Americans

Merchants and traders sufferedMerchants and traders suffered Farms foreclosedFarms foreclosed

Increased production and diversified manufacturingIncreased production and diversified manufacturing

Election of 1808Election of 1808

Jefferson’s Legacy Becomes Madison’sJefferson’s Legacy Becomes Madison’s James Madison (D-R) elected James Madison (D-R) elected

President, but Federalists gain some President, but Federalists gain some seatsseats

Anglo-French rivalry bullies USAAnglo-French rivalry bullies USA Seizing American shipsSeizing American ships

Nonintercourse Act of 1809Nonintercourse Act of 1809 Forbade trade with Britain and France Forbade trade with Britain and France

unless promised to cease harassing U.S. unless promised to cease harassing U.S. shipsships

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) If Britain or France repealed restrictions If Britain or France repealed restrictions

on neutral ships then U.S. would cease on neutral ships then U.S. would cease trade with the othertrade with the other

British influence in the WestBritish influence in the West Rumors of British stirring up anti-Rumors of British stirring up anti-

American sentiment among NativesAmerican sentiment among Natives Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Leading Up to the War of 1812Leading Up to the War of 1812 United States vs. Great BritainUnited States vs. Great Britain

British impressmentBritish impressment ““Our old enemy.”Our old enemy.” British influence in the frontierBritish influence in the frontier

War hawksWar hawks John C. Calhoun and Henry ClayJohn C. Calhoun and Henry Clay

OppositionOpposition FederalistsFederalists Old guard Dem-RepsOld guard Dem-Reps New England and merchantsNew England and merchants

War of 1812War of 1812 Failed American invasion of CanadaFailed American invasion of Canada British Invasion of D.C. and BaltimoreBritish Invasion of D.C. and Baltimore

Washington, D.C. burned (August 1814)Washington, D.C. burned (August 1814) Ft. McHenry (September 1814)Ft. McHenry (September 1814)

Naval Victories and U.S.S. ConstitutionNaval Victories and U.S.S. Constitution Americans and the NativesAmericans and the Natives

Tecumseh and William Henry HarrisonTecumseh and William Henry Harrison Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814)Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814)

Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) Stalemate; nothing earnedStalemate; nothing earned Patriotic victoryPatriotic victory

Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)Battle of New Orleans (January 1815) Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

Nature FTWNature FTW

““Old Ironsides”Old Ironsides”

42 Wins0 Losses

- Constructed in 1797- Still in commission

The End of the FederalistsThe End of the Federalists

““Victory” over Great Britain and Victory” over Great Britain and pro-British/anti-war support labeled them as pro-British/anti-war support labeled them as unpatrioticunpatriotic

Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814)Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814) Ratify Constitution in attempt to weaken Dem-Rep Ratify Constitution in attempt to weaken Dem-Rep

in West and Southin West and South Talk of secession by radicals*Talk of secession by radicals*

After the War of 1812 Federalists soon would After the War of 1812 Federalists soon would dissolve even in New England strongholddissolve even in New England stronghold

War of 1812’s ImpactWar of 1812’s Impact

International respectInternational respect Development of U.S.-Canada relationsDevelopment of U.S.-Canada relations Natives on their own and weakNatives on their own and weak Industrial developmentIndustrial development Growth of nationalismGrowth of nationalism Eyes toward the WestEyes toward the West