age friendly urban villages
TRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTION
Recent research has revealed a strong relationship between a communitys sense of
place and the well-being of its residents. The elderly have been identified as a group
particularly affected by this as many older people experience the process of moving
from their personal homes into senior housing complexes (Reed, Payton & Bond,
1998). It is imperative then, for considerations of sense of place to be implemented
into plans for senior housing accommodations.
The purpose of this report is to propose the development of an age-friendly urban
village that will provide the community with a strong sense of place. The urban
village will welcome people of all demographics, as the elderly have reflected that
they do not enjoy the social isolation of conventional senior homes (Lewis, 2010).
Spaces in the urban village will be made to suit the comfort of both the young and
the elderly and provide an interface for interaction between residents, with the goal
of providing seniors effective mental stimulation. The concept of sense of place is a
major focus of this report. A variety of views on the elusive topic of sense of place
are discussed, and contribute to form the basis of our chosen definition. Examples of
successful urban villages such as Greenwich Village of New York and Grange Park of
Toronto give precedence to this unique form of development. A review of their
history, urban village characteristics and sense of place provides inspiration for this
proposal. A vision statement has been created with such influences in mind.
CONTENTS
SENSE OF PLACEDEFINITIONSYMBOLISMHISTORYCULTURE
PHYSICALENVIRO.
URBAN VILLAGESGREENWICH VILLAGEGRANGE PARK
VISION STATEMENTWATERLOO CONTEXTPUBLIC/PRIVATE SPACESNATURAL FEATURESDENSITY & LAND USEACCESSIBILITYCONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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setting, one would not apply it to the meanings of a suburban shopping mall
(Stedman, 2003). In this model, though the actual meanings are socially created, the
physical elements of a setting play a role in affecting the symbolism related to that
space. According to this view of sense of place, the physical environment itself sets
limits for the social construction of place in peoples minds. Ultimately, the physical
setting creates a reality from which the socially created meanings can be based and
embedded.
Based on academic definitions discussed earlier, both social aspects and the physical
form are conditions seen as important in creating a strong sense of place in any
particular space. With strong symbolic, historic, and/or cultural meaning and physical
form, a strong sense of place can be easily felt by those using the space. Place
identity revolves around the concept that a sense of place is created through social
constructs, rather than exclusively through the physical form directly. Place
SOCIAL PHYSICAL
SENSE
OF
PLACE
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dependence relies on the physical surroundings for creating a sense of place. In
combination, the two form the concept of sense of place. While the meanings and
emotions related to a space are of social construction, qualities of the physical
surrounding must be present to provide the opportunity for the formation of sense of
place.
Symbolism
All around the world, spaces have a sense of place because of the symbolism
attached to the setting. This can be in the form of nationalism, regionalism, or specific
events that happened in the past that bring strong emotions to a space.
An example of strong symbolic meaning would be the National Mall in Washington,
D.C. The site itself provides sweeping views of powerful American symbols (Capitol
building, Washington Monument, and Lincoln Memorial). At the same time, the
spaces sheer size and political location lent itself well to play host to numerous large
NationalMall,WashingtonD.C.
PhotobyWilanaIntercultural
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social activism rallies. The lasting image in the American psyche of these large rallies
help give the space a strong symbolic meaning, which is crucial for creating a sense
of place (Lewis, 2010). The characteristics of a space that have strong symbolism are
could include memorials, statues, national symbols, historically significant buildings,
open space, and memories of past events and movements.
History
The historical significance of a space contributes to place making because the sense
of place relies on using significant events of the past, where the past exists for both
individuals and for the collective construct, sharing values and experiences within a
cultural group. Lowenthal (1979) in Jiven (2003) suggested that this collectiveconstruct links both the form and history to create a sense of place. Characteristics
of sense of place through historical meaning are naturally very specific to any
particular space. However, the significance in relation to a communitys history, past
and present industry, natural landscape, culture, and purpose are all factors that when
incorporated into a space, give it deeper meaning and sense of place.
CultureCulture plays an important role in place making, because cultural events or
institutions (whether specific to particular ethnic or religious groups or the collective
culture of a region) contribute to the collective culture of a community. Extending
the concept of cultural meaning and purpose in a community or space, hard culture,
such as museums, art galleries, theatres, and education attract many different people
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to a space at nearly all times of the day. By providing a reason to use a space
comfortably, social interaction is given a space to flourish.
Physical Environment
The physical aspect of place-making is the concept where the physical environment
is the place maker. There are a number of ways place is achieved through physical
form, however, the overarching concept of a reciprocal relation between the social
and physical aspects suggests that for social interaction/social based place is only
possible where a high-quality, comfortable and accessible space exists. Place can be
created with the effective use of local materials, native vegetation, enclosure, useable
and functional spaces, architecture, nature and furniture. All these attributes meld
together to create a space conducive to strong cultural and social interaction.
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CentralPark,New
YorkCity,NY
PhotobyWiredM
agazine
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URBAN VILLAGE PRECEDENCE
An urban village has a net medium density and mixed use urban form, that is conducive
to walking, efficient use of public transport, and typically has a distinguishable character.
A high degree of self-containment is typical to this form of development, allowing daily
activities such as work and recreation to occur within close proximity to home.
Greenwich Village, New York City, NY
Historical Background
In the 1600s, Greenwich Village was first established as a small hamlet settled by
Dutch and English Colonists. As it had been a separate hamlet from the growing city
of New York, located to its south, Greenwich Village had developed its own distinct
character. The street layout of Greenwich Village is one notable characteristic that is
different from the rest of New York. In 1811, a map was created, proposing a complete
grid system for all of Manhattan (Beard and Ramirez, 1993). Greenwich Village was
included on this map, and plans had been made to rework the streets of the hamlet
to conform to the rest of the city. The winding lanes that lined the scatter of farmswere to be straightened out into the then futuristic north to south and east to west
oriented network. Locals rejected the idea of allowing their streets to be reworked
and began protests against this plan. As a result, Greenwich Village was granted an
exemption from the reconstruction of the road network and left to be a non-
geometric island among the orderly grid of New York.
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Further into the 1800s, New York continued its rapid growth and took shape as a true
city while Greenwich remained relatively pristine. In the summer of 1822, the dense
living conditions in the urban areas of New York lead to a widespread outbreak of
yellow fever. A large amount of people moved into Greenwich Village to shelter
themselves from the crisis. While some people moved away after the disease
subsided, others preferred the surroundings of Greenwich and stayed behind,
causing the local population to quadruple in size (Tanenhaus, 1993). Much of the
remaining small farms in Greenwich Village, except for the site of the Washington
Square, were replaced by tightly packed rowhouses at this time to accommodate the
growth in population. The site of the square, originally used in the 1800s as a public
burial site for the poor, was turned into the Washington Military Parade Ground in
1826, forming the major focal point of Greenwich Village.
Greenwich Villages modern reputation was developed just prior to the beginning of
World War I. At the announcement of the United States entry into the war, Masses, a
magazine based in Greenwich Village publicly stated its disapproval, leading to four
of its editors being trialed for unpatriotism [sic](Tanenhaus, 1993). Greenwich Village
became known nationwide for being home to radicals and artist types, and later, a
core for American bohemian culture.
Greenwich Village as an Urban Village
Having once been a hamlet independent of Manhattan, Greenwich Village had been
equipped with many of the characteristics of a village well before its urbanization.
The morphology of the Village is one element that strongly defines it as an entity
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unique of Manhattan. Against the rigidly symmetrical grid that runs through
Manhattan, the original disordered street pattern marks the area that is Greenwich
Village. At street level, the changes in direction at connections between the regular
grid and the Village street pattern allow residents and visitors to feel as they enter
Greenwich Village.
A large variation in the housing stock in terms of architectural style and capacity
contribute to both the character and the density that is common to urban villages.
The neighbourhood consists of a mixture of everything from single-family houses,
houses, houses with flats, tenements and all kinds of small apartment houses and
flats, on up to elevator apartments of many different ages and sizes (Jacobs, 1989, p.
214). Jacobs stressed the need for variation in housing within a neighbourhood, and
although single-family homes are low-density, she reasoned that the efficient use of
residential land could reconcile an overall high density. Variety in housing stock
attracts a much more diverse population, and prevents decline and emptying out
when certain groups move out.
A mixture of uses keeps the streets of Greenwich Village alive for many hours around
the clock. Street-level retail, restaurants and the many parks in the neighbourhood
attract people into the Village during the day, while an abundance of bars and clubs
bring life into the night. Educational institutes such as New York University and
various primary and secondary schools also contribute to the vitality of Greenwich
Village. During the peak of bohemianism in Greenwich Village, studios, galleries and
underground theatres were also in abundance.
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Public transit service is in close proximity to most parts of Greenwich Village. Four
subway lines operate underground in the vicinity of the neighbourhood, while several
bus routes provide ground level service along the major roads such as Broadway,
Avenue of the Americas and West Houston Street. Locally, Greenwich Village is also
very walkable. Tree-lined sidewalks with front porches directly connecting the private
ad public realms provide a very intimate pedestrian experience while the narrow
fronts of houses and stores create a comfortable human scale and rhythm for
walking.
Sense of Place in Greenwich Village
Washington Square
Washington Square is the main public space in Greenwich Village and is the home of
the Washington Square Arch, an arch built in 1889 to commemorate the centennial of
George Washingtons Inauguration as the president of the United States. The park is
a landmark for Greenwich Village and has been a unifying force for the community.
Not only is it a gathering place and focal point for Greenwich Village, but it has been
a location where local activists have gathered to promote their causes. One such
cause was a campaign to save the Washington Square Itself from Robert Moses plan
for a roadway to run through the middle of the park.
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Architectural Style
The architecture of Greenwich Village provides a narrative for the past two centuries
of history in the area. From the mid-nineteenth century, there are examples of
Federalist, Greek Revival, Neo-Gothic, and Italianate Buildings. Then in the late
nineteenth century, there was the French Empire and Romanesque. Finally, closer to
the early twentieth century, structures in the style of Beaux Arts and Art Deco can be
seen. (Tanenhaus, 1993). In addition to a variation in style, housing type also varies.
The diverse population that lived in Greenwich Village consisted of people with
varying economic statuses. A high level of authenticity can be felt in Greenwich
Village as a result of this well preserved architecture.
Grange Park (Queen Street West), Toronto, ON
The Queen Street West neighbourhood, and its official designation of Grange Park,
exhibit many of the qualities of an urban village, as well as a strong sense of place.
Located north-west of the financial district in the old city of Toronto, this
neighbourhood contains a healthy mix of housing types, medium density, cultural
institutions, media, education and work opportunities. Additionally, the area is
oriented to walkability and transit use.
The area itself is bound by King Street (south), Spadina Avenue (west), College
Street (north) and University Avenue (east). These bounding streets (including
Queen and Dundas Streets) all have permanent rail public transit.
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Historical Background
The neighbourhood today, is arguably centred around Queen Street, but is named
after the park centre to the neighbourhood: Grange Park. The park itself is the former
front lawn of the prominent Boulton family mansion (GPAC, 2010). Originally, the area
was considered to be an area of affluence in a quickly expanding Toronto. However,
towards the end of the 1800s, prominent families vacated the neighbourhood in
search of newer suburbs of Rosedale, Parkdale, and (what is known today as) the
Annex. The neighbourhood then shifted from predominantly wealthy neighbourhood
to one with a large proportion of working class row housing. The character of the
neighbourhood is colourful in that it has been home to many successively different
immigrant groups, the first large shift were Jewish immigrants, who were followed by
Eastern Europeans, and then by Chinese immigrants (Dunkelman, 1997).
Grange Park as an Urban Village
The community of Grange Park fits the concept of an urban village, because of its
low- to medium-density and mixed use corridors, walkability, transit efficiency and
relatively high degree of self containment. Grange Park, the larger geographic area
that encompasses a section of Queen Street West (between University and Spadina
Avenues) which is known for its pedestrian-oriented and unique, independently
owned shopping experience, low-rise buildings, and ubiquitous streetcar service.
Character derived from predominant architectural style, unique business dcor, and
numerous architectural landmarks lets the passerby or resident know they are in
Grange Park.
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Housing stock in the neighbourhood is mostly low-rise single and semi-detached, as
well as medium-rise condominiums and rental apartments. Along corridors such as
College, Dundas, Queen, and Spadina, low-rise mixed use structures dominate, where
there are many examples of live-work setups, where the owner of the business
resides in an apartment above their storefront.
To the north end of the neighbourhood, there is a small commercial enclave on
Baldwin Street, which is where the name Baldwin Village is derived. Baldwin Village
is home to a handful of converted homes to commercial uses. Fitting with the areas
Victorian architecture, restaurants, arts and crafts shops are neatly tucked away along
the stretch of the street which also has an Asian oriented geriatric centre.
The idea of distinguishable character is brought to this neighbourhood through its
abundance of Victorian and neo-Gothic architecture, ubiquitous bay-and-gable
homes, sixties infill, and the juxtaposition of contemporary architecture. While this
eclectic mix of styles is not uncommon to other neighbourhoods, the significance of
both contemporary architecture and neo-Gothic specimens are great. Buildings like
the newly renovated Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO), the Ontario College of Art and
Design (OCAD) building, and 299 Queen West (MuchMusic, CHUM studios) are
central to culture in the neighbourhood.
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and OCAD architecture draw people to the space, which acts as a meeting
point for artists, students, residents and tourists alike.
Queen Street West
Queen Street West has a unique character, feel and vibe to it. Many of the
physical aspects of the character of the stretch of Queen Street from John
Street to Spadina is replicated further west on Queen, however, this particular
stretch is being examined. Along this stretch of Queen, there is excellent
human scale, with most buildings under five floors. In addition to the scale of
the buildings, most building styles are arranged in a nonspecific manner,
contemporary restaurants next to mid-1970s infill next to classic Victorian and
neo-Gothic architecture of the CHUM City building. (Dunkelman, 1997) This
eclectic set of architecture sets Queen Street apart of other parts of the
Grange Park neighbourhood, and releases a feeling of vibrancy and change.
The street from a pedestrian point of view has a high level of intimacy and
place because the narrowness of the sidewalk, the rapidly changing
storefronts, trees and number of pedestrians. This is also achieved through
street parking, which provides a buffer between the cars and streetcars using
the road.
Streetcars service the majority of the old city transit routes, and have become
ubiquitous to the city of Toronto. The automatic character and charm a
streetcar provides to a street is felt by residents and visitors. The streetcars are
Queen and John StreetsPhoto by Sam Javanrouh
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symbolic of a past where rail transit dominated. However, in the North American
context, on-street rail transit has (near universally) trashed in favour of busses.
Therefore, the distinction of having one of the oldest streetcar systems remaining in
North America is a place making feature, as well as a cultural icon for the city of
Toronto as a whole.
Culturally, the Queen West district (as part of the larger Grange Park), is home to
significant institutions while bolstering a sense of community and purpose.
Institutions such as the Art Gallery of Ontario have existed in their current location for
110 years. The long standing presence of these institutions have given the community
a distinction of being cultured and cool. The Much Music studios often host
concerts or have their TV show filming spill out into the street stopping vehicular
traffic while creating an intense atmosphere.
299QueenStree
t
PhotobySamJa
vanrouh
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VISION STATEMENT
Waterloo Region Context
The current cultural development of the Region of Waterloo has created an
interesting contrast with its historical character. While at one point heavily
industrialised, the present day Region of Waterloo is most notable for its creative and
educated class. With three major post-secondary educational institutions, notable
research centres and an expanding commercial sector, the Region of Waterloo is well
on its way to becoming one of Southwestern Ontarios most innovative regions.
Industrial styled architecture is common in the Region, as many of the old factories
remain standing beyond their original purposes. At the same time, contemporary
architecture is being introduced into Waterloo Region. The Perimeter Institute
building is one prime example of this. There is a tension between the old industrial
architecture of the past and the contemporary architecture of the present. The
architecture in the age-friendly urban village will feature a fusion of elements from
both industrial and contemporary architecture. This is symbolic of the contrast
between the historical and present cultural characteristics of the Region and also
reflects the coming together of different generations in this urban village.
Public and Private Spaces
In order to provide a sense of ownership for residents and visitors, public spaces will
be merged with private spaces through a variety of inviting and useful spaces to be
shared equally. Public spaces including pedestrian streets and roads will be
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complete with comfortable, accessible sidewalk material, proper lighting and natural
surveillance.
The public sphere will be effectively merged by constructing storefronts and
residences that open onto the street and are conducive to having their activities spill
out onto the street. This provides an excellent source of energy and vitality. Our
urban village will be complete with a central focal point that includes enclosure from
the outside and the elements while being completely open to the public . In this
space, numerous cafs, restaurants and shops will open into the space, which also
serves as a gathering and meeting place for socialisation, performances, and
relaxation. Adjacent to the focal point will be a public library, university satellite
campus and community pool, constructed to high architectural standards to provide
a sense of place and cultural significance. Architecture in the village will take
inspiration of old industrial structures found throughout the region, taking elements
such as large industrial glazing, muntins and use of brick. Elements of Victorian
architecture such as bay windows and asymmetry will be incorporated into our fusion
of contemporary and local historical architectural design.
As well, the large institutional presence will be highly useful for residences as well as
drawing a large amount of people from other areas of Waterloo Region. This blurs the
line between public and private space, where residences are situated against a public
square and public and private institutions.
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Street Layout
The street grid in Kitchener-Waterloo follows a modified-grid system, unique to large
large cities in Southern Ontario (which typically use former concession roads as
arterials). Drawing from this existing uniqueness, the street pattern envisioned for the
urban village will follow an efficient grid layout, modified to provide key intersections
for improved way-finding by the villages largest demographic: retirees. Way-finding is
thought to increase with the presence of a modified grid street system (Stafford,
2004).
To reduce the use of personal vehicles, some streets are envisioned to be pedestrian
oriented and with the provision for accessible materials, seating and natural enclosure
(through trees and other vegetation). For the creation of a walking experience
unique to Waterloo Region, the close proximity of buildings will provide enclosure,
drama and mystery.
Natural Features
The use of sedimentary rock (such as dolomite, limestone) as a construction material
for many of the structures in the village (Ontario, 1995). Additionally, the strong
presence of industrial building material in the regions existing downtown, will be used
as inspiration for the use of all brick construction of village buildings. Brick, in itself,
lends well to character, ages well and is easily maintained. Native plant species to this
region are envisioned as natural buffers/enclosure, parks and micro-climate control
along streets, paths and squares. By using and plants native to the region, the village
will link the present with regions natural history.
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Density and Land Use
In keeping with regional plans for intensification, the net density of the site will be
similar to that of Uptown Waterloo and parts of Downtown Kitchener along the King
street corridor. A wide variety of residential structures will be used to create a diverse
living environment that is welcoming to all demographic groups. Housing options will
range from single-family units and townhouses to apartments with a maximum height
of six stories. Lower density housing types such as single-family dwelling units and
townhouse will be built using the highest residential land efficiency possible, by
placing private outdoor spaces on rooftops, and directly fronting houses onto public
space. All multi-unit housing complexes will be mixed use, and bottom floors allotted
for commercial and institutional uses. While in most cases only a single ground level
will be assumed for alternate purposes, double level retail on the lowest two levels of
the residential complexes is recommended for the main pedestrian spine of the
urban village. An indoor, continuous walkway on the second level provides the
option for a more age-friendly walking experience during episodes of unfriendly
weather. The Rows of Chester, England provide a general example of this concept.
Accessibility
The site will provide a complete network for the movement of residents and visitors
within the urban village, as well as between the urban village and the rest of the
Region of Waterloo. Walking and public transportation will be the primary
considerations in this development.
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Walkability
As a pedestrian oriented urban village, much of the internal movement will be done
by means of walking. A network of pedestrian streets will lead towards a central
focal point in the village square. Considerations must be made in terms of the grade
and materials of the base plane. The grade must be gradual for the comfort of
pedestrians, and should not require additional effort for wheelchair users to move
across. The materials used for the base plane will also affect the texture and hence
the comfort of travelling on the surface. The materials selected for the base plane
must be smooth enough for a wheelchair user to travel on comfortably, but also with
enough roughness to create friction to prevent slipping.
Transportation
The Grand River Transit currently provides all its service using buses. While buses
have been designed to kneel and unfold ramps to allow better accessibility, the
process is time-consuming and often draws unnecessary attention to the person in
need. The incorporation of a transit hub into the urban village would allow for the
opportunity to construct bus rapid transit styled loading zones, where the platform is
elevated to be flush with the floor of the bus. Without the difference in grade
between the loading area and the bus, riders will be able to board the bus with
greater accessibility.
As part of the proposed transit hub, bike-parking facilities should also be included.
While biking within a pedestrian area may pose a risk to pedestrians, cycling is a
highly efficient method of transportation and should be encouraged for use outside
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the urban village. The availability of a bike-parking facility within the transit hub
would also allow for seamless transfer between cycling and public transit,
encouraging people to both bike and use public transit more often.
Parking facilities will be provided for visitors and residents for travel outside of the
urban village. It is unrealistic to not provide space for parking, as mobility outside of
the village will be hindered. The parking complexes will be located in areas in the
urban village that are accessible to residents, cleverly disguised, and near existing
public roads.
Conclusion
Our vision for the age-friendly urban village is one that will create a vibrant,
stimulating, accessible and welcoming community for all demographics. With a major
focus on improving the transitional process and well-being of the elderly into their
retirement, sense of place plays an important role in this design. Elements captured
from the cultural, historical and natural characteristics of the Region of Waterloo help
to create a cohesive identity that residents and visitors from all walks of life can relate
to. In manipulating the use of space in the village, residents are also invited to gain a
sense of shared ownership of the public spaces. Additionally, the use of universal
design principles and a mixture of housing options help promote a welcoming and
inclusive environment. Blurred boundaries between the private and public realm allow
a vibrant mix of activities on the street and open up opportunities for interaction and
stimulation.
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Lewis, J. (2010). Theories of place and design. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from https://uwangel.uwaterloo.ca/
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95A364670C94412AA2AE75581551E9F2/Lecture_2.zip
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. (1995). Geology ad Principal Minerals of Ontario. In About.com. Retrieved
from http://geology.about.com/library/bl/maps/ontariogeo.gif
Stedman, R. C. (2003). Is it really just a social construction?: The contribution of the physical environment to
sense of place. Society and Natural Resources,16. doi:10.1080/08941920390217627
Tanenhaus, S. (1993). Old Grenwich Village - An architectural portrait. New York, NY: The Preservation Press.
Tomich, S. (2002). Genius loci, a poetic approach to urban design. Plan Canada, 42(3), 33-34.
Wilana Intercultural. (2009). The Obama Inauguration. Retrieved from http://www.wilanatr.com/p do/
community/tBlog/william-fennie/the-obama-inauguration/image
Wired Magazine (2002). Central Park. Retrieved from http://www.wirednewyork.com/aol/images/
aol_time_warner_central_park_wollman_31march02.jpg
Images of Greenwich VIllage (page 8 to 11) by David Wang, images of Grange Park (page 13-17) by Kyle
Larmour, unless otherwise noted.
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